TWI568739B - 金屬錯合物 - Google Patents
金屬錯合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI568739B TWI568739B TW099134895A TW99134895A TWI568739B TW I568739 B TWI568739 B TW I568739B TW 099134895 A TW099134895 A TW 099134895A TW 99134895 A TW99134895 A TW 99134895A TW I568739 B TWI568739 B TW I568739B
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 55
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 55
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- -1 ketone ketone Chemical class 0.000 claims description 69
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 54
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 54
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 10
- 240000004082 Bidens tripartita Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000000621 Bidens tripartita Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 208000006637 fused teeth Diseases 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- RICKKZXCGCSLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[carboxymethyl-[[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-4-yl]methyl]amino]ethyl-[[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-4-yl]methyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CN(CCN(CC(O)=O)CC=2C(=C(C)N=CC=2CO)O)CC(O)=O)=C1O RICKKZXCGCSLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BMVPOIQQWVXSEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dihydro-3h-diazaphosphole Chemical class C1CN=NP1 BMVPOIQQWVXSEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BPMFPOGUJAAYHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-Pyrido[2,3-b]indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=N1 BPMFPOGUJAAYHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BIDAISPAUFXVCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N B1[C-]=CC=C1 Chemical compound B1[C-]=CC=C1 BIDAISPAUFXVCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical group [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VVVPGLRKXQSQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolo[3,2-c]carbazole Chemical class C1=CC=CC2=NC3=C4C5=CC=CC=C5N=C4C=CC3=C21 VVVPGLRKXQSQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 125000006574 non-aromatic ring group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007980 azole derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical class C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 claims 1
- MDDUHVRJJAFRAU-YZNNVMRBSA-N tert-butyl-[(1r,3s,5z)-3-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-5-(2-diphenylphosphorylethylidene)-4-methylidenecyclohexyl]oxy-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=C)\C1=C/CP(=O)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 MDDUHVRJJAFRAU-YZNNVMRBSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 9
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000412 dendrimer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 6
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012327 Ruthenium complex Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001716 carbazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012433 hydrogen halide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000039 hydrogen halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000005309 thioalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 241000208340 Araliaceae Species 0.000 description 4
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000005035 Panax pseudoginseng ssp. pseudoginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
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- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthene Chemical compound C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium(3+) Chemical compound [Ir+3] MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
