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US3313920A - Heater panel - Google Patents

Heater panel Download PDF

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Publication number
US3313920A
US3313920A US360352A US36035264A US3313920A US 3313920 A US3313920 A US 3313920A US 360352 A US360352 A US 360352A US 36035264 A US36035264 A US 36035264A US 3313920 A US3313920 A US 3313920A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
film
electrodes
grooves
strips
glass sheet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US360352A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gallez Pierre
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AGC Glass Europe SA
Original Assignee
Glaverbel Belgium SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Glaverbel Belgium SA filed Critical Glaverbel Belgium SA
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3313920A publication Critical patent/US3313920A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H05B3/86—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields the heating conductors being embedded in the transparent or reflecting material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
    • F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
    • F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
    • F24D13/022—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating resistances incorporated in construction elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a heater panel comprising at least one plate of an electrically insulating material, the surface of which has two distributing electrodes connected to an electrical power source, and an electrically conductive film extending between the electrodes.
  • Heater panels of this kind are generally constituted of a sheet of glass, one surface of which is covered with a thin film of metal or a conductive oxide, such as tin oxide.
  • This film is used as a heater-resistance and is adapted to receive electrical power from an adequate source.
  • two electrodes of electrically conductive material are disposed in two marginal zones of the film. Each of these strips is connected to one terminal of the electrical power supply and forms a distributing electrode.
  • Heater panels of the above type maybe used as heating units for buildings. They can also be used as transparent elements, particularly for motor vehicle Windshields.
  • such panels varies substantially from one zone of their surface to another.
  • the temperature differences are due particularly to a lack of uniformity in the electrical resistance of the conductive filrn.
  • the layer of metal or metallic oxide has a lower electrical resistance in certain zones, which for example is caused by a local excess thickness. In these zones the current density is increased to the detriment of the adjacent zones and hence the temperature in such zones of greater current density is greater.
  • Such local overheating is damaging to the conductive film and to the insulating sheet, which is also subject to damage.
  • the conductive film is divided up into a plurality of strips, each of which is in electrical contact with each electrode.
  • each of them receive electrical power from the same two electrodes, it will be seen that the current passing through each of them is determined by its own electrical characteristics. Since each strip is of a more uniform electrical resistance than the complete film, the current density is distributed therein more uniformly as well.
  • the strips forming the conductive film each have the same Width measured along a line perpendicular to the direction of flow of the electric current.
  • each electrode has a contact surface of the same area with each of the conductive film strips.
  • the strips of the same width have the same electrical resistance if their length and their thickness are substantially the same which is most frequently the case. It is therefore advantageous to provide all the strips with contact surfaces of the same dimensions with the electrodes.
  • each strip of the conductive film has separate contact surfaces with each of the electrodes having areas which are in the same ratio as that of the total areas of the electrodes one to the other. This is particularly advantageous in the frequent cases in which the two electrodes are not of the same length, because the panel 'has an asymmetrical shape. This arrangement avoids an excessive current density at the contact between certain strips and an electrode.
  • At least one of the strips of the conductive film has a local contraction.
  • the contracted zone is thus given a higher operating temperature than that of the other parts of the panel.
  • This zone there is a greater current density which evolves more heat.
  • This local overheating has none of the disadvantages which were mentioned hereinfore, because it can be adjusted exactly both as regards position and strength.
  • this embodiment is very advantageous when it is required to produce an intensive heat effect in one region of the panel.
  • the zone of a windshield situated in the path of vision of the driver is advantageously heated fairly strongly in order to eliminate more intensively any frost or mist tending to form there.
  • FIGURE 1 is an elevation of a windshield according to the invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is a section of the line IIII in FIGURE 1 to a larger scale.
  • FIGURE 3 is an elevation of another embodiment of a windshield according to the invention.
  • FIGURE 4 is a partial view of another form of windshield.
  • the windshield comprises a sheet of glass 1 covered with a thin transparent film '2 of an electrically conductive metal, such as, for example, copper.
  • Distributing electrodes 3 and 4 are provided in marginal zones of the film 2. Said electrodes are, for example, in the form or an electrically conductive enamel.
  • Leads 5, 6 are connected to an electrical power supply (not shown) and are soldered to respective electrodes.
  • Another sheet of glass 7 is maintained on the film 2 and the electrodes 3 and 4 by a layer of transparent adhesive 8. I
  • the film 2 is divided into strips, e.g., 9, 10 and 11. Each strip is in contact with the electrodes 3 and 4.
  • the strips are formed by de positing the film 2 on the surface of the sheet 1, then applying the electrodes 3 and 4 thereon in the form of a conductive enamel, and finally by forming grooves, e.g., 12, 13 and 14, by scoring the film 2 with a pointed tool.
  • the grooves 12, 13 and 14 extend through the entire thickness of the film 2 and isolate the film into the distinct strips 9, 10, 11 etc.
