WO2005080254A1 - デンドライト的構造を有するマンガン酸化物ナノ構造体の製造方法及びデンドライト的構造を有する遷移金属酸化物ナノ構造体を含む酸素還元電極 - Google Patents
デンドライト的構造を有するマンガン酸化物ナノ構造体の製造方法及びデンドライト的構造を有する遷移金属酸化物ナノ構造体を含む酸素還元電極 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/02—Oxides; Hydroxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
- C23C14/081—Oxides of aluminium, magnesium or beryllium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/28—Vacuum evaporation by wave energy or particle radiation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/811—Of specified metal oxide composition, e.g. conducting or semiconducting compositions such as ITO, ZnOx
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a manganese oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure, and an oxygen reduction electrode including a transition metal oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure.
- a material having a microstructure is obtained by rapidly solidifying a composite material such as a metal, an alloy, or a compound, and most of them have a particle size of several microns.
- a composite material such as a metal, an alloy, or a compound
- nano-particle-centered nanostructures The characteristic feature of these nano-particle-centered nanostructures is the high percentage of atoms present at the grain boundaries (surface), for example, 40% for 5 nm nanoparticles. Nanostructures differ greatly in chemical and physical properties and often exhibit superior properties when compared to micron-level materials having the same chemical composition.
- manganese oxide ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) is currently difficult to obtain as a nanostructure.
- the particle size of transition metal oxide synthesized for commercial sale is on the micron level.
- the properties of manganic acid oxide at the micron level as an oxygen reduction catalyst have been reported.
- materials having different oxide states (valences) of manganic acid oxides have different catalytic activities, and MnO and MnOOH which are trivalent manganese compounds.
- Oxygen reduction catalytic activity is higher than that of MnO and MnO, which have different valences.
- Source potentials are observed around 0.3 V and 1.0 V, respectively.
- Patent Document 1 page 42, FIG. 2.
- micron level there is an example of an air zinc battery in which a mixture of trimanganese tetraoxide and manganese dioxide, which is a powder, is used as an oxygen reduction electrode (Patent Document 2, page 8, FIG. 2).
- Patent Documents 3, 4 and Non-Patent Documents 1, 2 etc. can be mentioned.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2000-505040
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-302808
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-144387 (Especially, paragraph [0015])
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-306319
- Non Patent Literature 1 Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149 (4) A504-A507 (2002)
- Non Patent Literature 2 Laser Research Volume 28, Number 6, June 2000, pp. 348-353 Disclosure of the Invention
- High surface area materials having nanostructures are particularly useful in applications where active site-mediated chemical reactions play an important role (catalytic applications). It is better for this material to have a larger contact area with the surrounding environment (gas, liquid, etc.) in the catalytic reaction. For this reason, there is a clear advantage to nanostructured catalyst materials.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and it is a main object of the present invention to provide an oxygen reduction electrode having excellent oxygen reduction characteristics (oxygen reduction catalytic performance).
- the inventor has found that the above object can be achieved by using a material having a specific microstructure as an oxygen reduction electrode, and the present invention has been completed. It came to
- the present invention relates to the following method for producing a manganate nitride nanostructure having a dendritic structure and an oxygen reduction electrode including a transition metal oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure.
- [0012] A method of producing a manganate oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles are aggregated,
- a mixed gas of an inert gas and an oxygen gas is used as an atmosphere gas, and the ratio of the oxygen gas in the atmosphere gas is not less than 0.05% and not more than 0.5% in mass flow ratio,
- a manufacturing method comprising: obtaining a manganese oxide nanostructure having the dendritic structure by depositing a separated material.
- the laser beam is a pulse laser beam having a pulse width of 5 ns to 20 ns.
- An oxygen reduction electrode comprising a transition metal oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure formed by aggregation of primary particles.
- the transition metal oxide nanostructure is at least one transition metal oxide selected from the group consisting of transition metal monoxide, tritransition metal tetraoxide, transition metal trioxide, and transition metal dioxide. 14. The oxygen reduction electrode according to item 13 above.
