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USRE47045E1 - Compositions and methods for treating macular degeneration - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for treating macular degeneration Download PDF

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USRE47045E1
USRE47045E1 US15/343,016 US200815343016A USRE47045E US RE47045 E1 USRE47045 E1 US RE47045E1 US 200815343016 A US200815343016 A US 200815343016A US RE47045 E USRE47045 E US RE47045E
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retinoid
retinol
retinal
vitamin
macular degeneration
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Ilyas Washington
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Columbia University in the City of New York
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
    • A61K31/203—Retinoic acids ; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, inter alia, to compounds, compositions, and methods to slow lipofuscin formation/accumulation in order to treat or ameliorate an ophthalmologic disorder, such as, e.g., macular degeneration, without, or with reduced, adverse visual effects. More particularly, the present invention relates to compounds and compositions that may be used to treat or ameliorate an ophthalmologic disorder, such as, e.g., macular degeneration, by slowing or limiting the accumulation of age pigments or lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (“RPE”) cells of the retina.
  • RPE retinal pigment epithelium
  • the present invention also relates to methods of treating or ameliorating an ophthalmologic disorder, such as, e.g., macular degeneration, in a mammal by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of the compounds and/or compositions disclosed herein.
  • an ophthalmologic disorder such as, e.g., macular degeneration
  • the macula is located at the back of the eye in the center of the retina.
  • This “macular degeneration” principally affects the elderly and has a prevalence of about 3% in populations between 75-79 years of age and about 12% for populations over 80 years of age.(1) In younger populations, macular degeneration is found in individuals with genetic disorders, such as Stargardt, Vitelliform or Best (VMD), Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy and Malattia Leventinese (Doyne Honeycomb or Dominant Radial Drusen).
  • VMD Stargardt, Vitelliform or Best
  • Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy and Malattia Leventinese (Doyne Honeycomb or Dominant Radial Drusen).
  • Stargardt Disease is the most common form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration, affecting about 1 in 10,000 children.
  • RPE retinal pigment epithelium
  • RPE 65 antagonists (23-25) or retarding the delivery of vitamin A (retinol) to the RPE by, e.g., limiting dietary intake of vitamin A (26) or blocking serum retinol binding proteins (27) have been shown to impede or abolish RPE lipofuscin formation in animal models.
  • increasing the amount of all-trans-retinal in outer segments, such as occurs with the mutations in abcr ⁇ / ⁇ (responsible for recessive Stargardt disease) leads to the rapid accumulation of lipofuscin pigments (8).
  • lipofuscin and/or A2E and ATR-dimer in RPE cells may reach levels that contribute to a decline in cell function followed by vision loss and that vitamin A plays an important role in ocular lipofuscin formation.
  • Drug candidates for inhibiting lipofuscin formation by slowing down the visual cycle have been evaluated by their ability to cause delayed dark adaptation (a side effect of an impaired visual cycle) and their ability to impede the age related accumulation of eye lipofuscin as measured by the concentration of A2E and other byproducts of the visual cycle, e.g., ATR-dimer. Examples of such drug candidates and their corresponding mechanisms of action to slow the visual cycle are summarized below:
  • 13 cis-retinoic acid (Acutane or isotretinoin) is thought to inhibit the enzymes 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase and RPE65 involved in the visual cycle.(19, 24) When administered, 13 cis-retinoic acid has been shown to cause delayed dark adaptation.
  • Ret-NH 2 All-trans-retinylamine (Ret-NH 2 ) is thought to inhibit RPE65 and when administered to mice results in severe delayed dark adaptation.
  • Ret-NH 2 All-trans-retinylamine
  • N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide slows the influx of retinol into the eyes by reducing levels of vitamin A bound to serum retinol-binding protein. Thus, treatment with Fenretinide lowers the levels of vitamin A in the eye which leads to delayed dark adaptation.
  • vitamin A analogs to impede proteins involved in vitamin A processing in the eye.
