TWI576404B - 結構性膠黏劑及其接合應用 - Google Patents
結構性膠黏劑及其接合應用 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI576404B TWI576404B TW101141644A TW101141644A TWI576404B TW I576404 B TWI576404 B TW I576404B TW 101141644 A TW101141644 A TW 101141644A TW 101141644 A TW101141644 A TW 101141644A TW I576404 B TWI576404 B TW I576404B
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- adhesive film
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Description
結構性膠黏劑常規上用於在製造需要嚴格機械要求之結構性部件(例如汽車及航天航空體部件)時之結構性接合。一般而言,熱可固化之環氧膠黏劑係用作結構性膠黏劑。此等熱可固化之環氧膠黏劑通常需要相對高溫固化,例如120至180℃(248至356℉)。高溫固化通常需要大型高壓釜、更長的生產運行時間及可引起放熱問題。另一方面,存在在較低溫度(例如環境溫度)下可固化之常規膠黏劑,然而,彼等缺乏在製造航天航空結構性部件時之結構性接合所需之韌性及接合強度性質。用於航天航空應用之結構性膠黏劑必須具有能夠經受嚴酷環境條件之耐用性。
對於結構性接合操作(例如快速組裝航空航天部件),希望具有能夠在低溫或室溫下固化之可撓性、非熱壓(OOA)處理及能形成在航天航空環境條件下具有極佳長期耐用性之與複合物及金屬表面二者之牢固接合的膠黏劑。
本發明提供一種適用於金屬與航天航空結構性材料之高強度接合之結構性膠黏劑組合物。在一實施例中,該結構性膠黏劑組合物係基於兩組分系統,其在200℉(93℃)或以下(包括室溫(20至25℃或68至77℉))可固化。該兩組分系統係由樹脂部分(A)及催化劑部分(B)組成,彼等在準備使用前可在室溫下分開儲存。在應用前需要混合部分(A)與部分(B)。該樹脂部分(A)包括至少兩種選自二官能基、三
官能基及四官能基環氧樹脂之具有不同官能度之不同多官能基環氧樹脂、某些增韌組分及作為流變/觸變性改質組分之無機填料顆粒。該增韌組分包括具有不同粒度之核-殼型橡膠顆粒及彈性體聚合物與聚醚碸聚合物中之至少一者。該催化劑部分(B)包括作為固化劑之一或多種脂族或環胺化合物及作為流變/觸變性改質組分之無機填料顆粒。部分(A)對部分(B)之重量比係在3:2至10:2之範圍內。
在另一實施例中,該結構性膠黏劑組合物係基於包括該兩部分系統中之樹脂部分(A)及潛伏性胺固化劑之組分之單部分系統。該單部分系統可進一步包括用以控制固化動力學使得可進一步降低固化溫度之咪唑及/或脂族胺。該單部分系統在140-300℉(60-150℃)之溫度範圍內可固化。
對於該兩部分系統,藉由將樹脂部分(A)與催化劑部分(B)混合形成可固化之糊狀膠黏劑,然後將該膠黏劑應用至表面。該經混合之糊狀膠黏劑可在小於或等於93℃(200℉)之低溫(包括環境溫度(20至25℃或68至77℉))下固化。低溫固化使膠黏劑能夠在不使用高壓釜下接合基板,即非熱壓(OOA)。因此,可藉由在經接合之基板上(用或不用外部加熱)施加約1至3 psi(磅/平方英寸)之低接觸壓來進行膠黏劑接合及固化。在65℃至93℃(150℉至200℉)之範圍內固化時,糊狀膠黏劑產生具有大於95℃(203℉)之玻璃化轉變溫度(Tg)之結構性膠黏劑。在某些實施例中,在93℃(200℉)下固化時,經固化之膠黏劑具有大於
120℃(248℉),例如120℃至130℃(248℉至266℉)之Tg。
該樹脂部分(A)包括至少兩種具有不同官能度及選自二官能基、三官能基及四官能基環氧樹脂之不同多官能基環氧樹脂、某些增韌組分及作為流變/觸變性改質組分之無機填料顆粒。該等增韌組分包括具有小於100 nm之較小粒度之第一類型核-殼型橡膠(CSR)顆粒,及具有大於100 nm之較大粒度之第二類型核-殼型橡膠顆粒。該等增韌組分進一步包括具有在固化期間能與該多官能基環氧樹脂反應之官能基之彈性體聚合物及聚醚碸(PES)聚合物中之至少一者。在一實施例中,彈性體聚合物及聚醚碸二者皆存在於該樹脂部分(A)。該催化劑部分(B)包括用以與該等環氧樹脂反應之一或多種胺固化劑及作為流變/觸變性改質組分之無機填料顆粒。該等胺固化劑係脂族或環胺化合物。該樹脂部分(A)對該催化劑部分(B)之重量比係在3:2至10:2之範圍內。在一較佳實施例中,該樹脂部分(A)對該催化劑部分(B)之重量比係2:1。
該樹脂部分(A)具有室溫(20至25℃或68至77℉)下之500至1000泊範圍內之儲存黏度及在1.0至1.2 g/cc範圍內之密度(比重),且該催化劑部分(B)具有室溫20至25℃(68至77℉)下之150至300泊範圍內之儲存黏度及在0.9至1.1 g/cc範圍內之密度。該兩個部分具有較長的存放期,且可在室溫下儲存於分開容器中長達一年。當混合部分(A)及(B)時,所得產物係在200℉(93℃)或以下可固化之糊狀膠黏劑,且其在室溫20至25℃(68至77℉)下具有200至600泊,