- the cyclic voltammogram force oxygen in the range of not less than 25 V and not more than 0 V 22.
- the production method of the present invention produces transition metal oxide nanostructures by performing laser ablation on so-called on-axis, so that (a particle-like minimum structural unit having high! It is possible to produce transition metal oxide nanostructures having a dendritic structure in which primary particles are aggregated.
- the interaction (collision, scattering, confinement) between the substance (mainly atomic 'ion' cluster) which also ejects the target material by the irradiation of the laser light and the atmosphere gas
- the substance mainly atomic 'ion' cluster
- the atmosphere gas By optimizing the effect, it is possible to control the fine structure of the valence number and the nanometric size of the transition metal contained in the transition metal oxide.
- the oxygen reduction electrode of the present invention includes a transition metal oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure formed by aggregation of primary particles (formed from particulate minimum structural units having high crystallinity). As a result, since they have a large specific surface area and exhibit excellent catalytic activity, they exhibit excellent oxygen reduction catalytic ability.
- FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of a manganate nitride nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated, according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a transmission electron micrograph of a manganate nitride nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a nanostructure preparation apparatus used for the method of preparing a manganic acid complex nanostructure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of a manganate nitride nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a transmission electron micrograph of a manganate nitride nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph of a manganate nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated, according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a transmission electron micrograph of a manganate nitride nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated, according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a scanning electron micrograph of a manganate nitride nanostructure having a columnar structure in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 (a) is a diagram showing "on-axis state”. (b) It is a figure which shows "off-axis state.”
- FIG. 10 is a scanning electron micrograph of a manganate oxide nanostructure having a cotton candy structure in Comparative Example 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a mask used in Example 1.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an electrode used in Example 1.
- FIG. 13 is a graph of the current density measured in Example 1.
- the oxygen reduction electrode of the present invention has a transition structure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles are aggregated. It is characterized in that it contains a transition metal oxide nanostructure.
- dendrite is defined as a crystal growth structure in which branches are linearly branched in parallel to a specific crystallographic direction, and is a structure similar to a so-called dendritic crystal.
- dendrite-like structure is meant an aggregate whose "appearance" is dendritic (i.e. bowl-like).
- dendritic structure is different from dendritic crystal growth.
- a transition metal oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure formed by aggregation of primary particles is used at least as an electrode material (in particular, an electrode active material (catalyst material)).
- the primary particle is a particulate minimum structural unit, and particularly preferred is a highly crystalline, highly transparent particle whose crystal lattice can be clearly identified.
- the electrode of the present invention can use known components of the oxygen reduction electrode other than using the above transition metal oxide nanostructure as an electrode material.
- the transition metal oxide nanostructure can be used in a state formed on a conductive substrate.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of usually 2 nm or more and 20 nm or less, particularly preferably in the range of 3 nm or more and 7 nm or less.
- the average height of the dendritic structure (secondary structure) formed by aggregation of the primary particles is not limited, but is preferably in the range of usually 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. In particular, the thickness is preferably in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- the height of the dendritic structure means the length of dendrite branches.
- the diameter of the branches of the dendritic structure (branched pillars) is also not limited, but is preferably in the range of usually 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the shape of the dendritic structure is not limited, for example, it can be used in the form of a film.
- the oxygen reduction electrode of the present invention uses this electrode as a working electrode, platinum as a counter electrode, silver Z silver chloride as a reference electrode, and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution having a concentration of 0.
- an oxygen reduction potential is shown in the vicinity of 0.2 V (preferably 0.25 V or more and 0 V or less).
- the powerful electrode of the present invention has an oxygen reduction performance at a lower voltage than conventional products. Can demonstrate.
- the cyclic voltammetry method may be performed under the conditions as described in Example 1 below.
- a transition metal oxide nanostructure (diameter 2 mm ⁇ thickness 7 m) is formed in the center of the circle on the top of glassi carbon 501 (diameter 3 mm x height 3 m m), What is fixed to a copper rod may be used.