  • vitamin A analogs of diverse structures, pharmacological profiles, receptor affinities, and biologic activities have been shown to be toxic.
  • numerous vitamin A analogs have been shown in experimental animal models, cellular models, epidemiological data and clinical trials to inhibit or retard various biological functions such as, for example, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, cell differentiation and regulation of the immune system.(33-37).
  • inhibiting vitamin A processing in the eye is also expected to retard some of these basic bodily functions, which may lead to significant adverse side effects.
  • vitamin A analogs that are currently used to treat certain cancers and/or psoriasis such as, e.g., Bexarotene (Targretin), Etretinate (Tegison) Acitretin (Soriatane), Fenretinide (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide or 4-HPR) and 13 cis-retinoic acid (Accutane or isotretinoin) have side effects, which include, e.g., dry nose, nosebleeds, chapped lips, mouth sores, increased thirst, sore tongue, bleeding gums, dry mouth, cold sores, dry or irritated eyes, dry skin, peeling or scaly skin, hair loss, easy bruising, muscle aches, nausea, stomach upset, cough or swelling of the hands or feet, vision problems, chest pain, tightness in the chest, abnormal pulse, dizziness, vomiting, severe headache, and yellowing of the eyes/skin (jaundice).(38-40)
  • Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide or 4-HPR
  • Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide or 4-HPR
  • the most common adverse effects reported among 1,432 patients who underwent treatment with this drug at a dosage of 200 mg/day for a five year period were: diminished dark adaptation, cumulative incidence (16%) and dermatologic disorders (16%). Less common effects were gastrointestinal symptoms (8%) and disorders of the ocular surface (8%).(41)
  • a delay in dark adaptation an assessment of the effectiveness of a drug to impede lipofuscin formation, was only observed in 16% of patients.
  • a typical dose of 13 cis-retinoic acid (Accutane or isotretinoin) for treatment of acne is 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day for children and 2.0 mg/kg/day for adults for fourteen days in a row, followed by a 14-day break. This twenty-eight day course is usually repeated five more times.(40) These doses are about 10 to 80 times less than what was used in mice to impede A2E formation.(24) For larger doses of 13 cis-retinoic acid used to treat cancer, side effects occurring in more than 30% of users included headache, fever, dry skin, dry mucous membranes (mouth, nose), bone pain, nausea and vomiting, rash, mouth sores, itching, sweating, and eyesight changes.(43, 44)
  • one embodiment of the present invention is a method of retarding formation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina.
  • This method includes the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a substituted C 20 -retinoid in an amount sufficient to reduce accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a disease characterized by an accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in a retina.
  • This method includes the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a substituted C 20 -retinoid in an amount sufficient to reduce accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of retarding formation of A2E.
  • This method includes the step of replacing an all-trans-retinal (ATR) substrate with a C 20 -D 3 -retinoid substrate in a patient under conditions sufficient to impede the formation of A2E.
  • ATR all-trans-retinal
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention is a composition for retarding formation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina containing a substituted C 20 -retinoid and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • R 1 is oxo or H
  • R 2 is H or nothing
  • R 3 is hydroxy or oxo or CHR 7 where R 7 forms a carotenoid and
  • R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1 H, 2 H, 3 H, halogen, and C 1-8 alkyl.
  • FIG. 1 shows HPLC and UV-vis profiles of lipofuscin pigments extracted from the eyecups (six of them minus the retina) of 5.5-6 month old, ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
  • Lipofuscin pigments such A2E and ATR dimer, represented by peaks 2, 3 and 4 have been characterized and are derived from all-trans-retinal.
  • Other lipofuscin pigments such as peaks 1 and 5 are also derived from all-trans-retinal, however, they have not been fully characterized.
  • the above pigments are also found in humans and are thought to contribute to the macular degeneration.
  • FIG. 2 is a reaction scheme showing the biosynthesis of A2E and ATR-dimer from all-trans-retinal and a biological amine.