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- LRANPJDWHYRCER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diazepine Chemical compound N1C=CC=CC=N1 LRANPJDWHYRCER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZNQVEEAIQZEUHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethanol Chemical compound CCOCCO ZNQVEEAIQZEUHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FSEXLNMNADBYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=CC=C2)C2=N1 FSEXLNMNADBYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aziridine Chemical compound C1CN1 NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HKMTVMBEALTRRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzo[a]fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C3CC4=CC=CC=C4C3=CC=C21 HKMTVMBEALTRRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
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- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005240 diheteroarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphane Chemical compound PP VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005553 heteroaryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N morphine Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](C=C[C@H]23)O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4O BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002568 propynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003586 protic polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005610 quantum mechanics Effects 0.000 description 1
- LOAUVZALPPNFOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinaldic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 LOAUVZALPPNFOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003304 ruthenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BPEVHDGLPIIAGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(3+) Chemical compound [Ru+3] BPEVHDGLPIIAGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIXNGBXQRRXPLM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(3+);trichloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.Cl[Ru](Cl)Cl BIXNGBXQRRXPLM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- DFWNPSSZBYZLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium;2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione Chemical compound [Ru].CC(C)(C)C(=O)CC(=O)C(C)(C)C DFWNPSSZBYZLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QRUBYZBWAOOHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QRUBYZBWAOOHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005092 sublimation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- UTLODFUDVKXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl(2-tert-butylphosphanylpropan-2-yl)phosphane Chemical compound C(C)(C)(C)PC(C)(C)PC(C)(C)C UTLODFUDVKXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPUZPWAFXJXHBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrasodium dioxidoboranyloxy(dioxido)borane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])OB([O-])[O-] DPUZPWAFXJXHBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940071127 thioglycolate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M thioglycolate(1-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010023 transfer printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PMZLFYBZWYRRAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexylarsane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1[As](C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 PMZLFYBZWYRRAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexylphosphine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1P(C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- IUOAVUNOSJBFAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl arsorate Chemical compound CO[As](=O)(OC)OC IUOAVUNOSJBFAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPLUKJNHPBNVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylarsine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[As](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 BPLUKJNHPBNVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YSPBORFVJLIOMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tritert-butylarsane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[As](C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C YSPBORFVJLIOMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002061 vacuum sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0086—Platinum compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