- the oxygen reduction electrode of the present invention is not limited to the other components of the electrode, the assembly method, and the like. That is, for example, using the transition metal oxide nanostructure produced by the production method described in the following section and other known components, the oxygen reduction electrode of the present invention may be produced according to a known assembly method.
- a mixed gas of an inert gas and an oxygen gas is used as an atmosphere gas, and the ratio of the oxygen gas in the atmosphere gas is a mass flow ratio In 0. 05% or more and 0. 5% or less,
- the constituent materials of the target plate are desorbed, and the deconvoluted material on the substrate substantially facing the target plate is desorbed. It can be suitably manufactured by a manufacturing method characterized by including the step of obtaining the manganese oxide nanostructure having the dendritic structure by depositing a separated material.
- the proportion of oxygen gas in the atmosphere gas is the mass flow rate relative to an inert gas (for example, He gas is exemplified in the embodiments). Expressed as a ratio, it is set so that it is not less than 0.50% and not more than 0.5%.
- nanostructures aggregated into a columnar structure are obtained, which are different from the target nanostructure (nanostructure having a dendritic structure).
- the mass flow ratio exceeds 0.5%, a nano-structure aggregated in a cotton candy shape can be obtained. 1S This is also different from the target nano-structure.
- the target plate and the substrate are disposed substantially in parallel. This is called the "on-axis" state. Ru. If they are not arranged in parallel, ie in the "off-axis” state, nanostructures having the desired dendritic structure can not be obtained.
- Manganese oxide which is a starting material for obtaining nanostructures, can be any of various manganates which can be limited as long as it can be a target material for laser light. .
- manganese monoxide (MnO) MnO
- trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn 2 O 3) Mn 2 O 3
- At least one of manganese (Mn 2 O 4) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2) can be used.
- Ru it is desirable to select the same oxide as the target manganese oxide nanostructure.
- a target plate which also has a sintered body force of tetramanganese tetraoxide.
- the manganic acid precipitate may be either crystalline or amorphous. In the case of crystalline, either polycrystalline or single crystal can be used. Therefore, for example, a sintered body of manganic acid can be suitably used.
- the shape of the target plate made of manganate oxide is not limited as long as it is a shape suitable for laser beam irradiation.
- a manganese oxide having a thickness of about 0.5 mm to 10 mm can be suitably used as a target plate.
- the target plate may be a laminate of manganic acid oxide on a suitable support.
- the size of the target plate may be appropriately set according to the conditions of the laser ablation method.
- the substrate is not particularly limited, and for example, a substrate made of various materials such as Si and SiO is used.
- the constituent material of the target plate is desorbed, and the desorbed substance is deposited on the substrate facing substantially parallel to the target plate.
- a laser ablation method preferably, a laser ablation method
- the laser ablation method can be implemented using an existing reaction apparatus or the like.
- the target is irradiated with a laser beam of high energy density (especially 0.5 j Z cm 2 or more, preferably 0.5 j Z cm 2 or more and 2 j Z cm 2 or less) to melt and desorb the target surface.
- a laser beam of high energy density especially 0.5 j Z cm 2 or more, preferably 0.5 j Z cm 2 or more and 2 j Z cm 2 or less.
- the pulse laser ablation method is a method using pulse laser light as laser light.
- the feature of the laser ablation method is that it is a non-thermal equilibrium and massless process. Specific effects of non-thermal equilibrium include the possibility of spatial and temporal selective excitation. In particular, it is advantageous in terms of spatial selective excitation.
- the area of the reaction vessel is quite large, the area or the entire reaction vessel is exposed to heat, ions, etc., whereas the laser ablation method requires it. Since only the substance source can be excited, it becomes a clean process with reduced contamination.
- mass-free means much lower damage than the same non-thermal equilibrium ion process.
