WO1988008063A1

WO1988008063A1 - Insulating modular block for the basic structure and finished structure of a building and process for its utilization

Info

Publication number: WO1988008063A1
Application number: PCT/FR1987/000126
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hervé Kowalik
Original assignee: Kowalik Herve
Priority date: 1985-10-10
Filing date: 1987-04-16
Publication date: 1988-10-20
Also published as: EP0221831A1; FR2588591A1; FR2588591B1

Abstract

The invention concerns a modular building block, in particular for load-bearing or non load-bearing walls, of individual houses, small or medium-size groups of dwellings or public buildings, comprising the assembly of a rigid load-bearing base and one or more external and/or internal cladding plates which engage with the rigid base. This modular block is characterized in that it comprises simultaneously a series of passage means for service ducting such as water conduits (27), electric cables or other, load-bearing ports (31), and various air flows for ventilation and for heating the walls. The invention also concerns structural building members.

Description

Modular insulating block intended for the gros-oyre and the second-oyre of the building and its method of implementation.

The present invention relates to a modular building block, in particular for the realization of load-bearing or non-load-bearing walls, of individual houses, of small or collective means or more generally of any building or construction connected therewith, for public or private use, composed of assembling a rigid supporting base and one or more external and / or internal covering plates attached to the rigid base.

The present invention also relates to the method of implementing such a modular block, in particular for the production of building walls.

We already know several prefabricated building blocks for the realization of thermally insulated and ventilated concrete walls.

Thus, we know from patent FR-A-2 341 714, a prefabricated building block, intended to simultaneously ensure the functions of mechanical resistance, sealing and thermal insulation.

To this end, this block comprises a bearing part in which are arranged vertical cells for the evacuation of the infiltration water, and a counter-partition connected to the bearing part by means of an additional element ensuring a connection of the tenon and mortise type. This additional element is obtained by expansion of an appropriate polymer between the bearing part and the counter-partition, which makes this building block complex and expensive.

In addition, the bearing part of said block does not have through holes for technical sheaths such as water pipes or electrical cables, and the raising of a wall using such blocks is done according to a traditional mode by simply superimposing the blocks by interposing layers of mortar.

Also known from patent FR-A-2 394 647, an insulating concrete block intended for the construction of buildings, and for which the subsequent insulation is made unnecessary by fixing an insulating layer on the concrete block itself even before the elevation of the wall.

For this purpose, the hollow concrete block according to this patent, comprises on its inner and outer faces, plates of insulating material to which coatings are fixed by means of mechanical needles. For the elevation of a wall, the breeze blocks are superimposed and nested one inside the other, but the configuration obtained makes it impossible to have technical ducts, poles or heating channels in the wall. There are also known building blocks provided with one or more vertical recesses which, when superimposed, allow air circulation of the "parieto-dynamic" type, that is to say according to a large number of vertical channels. However, the building blocks in question are not suitable for receiving insulating covering plates, and the wall thus produced cannot be connected to a heating or drying assembly for the air circulating in the wall.

Therefore, one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a building block which is capable of producing an "integral wall", that is to say a wall which is both load-bearing, provided with sheaths heating and technical ducts (water, electricity, etc.), while presenting means for supporting interior and / or exterior insulating coating layers.

Another object of the present invention is to remedy all the drawbacks mentioned above, while proposing a modular block which is of universal and particularly easy use, within the reach of unskilled labor.

To this end, the invention relates to a modular building block, in particular for the production of load-bearing or non-load-bearing walls, of individual houses, of small or collective means or more generally of any building or construction connected therewith, for public use or private, composed of the assembly of a rigid supporting base and one or more external and / or internal cladding plates attached to the rigid base, modular block characterized in that it simultaneously comprises a set of means of passage of technical ducts such as water pipes, electric or other cables, load-bearing poles, and different air flows for ventilation and heating of the walls.

