TWI594909B - Drive system - Google Patents

Description

Drive System

This invention relates to a mechanical power transmission, and more particularly to a system and method for controlling a continuously variable transmission and an electric drive motor.

Electric vehicles are gaining popularity around the world due to lower battery prices and improved technology and performance. Factors such as high fuel costs and internal combustion engine emissions make electric vehicles more attractive to consumers seeking cost-effective commuting options. However, the performance and range of typical electric vehicles are often not as good as competitive gasoline-powered vehicles. In addition, the maximum speed and range values specified by the manufacturer are often determined based on an ideal duty cycle that does not represent real world conditions.

There is a need for technologies that increase the performance and range of electric vehicles so that electric vehicles can compete with gasoline-powered vehicles to provide quiet, dry consumers around the world. Net and efficient transportation. For example, as an embodiment of the invention, which will be described below, a continuously variable drive train (eg, employing a continuously variable transmission and appropriate control strategy) is integrated into the electric vehicle to produce More advantages.

The systems and methods described herein have a number of features, but none of the individual features can represent the contribution of the entire invention on its own. While the present invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are not intended to The scope of protection of the present invention is therefore defined by the scope of the appended claims.

According to one aspect of the invention, a drive system is provided that includes a prime mover coupled to a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The drive system includes a control system coupled to the CVT, wherein the control system is configured to manage power applied to the prime mover, and wherein the controller is further configured to adjust a transmission speed ratio of the CVT.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a drive system is provided that includes a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and a control system that is coupled to the CVT. The control system includes a mechanical actuator coupled to the CVT, configured to be mechanically actuated a controller for electrically communicating (the controller is configured to control the mechanical actuator), a data display configured to electrically communicate with the controller, and a plurality of senses coupled to the controller Sensor.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a control system for a continuously variable transmission (CVT) is provided. The control system has a controller that is configured to provide a plurality of modes of operation for the CVT that can be selected by the user of the CVT. The control system also includes an actuator motor coupled to the CVT and in electrical communication with the controller. In one embodiment of the invention, the control system also includes a drive motor coupled to the CVT and in electrical communication with the controller. In one embodiment of the invention, the control system includes an actuator position sensor coupled to the actuator motor and in electrical communication with the controller, wherein The actuator position sensor is configured to provide an indication of the transmission rate ratio of the CVT.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a drive system is provided that includes a continuously variable transmission (CVT) in a wheel hub; a drive motor coupled to the drive motor To the CVT and configured to provide power to the CVT; and an actuator motor coupled to the CVT and configured to adjust the transmission rate ratio of the CVT.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for having continuity A continuously variable transmission (CVT) and a control system for a drive train that drives the electric motor. The control system includes a controller including a microcontroller, a random access memory, and a flash memory; a power control module configured to Electrically communicating with a power source and a controller for regulating voltage; and a communication interface coupled to the power control module and the controller, the communication interface being configured to Connect to external programming or data acquisition hardware. The control system may also include a main drive module and an actuator control module configured to communicate with the controller, the main drive module being further configured to Modulation is provided to electrical power of the drive motor; and the actuator control module is configured to communicate with the controller, and the actuator control module is coupled to the CVT.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a control system for a powertrain having a continuously variable transmission (CVT), an actuator motor, and a drive motor is provided. The control system includes a transmission controller module configured to communicate with the actuator motor; a drive motor controller module configured to interface with the transmission controller module and the drive motor Communication; and a throttle position sensor configured to communicate with the transmission controller. The control system also includes a brake cut-off switch configured to drive the motor controller Communicating; a wheel speed sensor configured to communicate with the transmission controller; and an actuator position sensor configured to communicate with the transmission controller.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of controlling a drivetrain of a vehicle having a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and a drive motor is provided. The method includes sensing a vehicle speed and a battery voltage; based at least in part on the sensed vehicle speed and battery voltage to determine an optimal transmission rate ratio of the CVT; and based at least in part on the optimal transmission rate ratio, Command the shift actuator of the CVT.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a controller is provided. The controller includes a controller housing having an interior cavity, a controller board assembly coupled to the controller housing and configured in the interior cavity . In one embodiment of the invention, the controller circuit board assembly includes a motor controller board and a transmission controller board configured to be coupled to the motor controller The board communicates.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a controller housing is provided that includes a body having a rectangular internal cavity for receiving a controller circuit board assembly. In one embodiment, the body includes a plurality of protrusions on the internal cavity, the protrusions being configured to attach To the controller board assembly. The body also includes potting, the bottling is formed in the interior cavity, and the bottling is configured to substantially enclose the controller circuit board assembly.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more <RTIgt;

10‧‧‧Drive system

12‧‧‧ prime mover

14‧‧‧Continuous variable speed transmission

16‧‧‧ load

18‧‧‧Control system

20‧‧‧ Controller

22‧‧‧ Sensor

24‧‧‧data display and user interface

26‧‧‧Mechanical actuators

28‧‧‧Electronic hardware

30‧‧‧Control logic

32‧‧‧Battery

300‧‧‧Control system

302‧‧‧ Controller

302A‧‧‧Drive Controller

302B‧‧‧CVT controller

304‧‧‧Accelerator motor

306‧‧‧ Wheel speed sensor

308‧‧‧Motor speed sensor

310‧‧‧Actuator position sensor

312‧‧‧Throttle position sensor

314‧‧‧Battery fuse switch and / or sensor

316‧‧‧Brake cut-off switch and / or sensor

320‧‧‧Motor controller

400‧‧‧Drive system

402‧‧‧Architecture

404‧‧‧Drive motor

406‧‧‧Continuous variable speed transmission

408‧‧‧ pinion

410‧‧‧Chain

412‧‧‧Sprocket

414‧‧‧ rims

416‧‧‧ spokes

418‧‧‧Shift actuator

502‧‧‧User interface device

506‧‧‧Vehicles

504‧‧‧ input button

302A‧‧‧Drive motor controller

302B‧‧‧CVT controller

320‧‧‧Drive motor controller

600‧‧‧Control system

610‧‧‧Power Control Module

620‧‧‧Common serial bus interface

630‧‧‧Test interface

640‧‧‧ Controller

650‧‧‧ main drive

660‧‧‧User interface

670‧‧‧Actuator control module

680‧‧‧ Serial peripheral interface

690‧‧‧com interface

695‧‧‧Power monitor

101, 102‧‧‧ connection points

2400, 2300, 2200‧‧‧ control system

2302, 2202‧‧ ‧ controller

2304, 2204‧‧‧ drive motor

2408, 2308, 2208‧‧‧Continuous variable speed transmission

2206‧‧‧Actuator

2306‧‧‧Accelerator motor CVT

2310‧‧‧Actuator position sensor

2312‧‧‧ Wheel speed sensor

2314‧‧‧Throttle position sensor

2316‧‧‧Battery fuse switch

2318‧‧‧Brake cut-off switch

2402‧‧‧Transmission controller

2404‧‧‧Shift actuator motor

2406‧‧‧Shift actuator position sensor

2410‧‧‧ Wheel speed sensor

2412‧‧‧throttle position sensor

2414‧‧‧Battery Status Sensor

2416‧‧‧Battery fuse switch

2420‧‧‧Drive motor

2418‧‧‧Drive motor controller

2420‧‧‧Drive motor

2422‧‧‧Motor speed sensor

2424‧‧‧Brake cut-off switch

2500‧‧‧ drive system

2502‧‧‧ sensor

2504‧‧‧ Controller

2506‧‧‧Battery

2508‧‧‧throttle position sensor

2510‧‧‧Drive motor speed sensor

2512‧‧‧Motor power sensor

2514‧‧‧Vehicle speed sensor

2516‧‧‧ rate ratio sensor

2518, 2520, 2522‧‧‧ modules

2528‧‧‧Drive Command Module

2524‧‧‧Battery use module

2530‧‧‧Command Shift Actuator Module

2526‧‧‧Battery Power Sensor

2550‧‧‧Drive and control systems

2552‧‧‧CVT actuators and controllers

2554‧‧‧Battery

2556‧‧‧ throttle input

2560‧‧‧ Vehicle input

2558‧‧‧ Vehicle speed

2600‧‧‧Drive and Transmission Control Systems

2602‧‧‧Microprocessor,

2603‧‧‧Application Interface

2604‧‧‧Pulse Width Modulation Module

2606‧‧‧Motor control module

2608‧‧‧Drive motor control module

2610‧‧‧Drive System Control Module

2612‧‧‧Location Control Module

2614‧‧‧ Transmission Control Module

2616‧‧‧Main control module

2618‧‧‧Display output module

2620‧‧‧throttle position module

2622‧‧‧Battery fuel gauge module

2624‧‧‧Wheel speed module

2700‧‧‧ Process

2702, 2704‧‧‧ Status

2706‧‧‧ Analog to Digital Conversion Subprocess

2708‧‧‧Memory read/write subroutine

2710‧‧‧Display IO subprocess

2712‧‧‧Test subprocess

2714‧‧‧Motor control and throttling process

2716‧‧‧Road speedometer operation meta process

2802‧‧‧Drive Control Module

2804‧‧‧Drive Control Module

2800‧‧‧Starting status

2802‧‧‧Drive motor control module

2804‧‧‧Drive Control Module

2806‧‧‧Decision status

2808‧‧‧End status

2900‧‧‧Starting status

2902‧‧‧Shifter process

2904‧‧‧Actuator process

2906‧‧‧Accelerator motor drive module

2908‧‧‧Two-way routine

2910‧‧‧Motor drive routine

2912‧‧‧ pulse width modulation routine

2914‧‧‧End status

3000‧‧‧Starting status

3002‧‧‧ Vehicle speed

3004‧‧‧Drive motor current

3006‧‧‧Other parameters

3008‧‧‧Monitor Vehicle Status Module

3010‧‧‧ mode selection status

3012‧‧‧Shift mode input

3014‧‧‧Decision status

3016, 3020, 3024, 3028‧‧‧ Status

3018‧‧‧Sports Mode Query Form

3022‧‧‧ Economic Model Inquiry Form

3026‧‧‧Enquiry Form

3100‧‧‧Starting status

3104‧‧‧Actuator control process

3106‧‧‧Accelerator hardware and drive module

3108‧‧‧ Actual CVT position

3202‧‧‧ indicates the curve of the lookup table for "drag race" or fast acceleration mode