- Substances desorbed in laser ablation are mainly ions and neutral particles, molecules, clusters (consisting of several to several tens of atoms), and their kinetic energy is the number of ions. It reaches a level of 10 eV, several eV for neutral particles. This is a region of much lower energy than the force beam, which is much higher energy than the heated evaporated atoms.
- the laser ablation process which is clean and less damaged is suitable for the preparation of a nanostructure in which the composition of impurities, the composition, the crystallinity, and the like are controlled.
- the absorption be in the wavelength range of the laser light that is the target material power light source.
- the pulse width in the case of using pulse laser light as the laser light is particularly preferably 5 ns or more and 20 ns or less.
- the wavelength is generally 150 nm or more and 700 nm or less.
- the pulse energy is preferably in the range of 10 mJ to 500 mj.
- the repetition frequency is usually 5 Hz or more and ⁇ or less.
- the laser medium (type of laser) for the laser light is not particularly limited, and, for example, a solid laser such as a YAG laser can be adopted in addition to a gas laser such as an excimer laser.
- a gas laser such as an excimer laser.
- an excimer laser in particular, one using a halogen gas and a rare gas as a laser medium.
- an ArF excimer laser using fluorine gas and argon as a laser medium can be suitably used.
- the material when depositing the material from which the target plate force is also desorbed, the material is deposited on the substrate facing substantially parallel to the target plate (FIG. 3).
- the desorbed substance is deposited on the substrate with the target plate and the substrate substantially parallel to each other.
- This method adopts the so-called on-axis state, and adopts the so-called off-a xis state (a method in which the target plate and the substrate are deposited on the substrate substantially perpendicularly to each other). It is different from In the present invention, by depositing the above-mentioned substance in the on-axis state, the manganate oxide nano-structure force which is finally obtained is superior to the case where the state of the Soff-axis is adopted. Exhibits excellent oxygen reduction properties.
- the target plate and the substrate are made to face each other in parallel in advance in the reaction system. Desirable to set up.
- the target plate When a reactor is used, the target plate is irradiated with a beam to control the size of the high temperature / high pressure region formed in the vicinity of the target plate.
- the pressure and / or at least one of the distance between the target plate and the substrate can also be adjusted. Thereby, the manganese oxide nanostructure can be efficiently formed on the substrate.
- a mixed gas of an inert gas and a reactive gas is used as the atmosphere gas. According to this method, the influence of reactive gas species remaining in the chamber or the like can be ignored as compared with the case of using only the inert gas.
- the inert gas for example, Ar, He, N or the like can be used.
- Ar Ar
- He He
- He He
- the ratio of oxygen gas in the atmosphere gas is in the range of not less than 0.5% and not more than 0.5%, preferably not less than 0.1% and not more than 0.3% in mass flow ratio. It should be set to
- the pressure of the atmosphere gas can be appropriately set in accordance with the composition of the atmosphere gas and the like.
- a manganate oxide nanostructure having the same composition as the target material can be suitably produced, it is preferable to adjust it to be within the range of 13.33 Pa or more and 1333 Pa or less in view of the point.
- the pressure of the atmosphere gas can also be changed as needed.
- the structure (dendritic structure) in the deposition direction of the nanostructures can be controlled, and the physical properties of the manganate oxide nanostructures can be controlled.
- the atmosphere gas can be activated by supplying energy to the atmosphere gas. Thereby, the valence of manganese can be increased. Examples of the method of supplying energy to the atmosphere gas include ultraviolet light irradiation and electron beam irradiation.
- a manganate oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure in which primary particles are finally aggregated on the substrate can form a body.
- substances atoms, molecules, ions, clusters, etc.
- the primary particles are agglomerated.
- Manganese oxide nanostructures having a secondary structure are formed on the substrate.
- the above-mentioned manganese oxide nanostructure can be further heated as required.
- the number of oxides of manganese oxide can be increased.
- the manganate oxide nanostructure is tetraic acid trimanganese (Mn 2 O 3)
- the oxidizing atmosphere is tetraic acid trimanganese (Mn 2 O 3).