It will be understood that the block of the invention makes it possible to produce integral masonry of various types and in all fields of construction, without limitation. Other objects and advantages of the modular building block according to the invention will appear in the following description given by way of nonlimiting example, and thanks to the attached drawing, in which:

- Figure 1 is a partially exploded perspective view of the basic modular block according to the invention;

- Figure 2 is a perspective view of a variant of the modular block of Figure 1;

- Figure 3 is a perspective view of two modular blocks according to Figure 2, staggered in order to form a wall;

- Figures 4, 5 and 6 are plan views of variants of the modular block according to the invention;

- Figure 7 is a plan view of the modular block according to the invention, and used in angle chaining; - Figures 8 and 9 are perspective views of particular variants of the modular block according to the invention;

- Figure 10 is a plan view of a wall ion port produced with the modular blocks according to the invention;

- Figure 11 is a partial perspective view of a portion of an integral wall made with the modular blocks according to the invention;

- Figure 12 is a diagram in elevation and in section of an "integral wall" produced using modular blocks according to the invention; - Figure 13 is a schematic perspective view of a variant of the modular block according to the invention;

- Figure 14 is a schematic plan view of a variant of the modular block according to the invention, made of brick.

Reference is made to FIG. 1. The modular block 1 is composed in its basic version of an assembly of three main elements, namely a rigid base 2 serving to support an external covering plate 3 and a covering plate interior 4.

The rigid base 2 has a parallelepipedic envelope composed of an upper face 5, a lower face 6, two lateral faces 7 and 8 and two end faces 9 and 10. The rigid base 2, obtained for example by concrete molding, is constituted by a set of walls 11 which define and separate several recesses or reservations which will be detailed below. The presence of the walls 11 gives the modular block 1 a load-bearing character, and the set of recesses visible in FIG. 1 in fact constitutes a set of passage means for technical ducts such as water or gas pipes, electric cables or others. Some of these recesses also constitute passage means for concrete support posts. The other recesses finally constitute passage means for different air flows which can be circulated in the wall produced with modular blocks according to the invention, this for the purpose of heating or ventilating the walls.

The rigid supporting base 2 of the modular block 1 shown in FIG. 1 has on its four faces 7, 8, 9 and 10 mechanical fastening means allowing the fixing of the external coating plates 3 and / or interior 4. In fact, these mechanical attachment means consist of a number of peripheral notches 12, preferably in dovetail, and cooperating with tenons 13 complementary to said notches 12 and arranged on the covering plates 3 and 4.

The rigid base 2 shown in FIG. 1 in fact comprises six peripheral notches 12 distributed at the rate of two in each of the side faces 7 and 8 and one in each of the end faces 9 and 10. In addition, the rigid base 2 shown preferably has a length 14 twice its width 15, and the peripheral notches 12 in dovetail of the different faces 7, 8, 9 and 10 are arranged symmetrically and at a constant distance 16 from the respective perpendicular face most close. This has the advantage, as shown in FIG. 7, of allowing the positioning at the end of a wall of a particular covering plate 17. In fact, this covering plate 17 has two perpendicular parts 18 and 19, of which the studs 13 engage in the notches 12 of the rigid base 2, which constitutes a particularly elegant way of producing the external covering of the end of a wall. Of course, it is absolutely not essential that the rigid base is provided with a set of six notches 12 and two covering plates 3 and 4. Indeed, according to other particular embodiments represented by the modular block, the one of the side faces 7 or 8 is free of notches 12 (FIG. 2), which is particularly advantageous when only an exterior coating plate 3 or an interior coating plate 4 is necessary.

In its most general basic version as shown in FIG. 1, the modular block 1 has both on its rigid base 2 and on the external covering plates 3 and / or internal 4, means of thermal and sound insulation.

In the case of the rigid base 2, these thermal and sound insulation means consist of vertical reservations 20, a central reservation 21 and two terminal reservations 22, taking into account the fact that any recess practiced in concrete is insulating to the both thermally and phonically.

In addition, the means of thermal and sound insulation of the interior cladding plates 4 consist of a layer of a high density polystyrene complex 23 laminated with a plasterboard 24 of the order of thirteen millimeters thick.

Finally, the means for thermal and sound insulation of the exterior cladding plates 3 consist of a layer of a high density polystyrene complex 25 laminated with a plate 26 of agglomerated mineral or synthetic fibers or other support for the exterior coating of about two centimeters thick, the assembly forming the outer covering plate 3.

