WO2006118346A1 - 固体高分子型燃料電池用の疎水性触媒層及びその製造方法、固体高分子型燃料電池及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
固体高分子型燃料電池用の疎水性触媒層及びその製造方法、固体高分子型燃料電池及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8867—Vapour deposition
- H01M4/8871—Sputtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8892—Impregnation or coating of the catalyst layer, e.g. by an ionomer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04291—Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydrophobic catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and a production method thereof, a solid polymer fuel cell and a production method thereof.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is expected as a future energy generator due to its high energy conversion efficiency, cleanliness, and quietness.
- solid polymer fuel cells have high energy density and low operating temperature. In recent years, they have been used not only for power supplies such as automobiles and household generators, but also for mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, etc. Power supply applications such as small electricity are also being considered. Solid polymer fuel cells are attracting attention because they may be able to be driven for a longer time than conventional secondary batteries.
- Polymer electrolyte fuel cell while having the advantage of operating temperatures can be driven even less 1 oo D c, perforated with the passage of power generation time voltage gradually drops, the problem that the final power generation is stopped is doing.
- a method of hydrophobizing the catalyst layer a method of mixing a fluorine resin-based fine particle powder such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a hydrophobic agent together with a solvent or a surfactant when forming the catalyst layer is used.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- JP-A-2001-76734 discloses a method of mixing fine particles made of dimethylpolysiloxane in addition to fluorine-based resin fine particles.
- JP-A-2001-76734 discloses that the hydrophobic fine particles have the same particle size as that of the carbon carrier particles and preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-49278 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 200 1-5 1 959 disclose a method of forming a catalyst layer for a fuel cell using a sputtering method or an ion plating method.
- hydrophobic fine particles such as those described in JP-A No. 20 1-7 6 7 3 4, have neither conductivity nor proton conductivity, and together with catalyst particles, electrolytes, carrier particles, and the like. Mixed and randomly distributed.
- the diameter of the fluororesin-based hydrophobic fine particles that have been widely used in the past is about 100 nm to several 100 m, and the diameter of the secondary aggregated particles is even larger.
- the hydrophobic particles described in JP-A No. 20 0 1-7 6 7 3 4 were also about 10 ⁇ which was the same as the carbon carrier particles.
- hydrophobic particles have such a particle size: In principle, it is impossible to hydrophobize the inside of the voids smaller than 100 nm in the catalyst layer (hereinafter referred to as “micro voids”). In this case, since the inside of the Miku mouth gap remains hydrophilic, if the outside of the micro gap is hydrophobized by large hydrophobic particles, the generated water may be confined in the Miku mouth gap. As a result, there was a problem that local flooding occurred in the micro voids and the catalyst utilization rate was lowered.
- the conventional hydrophobic agent is granular, if the size of the hydrophobic fine particles is the same as the size of the voids, the voids are blocked by the hydrophobic fine particles, and the air permeability of the reaction gas is reduced. . As a result, the reaction in the voids stopped, and as a result, the catalyst utilization rate was lowered. As described above, the conventional technology has a problem that the catalyst utilization rate is lowered at the same time although the hydrophobicity is imparted to the catalyst layer incompletely.
- the voltage of the fuel cell in the high current density region has been improved compared to the case where no hydrophobicity is imparted, but the voltage has decreased in the low current density region.
- the pore size of the catalyst layer is about several hundred nm, which is smaller than the hydrophobic fine particles.
- the present invention has been made in view of the circumstances as described above, and is a solid polymer type that effectively imparts hydrophobicity to the micropores in the catalyst layer, and at the same time, improves the effective surface area and the catalyst utilization rate.
- a hydrophobic catalyst layer for a fuel cell is provided.
- the present invention can also improve the hydrophobicity and the effective surface area of a catalyst layer formed by a sputtering method.
- the present invention provides a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having stable power generation characteristics at a low cost by using the hydrophobic catalyst layer imparted with the hydrophobic property.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems.
- the present invention provides a catalyst layer for a solid polymer fuel cell comprising a catalyst, a hydrophobic agent, and a proton conductive electrolyte.
- the catalyst is a dendritic catalyst formed by reducing platinum oxide
- the hydrophobic agent comprises a compound having a Si atom, an O atom and a hydrophobic substituent, Hydrophobic for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, wherein the atomic ratio S i / P t of S i in the hydrophobic agent and P t in the catalyst is 0.15 or more and 0.25 or less It is a reactive catalyst layer.