- trimanganese (Mn 2 O 3) can be obtained. Especially the heating temperature
- the upper limit value can be appropriately set if the temperature is 600 ° C. or higher.
- the manganese oxide nanostructure obtained by the production method of the present invention has a secondary structure (dendritic structure) in which primary particles are aggregated.
- the minute primary particles can provide a large number of catalytically active sites, and the size of the secondary structure can promote effective diffusion of the reactant.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles constituting the secondary structure, the size of the shape of the secondary structure, and the like are as described above.
- Embodiment 1 a nano structure made of manganese oxide ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) and a method for manufacturing the same will be described.
- FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the manganese oxide nanostructure in Embodiment 1.
- the manganate oxide nanostructure shows that primary particles are aggregated to form a secondary structure of several hundred nm. Revealed from the cross section of Figure 1 It can be seen that the secondary structure has a dendritic structure with a height of about 7.5 m.
- the primary particles are very high-crystalline particles of several nm in size where crystal lattices can be clearly identified.
- manganese oxide is deposited on a substrate using laser ablation in a gas atmosphere.
- the laser ablation method is a method in which the target material is irradiated with laser light of high energy density (pulse energy: 1. OjZcm 2 or more) to melt the surface of the target material to be irradiated * detached. is there.
- the feature of the laser ablation method is that it is a non-thermal equilibrium and massless process.
- Specific effects of non-thermal equilibrium include the possibility of spatial and temporal selective excitation.
- mass-free means much lower damage compared to the same non-thermal equilibrium ion process.
- Substances desorbed in laser ablation are mainly ions and neutral particles, molecules, clusters (consisting of several to several tens of atoms), and their kinetic energy is the number of ions. It reaches a level of 10 eV, several eV for neutral particles. This is a region of much lower energy than the force beam, which is much higher energy than the heated evaporated atoms.
- the laser ablation process which is clean and less damaged is suitable for the preparation of a nanostructure in which the composition of impurities, the composition, the crystallinity, and the like are controlled.
- the absorption be in the wavelength range of the laser light that is the target material power light source.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing an apparatus for producing a nanostructure, which is used for producing the manganate oxide nanostructure of the present invention.
- a mixed gas of He and oxygen (O 2) as an atmosphere gas
- a manganese monooxide sintered body target by performing laser ablation using a mixed gas of He and oxygen (O 2) as an atmosphere gas, using a manganese monooxide sintered body target.
- O 2 He and oxygen
- reference numeral 301 denotes a metal reaction chamber in which a target is placed.
- a super evacuation system 302 is provided which exhausts the inside of the reaction chamber 301 to make the inside of the reaction chamber 301 ultra-high vacuum.
- a gas introduction line 304 for supplying an atmospheric gas to the reaction chamber 301 is attached.
- Mass flow controllers 303 a and 303 b for controlling the flow rate of the atmosphere gas supplied to the reaction chamber 301 are attached to the gas introduction line 304.
- a gas exhaust system 305 for differentially exhausting the atmosphere gas in the reaction chamber 301.
- a target holder 306 for holding the target 307 is disposed in the reaction chamber 301.
- a rotary shaft is attached to the target holder 306, and the rotary shaft rotates under control of a rotation control unit (not shown) to rotate the target 307 (for 8 rotations Z).
- a deposition substrate 309 is disposed to face the surface of the target 307. On the deposition substrate 309, the substance ejected from the target 307 excited by the laser light is deposited.
- a monobasic manganese dioxide (MnO) polycrystalline sintered compact target purity 99.9%
- the target 307 and the deposition substrate 309 are in the on-axis state.
- “on-axis” and “off-axis” will be described with reference to FIG. Fig. 9 (a) shows the "on-axis” state, and Fig. 9 (b) shows the "off-axis” state.
- FIG. 9A in the “on-axis” state, the target 307 and the deposition substrate 309 are in parallel.