較佳係300至500泊之黏度,從而允許藉由常規方法(例如珠或膜應用)輕易將該膠黏劑應用至表面。從此處開始,術語「室溫」及「環境溫度」可互換地使用以表示20至25℃(68至77℉)之溫度範圍。
對於單部分系統,在混合其組分之後所得之膠黏劑係準備應用之可固化糊狀膠黏劑,且其在140至300℉(60至150℃)或160至200℉(71至93℃)之溫度範圍內固化,但其在環境溫度下不具有長存放期,通常儲藏約15天。因此,將需要冷凍來延長其存放期。該單部分膠黏劑在室溫下具有400至1000泊,較佳為300至500泊範圍內之黏度。
待用於樹脂部分(A)中之多官能基環氧樹脂係彼等每分子含有平均二至四個環氧基(環氧乙烷環)之聚環氧化物,其中環氧基為封端基。二官能基環氧樹脂係每分子含有平均兩個環氧基之環氧樹脂,三官能基環氧樹脂係每分子含有平均三個環氧基之環氧樹脂,四官能基環氧樹脂每分子含有平均四個環氧基。該二官能基環氧樹脂可具有在150至700 g/eq範圍內之平均環氧當量(EEW)。環氧當量係環氧分子之分子量除以分子中之環氧基之數量。因此,例如,具有400分子量之二官能基環氧樹脂將具有200環氧當量。三官能基環氧樹脂可具有在90至180 g/eq範圍內之平均EEW。該四官能基環氧樹脂可具有在100至200 g/eq範圍內之平均EEW。
在一較佳實施例中,多官能基環氧樹脂中之至少一者係
環脂族環氧樹脂。在某些實施例中,多官能基環氧樹脂(二官能基、三官能基及四官能基環氧樹脂)之全部三種類型之混合物係存在於樹脂部分(A)中以控制經固化之環氧樹脂混合物之交聯密度及優化最終經固化之膠黏劑之Tg及韌性。在其他實施例中,該樹脂混合物包括非環脂族二官能基環氧樹脂、三官能基環氧樹脂或四官能基環氧樹脂、及具有大於一之環氧官能度之環脂族環氧樹脂(即環脂族多官能基環氧樹脂)。在全部情況下,二官能基樹脂構成樹脂混合物之大部分(大於樹脂混合物之50 wt.%)。當使用全部三種多官能基環氧樹脂時,以下基於樹脂混合物之總重之比例較佳:大於50 wt.%之二官能基環氧樹脂,小於10 wt.%之四官能基環氧樹脂及達成平衡之三官能基環氧樹脂。
一般而言,適用於樹脂部分(A)之多官能基樹脂可為飽和、不飽和、環狀或非環狀、脂族、環脂族、芳族或雜環聚環氧化物。適宜之聚環氧化物之實例包括藉由在鹼存在下表氯醇或表溴醇與多酚反應而製備之聚縮水甘油醚。因此,適宜之多酚為例如間苯二酚、鄰苯二酚、對苯二酚、雙酚A(雙(4-羥苯基)-2,2-丙烷)、雙酚F(雙(4-羥苯基)甲烷)、雙酚S、雙(4-羥苯基)-1,1-異丁烷、芴4,4'-二羥基二苯甲酮、雙(4-羥苯基)-1,1-乙烷、雙酚Z(4,4'-伸環己基雙酚)及1,5-羥基萘。另外適宜者係多元醇、胺基苯酚或芳族二胺之聚縮水甘油醚。
可使用之聚環氧化物之其他類型係藉由表鹵醇與芳族或
脂族聚羧酸反應而製備之縮水甘油聚酯樹脂。聚環氧化物之另一種類型係藉由多胺與表氯醇反應而製備之縮水甘油基胺。其他適宜之多官能基環氧樹脂包括具有二至四個環氧基之多官能基環氧酚醛樹脂。適用的環氧酚醛樹脂包括環氧酚醛樹脂及環氧苯酚酚醛樹脂。其他適宜之多官能基環氧樹脂包括脂族多官能基環氧樹脂,諸如聚縮水甘油醚型環氧樹脂及山梨糖醇縮水甘油醚。
液體多官能基環氧樹脂或其固體及液體多官能基環氧樹脂之組合可用以形成樹脂混合物。特別適宜者係具有相對低分子量之液體環氧樹脂,其係藉由雙酚A或雙酚F與表氯醇之反應衍生來。室溫下為液體之基於雙酚之環氧樹脂一般具有約150至約350 g/eq之環氧當量。室溫下為固體之環氧樹脂可由多酚及表氯醇获得且具有大於400 g/eq之環氧當量。固體環氧樹脂與液體環氧樹脂之不同之處在於其在室温下为固體,及具有45℃至130℃之熔點。
二官能基環氧樹脂之實例包括基於雙酚A之二縮水甘油醚之物質(例如來自Hexion之EponTM 828(液體環氧樹脂)、由Dow Chemical Co.供應之DER 331、D.E.R.661(固體環氧樹脂)、由Huntsman Advanced Materials供應之Tactix 123及Araldite® 184)。
三官能基環氧樹脂之實例包括胺基苯酚之三縮水甘油醚,例如由Huntsman Advanced Materials供應之Araldite® MY 0510、MY 0500、MY 0600、MY 0610。
四官能基環氧樹脂之實例包括亞甲基二苯胺之四縮水甘
油醚(例如,由Huntsman Advanced Materials供應之Araldite® MY 9655)、四縮水甘油基二胺基二苯基甲烷(例如,由Huntsman Advanced Materials供應之Araldite® MY-721、MY-720、725、MY 9663、9634、9655)、來自JSI Co.,Ltd之EJ-190及來自CVC Chemical,Inc之ERISYS GE-60。