- the hydrophobic agent is preferably composed of a siloxane polymer having a hydrophobic substituent.
- the hydrophobic agent is preferably made of alkylsiloxane.
- the present invention provides a step of bringing a Si compound containing a hydrophobic substituent into contact with the platinum oxide, which generates a polymerizable group by causing a hydrolysis reaction by the catalytic action of a platinum oxide compound, It comprises a step of causing a Si compound to undergo a polymerization reaction in the vicinity of the platinum oxide, thereby generating the hydrophobic agent on the surface of the platinum oxide, and a step of subsequently reducing the platinum oxide.
- This is a method for producing a hydrophobic catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- the S compound includes 2, 4, 6, 8-tetraalkylcyclotetrasiloxane, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, monohexanolealkyldisilazane, monoalkyl silane, dialkyl silane It is preferably at least one compound or mixture selected from the group consisting of trialkylsilanes.
- the present invention also provides a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having the hydrophobic catalyst layer.
- the hydrolysis and polymerization reaction of the Si compound containing a hydrophobic substituent is initiated on the surface of the platinic acid hydrate, thereby sparse in the catalyst layer pores including the inside of the pores of the mixture.
- the hydrophobic agent is generated by polymerization reaction in the catalyst layer pores from Si 'compound molecules that are smaller than the microvoids, so that hydrophobicity is also imparted inside the microvoids of 1 OO nm or less, which has been difficult in the past. can do.
- the present invention also provides a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having stable characteristics at a low cost by using the catalyst layer with improved dispersibility of the generated water. - Furthermore, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having stable characteristics can be provided at a low cost. Furthermore, according to the present invention, the contact area between the catalyst and the electrolyte, that is, the effective surface area that can contribute to the catalytic reaction can be improved, and therefore the catalyst utilization rate can be improved.
- the present invention also provides a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having stable power generation characteristics at low cost by using the above-mentioned catalyst with improved water dissipation and catalyst utilization rate (hereinafter referred to as “hydrophobic catalyst”).
- hydrophobic catalyst water dissipation and catalyst utilization rate
- the method for producing a catalyst layer of the present invention can realize a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell at low cost by a simple, inexpensive and reproducible process.
- the present invention can provide a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having stable power generation characteristics at a low cost by using the hydrophobic catalyst cage provided with the hydrophobic property.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a single cell of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a hydrophobic catalyst in the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an evaluation apparatus for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. .
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph (magnification 2500 ⁇ ) of the surface of the hydrophobic catalyst layer of Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph (magnification: 20,000 times) of the surface of the hydrophobic catalyst layer of Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph (magnification: 100,000 times) of the surface of the hydrophobic catalyst layer of Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the characteristics of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing a change with time in voltage at an output current density of 600 mA / cm 2 in the polymer electrolyte fuel cells of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the characteristics of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing a change with time of voltage at an output current density of 500 mA / cm 2 in the polymer electrolyte fuel cells of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing characteristics of solid polymer fuel cells of Example 3 and Comparative Examples 2 to 5 and 7 to 8 of the present invention. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of a cross-sectional configuration of a single fuel cell using the hydrophobic catalyst layer for a solid polymer fuel cell of the present invention (hereinafter abbreviated as “hydrophobic catalyst layer”).
- reference numeral 1 denotes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and a pair of catalyst layers, that is, a catalyst layer 2 on the anode side and a catalyst layer 3 on the cathode side are arranged.
- the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention is disposed only on the force sword (air electrode) side, but the arrangement configuration of the catalyst layer is not limited to this.
- the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention may be disposed on both electrodes or only on the anode side.
- the cathode side catalyst layer 3 includes a hydrophobic catalyst 4 and a catalyst carrier 5 that supports the hydrophobic catalyst 4.
- a force sword side gas diffusion layer: 7 and a force sword side electrode (air electrode) 9 are arranged outside the catalyst layer 3 on the force sword side.
- an anode side gas diffusion layer 6 and an anode side electrode (fuel electrode) 8 are arranged on the outside of the catalyst layer 2 on the anode side.
- a perfluorocarbon polymer having a sulfonic acid group can be suitably used as the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 1.
- perfluorosulfonic acid polymer is naphthion (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont).