We refer to figure 3.

When raising a wall, modular blocks 1 conforming to the invention are juxtaposed in the form of rows arranged in staggered rows as shown in FIG. 3.

This has the effect of making the different means of passage of the modular blocks correspond vertically, namely the means of passage of technical sheaths, support posts and different air flows. More specifically, said passage means are constituted by a set of vertical recesses arranged in the rigid carrying base 2 and separated in pairs by the walls 11 forming said rigid carrying base 2. Thus, the vertical reservations 20, independent of each other and amen ées near the face 8 of the rigid base 2 (figure consisting of passage means for technical sheaths such as in particular, water pipes 27 or electrical cables 28 which can therefore be arranged inside even from the wall over its entire height, and while keeping the water or gas pipes away from the electric cables for safety reasons.

In the same way, the two vertical reservations with square section 29, which are arranged near the vertical median plane 30 of the rigid base 2, constitute passage means for load-bearing posts 31. made of concrete (FIG. 11).

In the variant of implementation shown in FIG. 13, the reservation 21 has been deleted, which is replaced by a central reservation 21 'flanked by two terminal half-reservations 22'. In this structure, the block, all other things being equal, comprises four technical reservations of triangular section 20 ′. A modular block of this type allows concrete to be poured into the reservations 21 'and 22', therefore a greater density of load-bearing posts. It is more particularly intended for high walls.

Finally, the means of passage of the various air flows for the ventilation and the heating of the walls consist, on the one hand, of a central reservation 21 arranged in the rigid base 2, and having a useful section 32 (FIG. 10) , and on the other hand, by two terminal reservations 22, which, when two adjacent modular blocks are juxtaposed as shown in FIG. 10, define a useful section 33 identical to the previous one.

This has the advantage that, during the elevation of a wall by superposition of rows arranged in staggered rows, the reservation i on cent rale 2 1 of each modular block is located in the vertical extension of the terminal reservations 22 of the upper modular blocks and lower. This has the consequence that the wall, when finished, has a set of vertical channels 34 (FIG. 10) of useful section either 32 or 33, and allowing the passage of air flows. It should be noted that the modular blocks 1 as described above allow an alternative embodiment of the wall, consisting in leaving the vertical reservations with square section 29 free, and on the other hand, pouring concrete in the central reservations 21 and in the reservations 22 terminals for the formation of poles port rs.

In any case, the simultaneous presence in the wall of several regularly spaced posts, between which are inserted vertical channels 34, makes it possible to confer on the walls thus constructed both a very high mechanical resistance constituting a significant earthquake-proof guarantee and a very high ease of ventilation and heating of the walls.

Furthermore, the modular block 1 as shown in FIG. 1 is provided on its upper 5 and lower 6 faces with several leveling cups 35. These leveling cups 35 are intended to receive glue or mortar during the elevation of a wall, which makes it possible to give each modular block 1 optimum seating by simply compacting the quantities of glue or mortar placed in said bowls, while increasing the mechanical strength of the entire wall.

For the same purpose, the rigid base 2 of each modular block 1 has in its end faces 9 and 10 vertical grooves 36 intended to also receive glue or mortar, and making it possible to obtain a certain additional stiffness, in particular in the case of internal torsional stresses in the wall.

We refer to Figures 4 and 5.

As can be seen in all of the figures, the walls 11 of the rigid bases 2 have a relatively small thickness, obtained for example by molding. This thickness is moreover easy to modify during the process of manufacturing rigid bases 2, since it suffices to modify for this purpose the section of the cores intended for the realization of the vertical reservations with square section 29. The thickness relatively small walls 11 has the further advantage of allowing several variants of modular blocks to be obtained from a rigid base as shown in the figure and this by simply cutting out all or part of one or more of the walls 11. This makes it possible to modify the internal geometry of the different means of passage of technical ducts or of air flow as mentioned above, and consequently of increase the modularity of the building block.