適宜之環脂族環氧樹脂包括每分子含有至少一個環脂族基及至少兩個環氧乙烷環之化合物。具體實例包括環脂族醇、氫化雙酚A之二環氧化合物(由CVC Thermoset Specialties供應之EpalloyTM 5000、5001),其係由以下結構表示:
環脂族環氧樹脂之其他實例包括:由Momentive Specialty Chemical供應之EPONEX環脂族環氧樹脂(例如EPONEX Resin 1510)、由Aditya Birla Chemicals供應之環脂族Epotec®環氧樹脂(例如YDH 184、YDH 3000)、來自Dow Chemicals之ERL-4221(羧酸3,4-環氧環己基甲基-3',4'-環氧環己酯)及由Huntsman Advanced Materials提供之Araldite® CY 179 MA。
將兩種不同類型之核-殼型橡膠(CSR)顆粒併入樹脂部分(A)中以創建具有不同增韌形態域之雙向模型粒度分佈。該等CSR顆粒作為增韌劑起作用,其允許在固化時使膠粘
劑增韌。較小顆粒可具有小於或等於100 nm,較佳為50至90 nm之平均粒度,及較大顆粒可具有大於100 nm,較佳為150至300 nm之平均粒度。較小CSR顆粒對較大CSR粒子之重量比可在3:1至5:1之範圍內。全部CSR顆粒可以基於部分(A)之總重量之5 wt.%至30 wt.%之含量存在於該樹脂部分(A)中。藉由具有不同粒度,可控制諸如剪切強度、剝離強度及樹脂斷裂韌性之主要性質之平衡。
核-殼型橡膠顆粒可具有由具有彈性體或橡膠性質之聚合材料(即小於約0℃,例如小於約-30℃之玻璃化轉變溫度)組成之軟核,其被非彈性體聚合材料(即具有大於環境溫度之玻璃化轉變溫度(例如大於約50℃)之熱塑性或熱固性/交聯聚合物)組成之硬殼圍繞。例如,該核心可由例如二烯均聚物或共聚物(例如,丁二烯或異戊二烯之均聚物、丁二烯或異戊二烯之共聚物,其具有一或多個乙烯系不飽和單體,例如乙烯基芳族單體、(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯酸酯或其類似物),同時外殼可由一或多種具有適當高之玻璃化轉變溫度之單體(例如(甲基)丙烯酸酯(例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、乙烯基芳族單體(例如苯乙烯)、乙烯基氰化物(例如,丙烯腈)、不飽和酸及酸酐(例如丙烯酸)、(甲基)丙烯酰胺及其類似物)之聚合物或共聚物組成。用於該外殼之聚合物或共聚物可具有藉由金屬羧酸鹽形成(例如藉由形成二價金屬陽離子之鹽)而離子交聯之酸基。該外殼聚合物或共聚物亦可藉由使用每分子具有二或更多個雙鍵之單體而共價交聯。其他彈性體聚合物亦可適宜地用
於核心中,其包括聚丙烯酸丁酯或聚矽氧烷彈性體(例如聚二甲基矽氧烷,特別係交聯聚二甲基矽氧烷)。該等顆粒可由超過兩層(例如一彈性體材料之中央核心可由不同彈性體材料之第二核心圍繞或該核心可由不同組合物之兩個外殼圍繞或顆粒具有軟核/硬殼/軟殼/硬殼之結構)組成。通常,該核心包括約50 wt.%至約95 wt.%之顆粒,而該外殼包括約5 wt.%至約50 wt.%之顆粒。
該核-殼型橡膠顆粒可以預分散於液體樹脂基質系統,例如可購自Kaneka Texas Corporation以Kane Ace MX為商標名之彼等。較佳而言,將核-殼型橡膠顆粒預分散於待用於樹脂部分(A)之二官能基、三官能基及四官能基環氧樹脂中之一者中。作為實例,適宜之含有CSR顆粒之樹脂基質系統包括MX 120(具有約25 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚A環氧樹脂)、MX 125(具有約25 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚A環氧樹脂)、MX 153(具有約33 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚A環氧樹脂)、MX 156(具有約25 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚A環氧樹脂)、MX 130(具有約25 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚F環氧樹脂)、MX 136(具有約25 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚F環氧樹脂)、MX 257(具有約37 wt.% CSR之液體雙酚A環氧樹脂)、MX 416及MX 451(具有約25 wt.% CSR之液體多官能基環氧樹脂)、MX 215(具有約25 wt.% CSR之環氧化苯酚酚醛樹脂)及MX 551(具有約25 wt.% CSR之環酯族環氧樹脂)。
除了CSR顆粒,將熱塑性劑/或彈性體增韌劑添加至該環