- the electrolyte membrane When proton H + moves in the electrolyte membrane toward the force sword side, the electrolyte membrane also has a function of holding water molecules because it often moves in the hydrophilic part of the electrolyte using water molecules as a medium. It is preferable. '
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane functions as follows: Proton H + generated on the anode side is transmitted to the force sword side and unreacted reaction gases (hydrogen and oxygen) do not pass through it. Preferably there is. Any material having such functions can be selected and used for the polymer electrolyte membrane in consideration of various conditions.
- the gas diffusion layers 6 and 7 preferably have the following functions.
- the function is to supply fuel gas or air uniformly and sufficiently to the electrode reaction region in the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode or air electrode. It also has a function of releasing the charge generated by the electrode reaction to the outside of the single cell. In addition, it is a function that efficiently discharges reaction product water and unreacted gas to the outside of the single cell.
- a porous body having electron conductivity such as carbon cloth or carbon paper, can be preferably used.
- the expected roles of the catalyst carrier 5 include improving the catalytic activity as a co-catalyst, maintaining the shape of the hydrophobic catalyst 4 ′, securing the electron conduction channel, and increasing the specific surface area.
- a carbon black layer or a gold fine particle layer can be preferably used as the catalyst carrier.
- the hydrophobic catalyst 4 is composed of a catalyst 11, a hydrophobic agent 1 2, and an electrolyte 1 3, and the hydrophobic agent 1 2 also enters the micro voids 14 in the catalyst layer.
- the electrolyte 1 3 is formed after forming the hydrophobic agent 1 2 on the catalyst 1 1, the electrolyte 1 3 is also covered on the hydrophobic agent 1 2 as shown in FIG. There are places.
- the hydrophobic agent 12 is an amount such that the atomic ratio of Pt in the catalyst 11 and Si contained in the hydrophobic agent 12 is in the range of 0.15 or more and 0.25 or less. Preferably, the amount is in the range of 0.18 or more and 0.22 or less.
- the catalyst 11 is composed of an aggregate of platinum nanoparticles obtained by reducing platinum oxide, and has a dendritic shape. ⁇
- dendritic in this specification refers to a structure in which a large number of flake-like structures composed of contact particles are gathered with branch points.
- the one flake-like structure preferably has a short-side length of 5 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the “length in the short direction” here means the smallest dimension in the plane of one flake.
- the platinum nanoparticles having a diameter of about 3 to 20 nm are preferable because of their high catalytic activity, and those having a diameter of 3 to 10 nm are particularly preferable because of their large surface area.
- the catalytic activity becomes low, and the performance of the fuel cell may be reduced.
- the method for producing a hydrophobic catalyst layer according to the present invention comprises contacting a platinum compound with an Si compound containing a hydrophobic substituent, which generates a polymerizable group by a catalytic action of platinum oxide and generates a polymerizable group.
- the step of bringing the Si compound into contact with the platinum oxide after the reduction step it is not preferable to perform the step of bringing the Si compound into contact with the platinum oxide after the reduction step. If the reduced platinum and the Si compound are reversed, the hydrolysis reaction proceeds rapidly, so that excess alkylsiloxane is generated in the catalyst layer, resulting in poor adhesion to the electrolyte membrane. Or the pores in the catalyst layer are blocked. Further, the step of bringing the Si compound into contact with the platinic acid salt is preferably between 3 and 30 minutes. If the contact time is too short, sufficient effects may not be obtained. • If the contact time is too long, excessive alkylsiloxane may be generated, resulting in poor adhesion to the electrolyte membrane or blocking the pores in the catalyst layer, which may reduce the output of the fuel cell. is there.
- the catalyst 11 has a dendritic shape, and the porosity of the catalyst layer increases. More preferred.
- the term “diacid-platinum” includes not only chemical formula P to 2 but also chemical formula P tOx (X> 2). Even if a compound represented by the chemical formula P tOx (X> 2) is used, the effect of the present invention can be obtained by the production method of the present invention. .
- the hydrophobic substituent used in the present invention is an alkyl group (the carbon chain may be branched or may have a double bond. In either case, the hydrogen atom is a halogen atom. As an example, a methyl group may be preferably used.
- the Si compounds containing the hydrophobic substituents are 2, 4, 6, 8-tetraalkylcyclotetrasiloxane, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-hexaalkyldisilazane, monoalkylsilane.
- a compound or a mixture selected from dialkylsilane and trialkylsilane is preferable.