- the normal 307 a of the target 307 ie, a line perpendicular to the surface of the flat target 307
- the normal 309 a of the deposition substrate 309 flat deposition substrate 309 Line parallel to the surface of
- the target 307 and the deposition substrate 309 are not in parallel.
- the normal 307a of the target 307 ie, a line perpendicular to the surface of the flat target 307
- the normal line 309a of the deposition substrate 309 the flat deposition substrate 309 surface
- a pulse laser light source 308 for irradiating the target 307 with a laser beam as an energy beam is disposed.
- a laser introduction window 310 for introducing a laser beam into the reaction chamber 301 is attached.
- a slit 311, a lens 312, and a reflecting mirror 313 are disposed in the order from the laser light source 308 on the optical path of the laser light emitted from the pulse laser light source 308, and the laser light emitted from the pulse laser light source 308 is a slit 311.
- the light beam is shaped by the lens 312, condensed by the lens 312, reflected by the reflecting mirror 313, and irradiated to the target 307 installed in the reaction chamber 301 through the laser introduction window 310.
- the interior of the reaction chamber 301 after evacuated to an ultimate vacuum 1. about 0 X 10- 6 Pa by ultra-high vacuum evacuation system 302 consisting mainly of a turbo molecular pump, through a mass flow controller 303a and 303b, Gasushirube inlet line At 304, introduce He gas and O gas. Note that the mass flow rate of He gas is
- the mass flow ratio will be 0.1%).
- the pressure of the atmosphere rare gas in the reaction chamber 101 is set to one pressure value in the range of about 13.33-1333 Pa by interlocking with the operation of the gas exhaust system 305 mainly composed of a scroll pump or a helical groove pump. .
- a laser beam is irradiated from the pulsed laser light source 308 to the surface of the 99. 9% pure MnO polycrystalline sintered compact target 307 disposed in the target holder 306 having an autorotation mechanism.
- an argon fluorine (ArF) excimer laser (wavelength: 193 nm, pulse width: 12 ns, pulse energy: 50 mJ, energy density: ljZ cm 2 , repetition frequency: 10 Hz) is used.
- a laser ablation phenomenon occurs on the surface of the MnO target 307, and ions such as Mn, O, and MnO or neutral particles (atoms, molecules, clusters, etc.) are detached.
- inert gases such as Ar, Kr, Xe, N may be used.
- the gas density is He
- the pressure should be set to be the same as in the case of mixed gas with o and o.
- the pressure of the mixed gas of He and O which is the atmosphere gas is set to 667 Pa of He gas.
- the fine structure was evaluated for manganese dioxide deposited for 1000 seconds as 662 Pa, which has the same mass.
- the deposited manganic acid precipitate is a high V of the minimum constitutional unit of several nm, and a primary particle having crystallinity having a height of about 7.5 ⁇ m. It can be seen that it forms a nanostructure that is aggregated into a dynamic structure.
- a manganate complex nanostructure of the first embodiment primary particles (formed of particulate minimum structural units having high crystallinity) are aggregated.
- a manganese oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure can be produced.
- the target material is not limited to a manganese monooxide-manganese polycrystal sintered body, and materials having different valences such as manganese trioxide, manganese tetraoxide, etc. may be used, or a single material may be used. You may use a crystal target.
- a nanostructure having a manganic acid ( ⁇ ) force obtained by conditions (specifically, different mass flow rates and mixed gas pressures) different from those of the first embodiment, and a nanostructure thereof The manufacturing method will be described.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the manganic acid precipitate nanostructure in Embodiment 2.
- the manganate oxide nanostructure shows that primary particles are aggregated to form a secondary structure of several hundred nm.
- the secondary structure is understood to have a dendritic structure with a height of about 14 m.
- the primary particles are particles of several tens nm of very high crystallinity where the crystal lattice can be clearly identified.
- the manganate oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure shown in FIG. 4 can be obtained by the same preparation method as that of the first embodiment except for the following points. That is, in the second embodiment, as mass flow rate, He gas is introduced at 499 sccm, O gas is introduced at 1. O sccm (therefore, O gas is introduced.