氧樹脂混合物以進一步增加最終經固化之膠黏劑之韌性。特別佳係具有在固化期間能夠與多官能基環氧樹脂反應之官能基之彈性體聚合物及具有8,000至14,000範圍內之平均分子量之聚醚碸(PES)聚合物。
具有環氧官能基之彈性體聚合物特別適宜。具體實例包括藉由環氧樹脂與羧基封端之丁基腈彈性體或胺封端之丁二烯-丙烯腈(ATBN)彈性體反應而形成的環氧彈性體加合物。具體實例係Epon 58005,其係自雙酚A之二縮水甘油醚與羧基封端之丁二烯-丙烯腈彈性體反應而形成之彈性體改質之環氧官能基加合物。其他彈性體改質之環氧樹脂包括來自Hexion Specialty Chemicals,Inc之Epon 58006、Epon 58042、Epon 58120、Epon 58091。
其他適宜之彈性體聚合物包括羧基封端之丁二烯腈聚合物(CTBN)及胺封端之丁二烯丙烯腈(ATBN)彈性體或類似之反應性液體聚合物化學品。此外,亦可將CTBN及/或ATBN添加至兩部分系統中之部分(A)或部分(B)中或至單部分系統中以進一步改善膠黏劑之韌性及彈性。
聚醚碸(PES)聚合物包括具有高於190℃之Tg之聚醚碸-聚醚醚碸(PES-PEES)共聚物,例如購自Cytec Industries Inc之具有約200℃之Tg之KM 170及KM 180。
其他適宜之增韌劑包括苯氧基樹脂,其係具有不同分子量之長鏈直鏈聚羥基醚,例如具有(氯甲基)環氧乙烷之苯酚、4,4'-(1-甲基亞乙基)雙聚合物。市售實例包括購自InChem Corp之Phenoxy PKHP-200及PKHB-100。
基於樹脂之膠黏劑組合物之一重大挑戰係在製造時與應用時之間維持膠黏劑之流變學性能。該等無機填料係作為該兩部分或單部分系統中之觸變性或流變性改質組分。適宜之無機填料係呈顆粒形式之彼等,且包括矽石、氧化鋁、氧化鈣、滑石及高嶺土。已發現具有90至380 m2/g範圍內之表面積之發煙矽石適用於兩部分系統或單部分系統。對於兩部分系統,樹脂部分(A)中之無機填料之重量百分比係在基於部分(A)之總重量之1至6 wt.%之範圍內。對於催化劑部分(B),無機填料之重量百分比係在基於部分(B)之總重量之3至10 wt.%之範圍內。對於單部分系統,無機填料之重量百分比係在0.5至2.5 wt.%之範圍內。
在兩部分系統之一實施例中,樹脂部分(A)中之無機填料係疏水性發煙矽石,例如購自Cabot Corporation之CAB-O-SIL TS-720,及催化劑部分(B)中之無機填料係親水性發煙矽石,例如購自Cabot Corporation之CAB-O-SIL M-5。在單部分系統之一實施例中,無機填料係疏水性發煙矽石,例如CAB-O-SIL TS-720。基於發煙矽石之流變性改質劑之其他實例包括由Evonik Degussa Corp供應之Aerosil R202及VPR 2935。在應用及固化期間,發煙矽石之存在有助於維持膠黏劑所需之黏度以及改善膠黏劑之抗下垂性。當將膠黏劑應用在垂直或高角度之表面上時,需要抗下垂或坍塌性。
在兩部分系統之催化劑部分(B)中可使用一或多種胺固化劑。用於催化劑部分(B)之胺固化劑係能夠與部分(A)中之多官能基環氧樹脂反應以形成高度交聯之樹脂基質之脂族或環胺化合物。在一較佳實施例中,該等胺化合物係選自由環脂族胺、聚乙烯多胺、胺封端之哌嗪、咪唑及其組合組成之群。該(等)胺固化劑之總重量百分比係在基於部分(B)之總重量之80至95 wt.%之範圍內。
適宜之環脂族胺包括二環己胺,例如具有以下結構之雙-(對胺基環己基)甲烷(PACM):
及具有以下結構之二甲基PACM:
適宜之聚乙烯多胺包括具有以下化學結構之四伸乙基五胺(直鏈C-8五胺):
聚乙烯多胺之其他適宜實例包括二伸乙基三胺(直鏈C-4二胺)、三伸乙基四胺(直鏈C-6三胺)及五伸乙基六胺(直鏈C-10六胺)。
適宜之胺封端之哌嗪之實例係具有以下結構之1,4-雙胺丙基哌嗪:
另一實例係具有以下結構之胺基乙基哌嗪:
適宜之咪唑包括具有以下結構之2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑:
此類型之咪唑係購自Air Products之Imicure EMI-2,4。
胺固化劑之其他實例包括叁-(二甲基胺基甲基)苯酚(購自Air Products之Ancamine K54)及二乙二醇、二(3-胺基丙基)醚(以Ancamine 1922A獲得)。
用於單部分系統之固化劑包括潛伏性基於胺之固化劑,其可與咪唑及脂族胺中之至少一者組合使用。咪唑及/或脂族胺之包合體進一步降低膠黏劑組合物之固化溫度。在大於160℉(71℃)之溫度下可活化之潛伏性基於胺之固化劑係適用於單部分系統。適宜之潛伏性基於胺之固化劑之實
例包括二氰胺(DICY)、胍胺、胍、胺基胍及其衍生物。特別適宜之潛伏性基於胺之固化劑係二氰胺。潛伏性基於胺之固化劑可以2至6 wt.%範圍內之含量存在。