For the same purpose, the rigid base 2 has in its lateral faces 7 and 8 a set of breaking initiators 37 allowing the breaking, as required, of said rigid base into two identical identical rigid rigid bases 38 of smaller dimension ( figure 5). FIGS. 4 and 5 also show the existence of additional vertical grooves 39 arranged in the lateral faces 7 and 8 of the rigid base, and defining, with the external covering plates 3 and / or internal 4, reservations 40, allowing the drainage or evaporation of condensation water, or more generally, the removal of wet areas inside the wall.

For the same purpose, the studs 13 of the covering plates 3 and 4 comprise wedging studs 41 cooperating with the peripheral notches 12 of the rigid base 2, and defining therewith additional spaces 42 providing thermal and sound insulation a drying out of the humidity points, and moreover, effective wedging of the tenons 13 in the peripheral notches 12, due to the elasticity of the polystyrene which is slightly put under pressure inside said notches 12.

We. refers to Figures 3, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12. It is clear that a superposition of modular blocks 1 according to the principle shown in Figure 3 only allows to obtain a set of circulation channels of vertical and parallel but disjointed air.

However, it may be advantageous, for air conditioning and insulation of a building, to circulate hot or cold air in the form of coils throughout an entire wall.

To this end, according to a particular embodiment of the modular block according to the invention, the rigid base 2 comprises, over a certain height at its upper 5 or lower 6 face, one or more partial cutouts 43 of the walls li separating the reservation central 21 and either of the terminal reservations 22. Thus, FIG. 8 represents a modular block whose rigid base 2 is provided at its upper face 5, with a partial cutout 43 of the wall 11, which makes it possible to make the central reservation 21 and one of the reservations 22 communicating terminals. In the same way, FIG. 9 represents a modular block according to the invention, and whose rigid base 2 comprises at its upper face 5, a partial cutout 43, but located on the opposite side of the modular block, with respect to the partial cutout 43 shown in FIG. 8. Obviously, the same kind of partial cutout can be carried out at the level of the lower face 6 of the rigid base 2, which is still obtained by simple inversion of one or the another of the modular blocks represented in FIGS. 8 and 9.

These particular modular blocks as described above are also provided, as shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 11 and 12, with a horizontal partition wall 44 situated at a certain height from the rigid base 2, or also at the level of the upper face. 5 or lower 6 thereof, and closing the central reservation 21 and the terminal reservations 22 of said rigid base. The advantage of these particular characteristics appears in FIGS. II and 12, which represent portions of a wall constructed according to the method of raising a "full wall" in accordance with the invention.

According to this elevation method, a row of modular blocks provided with partial cutouts 43 oriented upwards is juxtaposed, then one or more other rows 46 of modular blocks without such blocks are superimposed in staggered rows on this first row 45 cutouts 43, and so on to the penultimate row, then a last row 47 of modular blocks with partial cutouts 43 facing downwards is superimposed, all of the central reservations 21 and terminal reservations 22 of the various modular blocks used defining an air circuit 48 in the form of coils, possibly connected to a heating and / or air extraction device. This method of raising a wall using the modular block of the invention in its various embodiments, is particularly advantageous in that it allows the construction of an "integral wall", that is to say d a wall provided simultaneously with a set of load-bearing posts 31 in concrete, with a set of attachment means for insulating covering plates 3 or 4, with a large number of reservations for the passage of technical sheaths, and finally, an air circuit circulating throughout the wall and formed of a plurality of vertical channels connected to one another on the one hand, and connected to a heating or extraction device, on the other hand .

This makes it possible to circulate in the different vertical channels 34 of the wall, alternately hot rising air and cold falling air.

This also allows maximum use of the thermal inertia of the concrete forming the rigid bases 2 and the posts 31, since each of these concrete posts 31 is located between two vertical channels 34, one of which is traversed by a flow d hot air rising and the other of which is traversed by a cooler air flow descending. The air conditioning of the wall and therefore of the dwelling is then simply obtained by using the thermal flywheel of the concrete brought to a low temperature of the order of 23 to 25 degrees by the air circulating at low speed, and it suffices to maintain this thermal flywheel.