  • the width of the grooves may be as small as desired, because the adjacent strips are substantially at the same electrical potential and are therefore effectively insulated by a fine groove.
  • the strips 9, 10, 11 are of the same width. Each of these strips passes a current therethrough whose intensity is determined by the electric resistance of the strip and by the voltage of the supply. If unintentionally one of the strips, for example 11, has zone 15 of greater thickness (shown in chain dotted lines in FIGURE 1), it has a lower electrical resistance and therefore passes a current of slightly greater magnitude than the others. Since this current is distributed uniformly throughout the strip, the extra heat evolved is also spread over a large area. In contradistinction, in a continuous film, a zone such as 15 would 3 drain the current passing through adjacent zones of the film so that a considerable increase in the current density would be developed in zone 'resulting in a substantial increase intemperature. I In the windshield according to the invention the draining ofthe current is prevented by the grooves 13 and 14. Thus, random unpredictable heated zones caused by thickness variations will be localized by the individual strips according to the invention.
  • The' windshield shown in FIGURE 3 has the form of an irregular quadrilateral.
  • the electrodes 3 and 4 are disposed parallel to one another and are each located near one side of the quadrilateral.
  • grooves are provided in the film 2 prior to the affixing of the electrodes 3 and 4 so that the grooves extend beneath the latter.
  • the side zones16 and 17 of the film which are intended to receive the electrodes 3 and 4 are of different lengths. They are divided into as many zones of the same areae.g., 18' and 19 as there are strips 9,10, 11, i.e., five in the example illustrated. Each electrode 3 or 4 thereforehas contact surfaces of the same area with each stri-p 9, 10, 11 etc. Similarly, each strip, e.g. 9, is in contact with the electrodes 3 andv 4 at zones 18 and 19 whose areas are in the same ratio as that of the total areas of the side zone-s 16 and 17 of the electrodes 3 and 4 one to the other.
  • the windshield illustrated in FIGURE 4 comprises the same elements as the windshield shown in FIGURE 1.
  • the transverse marginal zones 20 of the sheet 1 are covered 'by a layer of the same nature as that used for the film 2.
  • a groove 21 completely separates the zones 20 from the film 2 and, on the one hand, from the adjacent strip 9 and, on the other hand, from the electrodes 3 and 4. This arrangement is advantageous in that the windshield is optically uniform.
  • the zones 20 do not participate in conveying the electrical current, the heat evolved is concentrated in the film 2, i.e.-,in theportion of the windshield which is most frequently looked through.
  • The'strip 10 shown in FIGURE 4 has a contracted zone 22 formedby causing the grooves 12 and 13.t o converge towards one another in 'a central zone of the sheet 1.
  • each of'the latter grooves com-' prises two portions 23, 23 which converge in'the con tracted zone "22.
  • the electrical resistance of the strip 10' is” not very much different fromthat of the other strips'so that the current intensity flowing through it is substantially the same.
  • the contracted'zone '22 the current density and the electrical resistance are relatively high so that the heat evolved there is greater than in the other zones of the film 2. This arrangement is very advantageous in Windshields of motor vehicles, where. it
  • mist and frost to be rapidly eliminated at certain selected locations, for example in front of the driver.
  • the invention is not limited to the embodiments described hereinbefore. Variations and modifications are possible, more particularly by combining the features of the embodiments illustrated. The invention may also be applied to panels used for heating buildings,
  • heater panel comprising at least one electrically insulating glass sheet, an electrically conductive transparent film on said glass sheet, a single pair .of electrodes extendiig parallel to each other in contact with said film along the entire length of said film in marginal zones of said glass sheet, said electrodes being adapted for being connected to an electrical power source, said film having a plurality of grooves extending between the electrodes for isolating the film on either side of the grooves to define a plurality of isolated strips extending from one electrode to the other and in electrical contact therewith, said glass sheet being of quadrilateral outline and said grooves converging in one direction.
  • Aheater panel as claimed in claim 1 grooves extend along straight lines.
  • a heater panel comprising at least one electrically insulating glass sheet, an electrically conductive transparent film on said glass sheet, a single pair of electrodes extending parallel to each other in contact with said film along the entire length of said film in marginal zonesof said glass sheet, said electrodes being adapted for being connected to an electrical power source, said film having a plurality of grooves extending between the electrodes for isolating the film on either side of the grooves to define a plurality of isolated strips extending from one electrode to the other and in electrical contact therewith, said electrodes having diiferent lengths and each strip wherein said of film being in contact with each of the electrodes along separate contact surfaces having areas which are in the same ratio as the ratio of the total areas of the electrodes one to the other.
  • a heater panel comprising at least one electrically insulating glass sheet, an electrically conductive transparent film on said glass sheet, a single pair of electrodes extending parallel to each other in contact with said film along the entire length of said film inmarginal zones of said glass sheet, said electrodes being adapted for being connected to an electrical power source, said film-having a plurality of grooves extending between the electrodes for isolating the film on either side of the grooves to Y define a plurality of isolated strips extending from one electrode to the other and in electrical contact therewith, said parallel electrodes having different lengths and said strips having the same width measured along any line parallel to the electrodes.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
US360352A 1963-04-30 1964-04-16 Heater panel Expired - Lifetime US3313920A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
LU43658 1963-04-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3313920A true US3313920A (en) 1967-04-11