  • FIG. 3A shows HPLC profiles of reaction mixtures of C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal and all-trans-retinal with ethanolamine for the formation of A2E.
  • FIG. 3B is an expanded view of FIG. 3A .
  • A2E formation was monitored over time by measuring the appearance of peaks starting at around 15 min. Both HPLC traces were measured about 30 hours into the reactions.
  • For all-trans-retinal a considerable amount of A2E has formed as well as an unidentified compound with a retention time at around 14.5 min as seen in the expanded view.
  • FIG. 3C is a plot of A2E formation over time for the above reactions.
  • C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal forms A2E about 7-times slower than all-trans-retinal.
  • FIG. 4 shows HPLC profiles of reaction mixtures of C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal (A) and all-trans-retinal (B) with proline for the formation of ATR-dimer.
  • ATR-dimer formation was monitored over time by measuring the appearance of peaks starting at around 8 min. Both HPLC traces were measured about 1 hour into the reactions. For all-trans-retinal, a considerable amount of ATR-dimer has formed. On the other hand, for C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal ATR-dimer formation is much slower.
  • FIG. 4C is a plot of ATR-dimer formation over time for the above reactions. C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal forms A2E about 14-times slower than all-trans-retinal.
  • FIG. 5 shows HPLC profiles of lipofuscin pigments extracted from the eyecups (six of them minus the retina) of 5.5-6 month old, ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice raised on a diet of either retinol acetate (trace A ( FIG. 5A )) or C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate (trace B ( FIG. 5B )).
  • Mice raised on retinol acetate show considerable accumulation of lipofuscin pigments as shown by the HPLC peaks.
  • lipofuscin pigments were undetectable in mice raised on the C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate diet.
  • FIG. 5 shows HPLC profiles of lipofuscin pigments extracted from the eyecups (six of them minus the retina) of 5.5-6 month old, ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice raised on a diet of either retinol acetate (trace A ( FIG. 5A )) or C 20
  • 5C shows plots of total retinol and retinol ester or D 3 -retinol and D 3 -retinol ester concentrations in the above mice raised on either the retinol acetate or C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate diets, respectively. Both groups had roughly the same amount of retinol in the eye, despite having different concentrations of lipofuscin pigments.
  • FIG. 6 shows electron micrographs of RPE layers from 5.5-6 month old, ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice raised on a diet of either retinol acetate ( FIGS. 6A and 6B ) or C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate ( FIGS. 6C and 6D ). Due to the uncertainty in distinguishing lipofuscin from melanin bodies. Comparisons were made between the numbers of all dark, electron dense bodies found in the RPE between mice on the retinol acetate diet vs. those on the C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate diet.
  • RPE phagosomes, mitochondria, and lipid droplets are also present but were ultrastructurally distinct.
  • Mice raised on the C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate diet have considerably less electron dense bodies (i.e. lipofuscin bodies) compared to mice raised on the retinol acetate diet.
  • FIG. 7A shows total A2E, as measured by HPLC peak area at 445 nm, for rats (three females per group) treated/raised on either retinal, C 20 -D 3 -retinal, retinal plus Fenretinide (FEN) or retinal plus TDH.
  • Animals treated with retinal had the greatest amount of A2E-lipofuscin (normalized to 100%).
  • animals treated with C 20 -D 3 -retinal or retinal plus Fenretinide or the RPE65 antagonist, TDH showed less A2E-lipofuscin.
  • FIG. 7B shows that all four groups of animals had roughly the same amount of eye retinol.
  • FIG. 7C shows that levels of eye all-trans-retinal were increased in the C20-D 3 -retinal group.