- the mass flow ratio of 2 2 to He gas is 0.20%). Also, the pressure of mixed gas of He and O
- the deposited manganic acid precipitate is a dendrite having a primary particle size of about 14 m in height (the smallest constituent unit has high crystallinity with several tens of m m). It can be seen that the formation of aggregated nanostructures in the structure is observed.
- Embodiment 3 a nanostructure comprising manganic acid oxide (MnOx) obtained according to the conditions different from Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 (specifically, the mass flow rate and the pressure of mixed gas differ). Body and how to make it!
- MnOx manganic acid oxide
- FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph of the manganese oxide nanostructure in the present embodiment.
- primary particles are aggregated to form secondary particles of about several meters.
- the secondary structure is found to have a dendritic structure with a height of about 2.5 m.
- the primary particles are particles with a very high degree of crystallinity of about several tens of lO nm where the crystal lattice can be clearly identified.
- the manganate oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure shown in FIG. 6 is obtained by the same preparation method as that of Embodiment 1 except for the following points. That is, in the third embodiment, as mass flow rate, He gas is introduced at 49.5 sccm and O gas is introduced at 2.5 sccm.
- the mass flow ratio of 22 to He gas will be 0.50%). Further, the pressure of He gas is 644 Pa, which is the same mass as He gas 667 Pa.
- the deposited manganic acid precipitate is a dendritic structure having a primary component with high crystallinity with a minimum structural unit of several tens of ⁇ m and a height of approximately 2.5 m. It can be seen that the formation of aggregated nanostructures in the structure is observed.
- a test electrode was fabricated using a manganese oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure with a particulate structure having high crystallinity shown in FIG. 4 and having a dendritic structure formed.
- the preparation of the test electrode was performed in the following procedure. First, in the method described in the first embodiment, as schematically shown in FIG. 11, a manganate having a dendritic structure through a mask having an opening of ⁇ 2 mm on ⁇ 3 mm of glassy carbon. Nanostructures were directly deposited (supported) at a thickness (height) of approximately 14 m. As shown in FIG. 12, the catalyst support portion of the test electrode has a structure in which a mirror-polished ⁇ 3 mm glassy carbon is press-fit into a PEEK material having a 6 mm diameter screw cut around it. Next, as shown in Fig.
- the catalyst carrier directly supporting the manganate oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure is screwed into the electrode body to perform electrical contact and water repellency by the packing material.
- the extraction of the current from the test electrode was performed via the ⁇ 1.6 mm brass rod of the electrode body.
- the oxygen reduction catalytic ability was evaluated by the cyclic voltammetry method using a three-electrode cell.
- the evaluation was carried out in an oxygen atmosphere by saturating and dissolving oxygen in a 0. 1 m ol ZL aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (pH 13) with the test electrode as the working electrode.
- a platinum wire was used for the counter electrode, and a silver Z-salt silver electrode was used for the reference electrode.
- FIG. 13 shows a cyclic voltammogram.
- a comparison is made by supporting the manganese oxide nanostructure shown by the broken line with the comparison electrode 1 of only glassy carbon and the micron-sized trimanganese tetraoxide powder body shown by the dotted line.
- the current density is about 5.8 times the maximum value (compare electrode 1), about the maximum value. 2.
- the overvoltage is about 0.2 V smaller than the oxygen reduction potential showing the maximum current density near 0.4 V in the comparative electrodes 1 and 2.-The oxygen reduction potential showing the maximum current density near 0.2 V is observed It was done.
- the above results are considered to be expressed by using the manganese oxide as a catalyst as a manganese nanostructure of the present invention having a dendritic structure in which primary particles having high crystallinity are aggregated. Despite the very thin catalyst layer of about 14 m, high oxygen The original catalytic ability is expressed.
- FIG. 8 is a scanning electron micrograph of the manganate nitride nanostructure in Comparative Example 1.