3204‧‧‧ indicates the curve of the lookup table for the economic ("econ") model

3206‧‧‧ indicates the curve of the lookup table for the fixed ratio simulation (or "stepped") mode

3208‧‧‧ indicates the curve of the lookup table for performance (or “mountain”) mode

MPH‧‧‧Vehicle speed

RPM‧‧‧ drive motor speed

Rate ratio of GR‧‧‧CVT

Position of the shifting lever in the Act Pos‧‧‧ encoder count

4700‧‧‧CVT

4704‧‧‧Shell cover

4702‧‧‧Shell

4706‧‧‧ Spindle

4708‧‧‧Transmission components

4716‧‧‧Shifter interface components

4816‧‧‧Shift lever

6502‧‧‧Shift lever retainer nut

6504‧‧‧ Nuts

4708‧‧‧Transmission components

4802‧‧‧ traction power roller

4810‧‧‧Input traction ring

4812‧‧‧ Output traction ring

4814‧‧‧ Idler

4818‧‧‧Shift lever nut

4819‧‧‧Shift lever nut collar

4820‧‧‧Shift cam

4832‧‧‧Idle wheel casing

4822‧‧‧Cam Roller

4824‧‧‧ feet

4826‧‧‧Power roller shaft

r _i ‧‧‧Contact joint contact radius

r _o ‧‧‧ contact radius of the output connector

5001‧‧‧ controller

5006‧‧‧Controller housing

5002‧‧‧ drive cable

5003‧‧‧Power source cable

5004‧‧‧Acoustic connector

5005‧‧‧Communication埠

5014‧‧‧Display connector

5015‧‧‧Throttle-Brake-Charger Connector

5016‧‧‧ Serial communication protocol

5007‧‧‧Bottling

5008‧‧‧Controller Board Components

5009‧‧‧Hot mat

5010‧‧‧ Controller main body protrusion

5011‧‧‧Motor control circuit board

5012‧‧‧Activity Control Board

5013‧‧‧crossover connector

5013A‧‧‧Female connection subject

5013B‧‧‧ male connection body

1 is a block diagram of a drive system capable of implementing the control system and method disclosed herein.

2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a control system for the drive system of FIG. 1.

3 is a block diagram of a drive control system having an integrated controller.

4 is a perspective view of a drive control system for use in a vehicle.

Figure 5 is a second perspective view of the drive control system of Figure 4.

6 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a user interface for the control system shown in FIG. 2.

Figure 7 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of an integrated actuator and drive motor controller for the drive system of Figure 1.

8 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of an actuator and a drive motor controller for cooperating with a separate drive motor controller.

Figure 8A is a CVT control for cooperating with a separate drive motor controller A schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a controller.

9 is a graph of a typical saw tooth vehicle acceleration simulated by an embodiment of the actuator and/or prime mover controller disclosed herein.

10 is a data sheet showing significant differences and advantages obtained by employing the actuator and/or prime mover controller disclosed herein with respect to certain conventional fixed ratio drive systems.

11 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a transmission and/or prime mover control system in accordance with the systems and methods of the present invention.

12 is a schematic diagram of a power control module for the control system shown in FIG.

13 is a schematic diagram of a universal serial bus interface for the control system shown in FIG.

14 is a schematic diagram of a test interface for the control system shown in FIG.

15 is a schematic diagram of a controller for the control system shown in FIG.

16 is a schematic diagram of a main drive module for the control system shown in FIG.

17 is a schematic diagram of a user interface module for the control system shown in FIG.

18 is a schematic diagram of a shift actuator control module for the control system shown in FIG.

Figure 19 is a diagram of a serial peripheral interface (serial) for the control system shown in Figure 11 Peripheral interface).

20 is a schematic diagram of a com interface module for the control system shown in FIG.

21 is a schematic diagram of a power monitor module for the control system shown in FIG.

22 is a block diagram of a control system for the drive system shown in FIG. 1.

23 is a block diagram of one embodiment of another control system for the drive system of FIG. 1.

24 is a block diagram of one embodiment of another control system for the drive system of FIG. 1.

25 is a block diagram of one embodiment of another control system for the drive system shown in FIG. 1.

Figure 25A is a block diagram of one embodiment of another control system for the drive system of Figure 1.

26 is a block diagram of one embodiment of another control system for the drive system shown in FIG. 1.

27 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a control process for the drive system shown in FIG. 1.

28 is a flow chart of a transmission and/or prime mover control subprocess for the process illustrated in FIG.

29 is a flow chart of a transmission control sub-process for the sub-process shown in FIG.

30 is a flow chart of a subroutine for determining a rate ratio of a CVT that can be used in the transmission control subroutine shown in FIG.

31 is a flow chart showing a subroutine of a shift actuator for controlling a CVT, which can be used in the transmission control subroutine shown in FIG.

32 is a diagram of a lookup table for rate versus vehicle speed for a CVT of the sub-process of FIG. 30, this look-up table determining the rate ratio of the CVT.

33-1 to 33-4 illustrate a data table for deriving the chart shown in FIG.

Figure 34 is a cross-sectional view of a CVT used in the control system of the present invention.

35 is a cross-sectional view of a shifting mechanism of a CVT for use in the control system and method of the present invention.

36 is a cross-sectional view of a CVT variator mechanism for adjusting the rate ratio of a CVT, which may employ the shifting mechanism illustrated in FIG.

Figure 37 is a schematic illustration of certain kinematic relationships of a ball planetary CVT.

38 is a graph showing information on the dynamic level of a wheel that is delivered to an EV when configured with a CVT and a fixed ratio drive.

39 is a graph showing data of a torque versus speed relationship of an EV when a CVT and a fixed ratio drive are configured.

40 is a perspective view of an example controller for an EV powertrain system of the present invention.

41 is an exploded perspective view of certain components of the controller shown in FIG.

42 is a partial cross-sectional view of certain components of the controller shown in FIG.

43 is an exploded assembly diagram of an actuator control circuit board and a drive motor control circuit board configured for use with the controller of FIG.

The invention will be described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, in which The systems and methods described herein have a number of features, but none of the individual features can represent the contribution of the entire invention on its own. CVT/IVT embodiments of the present invention are generally associated with actuators and transmissions in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,241,636, 6,419,608, 6,689, 012, 7, 011,600, and U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos. 11/243,484 and 11/543,311, the patents and patent applications. The contents disclosed in the case are fully incorporated in the present specification.

A typical powertrain of an electric vehicle (EV) includes a power source (eg, a battery), an electric drive (eg, a drive motor, and a drive motor controller) (drive motor controller)) and a fixed-gear transmission device (for example, a sprocket, a chain, a gearing, etc.). In general, the EV employs a direct-drive configuration in which the operating speed of the EV is directly related to the speed of the electronically driven motor by a fixed gear ratio (or a fixed gear ratio). This is a simple configuration and can't be implemented variable The rate ratio, therefore, typically compromises efficiency and/or performance (eg, limits the acceleration of the EV and the maximum speed).

However, the EV system can be improved by integrating a continuous variable speed transmission (CVT) into the EV powertrain. When a CVT is used for an EV, vehicle performance can be improved because the powertrain can be optimized at specific operating speeds and load conditions. CVT also improves the efficiency of EVs. The efficiency of an electric motor is a function of operating speed and load, and battery life is a function of current draw. The CVT and appropriate controllers enable the powertrain to operate at the speed of the drive motor by managing the selected drive motor current, thereby improving overall efficiency and range. In one embodiment of the invention, the CVT includes a NuVinci® CVT, which is a compact, high torque-density unit that is based on a sphere and a traction. The planet is configured to provide a continuously variable rate ratio control.

For example, the NuVinci® CVT and appropriate control systems, such as the described embodiments of the present invention, enable smooth, seamless movement of the transmission rate over the entire range of rate ratios. Moreover, because there is no fixed gear ratio, the control system is able to accurately control the speed of the assembly such that it operates substantially at the optimum speed for a given operating condition. In an embodiment of the invention, the control logic also allows for different conditions to be programmed such that the user (or manufacturer) determines when performance and scope are the ultimate expectations. Some configurations of the NuVinci® CVT are easily packaged on the EV and do not significantly affect the cost or weight of the EV.

In addition, users need different operational performance of the EV. Some users focus on the widest range, while others pay more attention to performance factors (eg, vehicle launch, maximum speed, and hill climbing at speed). For inexperienced users, maximum efficiency and range are required, and the user may operate such an EV, which provides better performance (eg, the EV has a faster start and/or a higher maximum speed), but due to the high Current draw and operation of the electric drive motor at low efficiency, so that the maximum range is ultimately greatly affected. However, if combined with a suitable control system for optimal powertrain operation, the CVT can allow the EV to operate in an ideal mode, such as a performance mode or an efficiency mode. In performance mode, range and efficiency are not as important as outright performance, and drive control system optimizations such as EV acceleration, maximum speed, and fast mountaineering capabilities. In the efficiency mode, the range is of the utmost importance, for example, the control system allows the drive motor to maintain its most efficient speed and to limit the current draw of the battery.

In one embodiment of the invention, a control strategy uses data on motor efficiency versus motor speed and motor torque as well as battery life versus current draw to improve overall system performance and efficiency. The analysis model indicates that the use of CVT in EVs can yield many advantages, as well as empirical testing by comparing the EVs equipped with CVTs to the benchmark stock vehicle (fixed gear ratio) (empirical test) ), the results of the model have been confirmed.

The typical duty cycle of an EV is highly dynamic because of its It involves multiple stops and starts, a non-even terrain, and variable wind resistance. By making the operation of the drive motor closer to peak power or peak efficiency over a wide range of given duty cycles, a powertrain with a CVT can facilitate EVs operating at these dynamic speeds as well as load conditions. In general, a propulsion source coupled to a CVT can generate greater torque and greater speed than a coupled to a fixed gear ratio actuator. Compared to a fixed gear ratio configuration, the CVT lower gear ratio allows for a better starting feel and better mountaineering capability, while the CVT higher gear ratio allows for higher gear ratios. The maximum speed. Furthermore, in certain circumstances, it is possible to increase the acceleration of the EV because the CVT changes the effective inertia involved in driving the motor.