  • the present invention provides methods for selectively replacing atoms on vitamin A in order to hamper its intrinsic reactivity to form vitamin A derived lipofuscin pigments, such as, A2E and ATR dimer, while at the same time preserving the chemical structure of vitamin A such that participation in the visual cycle (binding to visual cycle proteins) is minimally disturbed. Because such changes to the structure of vitamin A do not interfere with normal vitamin A metabolism or function, one of the utilities of the present invention is that many potential side effects are avoided.
  • the compounds of the present invention do not compete with natural retinoids for protein binding (because, e.g., they can perform the job of natural retinoids), smaller doses are needed for treatment of e.g., macular degeneration, compared to previous treatments using, e.g., visual cycle antagonists.
  • step 3 Subsequent reaction (step 3) with another molecule of retinal either by 1,2- or 1,4-addition followed by cyclizations (step 4) yields A2E or ATR-dimer precursors, respectively.
  • A2E is subsequently formed after spontaneous oxidation in air, and ATR dimer, after elimination (step 4).
  • a small change in the reaction rate of all-trans-retinal to form its toxic dimers is expected to translate into a large decrease in RPE lipofuscin formation over a lifetime.
  • the methods of the present invention will slow the formation of the toxic pigments and will not slow (or will not slow significantly) visual cycle kinetics, because the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal does not involve the breaking of the C 20 hydrogen bond. Therefore, treatment with a C 20 -F 1-3 -retinoid (which may be transformed into C 20 -F 1-3 -retinal in the body) will be particularly useful in impeding lipofuscin formation in humans who suffer from Stargardt Disease or other diseases or conditions associated with lipofuscin formation and/or macular degenerations.
  • C 20 -D 1-3 -retinoid will also be useful as a therapy to treat or ameliorate macular degeneration without adverse (or significantly adverse) visual effects.
  • A2E formation is about seven times slower ( FIG. 3 ) and ATR-dimer formation is about 15 times slower ( FIG. 4 ).
  • This kinetic isotope effect will slow A2E and ATR-dimer formation in vivo.
  • Deuterated vitamin A is widely used in humans and shows no toxicity (45, 46).
  • a treatment using a C 20 -D 1-3 -retinoid should be an effective and non-toxic therapy to treat or ameliorate macular degeneration without adverse visual effects.
  • one embodiment of the present invention is a method of retarding formation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina.
  • This method includes the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a substituted C 20 -retinoid in an amount sufficient to reduce accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is selected from the group consisting of a C 20 -D 1-3 -retinoid and a C 20 -F 1-3 -retinoid.
  • the lipofuscin pigment is selected from the group consisting of A2E, all-trans-retinoid (ATR)-dimer, and combinations thereof.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is administered to the patient as part of a pharmaceutical or a nutraceutical composition.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is administered as a unit dosage form.
  • the patient may be a mammal, preferably a human.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is a compound or combination of compounds disclosed herein, preferably compounds of Formula I, including Formulae Ic-Ie and Formula II, which are defined below.
  • an amount sufficient to reduce accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina will vary by patient and the particular substituted C 20 -retinoid used. Typically, such amount will be about 0.05 to about 300 mg/day, including, e.g., 0.5-50, 1-25, and 3-10 mg/day.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is method of treating or ameliorating the effects of an ophthalmologic disorder, such as, e.g. a disease characterized by an accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in a retina.
  • This method includes the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a substituted C 20 -retinoid in an amount sufficient to reduce accumulation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is selected from the group consisting of C 20 -D 1-3 -retinoids and C 20 -F 1-3 -retinoids.
  • the lipofuscin pigment is selected from the group consisting of A2E, ATR-dimer, and combinations thereof.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is administered as part of a pharmaceutical or a nutraceutical composition.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is administered as a unit dosage form.
  • the disease maybe selected from the group consisting of Stargardt, Vitelliform or Best (VMD), Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy, age related macular degeneration, and Malattia Leventinese.
  • VMD Stargardt
  • Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy age related macular degeneration
  • Malattia Leventinese Preferably, the disease is macular degeneration.