- the manganate nitride nanostructure shown in FIG. 8 was obtained by the same preparation method as that of Embodiment 1, except for the following points. That is, in Comparative Example 1, as mass flow, He gas was introduced at 500. Osccm and O gas at 0. Osccm (thus, the mass flow ratio of O gas to He gas is 0).
- the deposited manganese oxide formed a nano structure in which primary particles were aggregated into a columnar structure with a height of about 650 nm. That is, introduce O gas
- a manganate oxide nanostructure was obtained in the same manner as in Embodiment 1, except that the pressure of the mixed gas with 22 was set to 623 Pa, which is the same mass as He gas 667 Pa.
- the obtained manganic acid nano-structure has a cotton candy-like structure as shown in FIG. 10, and has no dendritic structure.
- the production method of the present invention can provide a transition metal oxide nanostructure having a dendritic structure, which has excellent oxygen reduction catalytic ability and can be applied to an oxygen reduction electrode, a gas sensor, and the like.
- the oxygen reduction electrode of the present invention has an excellent ability to catalyze oxygen reduction, and is useful, for example, as an oxygen electrode in an air zinc battery, a fuel cell or the like.
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Abstract
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JP2006515309A JP3873197B2 (ja) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-02-16 | デンドライト的構造を有するマンガン酸化物ナノ構造体の製造方法及びデンドライト的構造を有する遷移金属酸化物ナノ構造体を含む酸素還元電極 |
US11/219,714 US7566438B2 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-09-07 | Method for manufacturing nanostructured manganese oxide having dendritic structure, and oxygen reduction electrode comprising nanostructured transition metal oxide having dendritic structure |
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Cited By (6)
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WO2008013253A1 (fr) * | 2006-07-27 | 2008-01-31 | National University Corporation Chiba University | Procédé de fabrication d'une fine particule d'oxyde de cobalt |
WO2009017011A1 (ja) * | 2007-07-31 | 2009-02-05 | Showa Denko K.K. | 金属酸化物電極触媒およびその用途、ならびに金属酸化物電極触媒の製造方法 |
JP2011207725A (ja) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-20 | Yamaguchi Univ | マンガン酸化物の製造方法 |
JP2011249276A (ja) * | 2010-05-31 | 2011-12-08 | Tottori Univ | 固体酸化物型燃料電池用電解質薄膜製造装置およびその方法 |
JP2013504143A (ja) * | 2009-09-18 | 2013-02-04 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 空気極および金属空気電池 |
KR101282961B1 (ko) * | 2011-12-26 | 2013-07-08 | 한국원자력연구원 | 전자빔 조사를 통한 람다(λ)상 이산화망간 공기전극의 제조방법 및 이에 따라 제조되는 람다(λ)상 이산화망간 공기전극 |
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CN101075673A (zh) * | 2003-08-26 | 2007-11-21 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 使用锰氧化物纳米结构体的氧还原电极 |
US12000059B2 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2024-06-04 | Manufacturing Systems Limited | Apparatus and methods for controlled electrochemical surface modification |
AU2019226479A1 (en) | 2018-02-28 | 2020-09-03 | Manufacturing Systems Limited | Apparatus and method of catalysis |
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WO2008013253A1 (fr) * | 2006-07-27 | 2008-01-31 | National University Corporation Chiba University | Procédé de fabrication d'une fine particule d'oxyde de cobalt |
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WO2009017011A1 (ja) * | 2007-07-31 | 2009-02-05 | Showa Denko K.K. | 金属酸化物電極触媒およびその用途、ならびに金属酸化物電極触媒の製造方法 |
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JP2011249276A (ja) * | 2010-05-31 | 2011-12-08 | Tottori Univ | 固体酸化物型燃料電池用電解質薄膜製造装置およびその方法 |
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JPWO2005080254A1 (ja) | 2007-08-02 |
JP3873197B2 (ja) | 2007-01-24 |
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US20060001012A1 (en) | 2006-01-05 |
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