In one embodiment of the invention, the CVT is mounted in an entertainment EV that is configured in a wheel, wherein the outer casing of the CVT also forms spokes and rims of the wheel. The drive motor is configured to transmit power to the transmission via a chain coupled to the actuator and a sprocket. In another embodiment, a method of integrating a CVT into a vehicle includes mounting the CVT on a chassis or a drive motor, or integrating the wheel, CVT, and drive motor into a single unit.

Please refer to FIG. 37, which is a schematic diagram of a system kinematics of a well-known CVT, where ri is the contact radius of the input contact and ro is the contact of the output contact. radius. The transmission rate ratio can be determined by the tilt angle of the ball axis, and the inclination angle of the ball axis can change the ratio of ri to ro, thereby changing Transmission rate ratio. Thereby, the transmission can be smoothly performed over the entire ratio range.

Two features allow the NuVinci® CVT to provide continuous gear ratio range operation in small packages. The first is the geometric configuration of the drive based on the different contact radii of the sphere. Contacting the rotating sphere at two different locations provides a "tooth ratio" (ie, transmission ratio), based on the position of the contact point of the input and output speeds, which can be underdrive to overdrive Changes within the scope. The spheres are in a circular array that surrounds a central traction component and a contact input ring and an out ring. By tilting the rotational axis of the sphere (i.e., changing the radius of contact between the sphere and the input and output loops), a continuously variable transmission rate ratio can be obtained. This configuration makes the output and output concentric and tight. Thereby, the CVT can be smoothly driven over the entire ratio range.

The second feature exhibited by NuVinci® CVT is the traction fluid. A typical traction drive employs a traction fluid that provides lubrication to the drive under normal environmental conditions as well as pressure. When the traction fluid is under high contact pressure, the traction fluid undergoes a phase change and becomes a traction solid. In a traction patch, the molecules of the fluid accumulate and form a solid through which the shear and torque can be transferred. In one embodiment of the invention, the CVT of the EV employs a plurality of balls to transmit torque via a plurality of traction wires.

In one embodiment of the invention, the drive motor and the drive controller A powertrain component that is configured to optimize the EV. This hardware is configured as an add-on controller that works in conjunction with the existing motor controller of the EV, or as a discrete integrated controller. In the case of an additional configuration, in one embodiment of the invention, the correct CVT rate ratio can be determined from the speed sensor and the throttle position (the intercepted position between the throttle and the drive motor controller). For integrated controllers, the drive motor and CVT control can be more tightly combined to increase efficiency, simplify and reduce cost. The control system is capable of reacting to drive conditions and is configured to maintain the drive motor in an optimal range for a given operating condition. Here, the term "operating condition" refers to an operating parameter of the vehicle, an environmental state, and/or a user selection, command, or input. In addition, the control system can take into account the state of the battery being charged and the efficiency of the duty cycle to help manage power consumption.

In one embodiment of the invention, the NuVinci® CVT is installed in the EV. In another embodiment of the invention, the CVT is integrated into the rear wheel of the EV, and the CVT rate ratio is automatically adjusted via a shift actuator and an electronic control system. control.

In one embodiment of the invention, an EV with a NuVinci® CVT employs a shift actuator and a suitable control system to allow for continuous and optimized shifting. The EV is configured with an electronic controller that monitors system operating parameters (eg, battery current, wheel speed, shift position, etc.) to control the CVT and drive the motor in a closed loop control. Although NuVinci® CVT is used herein as an example, embodiments of the present invention may employ various types of CVT, including belt-pulley CVT, toroidal CVT, cone-based CVT, Milner CVT, hydrostatic CVT, etc.

In an embodiment of the invention, the control system is capable of optimizing the drive motor speed, battery current, and transmission rate ratio based on, for example, a drive motor and a CVT efficiency map. In one embodiment of the invention, the system maintains the speed of the drive motor relatively constant and/or limits the maximum current draw of the battery.

In one embodiment of the invention, a shift actuator is configured to shift the rate ratio of the actuator. In an embodiment of the invention, the transmission control system can be integrated with the motor controller (each vehicle has a single control unit) or can operate with a drive motor controller in the EV. The transmission controller can be configured to read the current draw of the drive motor, drive motor speed, wheel speed, and/or battery voltage to determine the best CVT rate ratio for a given operating condition. This allows the drive assembly to operate at the optimum speed for the given operating conditions, including considering the selected operating mode.

In one embodiment of the invention, the Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine scooter (direct drive EV) is used for simulation and analysis. The vehicle dynamic equation represents a possible performance advantage of the CVT attached to the direct drive EV. The equation for longitudinal motion is: M _v a _v = F _t - F _f - F _w (1)

Where M _v = the mass of the vehicle and the rider; a _v = the acceleration of the vehicle and the rider; F _t = the traction force driving the wheel; F _f = the force due to the total road load; F _w = due to The force formed by aerodynamic drag.

The equations for various forces can be expressed as:

F _f = M _v g ( f _r + slope ) (3)

Where T _m = the torque output of the drive motor; = equivalent inertia of the drive motor; α _m = angular acceleration of the drive motor; i _o = gear ratio of the drive motor to CVP (motor speed / CVP input speed); i _cvp = CVP gear ratio (CVP input speed / CVP output speed); [eta] efficiency _cvp = _CVP; the effective radius r _d = tire (tire) a; g = acceleration due to gravity; f _r = rolling resistance coefficient (rolling resistance coefficient); slope = elevation divided by distance; ρ = air density; C _d = aerodynamic drag coefficient; A _f = vehicle and rider's frontal area; v = vehicle and rider's rate.

The equivalent inertia reflected on the drive motor shaft is expressed as:

Where I _m = the rotational inertia of the motor and I _w = the rotational inertia of the wheel.

These equations provide an architecture that determines acceleration, mountaineering capability, and maximum speed, improving the Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine treadmill with CVT.

For vehicle start-up, the initial speed and aerodynamic drag are zero. Initially, the acceleration of the vehicle is determined by Equations 1-4 and is expressed as follows:

Using the value of the Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine, this analysis indicates that by deploying the CVT into the system, the initial launch acceleration (av) can be increased to 45%. This result assumes that the EV is not traction limited by the traction capability of the tire, and that the acceleration is stable and controllable.

In addition, FIG. 38 is a diagram showing a representative drive motor curve that causes the drive motor to reach a peak power condition at a lower EV speed than a fixed ratio configuration.

The CVT can also have a significant effect on the reflected inertia of the motor shaft as defined in Equation 5. A higher gear ratio reduces the rotational inertia reflected by the drive motor, thereby increasing the acceleration of a given torque. By modulating the ability of the amount of inertia on the drive motor shaft, the control system can employ a CVT to manage the acceleration of all portions of the drive cycle.

A reasonable metric for climbing ability is defined as the speed at which a maximum constant state of a given ramp can be reached. Because there is a measure of constant state, the acceleration component of Equation 1 is zero, and by combining Equations 1 through 4 and the rate at which the constant state is resolved, we can determine the speed of a given ramp:

Another measure is that at a given rate, the maximum slope that the vehicle and the rider can ascend, Equation 7 for a constant state slope is:

Using the values representing the Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine, it can be seen that the rate at which a small turbine treadmill equipped with a CVT rises to a constant state of a given ramp can theoretically increase by at least 69%. It should be noted that this is because, in a conventional small turbine treadmill, the speed of the drive motor is lower than its basic speed, wherein the drive motor transmits less power. At the same time, it can be found that the EV equipped with CVT and the maximum slope that the rider can climb increased by at least 45%.

Furthermore, the constant state torque on the rear wheel (Tw) can be defined from Equation 2 as follows: T _w = F _t r _d = T _m i _o i _cvt η _cvt (9)

Applying the general torque curve typically used for some typical, controlled, brushed DC motors in some EVs (as shown in Figure 39), and applying the CVT ratio in Equation 9, we can decide to increase The impact of the CVT over the entire operating range of the EV. Figure 39 illustrates that in underdrive, the CVT increases the torque transmitted to the ground and increases the mountaineering capability of the EV.

The maximum speed is defined as the maximum speed that the vehicle and the rider can reach in a constant state without a grade. Similar to mountaineering ability, under this condition, the acceleration is zero and does not depend on system inertia.

Two aspects can define the maximum possible speed of an electric car. If the drive motor is free to rotate to its maximum speed, then the vehicle is called speed limited. Motor speed-limited. If the drive motor cannot overcome the total road load and aerodynamic force before reaching its maximum speed, such a vehicle is referred to as a power-limited motor.

If the vehicle is a speed limited motor, the maximum speed of the EV can be increased by increasing the CVT, as shown by the overdrive area shown in FIG. The vehicle can be engaged so that at the maximum speed of the EV, the traction of the wheel is completely opposite to the road load and aerodynamic drag. This is also subject to Equation 7.

The Currie IZIP 1000 Small Turbine Treadmill is a speed-limited motor that can be improved with the addition of a CVT. By substituting the value of the Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine into Equation 7, the maximum speed of the EV can be increased by 75%.

If the maximum speed of the EV is power limited in a fixed ratio configuration, the addition of the CVT may not increase the maximum speed of the EV. The reason is that the electric drive motor provides a constant power if it exceeds its basic speed (as shown in Figure 37). The actuator does not add power to the system. Therefore, if the total road load and the aerodynamic drag reach the power limit of the EV, the EV will not accelerate any more. However, it should be noted that for the operating range of certain EVs on the market today (eg, small turbine treadmills, adjacent trams, etc.), the maximum speed of such EVs is not a power limiter.

It is clear that the CVT in the EV adds various features, including the EV's starting acceleration, climbing ability, and maximum speed. However, in order to increase the operating range of individual battery charging, the control system preferably considers battery performance while also considering drive motor and actuator efficiency. In addition, the control system is preferably configured to enable the system to Control all components to set conditions that optimize overall system efficiency.