- the above si compound undergoes a hydrolysis reaction upon contact with a metal or the like to generate a si-OH group, and therefore, a dehydration condensation polymerization reaction between Si-OH groups occurs, resulting in a Si atom, o atom, and hydrophobicity. It is generally known to produce siloxane polymers having substituents. Here, when the hydrophobic substituent in the Si compound is an alkyl group, an alkylsiloxane polymer is produced.
- the production method of the present invention utilizes this phenomenon.
- an appropriate amount of an alkylsiloxane polymer is produced in the catalyst layer, which is effectively hydrophobic. Can be granted. :
- the dehydration condensation polymerization reaction of Si and H groups proceeds even at room temperature, it is more preferable to add an operation of heating the catalyst layer after the formation of the hydrophobic agent.
- the hydrophobicity can be further improved by polymerizing unpolymerized Si—OH groups in the hydrophobic agent by heating. .
- the temperature at the time of the heat treatment is preferably about a temperature at which the hydrophobic substituent and the material in the catalyst layer are not thermally decomposed, and more preferably 200 ° C. or lower.
- the hydrophobic catalyst 4 of the present invention is characterized in that the proton adsorption area on the catalyst surface, that is, the effective surface area is large and the catalyst utilization rate is high as compared with the case where the hydrophobic treatment is not performed.
- a proton conductive electrolyte in the catalyst layer by adding a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer solution after forming the hydrophobic agent. More preferably, the proton conducting electrolyte is formed after the reduction of the platinum oxide.
- the entanglement between the spherical aqueous part of the electroangular molecule and the water-repellent agent is increased.
- the wettability between the catalyst surface portion not in contact with the hydrophobic agent and the hydrophilic portion of the proton conducting electrolyte molecule is relatively improved, so that the effective surface area is desensitized in the hydrophobic catalyst 4. It is preferable to be larger than the catalyst which is not.
- Examples of the method for producing the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention include various methods. Taking the case of the configuration shown in FIG. 1 as an example, an example will be described below. In addition, this invention is not limited to the following manufacturing method at all.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Au as a catalyst carrier was formed by electron beam evaporation.
- a porous platinic acid catalyst layer is formed by reactive sputtering.
- 'Hydrophobic agent is formed on the catalyst surface by contacting the catalyst layer obtained in (1) above with the gas of the Si compound containing the spherical aqueous substituent. Thereafter, the polymerization reaction of the hydrophobic agent may be promoted by heating.
- this platinum oxide layer is reduced by hydrogen to produce porous platinum.
- a Z gold catalyst layer is obtained. After that, an appropriate amount of Nafion IPA solution (5 wt%, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), a proton conductive electrolyte, was dropped on the resulting catalyst layer, and then the solvent was volatilized in the middle. A proton path is formed on the catalyst surface.
- Nafion IPA solution 5 wt%, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- a platinum-supported carbon catalyst layer is formed on a PTFE sheet using a doctor blade.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer is preferably in the range of 20 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the catalyst slurry used here is a mixture of platinum-supported carbon (manufactured by Jhons on Matthey, Hi SPEC4000), Nafion, PTFE, IPA (isopropyl alcohol), and water.
- Hot pressing is performed by sandwiching the solid polymer electrolyte membrane (manufactured by DuPont, Nafion 112) with the pair of catalyst layers prepared as described above with the PTFE sheet facing outward. Further, by peeling the PTFE sheet, the pair of catalyst layers are transferred to the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and the electrolyte membrane and the pair of catalyst layers are joined to form a membrane-electrode assembly (hereinafter abbreviated as “MEA”). Get.
- MEA membrane-electrode assembly
- the method for producing a catalyst layer according to the present invention is not limited to the solid polymer fuel cell having a single cell configuration, and can also be applied to a solid polymer fuel cell having a configuration in which a plurality of single cells are stacked. ⁇ - Example .
- This example shows the production of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having the configuration shown in FIG. 1 in the embodiment.
- a gold thin film having a thickness of 5 Onm was formed on a PTFE sheet (Nitto Denko, Nitofon) by electron beam vacuum deposition.
- a porous platinum oxide layer was formed to a thickness of 2 m by reactive sputtering. Reactive sputtering was performed under the conditions of ⁇ J £ 5Pa, oxygen flow ratio (Q 02 Z (Q ⁇ + Q) 70%, substrate temperature 25 ° C, RF input power 5.4 WZ cm 2 .