固化加速劑可與潛伏性基於胺之固化劑結合使用來促進環氧樹脂與基於胺之固化劑之間之固化反應。適宜之固化加速劑可包括經烷基及芳基取代之脲(包括芳族或環脂族二甲基脲)、基於甲苯二胺或亞甲基二苯胺之雙脲。雙脲之一實例係2,4-甲苯雙(二甲基脲)(購自CVC Chemicals之Omicure U-24或CA 150)。另一實例係4,4'-亞甲基雙(苯基二甲基脲)(購自CVC Chemicals之Omicure U-52或CA 152),其適用於二氰胺之加速劑。該固化加速劑可以1至6 wt.%範圍內之含量存在。在一實施例中,二氰胺係與作為固化加速劑之經取代之雙脲組合使用。
適宜之咪唑包括2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑,例如如上所述用於兩部分系統之Imicure® EMI-24。
適宜之脂族胺係具有180至300範圍內之胺值(mg KOH/g)及35至90範圍內之當量(H)之彼等。適宜之脂族胺之實例包括購自Air Products之Ancamine 2014AS(經改質之脂族胺)及Ancamine 2037S。脂族胺之其他實例係購自Huntsman之AradurTM 956-4、943、42及購自Momentive Specialty Chemicals之EPICURETM 3202、3223、3234。
在單部分膠黏劑之一實施例中,基質包埋之胺,例如來自Air Products之Intelimer® 7004(共價附接至Intelimer®聚合物之2-乙基-4-甲基-咪唑)及Intelimer® 7024(Intelimer®
聚合物包埋之2-乙基-4-甲基-咪唑)係用作潛伏性固化劑。該等材料係由經由基質包埋而包埋在Intelimer®聚合物內之基於咪唑之催化劑組成。Intelimer®聚合物係結晶聚丙烯酸酯類聚合物,其中結晶度係來自附接至該聚合物主鏈之側鏈之結果。該等結晶聚合物具有非常清晰、良好定義之熔點。藉由物理摻合或有意之共價附接(即共價改質之聚合物)來完成包埋。藉由該包埋配置,胺催化劑之活性被聚合物網絡阻斷直到熱活化,例如固化。膠黏劑中之該等基質包埋之胺之包含體增加該膠黏劑在室溫下之安定度。
可添加諸如著色染料或顏料之添加劑至兩部分系統(部分A或部分B)及至單部分系統來調整該膠黏劑之顏色。
本發明之兩部分及單部分膠黏劑適用於接合多種航空航天結構性材料以形成包括金屬至金屬、金屬至複合材料、複合材料至複合材料之層壓結構。複合材料包括纖維增強樹脂複合物,例如用於製造飛機複合結構之半固化片或半固化片疊層。本文所使用之術語「半固化片」係指已被基質樹脂浸漬之纖維之薄片或薄層。該基質樹脂可以未固化或部分固化之狀態存在。如本文所使用之術語「半固化片疊層」係指在堆疊中彼此相鄰放置之複數個半固化片層。在疊層內之半固化片層可以相對於彼此之選定方向放置。例如,半固化片疊層可包括具有單向纖維架構之半固化片
層,其中纖維在相對於疊層之最大尺寸(例如長度)之0°、90°、選定角度θ及其組合處定向。應進一步瞭解,在某些實施例中,半固化片可具有纖維架構(例如單向和多維)之任何組合。
混合後,兩部分膠黏劑組合物產生糊狀膠黏劑,其可藉由習知分配方式(例如珠或膜應用)施用至一或多個待接合之表面。對於金屬與航空航天複合材料之結構性接合,該膠黏劑可以10至80密爾(0.254 mm至2.032 mm)之厚度施用。隨後使該等表面結合在一起以形成在該等基板之間具有膠黏劑膜之層壓板。隨後,可使所得之層壓板在93℃(或200℉)或以下(包括環境溫度)固化。此低溫固化方法能夠非熱壓(OOA)固化該層壓板。兩部分系統之經固化膠黏劑係結構性膠黏劑,其具有增強之機械性質:根據ASTM D3165,在20℃至25℃下為33至37 MPa及在82℃下為24至27 MPa、121℃下為15至18 MPa之搭接剪切強度;根據ASTM D3167在20℃至25℃下為250至350 Nm/m(或50至75 lbs/in)之剝離強度。此外,當使用兩部分膠黏劑來接合纖維增強樹脂複合基板時,其展現根據ASTM 5528大於650 J/m2(例如651至1500 J/m2)之斷裂韌性(或層間韌性,G1c)。在曝露至含有100%之相對濕度之空氣中,在71℃下持續14天或在49℃下持續30天老化後,Tg及搭接剪切強度實質上保持不變(保留超過90%)。
對於單部分膠黏劑,經固化之膠黏劑膜具有以下性質:在65至93℃(150℉至200℉)之溫度範圍內固化時大於
100℃(212℉)之玻璃化轉變溫度(Tg),根據ASTM D3165測試,在20℃至25℃下為28至40 MPa及在82℃下為25至28 MPa、在121℃下為17至21 MPa之搭接剪切強度,根據ASTM D3167,在20℃至25℃下為150至250 Nm/m(或30至50 lbs/in)之剝離強度。
ASTM D3165係指藉由單搭接接點層壓組件之拉伸載荷,針對剪切中之膠黏劑之強度性質之標準測試方法。當測試單搭接接點試樣時,搭接剪切測定用於接合材料之膠黏劑之剪切強度。
ASTM D3167係指膠粘劑之抗浮輥剝離性之標準測試方法。該測試方法涵蓋當在製備及測試之具體條件下測試時,介於一剛性黏附體與一可撓性黏附體之間之膠黏劑接合之相對抗剝離性之測定。藉由從剛性基板剝離可撓性黏附體來測量黏著力。剝離力係斷裂能量之量度。
ASTM D5528係指纖維增強聚合物基質複合物之模式I層間斷裂韌性之標準測試方法。