The operating range of the EV is determined based on the drive cycle (eg, stop and start frequencies, and mountaineering and downhill frequencies). For the preliminary analysis, a drive cycle was employed on a conventional Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine, which did not include a stop, but included four substantial elevation changes and a speed range of 16 kph to 24 kph.

Dynamic simulation was built to simulate the performance of a 1000W small turbine treadmill over a selected drive cycle. This simulation includes the following characteristics: (a) dynamic permanent magnet DC motor model (including measured efficiency data); (b) dynamic CVT model (including measured efficiency data); (c) total road Load and aerodynamic drag model; (d) battery model, in the battery model, the voltage drop is a function of current draw; and (e) a current limiter that limits the input power of the drive motor.

When the efficiency improvement is achieved, the control of the CVT's transmission rate ratio control simulated by the process is used to move the CVT. Otherwise, the control process maintains the CVT at a peak efficiency of the transmission rate. Simulations have shown that for a given duty cycle, a small turbine treadmill equipped with a CVT can match the range performance of a typical small turbine treadmill, but it still improves the EV's climbing ability, acceleration, and maximum speed.

In order to empirically evaluate the effect of using CVT in an EV, a benchmark performance of a normal (ie, unchanged) EV is tested for vehicles equipped with a CVT and an appropriate control system. The EV tested was the Currie IZIP 1000 small turbine treadmill of the 2006 model.

The NuVinci® CVT is integrated into the rear wheel design and conforms to the structure of a small turbine. The test is performed using a data acquisition system fixed to the vehicle, the data acquisition system including a data logger, a supply battery, and various sensors and wiring. Perform four tests, including standing start acceleration, maximum speed, mountaineering ability, and range. For acceleration, mountaineering and range testing, the system control software limits the maximum speed of a small turbine treadmill equipped with a CVT to approximately the maximum speed of a conventional small turbine. The acceleration test was performed starting from a flat asphalt road using a predetermined start line and an infrared photogate for the end line, the distance being 0.2 km. Velocity data is used to obtain acceleration times from 0kph to 16kph and 0kph to 19kph, as well as the time to complete this distance. The maximum speed of a small turbine treadmill is obtained by performing separate tests on a flat asphalt road. In this separate test, the speed limit of the small turbine treadmill is released. The system is manually set to its maximum, possibly long-lasting vehicle speed, and speed data must be recorded. A hill climb benchmark is performed on a predetermined hill, and the slope of this slope is flexibly increased at a fixed distance of 0.75 km. The range test consists of continuing to drive the vehicle over a 5.15 km ring until the maximum, long-lasting speed drops below a predetermined level. This process includes various grades and two stops and starts. In addition to collecting information on vehicle performance, drive cycle characteristics (such as GPS data, rise height, and slope gradient) are recorded to obtain an EV for commuting. Typical drive cycle characteristics.

The results of the benchmark test indicate that performance and mountaineering capabilities have increased significantly. In the case of CVT and control systems, acceleration times of 0kph to 16kph and 0kph to 19kph have been increased by 25% and 24%, respectively. In addition, the time to complete the mountaineering test was almost halved, while the average speed increased by 85%.

In the case where the control system software is used to release the speed limit, the vehicle equipped with the CVT obtains a maximum speed of 34 kph, which is 61% higher than the maximum speed of the ordinary vehicle. This shows that the maximum speed of a normal vehicle is not a power limit, but a motor speed limit.

Some factors regarding the range test of the EV equipped with the CVT show that the EV maximum speed limit configured with the CVT is set to be slightly higher than the normal EV, resulting in higher aerodynamic losses. In addition, the drive motor allows the battery to deliver a large current to the EV equipped with a CVT. It should be noted that the CVT and control system provide substantial performance improvements and have a significant impact on the range. Some of these achievable benefits are due to the results of controlling the drive motor and the actuator.

While a conventional small turbine treadmill exhibits a reasonable consistency in performance data, it cannot climb a 10% slope mountain without the drive motor controller being overloaded. In the case of an adult rider, the maximum speed of an ordinary small turbine can not be obtained.

In some embodiments of the invention, the controller may be configured to adopt no The same mode of operation. In some cases, it is preferred to have an economy mode and a performance mode in which the EV is used for the vehicle; and in the performance mode, the EV is used for entertainment. While it is not efficient to manually move the actuator, manually moving the actuator can provide a unique pleasure to the rider. The ideal controller mode can be selected via an external user interface or throttling position; or by analyzing drive parameters, inputs, and history, the control system can automatically set the desired controller mode.

EVs that use regenerative braking also benefit from the use of CVTs and control systems. When regeneration is required during braking or downhill, the control system is configured to command the CVT to cause the drive motor to operate at its most efficient speed to generate energy back to the battery system.

In the embodiments to be described below, the powertrain of the EV integrates CVTs, drive motors, and appropriate controllers and processes for optimizing EV performance, range, etc. under various operating conditions and/or desired operating modes. One or more configurations in . Here, the terms "drivetrain" and "powertrain" of the powertrain are interchangeable; it should be noted that in some embodiments, the powertrain includes a power source, such as a battery.

Referring to FIG. 1 , the drive system 10 includes a prime mover 12 coupled to a continuously variable transmission (CVT) 14 that is coupled to a load 16 . In one embodiment, control system 18 is configured to receive information from prime mover 12, CVT 14, and/or load 16. Control System 18 can also be used to provide commands to prime mover 12 and/or CVT 14 or to activate prime mover 12 and/or CVT 14. The prime mover 12 can be any source of power, such as an electric motor, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, combinations thereof, and the like. The electric motor can be a brushed DC motor, a brushless DC motor, a permanent magnet motor or any other type of electric motor. The load 16 may be a traction load including the weight of the vehicle and/or operator and/or cargo and passengers. The CVT includes, for example, a ball planetary CVT, a toroidal CVT, and a belt-and-pulley CVT. In one embodiment, drive system 10 includes a NuVinci® continuously variable planetary CVT and a drive mechanism between the prime mover and the CVT. The drive mechanism includes, for example, a chain and sprocket drive, a direct gear drive, or any other type of electric drive gear. In some embodiments of the invention, control system 18 includes sensors, actuators, control hardware, firmware, and logic as described below.

The system shown in Figure 1 and its sub-components can be used in any ground, air or water transportation machine; industrial or agricultural equipment; air vehicles and equipment; and household equipment.

2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the control system 18 of FIG. Control system 18 includes a controller 20 that communicates with sensor 22, data display and user interface 24, mechanical actuator 26, and prime mover 12. In one embodiment, controller 20 includes electronics in communication with control logic 30 Electronic hardware 28. In some embodiments of the invention, sensor 22 is used to sense conditions of prime mover 12, load 16, and battery 32, which is capable of providing power to prime mover 12. The battery 32 is, for example, a 36V battery.

Referring to FIG. 3, in one embodiment, controller 302 can control CVT 14 and prime mover 12 to maximize vehicle performance and efficiency. This embodiment can be viewed as an integrated control, i.e., all control components or most of the control components for controlling the CVT 14 and the prime mover 12 can be integrated into a single controller 302, in some embodiments of the invention, A single controller 302 includes a single electronic board. In one embodiment, the controller 302 can be configured to receive a throttle input (which can be a voltage source).

In one embodiment, control system 300 includes actuator motor 304 to initiate movement (ie, adjustment) of the rate ratio of CVT 14. The CVT 14 is, for example, coupled to a drive wheel assembly of the vehicle. In one embodiment, the system includes a sensor. This sensor may include a wheel speed sensor 306 for sensing wheel speed and/or a motor speed sensor 308 for sensing the speed of the drive motor. Sensors 306 and 308 can be any type of speed sensor, such as an active magnetic sensor, a passive magnetic sensor, or any type of encoder. In some embodiments of the invention, the speed of the prime mover 12 may be directly sensed in the controller 302 by measuring the frequency of the current supplied to the drive motor. Also, there is an actuator position sensor 310, such as an encoder or potentiometer. In some embodiments of the invention, the measured according to CVT 14 The rate ratio of the quantities can be derived from the actuator position. The rate ratio of the CVT 14 can be calculated based on the wheel speed, the speed of the prime mover 12, and the gear ratio in the system. System 300 can also include a throttle position sensor 312, a battery fuse switch and/or sensor 314, and a brake cut-off switch and/or a brake cut-off switch and/ Or sensor) 316, any of which can provide a signal to controller 302.

4 and 5 illustrate different views of one embodiment of a drive system 400. A frame 402 of a vehicle (eg, a small turbine, electric bicycle, or motorcycle) supports a drive motor 404 that is coupled to the CVT 406 via a pinion 408, a chain 410, and a sprocket 412. In the present embodiment, the CVT 406 is integrated into a rear wheel hub of the vehicle, and the CVT 406 drives a rim 414 via a spoke 416. Shift actuator 418 is coupled to CVT 406. Shift actuator 418 includes a shift actuator motor and a suitable gear (eg, a reduction gear)

In one embodiment of the invention, control system 18 includes user interface device 502 as shown in FIG. The user interface device 502 displays at least a portion of the operational parameters of the system 10, such as battery voltage, speed of the prime mover 12, speed of the vehicle 506, throttle position, rate ratio of the CVT 14, or mileage. Mileage can be expressed in the form of Watt-hrs/mile or other units. The user interface device 502 is configured with an input button 504 to select different modes of operation during stop or drive. User interface device 502 can be integrated with vehicle 506. In another embodiment, the user interface device 502 is moveable, There is additional hardware to allow the user interface device 502 to be easily removed. User interface device 502 can be configured to record data for any signals generated or derived by controller 302. Data can be recorded at periodic frequencies, for example, all measured or derived signals are read every 50 ms.

A machine equipped with a control system 300 has many advantages, and the control system can have a fixed ratio chain drive or a manually controlled CVT. In an embodiment of the invention, the controller 302 manages the speed and current of the prime mover 12, the current draw from the battery, and the rate ratio of the CVT 14 to optimize the efficiency, acceleration, and mountaineering capabilities of a given vehicle. Ride feel while minimizing noise. Controller 302 can be installed and operated in multiple configurations. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the controller 302 can include a drive controller 302A for controlling the prime mover 12 and a CVT controller 302B for controlling the CVT 14, all of which are integrated into one circuit board.