It should also be noted that the thickness of polystyrene insulation of the covering plates 3 and 4 is the greatest at the studs 13, that is to say directly near the concrete posts 31 which are the main loss zones.

The modular block according to the invention can be made of any material, such as for example concrete, light concrete, brick, composite material. In the case of brick, the block can be made by die. Thus, FIG. 14 shows a type of structure which can be obtained in this way, with a brick pre-filling, in staggered rows, in the central part of the block. We can then have a smaller section of the walls of the block. This structure allows the blocks to be pre-assembled, for example with an adhesive or a mortar, which ensures better resistance. It will be understood that the modular block of the invention makes it possible to produce integral masonry of any type.

Thus the external insulation can be offset by one step not relative to the block. This allows the formwork to be maintained and a more rigid structure to be obtained before the concrete is poured. A better positioning of the blocks is thus obtained with respect to each other, hence a better alignment of the technical sheaths, and a better alignment also of the blocks in the horizontal direction. It is thus possible to flow over a greater height, for example over the height of a stage. The modular block of the invention is completely modular in all directions.

Indeed, one can raise or lower the insulating formwork on any desired height compared to an installed base. Likewise, the thickness can be varied by varying the thickness of the insulating element. Finally, due to the offset pitch, it is possible to make up for an interval between two blocks which is less than the pitch of the basic block by using a formwork plate and an insulator adjusted to the interval.

It is also possible with the insulating formwork, cut properly, to make obliques under the roof, for example for a gable. The use of modular blocks according to the invention also allows the realization of ismic paras constructions, by pouring between the post a less resistant material than the reinforced concrete, which absorbs vibrations and plays the role of shock absorber.

Furthermore, the insulation has a certain play on the support. The assembly can therefore work freely with respect to said support, which allows the implementation of an external hydraulic coating with direct pre-coating on the insulation if one wishes to use a thin coating.

In addition, it is possible with the modular block of the invention to realize walls in an arc, concave or convex. To do this, an insulator whose center distance is either greater or less than that of the block itself is used.

Finally the block allows any use in traditional construction technique. Thus, it is possible to provide weakening zones on the central concrete walls, for example by precut, in a direction perpendicular to the major axis of the block, as shown in dotted lines in FIG. 2. By breaking these zones on site, it is possible to position chaining irons. Finally, it turns out that the modular block according to the invention is a universal construction element, very light and very economical and which allows the simultaneous performance of all the insulation operations and installation of pipes during the even elevation of the wall.

It is clear that it can be used at leisure as a prestressed lintel, or simply mounted traditionally.

It makes it possible to produce load-bearing or non-load-bearing walls, corner chaining, door or window jambs, formwork elements and levelings before laying slabs, etc. In addition, being reversible it eliminates the need for have left or right corner blocks, inward or outward blocks, or special chaining blocks.

In addition, the exterior and / or interior cladding plates being able to be provided with projecting rebates as known per se, the elevation of a wall is possible with perfect alignment without requiring the use of levels, which results in saving in installation time of around 20% compared to traditional building blocks. Although the invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment, it is understood that it is in no way limited thereto and that it is possible to make various modifications to it in terms of shape, dimensions, materials or combinations of these elements, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims

1 Modular building block, in particular for the realization of load-bearing or non-load-bearing walls, individual houses, small or medium-sized collective or public buildings, composed of the assembly of a rigid load-bearing base and one or more plates of external and / or internal covering attached to the rigid base, modular block characterized in that it simultaneously comprises a set of means for passing technical sheaths such as water pipes (27), electric cables (28) or others, load-bearing posts (31), and different air flows for ventilation and heating of the walls.

2. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the rigid supporting base (2) and the external covering plates (3) and / or internal (4) comprise means of thermal and sound insulation.

3. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the rigid carrying base (2) of parallelepipedic envelope, comprises on its four faces (7, 8, 9, 10) means for mechanical attachment of the covering plates exterior (3) and / or interior (4), said mechanical fastening means being constituted by peripheral notches (12) in dovetail cooperating with the pins (13) complementary to said notches (12) and arranged on the plates coating (3) and (4).

4. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the said passage means consist of a set of vertical recesses arranged in the rigid carrying base (2) and separated in pairs by the walls (II) forming the said base rigid carrier (2).

5. Modular block according to claims 1 and 4, characterized in that said means for passing technical sheaths are constituted by independent vertical reservations (20) arranged near the face (8) of the rigid base (2).

6. Modular block according to claims I and 4, characterized in that said means for passing the supporting posts (31) so constituted by two vertical reservations (29) with square section arranged near the vertical median plane (30) of the rigid base (2).

7. Modular block according to claims 1 and 4, characterized in that said means for passing different air flows for ventilation and heating of the walls consist, on the one hand, of a central reservation (21) having a useful section (32), and, on the other hand, by two terminal reservations (22), which, when two adjacent modular blocks are juxtaposed, define a useful section (33) identical to the previous one.

8. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the rigid base (2) comprises a set of rupture initiators (37) for breaking, as required, of said rigid base

(2) in two identical elementary rigid bases (38).

9. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the rigid base (2) has on its upper (5) and lower (6) faces leveling cups (35) intended to receive glue or mortar.

10. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls (11) of the rigid base (2) are provided with partial or total cutouts (43) as required.

11. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the rigid base (2) has in its end faces (9) and

(10), vertical grooves (36) of stiffening against torsion, intended to receive glue or mortar.

12. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that the rigid base (2) has in its lateral faces (7) and (8) vertical grooves (39) defining with the covering plates

(3) and (4), reservations (40) for the drainage of condensation water.

13. Modular block according to claims 1 and 3, characterized in that said studs (13) of the covering plates (3) and (4) comprise wedging studs (41) cooperating with the peripheral notches (12) of the rigid base (2), and defining therewith spaces (42) for thermal and sound insulation.

14. Modular block according to claim 2, characterized in that the means for thermal and sound insulation of the interior cladding plates (4) consist of a layer of a high density polystyrene complex (23) laminated with a plasterboard (24).

15. Modular block according to claim 2, characterized in that the means of thermal and sound insulation of the outer covering plates (3) consist of a layer of a high density polystyrene complex (25) laminated with a plaster support plate (26) made of agglomerated mineral or synthetic fibers.

16. Modular block according to claim 2, characterized in that the thermal and sound insulation means of the rigid base (2) are constituted by the peripheral notches (12), the central reservation (21) and the two terminal reservations ( 22).

17. Modular block according to claims 1 and 7, characterized in that the rigid base (2) comprises, over a certain height at its upper (5) or lower (6) face, one or more partial cutouts (43) walls (11) separating the central reservation (21) and one or the other of the terminal reservations (22).

18. Modular block according to claim 17, characterized in that the rigid base (2) is provided with a horizontal partition wall (44) situated at a certain height from the rigid base (2) and closing off the central reservation ( 21) and terminal reservations (22).

19. Modular block according to claims 1 and 3, characterized in that the rigid base (2) has a length (14) twice the width (15), the peripheral cuts (12) in a dovetail faces (7, 8, 9, or 10) being arranged symmetrically at a constant distance (16) from the nearest respective perpendicular face.

20. Modular block according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a central reservation 21 'flanked by two terminal half-reservations 22' as well as four technical reservations of triangular section 20 '.

21. Modular block according to any one of claims 1 to 20 characterized in that it has on its central walls zones of weakness in a direction perpendicular to the major axis of the block, for positioning chaining irons.

22. Modular block according to any one of claims 1 to

21 made of brick through a die, characterized in that it comprises in its central part a staggered pre-filling.

23. Method for raising an "integral wall" using the modular block according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a row of modular blocks is provided juxtaposed with partial cutouts (43) oriented upwards, then staggered on this first row (45) another row 46) of modular blocks without such cutouts (43) and so on until the penultimate row, then that a last row (47) of modular blocks superimposed in staggered rows provided with partial cutouts (43) oriented downwards, all the central reservations (21) and terminal reservations (22) of the different modular blocks used defining an air circuit (48) in the form of a coil, possibly connected to a heating and / or air extraction circuit.