本文所揭示之糊料膠黏劑具有類薄膜之性質,其能夠使膠黏劑自動分配,此特別適用於快速組裝、航空航天結構接合應用。此外,所揭示之兩部分膠黏劑之優勢包括:
- 具有結構性膠黏劑類薄膜性質之低溫固化糊狀物
- 針對金屬及複合物接合之高強度/高韌性及極佳的熱/濕性質
- 撓性低溫固化時間表
- 安定之性質
- 長適用期/長組裝時間
- 非裝袋、OOA結構性接合
- 觸變性、抗坍塌性且易於使用
- 自動放置能力
- 室溫下儲存長達1年(1年存放期)
- 降低製造成本
出於說明多種實施例之目的提供以下實例,但不希望限制本發明之範疇。
對於兩部分膠黏劑系統,表1A及1B顯示樹脂部分(A)之示例性調配物。A-1至A-7表示更佳之調配物,且A-8、A-9係對照調配物。表2顯示催化劑部分(B)之示例性調配物。為了形成糊狀膠黏劑,可將A-1至A-9中之任一者與B-1至B-7中之任一者混合。除非另有說明,否則表中之含量係按份數表示。
藉由在不同步驟將需要之組分稱重及添加至具有加熱及冷卻能力之雙行星式混合器,分開製備基於以上調配物之樹脂部分及催化劑部分。首先在高熱(150℉與200℉之間)下將樹脂部分之環氧樹脂及CSR組分混合以獲得均質、樹脂狀混合物。將該混合物冷卻至150℉且將Epon 58005添加至該混合物中。在添加至該混合物之前在120℉下預加熱Epon 58005以方便處理。將該混合物冷卻至90℉且隨後添加發煙矽石。繼續混合,同時應用真空使該混合物脫氣。隨後當該溫度低於80℉時,將所得之樹脂狀基質從混合器中移除。對於催化劑部分,將該(等)胺固化劑及發煙
矽石添加至混合器且在室溫下混合直到矽石均勻地分散。
基於部分A-1及部分B-1(揭示於實例1)之兩部分膠黏劑及基於部分A-2及部分B-3(揭示於實例1)之兩部分膠黏劑具有表3中顯示之性質。在室溫下混合樹脂部分與催化劑部分之後及在93℃(200℉)下固化之後,測定混合密度(即比重)。
測定多種基於實例1中所揭示之調配物之兩部分膠黏劑之金屬接合性能及複合物接合性能。來自Alcoa Inc.之Al-2024-T3鋁片係用作用於金屬-金屬接合之基板。按照ASTM 3933,首先用溶劑擦拭該鋁金屬,接著鹼脫脂,FPL蝕刻(硫酸鉻蝕刻)及磷酸陽極化(PAA)。將來自Cytec
Industries Inc.之基於溶劑之底漆BR®127噴灑在該鋁金屬上至0.00015英寸之厚度。空氣乾燥該底漆15分鐘且隨後在121℃(250℉)下固化60分鐘。藉由在該等片材之間應用糊狀膠黏劑,使兩塊鋁片彼此接合。用玻璃珠控制膠線厚度在約10密爾(254微米)。在71℃(160℉)與93℃(200℉)之間之溫度之熱壓下固化全部接合樣品達規定之時長。固化時應用0.021至0.035 MPa(3至5 psi)之接觸壓力。在不同溫度下測試該糊狀膠黏劑之金屬-金屬附著強度(廣域搭接剪切-WALS)及韌性(浮輥剝離-FRP或滾筒剝離-CDP)性質。測試結果記錄為各測試組之五個試樣之平均值。使用來自TA Instruments之熱機械分析儀(TMA 2940),測定該經固化之糊狀膠黏劑之玻璃化轉變溫度(Tg初始值)。
使用纖維增強之半固化片作為測試基板來進行複合物接合。所使用之半固化片係來自Toray Composites,Inc.之預固化Torayca® T800H/3900-2半固化片帶。乾燥聚酯剝離層或富含樹脂之剝離層係用作複合基板上之表面處理。在非熱壓(OOA)條件下進行固化。
a)廣域搭接剪切(WALS)-ASTM D3165
b)浮輥剝離(FR Peel剝離)-ASTM D3167
c)用於複合物接合之雙懸臂梁(DCB,G1C)-ASTM D5528
表4顯示藉由以2:1之混合重量比(A:B)混合部分A-2與部分B-1而形成之糊狀膠黏劑之金屬接合性質。
表5顯示藉由以2:1之混合重量比(A:B)混合部分A-1與部分B-1而形成之糊狀膠黏劑之複合物-複合物之接合性質。
表6顯示藉由以2:1之混合重量比(A:B)混合部分A-2與部分B-3而形成之糊狀膠黏劑之金屬-金屬之接合性質。
表7顯示藉由以所示之混合比(重量比)混合A-1部分與部分B-4或部分B-5而形成之糊狀膠黏劑之金屬-金屬之接合性質。
測試基於與部分B-4組合之部分A-1(A:B重量比為4:1)之室溫下可固化、兩部分膠黏劑之複合物接合。結果顯示4.5 in-lb/in2(788 J/m2)之G1c值及內聚失效模式。
為了比較,將表1B中所揭示之部分A-8及部分A-9中之各個與表2中所揭示之部分B-1調配物混合,以形成糊狀膠黏劑。隨後如上所述測試所得膠黏劑之金屬-金屬接合性質。結果顯示於表8中。
表8顯示對照膠黏劑之室溫下之浮輥剝離強度係低於更佳膠黏劑之相同固化溫度下之浮輥剝離強度。
使用接合之鋁試樣測量接合線厚度對糊狀膠黏劑之金屬-金屬接合性能之影響,其中使用由實例1中所揭示之部分A-1及部分B-1調配物以2:1之混合比組成之兩部分膠黏劑,進行膠黏劑接合。在93℃、OOA下進行固化2小時。具有不同接合線厚度之WALS及FRP測試之結果係顯示於表9中。糊狀膠黏劑顯示,隨著接合線厚度增加,搭接剪切及剝離強度均降低。然而,剝離強度對接合線厚度變化具有大許多的耐受度。在高接合線厚度(40至80密爾)下,糊狀膠黏劑展示相當高的剝離強度且主要係內聚失效模