In another embodiment, the controller 302 can be operated to control only the CVT 14 and operate in conjunction with an existing motor controller 320 mounted on a given vehicle. In this configuration, as shown in FIG. 8, drive controller 302A of FIG. 7 is inoperative in a fully integrated configuration, and CVT controller 302B is operated in conjunction with discrete motor controller 320. In this configuration, CVT controller 302B can sense and communicate different operational parameters generated by discrete motor controllers 320.

In another embodiment, based on a plurality of inputs such as speed of prime mover 12, vehicle speed, current of prime mover 12, or throttle signal, controller 302 may Control the powertrain.

In an embodiment of the invention, control system 18 may have multiple modes of operation. In the acceleration mode ("drag race"), the prime mover 12 is accelerated by quickly setting the CVT 14 to maximize vehicle acceleration in the entire underdrive configuration during vehicle start-up. To its highest dynamic conditions and to provide mechanical torque that is beneficial to the prime mover 12. When the vehicle is accelerating, the control system 18 shifts the CVT 14 based on the speed of the vehicle to maintain the speed of the prime mover 12 under the peak power conditions of the prime mover 12 based on the torque, current draw, and speed of the prime mover 12. In one embodiment of the invention, control system 18 may employ various methods to control the current between battery 32 and prime mover 12 in an acceleration mode. For example, control system 18 may limit the maximum allowable current or a time length greater than a certain current level, such as 65 Amps (A).

In the range mode ("Economy Mode"), the power consumption during driving is minimized by controlling the acceleration and maximum speed of the vehicle to maximize the operating range of the vehicle on a single battery charge. Controller 20 controls the rate ratio of CVT 14 to cause prime mover 12 to operate at its most efficient speed for all operating conditions in a given drive cycle. In addition, controller 20 can minimize the maximum current draw of the battery and the length of time greater than operation under certain current conditions.

In a fixed ratio simulation mode ("stepped"), control system 18 can control CVT 14 to simulate the operation of a multi-speed actuator. For example, during an open throttle acceleration, controller 20 controls the rate ratio of CVT 14 to a constant underdrive A value, such as 2: 1, and when the vehicle is accelerating, causes the speed of the prime mover 12 to accelerate within the operating range of the prime mover 12, such as from 500 rpm to 3500 rpm. The controller 20 then quickly shifts the CVT 14 to a higher rate ratio, such as 1.5:1, for example, in a range of less than 50 ms, while at the same time causing the speed of the prime mover 12 to rapidly decrease and return to a low speed, such as 500 rpm. Next, the controller 20 repeats the same acceleration of the prime mover 12 and continues the acceleration of the vehicle when the rate ratio of the CVT 14 remains constant. Controller 20 can repeat any number of rate ratios of CVT 14 to a desired process, such as 5 or 6 settings. The mode of operation described by the fixed ratio simulation mode is similar to the "sawtooth" acceleration shown in FIG.

In the mountaineering mode, the performance of the vehicle at the time of climbing is maximized. In the mountaineering mode, the control system 18 controls the CVT 14 to a low rate ratio such that the prime mover 12 has a mechanical advantage over a fixed ratio vehicle powertrain. Additionally, controller 20 may optimize the current draw of prime mover 12 to manage the power delivered to the ground to maximize the mountain's ability to climb.

In the manual mode, control system 18 causes the operator to manually control CVT 14. In the manual mode, the user can employ, for example, a button on the user interface device 502 to increase or decrease the rate ratio of the CVT 14. In some embodiments, by employing user interface device 502, the operator can additionally select a mode (eg, economy, mountaineering, etc.).

In any of the above modes, the maximum speed of the vehicle and prime mover 12 can be controlled to any desired value in the range of overall operating ratios of CVT 14 and prime mover 12.

The above described operational modes may improve the performance of a vehicle equipped with control system 18 and CVT 14 relative to conventional fixed ratio drive systems. FIG. 10 depicts an illustration of an example of performance differences and/or improvements observed.

11 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a control system 600. Control system 600 includes a plurality of subsystems, such as power control module 610, USB interface 620, test interface 630, controller 640, host driver 650, user interface 660, actuator control module 670, SPI 680, com Interface 690 and power monitor 695.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a power control module 610. The power control module 610 receives power from the battery 32, and combines a voltage regulator and a signal conditioner to adjust the output voltage to a plurality of different stable levels, such as 3V, 5V, 15V, 36V. The power control module 610 can provide an analog diagnostic signal of the battery voltage to the controller 640. In one embodiment of the invention, power control module 610 includes two connection points TERM5 101 and TERM6 102, which represent the positive and negative lines of a 36V battery, respectively. In some embodiments of the invention, power control module 10 includes six built-in connection points that enable power control module 610 to communicate with other subsystems on control system 600. The connecting line VCCP3_3V provides a stable 3.3V voltage to the remaining components in the system. The VCCP5V supply line provides 5V, the VCCP15V provides 15V, and the VCCP36VO provides battery voltage for the entire system. BAT_VFB is an analog voltage signal that is transmitted to controller 640 to monitor the voltage of battery 32 during operation.

13 is a schematic diagram of a universal serial bus (USB) interface 620. The USB interface 620 allows a user to connect an external stylized hardware or data acquisition hardware, such as a personal computer, to the control system. 600 and a specific interface with hardware on the controller 640. In one embodiment of the invention, the USB interface 620 includes six connection points. The USB interface 620 is powered by VCCP5V and VCCP3_3V. The remaining four connection points are the connection points common to typical USB interfaces. The DDn and DDp lines are a pair of different data lines that enable the controller 640 to identify devices that are coupled to the USB port. The VB line is a 5V bus bar detector. The PC line is a pull up control.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a test interface 630. In addition, the test interface 630 allows developers to access hardware on the control system 600, and in particular to access components built into the controller 640. Test interface 630 has specific test points built into the board to measure voltage and determine the operation of various components. In one embodiment, the test interface 630 is used as a UI via which the firmware is downloaded to the controller 640. The test interface 630 can include a plurality of connectors or connector pins so that the developer can interface with external stylized hardware, such as a computer.

In an embodiment of the invention, test interface 630 includes 12 connection points. Test Interface In order to communicate with controller 640, the test interface receives signals from VCCP 5V and VCCP 3_3V that provide power to the subsystem. The test interface 30 can be used to communicate with the controller 640 via connection points configured in industry standard functional groups. SEL, TDI, TMS, TCK, TDO, and NRST lines are "Standard Test Accessors" (Standard Test) Access Port) IEEE Standard 1149.1 and part of the Boundary-Scan Architecture for testing test access. This standard is also called Joint Test Action. Group, JTAG) The TST and ERASE lines are used to set the controller 640 in different modes and to erase the flash memory, respectively. The DTXD and DRXD lines are called universal asynchronous receivers/transmitters (universal asynchronous receiver/ Part of the known connection type of transmitter, UART), a computer hardware that converts data between a parallel interface and a serial interface. These connection points are used for serial data communication. The UART converts the bytes of the data into an asynchronous start-stop bit stream represented as a binary electrical pulse.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of controller 640. Controller 640 includes a microcontroller, firmware, random access memory, flash memory, and other hardware peripherals to enable communication between controller 640 and other subsystems of control system 600. Controller 640 maintains most of its own control process for managing the operation of control system 600. Some subsystems have multiple connections for communicating with controller 640. The connecting lines are related to the subsystems disclosed herein. In addition to these connections, additional connection points or connectors may be included that are included in the board of the controller 640 for various purposes. For example, referring to Figure 11, there are three pins TP4, TP1, and TP2.

FIG. 16 depicts a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a primary driver 650. Main drive The actuator 650 can be used to control the prime mover 12. The main driver 650 has a plurality of power connections, the main driver 650 is powered from the VCCP 36V line, and the VCCP 36V line is directly connected to the connection point TERM4 on the prime mover 12. The DRV_PWM line represents a pulse width modulated current signal generated by the controller 640 to control the current through the prime mover 12, thereby controlling the torque applied to the system 10 by the prime mover 12. The BRAKE line transmits a signal from a brake detection switch mounted on the vehicle and under the brake lever to detect when the operator engages the brake. If the brakes are engaged, the BRAKE signal commands the main drive 650 to close, thereby preventing damage to the powertrain or any components of the control system 600.

VCCP5V, VCCP3_3V, and VCCP 15V are 5V, 3.3V, and 15V supply voltage lines, respectively. The DRV_IFB line passes the motor current detection signal from the main driver 650. The DRV_IFB is an analog signal read by the controller 640. The firmware loaded onto controller 640 employs a DRV_IFB signal to feed back the control drive motor and protect against over-current conditions generated during normal operation. The DRV_POS_A and DRV_POS_B lines can be used to detect the direction of the prime mover 12. In some embodiments of the invention, DRV_POS_A may be used to measure the speed of the drive motor, and DRV_POS_B may be used to detect the mode of operation of controller 640.

17 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a user interface 660. The operator communicates with the hardware using the user interface 660 to control the system 600. In some embodiments of the invention, the user interface 660 includes a brake, throttled to And battery voltage feedback (Battery Voltage feedback). User interface 660 can receive signals from VCCP 36V and VCCP 5V.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an actuator control module 670. Actuator control module 670 can be used to control actuator motor 304 (shown in FIG. 3) that adjusts the rate ratio of CVT 14. The actuator control module 670 is the physical interface of the actuator motor 304 and receives power from all of the regulated voltage lines. The actuator control module 670 receives signals from the controller 640 via ACT_DIR1 and ACT_DIR0, and the controller 640 defines the direction of rotation of the actuator motor 304. The actuator control module 670 can receive a PWM signal from the controller 640 via ACT_PWM, which defines the power and current level flowing into the actuator motor 304. Likewise, ACT_IFB is a measurement signal that indicates to controller 640 a current amperage to actuator motor 304. Controller 640 includes logic to limit and manage the current that drives the actuator motor 304. The actuator control module 670 can receive signals from an actuator position sensor 310, such as a quadrature encoder or potentiometer, and send the signals to the controller 640 via ACT_POS_A and ACT_POS_B. .