- this porous platinum oxide layer was contacted with a vapor (partial pressure 0.05 Pa) of 2, 4, 6, 8—tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (hereinafter referred to as “TMCTS”) at 25 ° C for 30 minutes.
- TCTS 2, 4, 6, 8—tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane
- a methyl cyclohexane polymer was formed on the platinum oxide surface.
- heat treatment was carried out at 180 ° C in the atmosphere for 3 hours to promote condensation polymerization of unpolymerized S i -OH groups.
- the obtained catalyst layer was subjected to a reduction treatment in 2% H 2 / He atmosphere 0. IMP a for 30 minutes to obtain a porous platinum catalyst layer on the PTFE sheet.
- the amount of Pt supported was 0.85 mg / cm 2 .
- the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with respect to water was 138 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- FIGS. 4 to 6 the presence of methylsiloxane polymer in the catalyst layer was confirmed with a scanning electron microscope.
- the dark spots are methylsiloxane polymer produced on the catalyst.
- Fig. 6 it can be seen that the methyl siloxane polymer has also entered the micro pores of 10 Onm or less in the catalyst layer. '
- methylsiloxane polymer shown in FIG. 6 has a relatively large portion close up in the entire catalyst layer so that the gist of the present invention can be easily understood. There were many polymers with a size of several tens of nm.
- the portions other than the variegated portion in FIG. 5 show a dendritic catalyst, and a large number of flake-like structures are gathered with branch points.
- the flakes were aggregates of platinum particles with a diameter of about 5 to 10 nm.
- a platinum-supported carbon catalyst layer was prepared as a catalyst layer to be paired with the catalyst layer prepared in (Step 3) above.
- a platinum-supported carbon catalyst layer was formed on a PTFE sheet as a transfer layer to the polymer electrolyte membrane using a doctor blade.
- the catalyst slurry used here is a mixture of platinum-supported carbon (manufactured by Jhons on Ma'tthey, Hi SPEC4000), Na fion, IPA, and water. The amount of Pt supported at this time was 0.35 mg Z cm 2 .
- a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (Dupont Na fi on ll 2) is sandwiched between the two catalyst layers prepared in (Step 3) and (Step 4) above, and the pressing conditions are 8 MPa, 150 ° C, 1 min. A hot press was performed. Peel off the PTFE sheet Thus, the pair of catalyst layers was transferred to the polymer electrolyte membrane, and the electrolyte membrane and the pair of catalyst layers were joined.
- the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention is the force sword side, the platinum-supported carbon catalyst layer is the 'anode side, and this joined body is a carbon cloth (E-TEK LT-1400W) as a gas diffusion layer, and the fuel electrode A single cell was formed by sandwiching it in the order shown in Fig. 1 with the air electrode.
- the evaluation was performed using the evaluation apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG.
- the cathode electrode was filled with hydrogen gas at the dead end, the cathode electrode was opened to the air and tested at a battery temperature of 80 ° C, the current-miE characteristics shown in Fig. 9 were obtained. It was.
- FIG. 7 shows an example in which a catalyst layer prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used as Comparative Example 1 except that (Step 2) was omitted.
- the amount of Pt supported on this catalyst layer was 0.85 mgZcm 2 as in Example 1.
- the equilibrium contact angle with respect to the catalyst layer water in Comparative Example 1 was 6.3 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophilic.
- t ratio is 0 and i—o
- Example 1 force S was 12.3 mAZ cm 2 , whereas in Comparative Example 1, it was 7.6 mA “cm 2 . Furthermore, when the specific activity of the catalyst obtained by dividing this by the amount of Pt supported was compared, Example 1 was 14.5 AZg, while Comparative Example 1 was 8.9 A / g.
- Example 1 was significantly less deteriorated in battery characteristics due to activation polarization than the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1. This result indicates that the methylsiloxane polymer of Example 1 does not inhibit the redox reaction on the catalyst surface, but rather improves the activity of the catalyst layer. As described later, the effective surface area of the catalyst layer increased. It is thought that.
- the single cell of Example 1 can take a voltage of 0.4 2 V or more, whereas Comparative Example 1 has a voltage of about 0.3 V. That is, the catalyst layer of Example 1 was significantly less inferior in battery characteristics due to diffusion polarization than the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1. This indicates that the hydrophobic catalyst layer of Example 1 is superior to the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1 in terms of water dissipation.