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ID=19723378

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US360352A Expired - Lifetime US3313920A (en) 1963-04-30 1964-04-16 Heater panel

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US3313920A (de)
AT (1) AT251130B (de)
CH (1) CH398826A (de)
DE (1) DE1540764C3 (de)
DK (1) DK112808B (de)
GB (1) GB1053472A (de)
LU (1) LU43658A1 (de)
NL (2) NL123804C (de)

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3383762A (en) * 1964-01-15 1968-05-21 Jean Pierre De Montmollin Method of terminating a heating glass structure
US3475588A (en) * 1968-08-20 1969-10-28 Permaglass Defrosting and deicing window assembly
US3792232A (en) * 1971-09-28 1974-02-12 Saint Gobain Electrically heated window
US3839620A (en) * 1972-10-13 1974-10-01 R Seibel Condensation free mirror
US3852564A (en) * 1969-03-07 1974-12-03 Saint Gobain Electrically heated windows
US3864545A (en) * 1971-09-30 1975-02-04 Saint Gobain Apparatus and method for heating solid surfaces
US3887788A (en) * 1972-10-13 1975-06-03 Seibel & Seibel Enterprises Condensation free mirror
US4002883A (en) * 1975-07-23 1977-01-11 General Electric Company Glass-ceramic plate with multiple coil film heaters
US4419570A (en) * 1980-03-03 1983-12-06 Societa Italiana Vetro - Siv - S.P.A. Heating glass pane
WO1985003832A1 (en) * 1984-02-15 1985-08-29 Flexwatt Corporation Electrical heating device
US4543466A (en) * 1984-07-02 1985-09-24 Ford Motor Company Bus bar arrangement for uniformly heating a trapezoidally-shaped electrically heated windshield
US4725710A (en) * 1985-11-07 1988-02-16 Ford Motor Company Electrically heatable vision unit
US5062146A (en) * 1988-11-08 1991-10-29 Nkk Corporation Infrared radiator
US5128513A (en) * 1990-06-22 1992-07-07 Ford Motor Company Bus bar arrangement for an electrically heated vision unit
US6703586B1 (en) * 2002-09-16 2004-03-09 Southwall Technologies, Inc. Localization of heating of a conductively coated window
US20040065651A1 (en) * 2002-10-03 2004-04-08 Voeltzel Charles S. Heatable article having a configured heating member
US20050178756A1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2005-08-18 Etienne Degand Heatable glazing panel
US20060065654A1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2006-03-30 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Compamy Modular layered heater system
US20060152421A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2006-07-13 Detlef Baranski Antenna pane
JP2008517422A (ja) * 2004-10-15 2008-05-22 サン−ゴバン グラス フランス 抵抗性加熱コーティングを備える透明窓ガラス
US20080223061A1 (en) * 2007-03-13 2008-09-18 Hussmann Corporation Refrigerated merchandiser
WO2013048699A1 (en) * 2011-09-30 2013-04-04 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Heatable transparency
WO2014087190A1 (en) * 2012-12-05 2014-06-12 KIM, No Eul Electrode boiler with electrodes unit
CN106739988A (zh) * 2017-01-20 2017-05-31 大连七色光太阳能科技开发有限公司 电加热车用风挡玻璃
DE102004029164B4 (de) 2004-06-17 2019-04-25 Pilkington Automotive Deutschland Gmbh Verbundglasscheibe mit segmentierter Leitschicht und Sammelschienenanordnung dafür
US10314116B1 (en) * 2016-05-27 2019-06-04 Apple Inc. Glazed panel heating systems