19 is a schematic diagram of a serial peripheral interface (SPI) 680. In an embodiment of the invention, the SPI 680 may be a standardized synchronous serial data link operating in a full duplex mode. Each device communicates in a master/slave mode, where the master initiates a data frame (data Frame). Multiple slave devices are allowed to have separate slave select lines (chip select lines).

20 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a com interface 690 that is the physical interface of the user interface device 502. The connector of Figure 11 is a conventional transmitter/receiver pair for communicating with the user interface device 502.

21 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a power monitor 695 that monitors the operation of the system 600 and, when a loss of control or an accident occurs, shorts the battery line and blows the fuse of the system 600. System 600 is turned off. Send a close command via D_RWAY and RUN_AWAY. Power monitor 695 includes a second microcontroller that makes decisions based on system operation. Power monitor 695 monitors the actuator current as well as A_IFB and causes the actuator motor to lose power via A_SHDN when needed. In one embodiment of the invention, power monitor 695 monitors the PWM signal of the drive motor via D_PWM. The power monitor 695 can receive the signal VCCP3_3V.

Referring to FIG. 22, the control system 2200 includes a controller 2202 for receiving input such as battery status, throttle position, throttle rate, vehicle speed, current in the drive motor 2204, and drive motor 2204. Speed, mode selection, and position of actuator 2206 that adjusts the rate ratio of CVT 2208. Based on at least some portions of these inputs, controller 2202 commands actuator 2206 to move. Controller 2202 can also be used to provide status or other indicators to, for example, a user interface and/or a data storage device.

Referring to FIG. 23, the control system 2300 can include a controller 2302 coupled to the drive motor 2304 and the actuator motor 2306. In one embodiment, drive motor 2304 is coupled to CVT 2308 that is coupled to actuator motor 2306. Controller 2302 can be used to receive signals from actuator position sensor 2310 and/or wheel speed sensor 2312. In some embodiments of the invention, the controller 2302 can be configured to receive signals from the throttle position sensor 2314, the battery fuse switch 2316, and/or the brake cut-off switch 2318. The signal from the battery includes a voltage and/or current signal indicative of the state of the battery.

Referring to FIG. 24, control system 2400 includes a transmission controller 2402 coupled to shift actuator motor 2404. Shift actuator motor 2404 is coupled to CVT 2408. Transmission controller 2402 can provide command and/or power to shift actuator motor 2404. Shift actuator position sensor 2406 is coupled to components of shift actuator motor 2404 or CVT 2408. In some embodiments of the invention, wheel speed sensor 2410, which may be coupled to CVT 2408, provides a signal to controller 2402. In an embodiment of the invention, the transmission controller 2402 receives signals from the throttle position sensor 2412 and/or the battery state sensor 2414, which is coupled to the battery or battery fuse switch 2416. .

In some embodiments of the invention, the transmission controller 2402 cooperates with a drive motor controller 2418 coupled to the drive motor 2420. The CVT 2408 can be coupled to the drive motor 2402. In an embodiment of the invention, the motor speed sensor 2422 coupled to the drive motor 2420 sends a signal to the transmission controller 2402. Brake cutoff switch 2424 can be used to provide a signal to the drive motor controller 2418. In an embodiment of the invention, the transmission controller 2402 provides a throttle signal to the drive motor controller 2418.

Thus, control system 2400 can be configured such that transmission controller 2402 is used to control the rate ratio of CVT 2408; drive motor controller 2418 is used to control a drive motor 2420; and controllers 2402, 2418 are configured to cooperate to control A drive system such as drive system 10 shown in FIG.

Referring to Figure 25, the control process and drive system 2500 can include a plurality of sensors 2502 that provide signals to the controller 2504 for controlling the actuators and shift actuators that drive the motors. In one embodiment of the invention, energy is provided from battery 2506 to system 2500, and this energy is ultimately converted into a mechanical actuation of the actuator's shifter mechanism, as well as via a drive motor to provide power to the vehicle. The wheels provide the appropriate or ideal vehicle speed.

In one embodiment of the invention, the throttle input is provided to throttle position sensor 2508, drive motor speed sensor 2510, and motor power sensor 2512. A variety of vehicle inputs are received by motor power sensor 2512, vehicle speed sensor 2514, and speed ratio sensor 2516 of the actuator. Signals from the battery can be provided to vehicle speed sensor 2514 and drive motor speed sensor 2510.

The controller 2504 can be configured to determine the most on the module 2518 based on one or more signals provided by the throttle position sensor 2508, the drive motor speed sensor 2510, and/or the motor power sensor 2512. Good drive motor speed The optimum motor power is determined (e.g., in units of rmp) and/or on module 2520. The controller 2504 can be configured to be based on at least some of the signals provided by the throttle position sensor 2508, the rate ratio sensor 2516, the vehicle speed sensor 2514, and/or the motor power sensor 2512, The optimum transmission rate ratio is determined at module 2522. Module 2522 can also use the results of modules 2518 and 2520 to determine the optimal rate ratio for the actuator. In one embodiment of the invention, the controller 2504 includes a module 2524 for determining the use of the battery based on signals from the motor power sensor 2512 and/or the battery power sensor 2526.

In some embodiments of the invention, the controller 2504 includes a drive command module 2528 that receives signals from the optimal motor speed module 2518 and the battery usage module 2524. The drive command module 2528 manages the transfer of power from the prime mover 12 to the wheels of the vehicle. Drive command module 2528 can also be configured to provide a feedback signal to motor speed sensor 2510. The controller 2504 can also include a command shift actuator module 2530 for at least a portion of the actuation based on the results of the optimal rate ratio module 2522 to manage the displacement mechanism of an actuator. (actuation).

Referring to Figure 25A, a drive and control system 2550 includes a CVT actuator and controller 2552 for receiving power from a power source, such as battery 2554. Based on the throttle input 2556 and the vehicle input 2560, the actuator and controller 2552 can establish an appropriate vehicle speed 2558.

Referring to Figure 26, the drive and drive control system 2600 can include a microprocessor 2602, such as an Atmel ARM7 chip, for use with multiple software modules or processes. Working together. An application programmer interface 2603 communicates with the pulse width modulation module 2604, and the pulse width modulation module 2604 cooperates with the motor control module 2606. A drive motor control module 2608 is in communication with the motor control module 2606 and the drive system control module 2610. The motor control module 2606 is in communication with the position control module 2612, and the position control module 2612 is in communication with a transmission control module 2614. The main control module 2616 is in communication with the drive system control module 2610, the display output module 2618, the throttle position module 2620, the battery fuel gauge module 2622, and/or the wheel speed module 2624.

Please refer to FIG. 27, which is a flow chart of process 2700. Process 2700 controls the prime mover and/or the actuator. Process 2700 begins at state 2702. Process 2700 moves to state 2704, where an initialization routine runs multiple processes. One process includes loading system parameters as well as defaults such as maximum vehicle speed, transmission shift limit, wheel pulse count, wheel size, and the like.

Process 2700 then performs various sub-processes. The sub-process includes an analog-to-digital converter subprocess 2706, a memory read/write sub-process 2708, a display IO sub-process 2710, a test sub-process 2712, a motor control, and a throttle sub-process 2714. And a road speed calculation sub-process 2716.

Referring to Figure 28, the motor control and throttle sub-process 2714 can be configured as a loop that repeats, for example, every 5 milliseconds (200 Hz update). In one embodiment of the invention, the motor control and throttle sub-process 2714 includes a drive control module 2802 and a drive control module 2804. In some embodiments of the invention, the drive control module 2802 can be any suitable pulse width modulation motor control scheme. In one embodiment of the invention, the transmission control module 2804 includes a position control servo feedback loop. Thus, motor control and throttle sub-processes can provide drive motor control as well as actuator motor position control.

In some embodiments of the invention, motor control and throttle sub-process 2714 begins at state 2800. Process 2714 then substantially simultaneously executes the drive motor control module 2802 and the drive control module 2804. In decision state 2806, sub-process 2714 determines if sub-process 2714 continues to be executed in its loop. If it is decided to continue execution, sub-process 2714 resumes execution of modules 2802 and 2804. If it is decided not to continue execution, the sub-process ends at state 2808. In some embodiments of the invention, since the system issues, for example, an off signal or a brake signal, it is decided to discontinue execution of sub-process 2714 when state 2806 is determined.

In one embodiment of the invention, the drive control module 2802 processes vehicle speed requirements and modulates the output of a drive motor. The drive control module 2802 can also incorporate a soft-start routine to minimize the abrupt shock of the vehicle during periods of high speed (ie, fast throttle ON). In one embodiment of the present invention, the drive control module 2802 can achieve a soft start by adjusting the maximum current that the drive motor can pull and by delaying the throttle signal value and eliminating the instant-on effects. .

Referring to Figures 29 through 31, in an embodiment of the invention, initialization of the transmission control module 2804 includes an actuator homing routine to position the actuator in a desired state (e.g., traction roller) The inclination angle of the (traction roller) or the power regulator is set to the underactuated configuration) to start a drive cycle. In one embodiment of the invention, the transmission control module 2804 in the actuated state drives the shift actuator motor to be under-actuated while reading and shifting via counting from the encoder on the shaft of the actuator motor. The position of the shift rod. When the reading process stops changing (eg, when the actuator motor rotates around the shift lever until the internal shifter assembly is running for a shift stop), the actuator control process 3104 stops driving the actuator The motor, and the initial shift position parameters are read from the shifter sub-process 2902. In one embodiment of the invention, the actuator control process 3104 initializes to set the transmission rate ratio to just exceed the entire underdrive (eg, adjust the underdrive to 17 degrees gamma; wherein the entire underdrive range is 18 degrees gamma ). In one embodiment of the invention, the actuator control process 3104 employs an encoder count as an indication of position. After the actuators are turned back, the actuator control process 3104 continues with other operations.