式。在高接合線厚度下,其亦保留大於50%之其原始廣域搭接剪切強度。糊狀膠黏劑對於接合線厚度之變化之良好耐受性反映其固有的高韌性。對於高膠線厚度之耐受性使其在發生非均勻或高接合線厚度之結構性接合應用中非常具有吸引力。
為了確保複合物至複合物或複合物至金屬接合結構之耐用性,需要堅韌、抗濕、流控之基於環氧樹脂之膠黏劑。增韌膠黏劑在熱/濕條件及其他環境曝露條件下必須具有良好的耐用性。藉由將個別切割、廣域搭接剪切強度試樣曝露至在71℃及100%相對濕度(RH)下之空氣達14天,或將彼等曝露在49℃及100% RH下達30天,來評估接合後濕度對糊狀膠黏劑上之影響。表10顯示使用由部分A-1及部分B-1以混合比2:1組成之兩部分膠黏劑而形成的經接合之金屬試樣之結果。如表10中所示,在接合後濕度曝露之後,
糊狀膠黏劑表現剪切強度之極佳保留。熱/濕曝露之試樣之失效模式主要為反映材料之良好抗濕性之內聚或薄內聚。
使用如實例3所描述之WALS及雙懸臂梁(G1C)測試來測定相同兩部分膠黏劑(部分A-1/部分B-1,混合比2:1)之複合物接合性能。在200℉下進行固化持續2小時。曝露至濕度老化後之結果係顯示於表11中。
表12顯示示例性單部分膠黏劑調配物1A至1E。全部含量係按份數表示。
如實例3所述測量調配物1A至1E之金屬接合性質。結果顯示於表13中。
如實例3所述測量調配物1A之複合物接合性質。對於WALS測量,聚酯剝離層係用於表面處理,然後接合,及對於G1c測量,藉由電漿處理複合物表面,然後接合。結果顯示於表14中。
本文所揭示之範圍係包含性的且可獨立地組合(例如「至多約25 wt.%或更特定而言,約5 wt.%至約20 wt.%」之範圍包含「約5 wt.%至約25 wt.%」之範圍中之終端及全部中間值等)。
雖然本文描述多種實施例,但從本說明書應瞭解熟習此項技術者可做出本文所揭示之元素之多種組合、實施例之
變化,且彼等係在本發明之範疇內。此外,可做出諸多改良來使特定情況或材料適應於本文所揭示之實施例之教示而不脫離其基本範疇。因此,希望本發明不限制於本文所揭示之特定實施例,但本發明將包括落入附屬申請專利範圍內之全部實施例。
Claims (19)
- 一種用於形成結構性膠黏劑之兩部分系統,該兩部分系統包括樹脂部分(A)與單獨的催化劑部分(B),該樹脂部分(A)包括:至少兩種具有不同環氧官能度之不同多官能基環氧樹脂,其選自二官能基、三官能基及四官能基環氧樹脂;具有50至90nm之粒度之較小核-殼型橡膠顆粒及具有150至300nm之粒度之較大核-殼型橡膠顆粒,較小核-殼型橡膠顆粒對較大核-殼型橡膠顆粒之重量比係在3:1至5:1之範圍內;(i)藉由環氧樹脂與羧基封端之丁基腈彈性體或胺封端之丁二烯-丙烯腈(ATBN)彈性體反應而形成之環氧彈性體加合物及(ii)具有在8,000至14,000範圍內之平均分子量之聚醚碸聚合物中之至少一者;以有效控制該樹脂部分之流變性之量存在之無機填料顆粒;該催化劑部分(B)包括:至少一種選自由結構(I)或(II)表示之二環己胺
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中部分(A)對部分(B)之重量比係2:1。
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中該胺固化劑係結構(I)或(II)之二環己胺:
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中當胺封端之哌嗪作為胺固化劑,該催化劑部分(B)進一步包括四伸乙基五胺(TEPA)。
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中該樹脂部分(A)中之無機填料顆粒係具有90至380m2/g範圍內之表面積之疏水性矽石顆粒,且該催化劑部分(B)中之無機填料顆粒係具有90至380m2/g範圍內之表面積之親水性矽石顆粒。
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中該樹脂部分(A)包括非環脂族二官能基環氧樹脂、三官能基環氧樹脂、四官能基環氧樹脂及環脂族多官能基環氧樹脂之組合。
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中至少一種多官能基環氧樹脂係環脂族環氧樹脂。
- 如請求項1之兩部分系統,其中該聚醚碸聚合物係聚醚碸-聚醚醚碸(PES-PEES)共聚物。
- 一種層壓結構,其包括接合之第一基板與第二基板及介於該等第一與第二基板之間之固化結構性膠黏劑膜,其中該結構性膠黏劑膜具有10至80密爾之厚度;及其中該結構性膠黏劑膜係透過混合如請求項1之兩部分系統之部分(A)及部分(B)形成。
- 如請求項9之層壓結構,其中該等第一及第二基板係金屬基板。
- 如請求項10之層壓結構,其中該等第一及第二基板係由鋁或鋁合金製成。