- Fig. 8 shows the time variation of the voltage when the single cell of Example 1 is subjected to continuous power generation at a current density of 600 mA / cm 2 together with the result of the single cell of Comparative Example 1.
- H + adsorption area per unit electrode area that is, the effective surface area was measured.
- the effective surface area per electrode unit area of the catalyst layer of Example 1 was 2 82 cm 2
- the effective surface area of the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1 was 20 8 cm 2 .
- the hydrophobized catalyst layer of Example 1 has an effective surface area increased by 30% or more while maintaining the same platinum loading, and the utilization rate of hornworm media is greatly improved. It was.
- the configuration of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell shown in FIG. 1 in the embodiment was produced by the catalyst layer of the present invention and the manufacturing method thereof.
- PTFE sheet As a transfer layer to the polymer electrolyte membrane, PTFE sheet (Nitto Denko, Nittofu mouth A gold thin film was formed to a thickness of 50 nm by electron beam vacuum deposition. A porous platinum oxide layer with a thickness of 2 ⁇ m was formed by reactive sputtering. Reactive sputtering was performed under the conditions of ⁇ JE5Pa, oxygen flow rate ratio (Q 02 / (Q ⁇ + Q 02 )) 70%, substrate temperature 25 ° C, and RF input power 5.4 WZ cm 2 .
- this porous platinum oxide layer was irradiated with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane vapor (partial pressure 105 h Pa) at 50 ° C for 10 minutes while irradiating with ultraviolet rays.
- a methylsiloxane polymer film was formed on the platinum oxide surface.
- heat treatment was performed in the atmosphere at 180 ° C for 3 hours to promote condensation polymerization of unpolymerized Si—OH groups.
- -Subsequent steps ((Step 3) Kazu et al. (Step 6)) were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 to form a single cell.
- the supported amount was 0.8 SiigZcm 2 .
- the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with water was 138 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- the S i / P t ratio was 0.18.
- Example 2 when comparing the current density in the reaction-controlling region of 0.9 V, Example 2 was 14.9 mAZ cm 2 , while Comparative Example 1 was 7.6 mA / cm 2 . Furthermore, when the specific activity of the catalyst obtained by dividing this by the amount of Pt supported was compared, Example 2 was 17.5 AZg, while Comparative Example 1 was 8.9 AZg.
- the catalyst layer of Example 2 was significantly less inferior in battery characteristics due to activation polarization than the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1.
- This result shows that the methylsiloxane polymer of Example 2 does not inhibit the acid reduction reaction on the catalyst surface, but rather improves the activity of the catalyst.
- the single cell of Example 2 can take a voltage of 0.5 3 V, whereas Comparative Example 1 has a voltage of 0.4. The voltage was less than V. That is, the catalyst layer of Example 2 was significantly less inferior in battery characteristics due to diffusion polarization than the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1.
- a single cell using the spherical aqueous catalyst layer of Example 2 is still 0.5 minutes after 50 minutes.
- the effective surface area per electrode unit area of the catalyst layer of Example 1 was 2 3 6 cm 2
- the effective surface area of the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1 was 20 8 cm 2 .
- the effective surface area increased by 13% or more compared to the case where the catalyst not subjected to the hydrophobization treatment was used, and the catalyst utilization rate was greatly improved.
- a porous platinum oxide layer of 2 m was formed on the surface made of carbon fine particles of carbon cloth (E—TEK LT-1400 W) by reactive sputtering. The thickness was formed. Reactive sputtering is ⁇ i £ 5 Pa, oxygen flow ratio (Q. 2 Z (Q + Qj) 70%, substrate temperature 25 ° C, RF input power is 5.4 W / cm 2 I went in.- (Process 2)
- Example 3 did not carry out the subsequent heat treatment.
- the obtained catalyst layer was subjected to a reduction treatment in 2% H 2 / He atmosphere 0. IMP a for 30 minutes to obtain a porous platinum catalyst layer-gas diffusion layer composite.
- the supported amount was 0.85 mg / cm 2 .
- the contact angle of the catalyst layer with respect to ⁇ water was 131 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- Solid polymer electrolyte membrane (Dup on t Na fi on 112) using the hydrophobic catalyst layer prepared in the above (Step 3) and the platinum-supported carbon catalyst layer obtained in Step 1 of Example 1 4MPa, 150. Hot pressing was performed under the pressing conditions of C and 20 min. By peeling off the PTFE sheet on the platinum-supported carbon catalyst layer side, the pair of catalyst layers was transferred to the polymer electrolyte membrane to obtain MEA with an integrated gas diffusion layer.