A transmission control module 2804, beginning at state 2900, determines a desired transmission rate ratio from a shifter process 2902 that processes the current state of the various inputs and a look-up table having a specified output value of the speed ratio of the actuator (ie, , the angle of inclination of the traction planet). The transmission control module 2804 then passes the output set point to the actuator process 2904, which drives the module 2906 via the actuator motor to apply power to the actuator motor until the set point is reached Just stop.

In one embodiment of the invention, the transmission control module 2804 receives a set of inputs to describe the state of the vehicle. In one embodiment of the invention, these inputs include vehicle speed, drive motor current, and other parameters that describe the state of the vehicle. In some embodiments of the invention, the mode of the controller is also determined. The mode can be selected manually via a toggle switch or button. In some embodiments of the invention, the mode comprises a performance (motion) mode or an economic mode. In other embodiments of the invention, the mode may be an analog 4-speed transmission "sawtooth" mode. The controller can store the mode table in memory. A mode table is a set of data that includes input parameters (eg, vehicle speed, motor current, etc.) and an ideal transmission rate ratio as an output parameter. The input value can be used to reference a pattern table and generate an output value. The output value is then passed to the actuator process 2904.

The actuator process 2904 can be a proportional control feedback loop that takes the set point of the speed ratio of the actuator as an input and the actuator rod encoder as a feedback signal. The actuator motor drive module 2906 can include a bidirectional (reversing) routine 2908, a motor drive routine 2910, and a suitable pulse width modulation (PWM) routine 2912. The actuator control process 2804 then ends at state 2914.

30 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a shifter process 2902. The shifter process 2902 begins at state 3000. Vehicle speed 3002, drive motor current 3004, and/or other parameters 3006 are received in monitor vehicle status module 3008. The shifter process 2902 then moves to a mode selection state 3010 where it can be connected Enter shift mode input 3012. The shifter process 2902 then proceeds to decision state 3014, where shifter process 2902 determines which shift mode to employ. If the selected shift mode is the sport mode, the shifter process 2902 enters a motion mode lookup table 3018 at state 3016. If the selected shift mode is an economy mode, the shifter process 2902 enters an economy mode lookup table 3022 at state 3020. If the selected shift mode is another mode, then at state 3024 the shifter process 2902 enters the appropriate lookup table 3026 for the selected mode.

Based on the vehicle state and the selected mode, shifter process 2902 determines the optimal rate ratio for the CVT at state 3028. In one embodiment of the invention, determining the optimal rate ratio for the CVT includes determining the position of the shift lever for the CVT. In some embodiments of the invention, determining the optimal rate ratio for the CVT includes determining the number of encoder counts for the shifter mechanism used to initiate the CVT, which may be a shift lever.

31 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an actuator process 2904. Referring to Figure 31, actuator process 2904 begins at state 3100 and then performs actuator control process 3104. Actuator process 2904 then executes the actuator hardware and drive module 3106. If the actual CVT position 3108 is substantially the same as the optimal CVT position determined by the shifter process 2902, then the actuator process 2904 is terminated.

Referring to Figure 32, the lookup table employed by the shifter process 2902 can be represented by each of the curves shown in FIG. Depending on the speed of the vehicle, the speed ratio of the actuator can be selected (this is equivalent to selecting the position of the shifting mechanism of the actuator, such as the position of the shift lever, which can be represented by the count of the encoder). Curve 3202 is indicated for A "drag race" or a quick acceleration mode lookup table. Curve 3204 represents a lookup table for an economic ("econ") mode. Curve 3206 represents a lookup table for a fixed ratio simulation (or "stepped") mode. Curve 3208 represents a lookup table for performance (or "climbing") mode. FIG. 33 is a diagram showing a data table for deriving the graph shown in FIG. MPH refers to vehicle speed; RPM refers to the speed at which the motor is driven; and GR refers to the rate ratio of the CVT. Act Pos refers to the position of the shift lever in the encoder count.

In one embodiment of the invention, a method of controlling a powertrain of an EV in an economy mode as well as a performance mode is provided. In the economy mode, the control system is configured to control the drive motor in the following manner. The control system allows the current to drive the motor to have an initial maximum current peak (ie, current limit), such as 30 Amps. The initial maximum current peak can be maintained for a predetermined length of time (e.g., 2 seconds), and in some cases, the predetermined length of time is preferably long enough to allow the drive motor to reach its base speed, which is A speed at which the motor drives a constant power when increasing the speed of the drive motor and reducing the torque of the drive motor, wherein the drive motor typically has a higher efficiency at lower drive motor speeds. And the operation. Next, the control system manages the current of the drive motor such that the current delivered to the drive motor is only increased to a predetermined current limit (eg, 25 Amps) as long as, for example, a throttle command (or user input) is required Can be kept. In some embodiments of the invention, the power (or current) applied to the electric drive motor is a function of the throttle position and the battery voltage. In the economic model, the control system It is configured to control the CVT in such a way that the control system allows the electric motor to reach its basic speed as quickly as possible, and then the control system controls the CVT to achieve a transmission efficiency ratio for peak efficiency for a given operating condition ( For example, in some CVTs, the peak efficiency is found to maintain the CVT at a 1:1 transmission rate ratio.

In the performance mode of the present invention, the control system is configured to allow the drive motor to reach a predetermined initial maximum current limit (eg, 60 Amps). The initial maximum current limit can be maintained for a predetermined length of time (e.g., 5 seconds), at least a portion of which is determined by circuit temperature specifications, circuit life cycles, and the like. Under this control strategy, the EV powertrain is configured with high power when the vehicle is started. The control system then controls the CVT to produce high acceleration and to reach the maximum speed of the EV in a short period of time. In the performance mode, the control system can be configured such that after the initial maximum current limit has been reached, the powertrain can be provided with a current that increases to a predetermined maximum current limit (eg, 45 Amps).

In some embodiments of the invention, in one of the performance mode and the economic mode, or in both the performance mode and the economic mode, a function of a timed linear ramp with the maximum throttling is The function provided to the control system with a maximum throttle to a timed linear ramp can be used to ensure that the EV can be started smoothly without abrupt changes to a point at which point the front end of the EV will be off the ground. Under various operating conditions, a function of timing linear ramps with maximum throttling can also be used to manage the power applied to the drive motor (eg, reducing current draw in an economy mode).

In one embodiment of the invention, the control system is configured to optimize the overall efficiency of the powertrain of the EV. The overall efficiency of the powertrain is a function of the efficiency of the drive motor, the efficiency of the CVT, the efficiency of the control system itself, and/or the indication of how the battery life is affected under certain operating conditions. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, the control system is configured to modulate the power (or current) of the motor and the transmission rate ratio of the modulated CVT based on certain inputs (preferably, in combination with power modulation) The inputs include one or more of the following components: throttle position, throttle position change rate (relative to time), control system mode (eg, economy, performance, manual, stepped actuator simulation, etc.) ), average or instantaneous battery voltage, average state or temporary state of battery charging, data indicating battery life versus current draw as a function of time, average or transient drive motor current draw, average or transient Vehicle speed, CVT transmission rate ratio, information indicating the efficiency of the CVT versus EV speed and/or transmission rate ratio, the speed of the drive motor, the efficiency of the drive motor relative to the torque and/or the speed of the drive motor The data, as well as the efficiency of the control system (such as information indicative of the power used by the control circuitry for shifting the actuator and/or driving the motor). In certain embodiments of the invention, the control system is configured to control a transmission rate ratio of the CVT, the transmission rate ratio of the CVT being the speed of the EV, the speed of the electric drive motor, the battery voltage, and the current draw (ie, provided to the drive) The current of the motor, in some cases, is a function of one or more of the throttle positions.

Referring to Figure 34, a rear wheel hub is integrated. Continuously changeable CVT 4700. The CVT 4700 and its equivalent components can be used in equipment other than bicycles including, but not limited to, other human powered vehicles, photovoltaic vehicles, human power or internal combustion powered hybrid vehicles, industrial equipment, wind turbines, etc. . Any technical application that requires modulation of the mechanical power transmitter between the input source and the output load can implement embodiments of the CVT 4700 in its powertrain. The embodiment of the CVT 4700 and the related CVT can be found in the U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/543,311, filed on Jan. 3, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In this manual.

As shown in FIG. 34, the CVT 4700 includes a shell or hub housing 4702 that is coupled to a cover or housing cover 4704. The outer casing 4702 and the outer casing cover 4704 form a casing for surrounding most of the components of the CVT 4700. A main shaft 4706 provides axial and radial positioning and support for other components of the CVT 4700. The CVT 4700 can include a variator assembly 4708 as shown in detail C and a shift lever and/or shifter interface assembly 4716 as shown in detail G.

Referring to Figure 35, the shifter interface assembly 4716 is operative to cooperate with a shifting mechanism (such as a control system, including the shift actuator motor described above) to initiate the shift lever 4816 to change the CVT 4700. Rate ratio. The shifter interface assembly 4716 is also used to hold the shift rod 4816 and constrain the axial displacement of the shift rod 4816. In an embodiment of the invention, the shifter interface assembly 4716 includes a shifter nut 6502 for receiving displacement Rod 4816 is also secured for use along a main axle 4706. The shifter interface assembly 4716 can also include a nut 6504 for threading onto the shift rod retainer nut 6502 to couple the main shaft 4706 to the bicycle's dropout between other events (Fig. And prevents the shift rod retainer nut 6502 from being unthreaded off the spindle 4706 during operation of the shifter mechanism.

Referring to FIG. 36, in an embodiment of the invention, the transmission assembly 4708 includes a plurality of traction power rollers 4802 that are configured to interface with the input traction ring 4810, the output traction ring 4812, and the support assembly or idler 4814. contact. The shift lever 4816 is threaded into the shift lever nut 4818, and the shift lever nut 4818 is in an intermediate position and is used to engage the shift cam 4820. An idler bushing 4832 is guided by the spindle 4706 and the interface with the shift lever nut 4818. A shift rod nut collar 4819 is coaxially secured to the main shaft 4706 and positioned between the shifting cams 4820. The shift cam 4820 is in contact with the cam roller 4822. Each of the plurality of legs 4824 is coupled to one end of the cam roller 4822. The other end of each leg 4824 is coupled to a power roller shaft 4826 that provides a tiltable rotary shaft to the power roller 4802.