- 如請求項9之層壓結構,其中該第一基板係金屬基板及該第二基板係纖維增強樹脂複合物。
- 如請求項9之層壓結構,其中該等第一及第二基板係包括增強纖維及樹脂基質之纖維增強樹脂複合物基板,及該膠黏劑膜展現根據ASTM D5528大於650J/m2之斷裂韌性。
- 如請求項13之層壓結構,其中經固化之該膠黏劑膜展現在651至1500J/m2範圍內之斷裂韌性。
- 如請求項9之層壓結構,其中在曝露至含有100%之相對濕度之空氣中在71℃下持續14天或在49℃下持續30天老化後,經固化之該膠黏劑膜的Tg及搭接剪切強度保持超過90%。
- 一種膠黏劑膜,其由包括以下組分之膠黏劑組合物所形成:至少兩種選自二官能基、三官能基及四官能基環氧樹脂之不同多官能基環氧樹脂;具有小於50至90nm之粒度之較小核-殼型橡膠顆粒及具有大於150至300nm之粒度之較大核-殼型橡膠顆粒,該等較小顆粒對該等較大顆粒之重量比係在3:1至5:1之範圍內;具有環氧官能基之彈性體聚合物及具有在8,000至14,000範圍內之平均分子量之聚醚碸聚合物中之至少一者;無機填料顆粒;及潛伏性基於胺之固化劑,其選自由二氰胺(DICY)、胍胺、胍、胺基胍及其衍生物組成之群;及包埋在結晶聚合物網絡內之基於咪唑之催化劑,其中經固化之該膠黏劑膜具有以下性質:當在65℃至93℃之溫度範圍內固化時大於100℃之玻璃化轉變溫度(Tg),根據ASTM D3165在20至25℃下為28至40MPa及在82℃下為25至28MPa、在121℃下為17至21MPa之搭接剪切強度,根據ASTM D3167在20℃至25℃下為150至250 Nm/m之剝離強度。
- 如請求項16之膠黏劑膜,其中該基於咪唑之催化劑係共價附接至或包埋在結晶聚丙烯酸酯類聚合物的2-乙基-4-甲基-咪唑。
- 如請求項16之膠黏劑膜,其中該等多官能基環氧樹脂中之至少一者係環脂族多官能基環氧樹脂。
- 如請求項16之膠黏劑膜,其中該膠黏劑組合物進一步包含具有在180至300範圍內之胺值(mg KOH/g)及在35至90範圍內之當量(H)之脂族胺。
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JP2015501853A (ja) | 2015-01-19 |
RU2014123295A (ru) | 2015-12-20 |
WO2013070415A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
JP5964980B2 (ja) | 2016-08-03 |
CN103797043A (zh) | 2014-05-14 |
AU2012336202A1 (en) | 2014-02-06 |
IN2014CN03459A (zh) | 2015-10-09 |
CA2854825A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
MY187410A (en) | 2021-09-22 |
MX2014005116A (es) | 2014-05-28 |
CA2854825C (en) | 2019-11-12 |
US8974905B2 (en) | 2015-03-10 |
TW201323556A (zh) | 2013-06-16 |
MY168074A (en) | 2018-10-11 |
KR20140100463A (ko) | 2014-08-14 |
US20150030844A1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
RU2592274C2 (ru) | 2016-07-20 |
US20130115442A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
MX362835B (es) | 2019-02-19 |
BR112014010798A2 (pt) | 2017-04-25 |
KR102052389B1 (ko) | 2019-12-05 |
CA3052816C (en) | 2020-07-07 |
AU2012336202B2 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
EP2776487A1 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
CA3052816A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
BR112014010798B1 (pt) | 2021-05-04 |
US8895148B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
CN103797043B (zh) | 2016-09-07 |
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