- FIG. 11 shows the result of a discharge test performed on the single cell manufactured by the above process in the same manner as in Example 1.
- FIG. 11 shows the current characteristics of each comparative example.
- Table 1 shows the comparison between Example 3 and Comparative Example. Current density at 9 V, specific activity of catalyst, limit current value, effective surface area, and Si '/ P't atomic ratio are listed as ci.
- a single cell was formed using the catalyst layer prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that (Step 2) was omitted. Note that the amount of Pt supported on this catalyst layer was 0.
- Step 2 instead of contacting the porous platinum oxide layer with the TMCTS vapor, PTFE (tetrafluoroethylene) deep purge solution (Polyfron, 6 Ow t%, Daikin Industries, average particle size) A single cell was formed using a catalyst layer prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the sample was immersed in a solution diluted to 20% in diameter (300 ⁇ m in diameter) and then pulled up and air-dried at room temperature. did.
- PTFE tetrafluoroethylene
- the amount of Pt supported was 0.'84 mg / cm 2 , the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with water was 146 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- TMCTS vapor partial pressure 0.05 Pa
- the supported amount of Pt is 0, 84 mg Z cm 2 and the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with water is
- the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophilic.
- a porous platinum oxide layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the porous platinum oxide layer was contacted with TMCTS vapor (min j £ 0. 05Pa) for 60 minutes at 25 ° C. A single cell was formed using the prepared catalyst layer.
- the supported amount of Pt was 0.84 mg / cm 2 , the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with respect to water was 1 38 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- Step 2 was carried out after the hydrogen reduction treatment in (Step 3), except that it was contacted with TMC TS vapor (partial pressure 0.05 P a) at 25 ° C for 3 minutes in (Step 2).
- TMC TS vapor partial pressure 0.05 P a
- Step 1 the thickness of the platinum oxide layer was set to about 1.8 ⁇ ⁇ , and (Step 2) of Example +3 was performed after the hot pressing in (Step 5) (rearranged), (Process 2).
- Step 2 the catalyst layer prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that it was brought into contact with the TMC TS vapor (partial pressure 0.02 Pa) for 3 minutes at 4 ° C. A single cell was formed.
- the supported amount of Pt is 0.71 mg / cm 2 and the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with water is
- the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- the thickness of the gold oxide layer is set to about 3 ⁇
- (Step 2 ) is performed after (reordering) and (Step 5) after hot pressing, and in (Step 2) at 25 ° C. ⁇
- a single cell was formed using the catalyst layer prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that it was brought into contact with MCTS vapor (partial pressure 0.05 P a) for 6 minutes.
- the amount of Pt supported was 1.1 mg / cm 2 , the equilibrium contact angle of the catalyst layer with respect to water was 1 38 °, and the surface of the catalyst layer was hydrophobic.
- Example 3 and Comparative Examples 2 to 5 and 7 to 8 are shown in FIG.
- the effective surface areas of Comparative Examples 7 and 8 were not measured because the amount of Pt supported was significantly different from that of Example 3 and comparison was difficult.
- Comparative Examples 2 and 3 since no methylsiloxane was added, Si atoms were not observed.
- Example 3 has the highest specific activity, and all other comparative examples over a wide current density range of 10 0 -500 m AZ cm 2 Higher voltage values were obtained. In addition, the limiting current density was greatly improved as compared with Comparative Example 2.
- Example 3 the specific activity and effective surface area of Example 3 are greatly improved as compared to Comparative Example 2 that was not hydrophobized, as in Examples 1 and 2, and the catalyst utilization rate was improved.
- Comparative Example 3 Further, the specific activity of Comparative Example 3 and the voltage up to 4500 mA / cm 2 were lower than those of Comparative Example 2 that had not been hydrophobized.
- Comparative Example 3 the PTFE fine particles were able to impart hydrophobicity to the spinous medium layer, but the P. TFE fine particles were excessive and small in the catalyst layer. It is thought that the catalyst utilization rate decreased as a result of hindering gas diffusion.