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4450346A (en) * 1981-05-14 1984-05-22 Ford Motor Company Electric heater plate
US4548662A (en) * 1983-05-11 1985-10-22 Raychem Corporation Method of providing a protective covering over a substrate
US4517449A (en) * 1983-05-11 1985-05-14 Raychem Corporation Laminar electrical heaters
JPS60145594U (ja) * 1984-03-02 1985-09-27 東京コスモス電機株式会社 面状発熱体用抵抗体
JPS6299191U (de) * 1985-12-13 1987-06-24
GB2186769A (en) * 1985-12-26 1987-08-19 Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd Conductive glass plate

Citations (10)

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US2557983A (en) * 1949-03-22 1951-06-26 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Transparent electroconductive article
US2629166A (en) * 1948-10-07 1953-02-24 Int Resistance Co Method of forming resistor assemblies
US2715668A (en) * 1952-10-23 1955-08-16 Electrofilm Inc Electrically conductive film panel heaters
US2725319A (en) * 1952-02-23 1955-11-29 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Safety glass heating panel
US2737562A (en) * 1954-03-05 1956-03-06 American Instr Co Inc Humidity sensing unit of the bifilar type
US2813960A (en) * 1952-01-25 1957-11-19 Bethge Walther Electric surface heater
US2878357A (en) * 1956-07-13 1959-03-17 Gen Dynamics Corp Electric heated laminated glass panel
US2954454A (en) * 1953-12-01 1960-09-27 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Electrically conducting bent glass windshield and method of producing the same
US3111570A (en) * 1957-12-27 1963-11-19 Strang John Martin Glass sandwiches primarily for windows of optical instruments
US3245023A (en) * 1963-03-29 1966-04-05 Du Pont Heating device

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2629166A (en) * 1948-10-07 1953-02-24 Int Resistance Co Method of forming resistor assemblies
US2557983A (en) * 1949-03-22 1951-06-26 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Transparent electroconductive article
US2813960A (en) * 1952-01-25 1957-11-19 Bethge Walther Electric surface heater
US2725319A (en) * 1952-02-23 1955-11-29 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Safety glass heating panel
US2715668A (en) * 1952-10-23 1955-08-16 Electrofilm Inc Electrically conductive film panel heaters
US2954454A (en) * 1953-12-01 1960-09-27 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Electrically conducting bent glass windshield and method of producing the same
US2737562A (en) * 1954-03-05 1956-03-06 American Instr Co Inc Humidity sensing unit of the bifilar type
US2878357A (en) * 1956-07-13 1959-03-17 Gen Dynamics Corp Electric heated laminated glass panel
US3111570A (en) * 1957-12-27 1963-11-19 Strang John Martin Glass sandwiches primarily for windows of optical instruments
US3245023A (en) * 1963-03-29 1966-04-05 Du Pont Heating device