  • the administration step includes replacing a component of the patient's diet that contains retinoid(s) or Vitamin A with a component that contains a substituted C 20 -retinoid.
  • a component of a patient's diet it is meant that a part of the diet that contains vitamin A or its precursors (including, but not limited to carotenoids) is replaced with a component that contains a substituted C 20 -retinoid.
  • the replacement may be through, e.g., administering substituted C 20 -retinoid containing foods or through treatment with compositions of the present invention, including pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals, in lieu of consuming retinoid- or Vitamin A-containing foods that would have otherwise been consumed.
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention is a composition for retarding formation of a lipofuscin pigment in the retina, which composition contains a substituted C 20 -retinoid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the substituted C 20 -retinoid is selected from the group consisting of C 20 -D 1-3 -retinoid and C 20 -F 1-3 -retinoid.
  • the composition is in a unit dosage form.
  • the composition is a vitamin supplement or a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of retarding formation of a lipofuscin pigment selected from the group consisting of an A2E, an ATR dimer, and combinations thereof.
  • This method comprises replacing an all-trans-retinal (ATR) substrate with a C 20 -D 3 -retinoid substrate under conditions sufficient to impede the formation of A2E, ATR dimer, or both, or an A2E and/or an ATR-dimer derivative.
  • ATR all-trans-retinal
  • “conditions sufficient to impede the formation of A2E, ATR dimer, or both are well known in the art or may be determined empirically, if desired.
  • the replacing step in this embodiment is described in more detail below.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of retarding formation of A2E.
  • This method includes the step of replacing an all-trans-retinal (ATR) substrate with a C 20 -D 3 -retinoid substrate under conditions sufficient to impede the formation of A2E.
  • the replacing step in the last two embodiments may be accomplished using known method, including the methods disclosed above.
  • the substrate replacement may take place in the eye of the patient, e.g., the substrate may be administered directly to the eye via eye drops, ointment, or injection.
  • the substrate may be administered systemically via, e.g., ingestion of a pill or capsule or absorption through a patch or by injection.
  • the “substituted C 20 -retinoid” includes all retinols, retinol acetates, retinol esters, and retinoic acids as defined below as well as pharmaceutical salts thereof and metabolites thereof.
  • the number scheme set forth in formula Ia for retinoids shall be used:
  • retinol, retinol acetate, retinol palmitate, retinoic acid, and beta-carotene have the following structures:
  • Exemplary substituted C 20 -retinoid compounds that may be used in the compositions of the present invention include the following (compounds Ic-Ie):
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined in Formula Ib.
  • the invention is a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound according to formula I:
  • R 1 is oxo or H
  • R 2 is H or nothing
  • R 3 is hydroxy or oxo or ⁇ CH—R 7 , where R 7 forms a carotenoid; and R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of 2 H (D), 3 H (T), halogen, and C 1-8 alkyl.
  • the halogen is fluorine (F).
  • R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 may also be independently selected from H or a substituent that slows lipofuscin formation, a substituent that slows the formation of at least one of A2E or ATR dimer formation, or a substituent that slows hydrogen abstraction or migration at the C 20 position compared to a retinoid that is not substituted at the C 20 position, e.g. a C 20 —H 3 retinoid.
  • the present invention further contemplates any combination of the foregoing substituents at R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 .
  • the compound has the structure of formula II:
  • R 1 is oxo or H
  • R 2 is H or nothing
  • R 3 is hydroxy or oxo or ⁇ CH—R 7 , where R 7 forms a carotenoid.
  • compositions may further contain a supplement.
  • a supplement according to the present invention are visual cycle antagonists, molecules that inhibit influx of a retinoid into an eye, or combinations thereof.
  • Exemplary, non-limiting visual cycle antagonists according to the present invention include TDH, TDT, 13-cis-retinoic acid, ret-NH 2 , and combinations thereof.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting visual cycle antagonist according to the present invention is fenretinide.