- Comparative Example 4 the current-voltage characteristics were slightly improved as compared with the case where the hydrophobizing treatment of Comparative Example 2 was not performed, but the results were inferior to those of Example 3. ,
- Example 5 the specific activity, the limiting current, and the effective surface area were greatly reduced as compared with Example 3. This is thought to be due to the excessive contact time with the TMC TS vapor resulting in the formation of excess methylsiloxane polymer in the catalyst layer. That is, excess methylsiloxane caused (1) too much catalyst surface covered with methylsiloxane to decrease the contact surface between the electrolyte Nafion and the catalyst, and (2) in the catalyst layer. It is considered that the performance of the fuel cell was reduced due to the fact that the vacancies in the were blocked with methylsiloxane and the diffusibility of oxygen gas was reduced.
- the Si / Pt ratio is approximately 0.15 or more and 0.2. It can be seen that it is preferably in the range of 5 or less. We also show that it is important to properly control the contact time between TMC TS vapor and platinum oxide.
- Comparative Examples 6, 7 and 8 show that, in order to obtain a high-performance hydrophobic catalyst layer with the configuration of the present invention, after contacting TMC TS vapor with platinum oxide, platinum oxide It is necessary to reduce the amount of
- the hydrophobic catalyst layer according to the present invention as the catalyst layer of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, the generated water dissipation in the catalyst layer and the catalyst utilization rate are greatly improved.
- a fuel cell having excellent battery characteristics was obtained.
- the catalyst layer purification method according to this example is a simple, inexpensive and highly reproducible process, a solid polymer fuel cell having stable characteristics could be realized at low cost.
- the hydrophobic catalyst layer of the present invention can improve the water dissipation and the catalyst utilization rate in the catalyst layer: Therefore, it can be used as a catalyst layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell having the catalyst layer may be a mobile phone or a notebook personal computer. It can be used as a fuel cell for small electrical devices such as digital cameras and digital cameras. This application is Japanese patent application number filed on April 2, 2008
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06732508.4A EP1879249B1 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2006-04-28 | Hydrophobic catalyst layer for solid polymer fuel cell, method for producing same, solid polymer fuel cell and method for manufacturing same |
CA2605342A CA2605342C (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2006-04-28 | Hydrophobic catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method of producing the same, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method of producing the same |
BRPI0608135-5A BRPI0608135A2 (pt) | 2005-04-28 | 2006-04-28 | camada catalisadora hidrofóbica para uma célula de combustìvel de eletrólito polimérica, método de produção de uma camada catalisadora hidrofóbica para uma célula de combustìvel de eletrólito polimérica, célula de combustìvel de eletrólito polimérica, e, método de procução da mesma |
US13/799,970 US8722220B2 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2013-03-13 | Hydrophobic catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method of producing the same, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method of producing the same |
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JP2005-132957 | 2005-04-28 | ||
JP2005132957 | 2005-04-28 |
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US11/550,123 Continuation US20070134544A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2006-10-17 | Hydrophobic catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method of producing the same, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell and method of producing the same |
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WO2006118346A1 true WO2006118346A1 (ja) | 2006-11-09 |
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PCT/JP2006/309356 WO2006118346A1 (ja) | 2005-04-28 | 2006-04-28 | 固体高分子型燃料電池用の疎水性触媒層及びその製造方法、固体高分子型燃料電池及びその製造方法 |
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US (2) | US20070134544A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1879249B1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100967511B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100580983C (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0608135A2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2605342C (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2360330C1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006118346A1 (ja) |
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WO2008153168A1 (en) | 2007-06-12 | 2008-12-18 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of producing fuel cell catalyst layer |
WO2011108252A1 (ja) * | 2010-03-05 | 2011-09-09 | パナソニック株式会社 | 燃料電池用カソード電極の製造方法及び燃料電池用カソード電極 |
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EP1879249A1 (en) | 2008-01-16 |
US8722220B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 |
RU2360330C1 (ru) | 2009-06-27 |
BRPI0608135A2 (pt) | 2010-11-09 |
US20070134544A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 |
KR100967511B1 (ko) | 2010-07-07 |
EP1879249A4 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
CN101167210A (zh) | 2008-04-23 |
CN100580983C (zh) | 2010-01-13 |
CA2605342C (en) | 2011-06-28 |
US20130196846A1 (en) | 2013-08-01 |
CA2605342A1 (en) | 2006-11-09 |
KR20080007630A (ko) | 2008-01-22 |
EP1879249B1 (en) | 2013-04-24 |
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