Cited By (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3383762A (en) * 1964-01-15 1968-05-21 Jean Pierre De Montmollin Method of terminating a heating glass structure
US3475588A (en) * 1968-08-20 1969-10-28 Permaglass Defrosting and deicing window assembly
US3852564A (en) * 1969-03-07 1974-12-03 Saint Gobain Electrically heated windows
US3792232A (en) * 1971-09-28 1974-02-12 Saint Gobain Electrically heated window
US3864545A (en) * 1971-09-30 1975-02-04 Saint Gobain Apparatus and method for heating solid surfaces
US3839620A (en) * 1972-10-13 1974-10-01 R Seibel Condensation free mirror
US3887788A (en) * 1972-10-13 1975-06-03 Seibel & Seibel Enterprises Condensation free mirror
US4002883A (en) * 1975-07-23 1977-01-11 General Electric Company Glass-ceramic plate with multiple coil film heaters
US4419570A (en) * 1980-03-03 1983-12-06 Societa Italiana Vetro - Siv - S.P.A. Heating glass pane
WO1985003832A1 (en) * 1984-02-15 1985-08-29 Flexwatt Corporation Electrical heating device
US4633068A (en) * 1984-02-15 1986-12-30 Flexwatt Corporation Electrical heating device
US4543466A (en) * 1984-07-02 1985-09-24 Ford Motor Company Bus bar arrangement for uniformly heating a trapezoidally-shaped electrically heated windshield
US4725710A (en) * 1985-11-07 1988-02-16 Ford Motor Company Electrically heatable vision unit
US5062146A (en) * 1988-11-08 1991-10-29 Nkk Corporation Infrared radiator
US5128513A (en) * 1990-06-22 1992-07-07 Ford Motor Company Bus bar arrangement for an electrically heated vision unit
US7186952B2 (en) * 2002-06-05 2007-03-06 Glaverbel Heatable glazing panel with electrically conductive coating having both heatable and non-heatable coated zones
US20050178756A1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2005-08-18 Etienne Degand Heatable glazing panel
US6703586B1 (en) * 2002-09-16 2004-03-09 Southwall Technologies, Inc. Localization of heating of a conductively coated window
US20060152421A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2006-07-13 Detlef Baranski Antenna pane
US7764239B2 (en) 2002-09-17 2010-07-27 Pilkington Automotive Deutschland Gmbh Antenna pane including coating having strip-like segmented surface portion
US7132625B2 (en) * 2002-10-03 2006-11-07 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Heatable article having a configured heating member
US20040065651A1 (en) * 2002-10-03 2004-04-08 Voeltzel Charles S. Heatable article having a configured heating member
CN1685765B (zh) * 2002-10-03 2010-11-03 Ppg工业俄亥俄公司 具有配置的加热部件的可加热制品
DE102004029164B4 (de) 2004-06-17 2019-04-25 Pilkington Automotive Deutschland Gmbh Verbundglasscheibe mit segmentierter Leitschicht und Sammelschienenanordnung dafür
US20060065654A1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2006-03-30 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Compamy Modular layered heater system
US7629560B2 (en) 2004-09-30 2009-12-08 Watlow Electic Manufacturing Company Modular layered heater system
CN101061752B (zh) * 2004-09-30 2011-03-16 沃特洛电气制造公司 模块化的层状加热系统
WO2006039535A1 (en) 2004-09-30 2006-04-13 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Modular layered heater system
JP2008517422A (ja) * 2004-10-15 2008-05-22 サン−ゴバン グラス フランス 抵抗性加熱コーティングを備える透明窓ガラス
US8881542B2 (en) * 2007-03-13 2014-11-11 Hussmann Corporation Refrigerated merchandiser
US20080223061A1 (en) * 2007-03-13 2008-09-18 Hussmann Corporation Refrigerated merchandiser
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RU2580509C2 (ru) * 2011-09-30 2016-04-10 Ппг Индастриз Огайо, Инк. Нагреваемые прозрачные элементы
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EP3258739A1 (de) * 2011-09-30 2017-12-20 PPG Industries Ohio, Inc. Heizbare folie
CN103828482A (zh) * 2011-09-30 2014-05-28 Ppg工业俄亥俄公司 可加热的透明件
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CN104822988A (zh) * 2012-12-05 2015-08-05 金诺儿 具有电极单元的电极锅炉
KR101560373B1 (ko) 2012-12-05 2015-10-15 김노을 전극 유닛을 갖는 전극 보일러
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AT251130B (de) 1966-12-12
LU43658A1 (de) 1964-10-30
DE1540764B2 (de) 1974-04-11
DK112808B (da) 1969-01-20
NL123804C (de)
NL302880A (de)
DE1540764C3 (de) 1974-12-12
CH398826A (fr) 1966-03-15
DE1540764A1 (de) 1969-09-11
GB1053472A (de)

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