  • Other visual cycle antagonists within the scope of the present invention include those disclosed in R. Rando, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/199,594 filed Aug. 8, 2005, which application is incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
  • one or more additives may be included in the compositions.
  • Exemplary, non-limiting additives that may be included in the compositions of the present invention include zinc, vitamin E, vitamin D, and combinations thereof.
  • the zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin D additives may be present in the compositions of the present invention in amounts that are effective to, e.g., enhance the bioavailability of the substituted C 20 -retinoid compounds of the present invention, including Formula I, Formulae Ic-e, and Formula II.
  • zinc may be present in the composition at between about 3 to about 80 mg, preferably between about 3 to about 10 mg or between about 10 to about 80 mg.
  • Vitamin E may be present in the composition at between about 3 to about 3,000 mg, preferably between about 3 to about 15 mg or between about 15 to about 3,000 mg.
  • Vitamin D may be present in the composition at between about 0.005 to about 0.1 mg, preferably between about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg or between about 0.015 to about 0.1 mg.
  • compositions of the present invention may also include one or more additional additives, including, for example, eye antioxidants, minerals, negatively-charged phospholipids, carotenoids, and combinations thereof.
  • additional additives including, for example, eye antioxidants, minerals, negatively-charged phospholipids, carotenoids, and combinations thereof.
  • Suitable anti-oxidants that could be used in a composition of the present invention in combination with a compound of formulae I, including formulae Ic-le and II, include vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene and other carotenoids, coenzyme Q, OT-551 (Othera Pharmaceuticals Inc.), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (also known as Tempol), butylated hydroxytoluene, resveratrol, a trolox analogue (PNU-83836-E), bilberry extract, and combinations thereof.
  • suitable minerals include copper-containing minerals, such as cupric oxide (by way of example only); zinc-containing minerals, such as zinc oxide (by way of example only); and selenium-containing compounds, and combinations thereof.
  • negatively-charged phospholipids have also been shown to benefit patients with macular degenerations and dystrophies. See, e.g., Shaban & Richter, Biol. Chem., 383:537-45 (2002); Shaban, et al., Exp. Eye Res., 75:99-108 (2002).
  • suitable negatively charged phospholipids include cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and combinations thereof.
  • Positively-charged and/or neutral phospholipids may also provide benefit for patients with macular degenerations and dystrophies when used in combination with a composition of the present invention.
  • Carotenoids are naturally-occurring yellow to red pigments of the terpenoid group that can be found in plants, algae, bacteria, and certain animals, such as birds and shell-fish. Carotenoids are a large class of molecules in which more than 600 naturally occurring carotenoids have been identified. Carotenoids include hydrocarbons (carotenes) and their oxygenated, alcoholic derivatives (xanthophylls).
  • carotenoids include actinioerythrol, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsanthin, capsorubin, beta-8′-apo-carotenal (apo-carotenal), beta-12′-apo-carotenal, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, “carotene” (a mixture of alpha- and beta-carotenes), gamma-carotenes, beta-cyrptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, violerythrin, zeaxanthin, and esters of hydroxyl- or carboxyl-containing members thereof.
  • carotenoids occur in nature as cis- and trans-isomeric forms, while synthetic compounds are frequently racemic mixtures.
  • the retina selectively accumulates mainly two carotenoids: zeaxanthin and lutein. These two carotenoids are thought to aid in protecting the retina because they are powerful antioxidants and absorb blue light.
  • suitable carotenoids for optional use in a composition of the present invention include lutein and zeaxanthin, as well as any of the aforementioned carotenoids and combinations thereof.
  • Effective dosage forms, modes of administration, and dosage amounts may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill of the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the dosage amount will vary with the route of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, the identity of any other drugs being administered, the age, size, and species of mammal, e.g., human patient, and like factors well known in the arts of medicine and veterinary medicine.
  • a suitable dose of a compound according to the invention will be that amount of the compound, which is the lowest dose effective to produce the desired effect.