Referring to FIG. 40, in one embodiment of the invention, controller 5001 can include a controller housing 5006 having a set of drive cables 5002 and a set of power source cables 5003. Drive cable 5002 can be configured to electrically connect controller 5001 to the drive motor. Power source cable 5003 can be configured to electrically connect controller 5001 to a power source, such as a battery. In the first aspect of the invention In some embodiments, drive cable 5002 and power source cable 5003 are 10 AWG wires. The controller 5001 can also include an actuation connector 5004 that can be configured to be coupled to a mating connector of a mechanical actuator that is configured to adjust a transmission rate ratio of a CVT. The controller 5001 is provided with a communication port 5005 (e.g., USB port) for supporting communication between the controller 5001 and a computer or any other data or stylized input or output device. Display connector 5014 can be configured to support electrical communication between controller 5001 and a user interface such as an ideal mode of operation between user interfaces. In one embodiment of the invention, the controller 5001 includes a throttle-brake-charger connector 5015 configured to be coupled to various sensors of the vehicle, such as a flu detector, Brake sensor and / or charging sensor. In some embodiments of the invention, controller 5001 may also include serial communication port 5016. The serial communication port 5016 can be configured to program the controller 5001 by employing a process such as well-known flashing. For the purposes of prototype and development, serial communication 埠 5016 is typically used. In one embodiment of the invention, the actuation connector 5004, the communication port 5005, the display connector 5014, the throttle-brake-charger connector 5015, and the serial communication port 5016 are all configured in one of the controller housings 5006. On the side. In some embodiments of the invention, the controller housing 5006 may generally be a rectangular sheet metal enclosure having an internal cavity filled with a potting 5007. The bottling 5007 can be a plastic or resin material.

Referring to FIG. 41 and FIG. 42, in one embodiment of the present invention, the controller 5001 includes a controller circuit board assembly 5008 that is located in controller housing 5006 and surrounded by bottling 5007. Controller board assembly 5008 is attached to controller housing 5006. In one embodiment of the invention, drive cable 5002, power source cable 5003, actuation connector 5004, communication port 5005, display connector 5014, throttle-brake-charger connector 5015, and serial communication port 5016 are all It is coupled to controller board assembly 5008. The bottling 5007 is configured to expose the above connections, but encloses a major portion of the controller circuit board assembly 5008. In some embodiments of the invention, a plurality of thermal pads 5009 are located between the controller circuit board assembly 5008 and the controller housing 5006. The thermal pad 5009 can be located on the plurality of controller body projections 5010. The controller body projection 5010 can be formed on an internal cavity of the controller housing.

Referring to FIG. 43, in one embodiment of the invention, controller board assembly 5008 can include a motor control circuit board 5011 and a driver control circuit board 5012. Motor control circuit board 5011 preferably includes circuitry (ie, integrated circuitry, memory circuitry, firmware, etc.) configured to facilitate control of a drive motor. The actuator control circuit board 5012 preferably includes circuitry (ie, integrated circuitry, memory circuitry, firmware, etc.) that is configured to facilitate control of an actuator such as a CVT. A crossover connector 5013 is configured to electrically connect the motor control circuit board 5011 to the actuator control circuit board 5012. In some embodiments of the invention, motor control circuit board 5011 and actuator control circuit board 5012 are configured such that motor control circuit board 5011 is located below actuator control circuit board 5012 in controller housing 5006. The crossover connector 5013 can include a female connection master A female connection body 5013A and a male connection body 5013B. The female connection body 5013A can be attached to the motor control circuit board 5011. The male connection body 5013B can be attached to the actuator control circuit board 5012. At the time of installation, the female connecting body 5013A is aligned with the male connecting body 5013B to facilitate electrical communication between the motor control circuit board 5011 and the actuator control circuit board 5012. In some embodiments of the invention, the control circuit board 5011 can be disabled so that the controller 5001 can be used in conjunction with a separate drive motor controller that already has an EV. In this case, the control circuit board 5011 is not employed and the actuator control circuit board 5012 is configured to communicate with a separate drive motor controller.

While the present invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, the present invention is not intended to limit the invention, and the present invention may be modified and modified without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of protection is subject to the definition of the scope of the patent application.

10‧‧‧Drive system

12‧‧‧ prime mover

14‧‧‧Continuous variable speed transmission

16‧‧‧ load

18‧‧‧Control system

Claims (27)

A drive system includes: a motor controller coupled to a prime mover including an electric motor; a continuously variable transmission coupled to the prime mover; and a transmission control system operatively coupled to the continuous variable transmission and a motor controller communication, the transmission control system configured to receive signals from the plurality of sensors, the received signals including at least one of a user input and an environmental state, and operating conditions based on the received signals One or more of the adjustments of the transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission and the adjustment of the current level provided to the electric motor based on one or more of the received signals. The drive system of claim 1, wherein the transmission control system is configured to monitor a plurality of system operating parameters, wherein one or more of the received signals include a sensed throttle position Drive motor speed or drive motor power. The drive system of claim 2 is further configured to determine an optimum drive motor power based on the sensed throttle position, the drive motor speed, or the drive motor power. The drive system of claim 2, further configured to determine an optimal drive motor power based on the user input and the sensed throttle position, the drive motor speed, or the drive motor power. The drive system of claim 2, wherein the transmission control system is configured to determine the drive system based at least in part on the sensed throttle position, the transmission rate ratio, the drive motor speed, or the drive motor power The optimum transmission ratio of a continuous variable speed transmission. The drive system of claim 2, wherein the transmission control system is configured based on the user input and the sensed throttle position, the transmission rate ratio, the drive motor speed, or the drive motor power In order to determine the optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuous variable transmission. The drive system of claim 6, wherein the user input comprises a selection of a mode, wherein the mode corresponds to a maximum acceleration, wherein the drive motor is based on the sensed throttle position, the transmission rate ratio, The speed or the drive motor power is configured to determine an optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve maximum acceleration. The drive system of claim 6, wherein the user input comprises a selection of a mode, wherein the mode corresponds to a maximum range, wherein the drive motor is based on the sensed throttle position, the transmission rate ratio, The speed or the drive motor power is configured to determine an optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve a maximum range. The drive system of claim 2, wherein the transmission control system is configured to determine the continuously variable transmission based on the user input and current draw of the drive motor, drive motor speed, wheel speed, or battery voltage The optimum transmission rate ratio. The drive system of claim 9, wherein the user input comprises a selection of a mode, wherein the mode corresponds to a maximum acceleration, wherein the drive motor is based on current draw, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed, or The battery voltage, the transmission control system is configured to determine a current draw of the drive motor, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed or the battery voltage and determine an optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve a maximum acceleration. The drive system of claim 9, wherein the user input comprises a selection of a mode, wherein the mode corresponds to a maximum range, wherein the drive motor is based on current draw, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed, or The battery voltage, the transmission control system is configured to determine a current draw of the drive motor, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed or the battery voltage and determine an optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve a maximum range. A drive system according to claim 9 wherein the drive motor is operated to optimize the speed and performance and efficiency of the drive motor. The drive system of claim 1, wherein the transmission control system is integrated into the motor controller. A drive system includes: a motor controller coupled to a prime mover including an electric motor; a plurality of sensors; a drive motor controller configured to receive signals of the sensors; Adjusting a current level provided to the motor based on one or more of the signals received from the sensors; and a transmission controller operatively coupled to the continuously variable transmission, the transmission The controller is configured to receive signals of the sensors; and adjust a transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission based on one or more of the received signals, wherein the received signals include At least one of user input and environmental status and operating conditions. The driving system of claim 14, wherein the sensors comprise a plurality of sensors for detecting operating conditions of the prime mover. The drive system of claim 14, wherein the sensors comprise a plurality of sensors for detecting a plurality of driving conditions of the vehicle. The drive system of claim 14, wherein the sensors comprise a plurality of sensors for detecting a plurality of environmental conditions. The driving system of claim 14, wherein the sensors comprise a plurality of sensors for detecting a plurality of user selections. The drive system of claim 18, wherein the user selection corresponds to a maximum acceleration, wherein the drive system is based on the sensed throttle position, the transmission rate ratio, the drive motor speed, or the drive motor power It is configured to determine the optimum motor speed and optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve maximum acceleration. The driving system of claim 18, wherein the user The selection corresponds to a maximum range, wherein the drive system is configured to determine an optimal motor speed and optimum for the continuously variable transmission based on the sensed throttle position, the transmission ratio, the drive motor speed, or the drive motor power Drive rate ratio to reach the maximum range. The drive system of claim 18, wherein the user selection corresponds to a maximum acceleration, wherein the drive system is configured to determine the continuity based on current draw of the drive motor, drive motor speed, wheel speed, or battery voltage. The optimum transmission ratio of the variable speed actuator. The drive system of claim 21, wherein the user selection corresponds to a maximum range, wherein the transmission controller is based on current traction of the drive motor, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed, or the battery voltage The method is configured to determine a current draw of the drive motor, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed or the battery voltage, and determine an optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve a maximum range. The drive system of claim 21, wherein the user selection corresponds to a maximum acceleration, wherein the transmission controller is based on current traction of the drive motor, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed, or the battery voltage It is configured to determine current draw of the drive motor, the drive motor speed, the wheel speed or the battery voltage, and determine an optimum transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to achieve maximum acceleration. The drive system of claim 14, wherein the sensors comprise a plurality of sensors for detecting battery current, wheel speed, and shift position. The drive system of claim 14, wherein adjusting one or more of a current level provided to the motor and adjusting a transmission rate ratio of the continuously variable transmission to optimize acceleration and mountaineering capability One or more of maximum speed and ride feeling. The driving system of claim 14, wherein one or more of the received signals are received by an external data acquisition hardware. The driving system described in claim 14 further includes an interface for downloading the firmware.