  • a compound of the invention is present in the composition at a level sufficient to deliver about 0.1 to about 90 mg/day to a patient.
  • the effective dose of a compound maybe administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses, administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day.
  • a compound of the present invention may be administered in any desired and effective manner: as pharmaceutical compositions for oral ingestion, or as an ointment or drop for local administration to the eyes, or for parenteral or other administration in any appropriate manner such as intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical, intradermal, inhalation, intrapulmonary, rectal, vaginal, sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intrathecal, or intralymphatic. Further, a compound of the present invention may be administered in conjunction with other treatments.
  • a compound or composition of the present invention maybe encapsulated or otherwise protected against gastric or other secretions, if desired.
  • compositions comprise one or more compounds as an active ingredient in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers and, optionally, one or more other compounds, drugs, ingredients and/or materials.
  • the compounds of the present invention are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.) and The National Formulary (American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C.)) and include sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol), starches, cellulose preparations, calcium phosphates (e.g., dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate), sodium citrate, water, aqueous solutions (e.g., saline, sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection, lactated Ringer's injection), alcohols (e.g., ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol), polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol), organic esters (e.g., ethyl
  • Each pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject.
  • Carriers suitable for a selected dosage form and intended route of administration are well known in the art, and acceptable carriers for a chosen dosage form and method of administration can be determined using ordinary skill in the art.
  • compositions or vitamin supplements or nutraceuticals of the invention may, optionally, contain additional ingredients and/or materials commonly used in such pharmaceutical compositions or vitamin supplements or nutraceuticals.
  • ingredients and materials are well known in the art and include (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sucrose and acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and
  • compositions or vitamin supplements or nutraceuticals suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, powders, granules, a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, an elixir or syrup, a pastille, a bolus, an electuary or a paste.
  • These formulations may be prepared by methods known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional pan-coating, mixing, granulation or lyophilization processes.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient(s) with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers and, optionally, one or more fillers, extenders, binders, humectants, disintegrating agents, solution retarding agents, absorption accelerators, wetting agents, absorbents, lubricants, and/or coloring agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type maybe employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using a suitable excipient.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared using a suitable binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine.
  • the tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter.
  • compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • the active ingredient can also be in microencapsulated form.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain suitable inert diluents commonly used in the art.
  • the oral compositions may also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
  • Suspensions may contain suspending agents.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which maybe prepared by mixing one or more active ingredient(s) with one or more suitable nonirritating carriers which are solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, drops and inhalants.
  • the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain excipients.
  • Powders and sprays may contain excipients and propellants.
  • compositions suitable for parenteral administrations comprise one or more compound in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents.
  • suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents may contain suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain suitable adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption.
  • a drug e.g., pharmaceutical formulation or vitamin supplement or nutraceutical
  • the rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.
  • delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug may be accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
  • injectable depot forms may be made by forming microencapsule matrices of the active ingredient in biodegradable polymers. Depending on the ratio of the active ingredient to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of active ingredient release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue. The injectable materials can be sterilized for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampules and vials, and may be stored in a lyophilized condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injection, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example water for injection
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the type described above.
  • C 20 -D 3 -retinal was prepared according to the literature procedure (47) and its in vitro ability to form A2E as compared to all-trans-retinal was measured by HPLC.
  • FIG. 3A plots the formation of all A2E for two reaction mixtures containing either all-trans-retinal or C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal (16 mg), ethanolamine (0.5 equivalents) and acetic acid (1.2 equivalents).
  • a typical HPLC trace is shown in FIG. 3B for the all-trans-retinal and C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal reaction mixtures.
  • the area under the curve corresponds to the amount of A2E: the larger the area the more A2E.
  • the concentrations of A2E in the two reactions mixtures were measured about every 8 hours for 50 hours. The concentrations at each time point was plotted and the data points fit to a line for each reaction mixture.
  • C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal was prepared as described in Example 1 and its in vitro ability to form ATR-dimer as compared to all-trans-retinal was measured by HPLC. All-trans-retinal or C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal (10 mg) and proline (2 equivalents) in ethanol were mixed, and the reaction was followed by HPLC, the results of which are depicted in FIG. 4A . A typical HPLC trace is shown in FIG. 4B for the all-trans-retinal and C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal reaction mixtures at the same time points. The concentrations of ATR-dimer in the two reaction mixtures were measured about every 15 min for 3 hours.
  • C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal was administered to mice in order to measure its ability to form A2E in the eye compared to all-trans-retinal.
  • mice Nine, 8-week old, CD-1 (ICR) mice (from Charles River, Wilmington, Mass.) were divided up into two groups of five and administered 1.5 mg of ether all-trans-retinal or C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinal by intraperitoneal injection (IP) injection in a 10% solution of Tween-20 in saline bi-weekly for 6 weeks.
  • IP intraperitoneal injection
  • each mouse was given a total of 60,000 I.U.(18 mg) or about 28-times the original amount of vitamin A in the mouse's body.
  • C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate was prepared according to the literature procedure (47) and was administered to ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice (48, 49) in order to measure its ability to lead to lipofuscin compared to that of all-trans-retinol acetate.
  • Eight 2-month old, ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice raised on a standard rodent diet were then fed a diet containing 20,000 I.U./kg of either C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate or all-trans-retinol acetate for 3 months. On this diet each mouse roughly received the daily-recommended amount of vitamin A or the same amount of the C 20 -D 3 -vitamin A drug, which was less than about 1 mg/kg/day.
  • mice were dissected, eyecups pooled into groups of six and homogenated with 80 ⁇ L ethanol.
  • the homogenate was centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 5 min and 30 ⁇ L of the supernatant was drawn off and analyzed for A2E-lipofuscin by HPLC.
  • A2E-lipofuscin was measured at 445 nm.
  • Mice on the 3-month diet containing C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate had 44-58% less A2E-lipofuscin as compared to mice on a diet of all-trans-retinol acetate.
  • A2E reduction is on the same order of magnitude observed in similar studies in ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice with the visual cycle antagonist TDH, TDT, Ret-NH 2 , 13-cis-retinoic, acid and fenretinide. However, in this example A2E reduction is achieved with doses of C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate that are 11- to 40-times less.
  • mice As in Example 4, two groups of four ABCR ⁇ / ⁇ mice where raised either on diets containing C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate or all-trans-retinol acetate. However, in this example the mice were offspring of mothers on the same diet, and thus where raised only on their respective vitamin A analogs. At 5.5-6 months of age the mice were sacrificed and the eyecups were analyzed for lipofuscin pigments as described in Example 4. The results are shown FIG. 5 . While both mice contained the same amount of eye retinol and retinol esters ( FIG.
  • lipofuscin pigments were undetectable in mice raised on the C 20 -D 3 -all-trans-retinol acetate diet ( FIG. 5B ) but were detectable in mice raised on the all-trans-retinol acetate diet ( FIG. 5A ).
  • Fenretinide 50
  • TDH 23
  • doses of roughly 1.5 mg/day/animal both supplied in the drinking water emulsified with 1 g/L of Nu-rice (RIBUS, Inc, St. Louis, Mo.)).
  • RPE, A2E-lipofuscin was evaluated in each of the four groups by HPLC as described in Example 3 and in FIG. 7 .
  • A2E-lipofuscin pigments were greatest in the animals receiving all-trans-retinal (the control group). While animals receiving C 20 D 3 -all-trans-retinal had 35% less A2E-lipofuscin than animals receiving all-trans-retinal. Likewise, animals receiving Fenretinide or TDH had 49% and 31% less A2E-lipofuscin compared to animals administered only all-trans-retinal.

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