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Description
其中採用有機半導體作為功能性材料之有機電致發光裝置(OLED)的結構係描述於例如US 4539507、US 5151629、EP 0676461及WO 98/27136中。此處所採用之發光材料愈來愈多是展現磷光而非螢光之有機金屬錯合物(M. A. Baldo等人,Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999,75,4-6)。由於量子力學緣故,使用有機金屬化合物作為磷光發光體時之能量及功率效率可增加多達四倍。然而,展現三重態發射之OLED通常仍需要改善,尤其是效率、操作電壓及使用壽命。
根據先前技術,磷光OLED中所使用之三重態發光體尤其是銥及鉑錯合物。已可藉由採用含有多牙配位體或穴狀化合物之金屬錯合物達成此等OLED之改良,結果該等錯合物具有較高之熱安定性,使OLED具更長之使用壽命(WO 04/081017、WO 05/113563、WO 06/008069)。然而,此情況下,仍期望進一步之改良。
先前技術另外揭示銥錯合物,其含有特定之咪唑並啡啶衍生物或二咪唑並喹唑啉衍生物作為配位體(WO 07/095118)。此情況下,亦進一步改善效率、操作電壓及使用壽命。
本發明之目的因此係提供適於使用於OLED中的發光體之新穎金屬錯合物。
出乎意料地,已發現特定詳述於下文之金屬鉗合物錯合物可達成此目的,且於有機電致發光裝置中展現良好性質,尤其是操作電壓、效率及發光顏色。本發明因此有關此等金屬錯合物且有關包含此等錯合物之有機電致發光裝置。
本發明因此有關式(1)化合物
[M(L)n(L’)m]w x+(陰離子)y z- 式(1)
其中通式(1)化合物含有式(2)之原子團M(L)n:
其中以下適用於所使用之符號及指數:M 係為金屬;Y 在各次出現時係相同或不同且係C或N;雙鍵在各情況下可存在於鍵結於Cy1中之兩原子Y之間或相鄰原子Y及A之間,或介於鍵結在Cy2之兩原子Y之間或相鄰原子Y及A之間;Cy1在各次出現時係相同或不同,且連同基團A及兩基團Y而為六員環或五員環,其中若Cy1代表六員環,則於Cy1中之一基團Y係代表C且Cy1中另一基團Y係代表N,而若Cy1代表五員環時,Cy1中兩基團Y皆代表C或兩者皆代表N;Cy1在此可經一或多個基團R取代;若Cy1係代表六員環、五員或六員芳基或雜芳基,此等基團可經一或多個基團R取代,亦可稠合至Cy1上;其特徵為Cy1含有至少一個基團Z作為該環之一部分;Z 各次出現係相同或相異且係選自C(=O)、C(=S)、CR2、NR、O、S、PR或P(=O)R,其中若Cy1代表五員環,則至少一個基團Z係等於C(=O)、C(=S)、CR2或P(=O)R;Cy2在各次出現時係相同或不同且係Cy1或每次出現時各相同或相異的連同基團A及兩基團Y係芳基或雜芳基,其中若Cy2代表六員芳基或雜芳基環基,則Cy2中兩基團Y皆代表C;Cy2在此可經一或多個基團R取代;A 在各次出現時係相同或不同且係C或N;X 在各次出現時係相同或不同且係CR或N;R 在各次出現時係相同或不同且係H、D、F、Cl、Br、I、N(R1)2、P(R1)2、CN、NO2、Si(R1)3、B(OR1)2、C(=O)R1、P(=O)(R1)2、S(=O)R1、S(=O)2R1、OSO2R1、OH、SH、O-、S-、N(R1)-、具有1至40個C原子之直鏈烷基、烷氧基或硫代烷氧基或具有2至40個C原子之直鏈烯基或炔基或具有3至40個C原子之分支鏈或環狀烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基或硫代烷氧基,其中各基團可經一或多個基團R1取代,其中一或多個不相鄰CH2基團可被置換為R1C=CR1、C≡C、Si(R1)2、Ge(R1)2、Sn(R1)2、C=O、C=S、C=Se、C=NR1、P(=O)(R1)、SO、SO2、NR1、O、S或CONR1且其中一或多個H原子可被置換為D、F、Cl、Br、I、CN或NO2;或具有5至60個芳族環原子之芳族或雜芳族環系統,其在各別情況下可經一或多個基團R1取代;或具有5至60個芳族環原子之芳氧基或雜芳氧基,其可經一或多個基團R1取代,或具有10至40個芳族環原子之二芳基胺基、二雜芳基胺基或芳基雜芳基胺基,其可經一或多個基團R1取代;二或更多個相鄰基團R在此亦可彼此一起形成單環或多環、脂族、芳族及/或苯並稠合環系統;R1 在各次出現時係相同或不同且係H、D、F、Cl、Br、I、N(R2)2、CN、NO2、Si(R2)3、B(OR2)2、C(=O)R2、P(=O)(R2)2、S(=O)R2、S(=O)2R2、OSO2R2、具有1至40個C原子之直鏈烷基、烷氧基或硫代烷氧基或具有2至40個C原子之直鏈烯基或炔基或具有3至40個C原子之分支鏈或環狀烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基或硫代烷氧基,各基團各可經一或多個基團R2取代,其中一或多個不相鄰CH2基團可被置換為R2C=CR2、C≡C、Si(R2)2、Ge(R2)2、Sn(R2)2、C=O、C=S、C=Se、C=NR2、P(=O)(R2)、SO、SO2、NR2、O、S或CONR2且其中一或多個H原子可被置換為D、F、Cl、Br、I、CN或NO2;或具有5至60個芳族環原子之芳族或雜芳族環系統,其在各別情況下可經一或多個基團R2取代;或具有5至60個芳族環原子之芳氧基或雜芳氧基,其可經一或多個基團R2取代;或具有10至40個芳族環原子之二芳基胺基、二雜芳基胺基或芳基雜芳基胺基,其可經一或多個基團R2取代;二或更多個相鄰基團R1在此可彼此一起形成單環或多環、脂族或芳族環系統;R2 在各次出現時係相同或不同且係H、D、F或具有1至20個C原子之脂族、芳族及/或雜芳族有機基團,尤其是烴基,其中,另外,一或多個H原子可被置換為D或F;二或更多個取代基R2在此亦可彼此一起形成單環或多環、脂族或芳族環系統;L’ 在每次出現時各相同或相異的為任何所需之共同配位體;陰離子 係為任何所需之陰離子;n 係為1、2或3;m 係為0、1、2、3或4;w 係為1、2或3;x,y,z每次出現時各相同或相異且係為0、1、2或3,其中(w‧x)=(y‧z);複數個配位體L在此亦可彼此鏈結或L可經由任何所需橋鍵V鏈結至L’且因而形成三牙、四牙、五牙或六牙配位體系統。
在前文所示之式(2)原子團中,若Cy2代表芳基或雜芳基,則芳族鍵(鍵級1.5)亦可存在於Cy2中介於基團A及相鄰基團Y之間或在Cy2中介於兩基團Y之間。
此處之指數n及m係經選擇,使得金屬M上配位總數視金屬而定地對應於此金屬之一般配位數。對過渡金屬而言,此通常為配位數4、5或6,視金屬而定。通常已知金屬配位化合物具有不同配位數,即鍵結不同數目之配位體,視金屬且視金屬氧化態而定。因為金屬及各種氧化態之金屬離子的較佳配位數係屬於熟習有機金屬化學或配位化學領域之一般專門知識,熟習此技術者視金屬及其氧化態且視式II、III或IV配位體之確實結構而可立即使用適當數目之配位體L,因此適當地選擇指數n及m。
在本發明意義中,芳基係含有6至40個C原子;在本發明意義中,雜芳基含有2至40個C原子及至少一個雜原子,其限制條件為C原子與雜原子之和至少為5。雜原子較佳係選自N、O及/或S。芳基或雜芳基在此係用以表示單純芳族環,即苯,或單純雜芳族環,例如吡啶、嘧啶、噻吩等,或稠合芳基或雜芳基,例如萘、蒽、芘、喹啉、異喹啉等。
配位體亦可經由碳烯碳原子鍵結至金屬。就本發明而言,環狀碳烯係為經由中性C原子鍵結至金屬之環狀基團。此情況下,環狀基團可為飽和或不飽和。此情況下,較佳係為Arduengo碳烯,即其中兩氮原子鍵結至碳烯C原子之碳烯。就本發明之目的而言,五員Arduengo碳烯環或另一未飽和五員碳烯環亦視為芳基。
在本發明意義中,芳族環系統於環系統中含有6至60個原子。在本發明意義中,雜芳族環系統於環系統中含有2至60個C原子及至少一個雜原子,其限制條件為C原子及氫原子之和至少為5。雜原子較佳係選自N、O及/或S。就本發明而言,芳族或雜芳族環系統係刻意用以表示並非必然僅含有芳基或雜芳基之系統,而是其中複數個芳基或雜芳基可另外藉非芳族單元(較佳係為非H之原子的10%以下)連接,諸如例如sp3-混成C、N或O原子或羰基。因此,就本發明之目的而言,例如,諸如9,9‘-螺聯茀、9,9-二芳基茀、三芳基胺、二芳基醚、二苯乙烯等系統,亦用以表示其中二或更多個芳基係例如藉直鏈或環狀伸烷基或伸矽烷基連接的芳族環系統。
在本發明意義中,環狀烷基、烷氧基或硫代烷氧基係解釋為單環、雙環或多環基團。
就本發明目的而言,C1-至C40-烷基,其中,個別H原子或CH2基團可另外經前文提及之基團取代,係用以表示例如基團甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、第二丁基、第三丁基、2-甲基丁基、正戊基、第二戊基、第三戊基、2-戊基、新戊基、環戊基、正己基、第二己基、第三己基、2-己基、3-己基、環己基、2-甲基戊基、新己基、正庚基、2-庚基、3-庚基、4-庚基、環庚基、1-甲基環己基、正辛基、2-乙基己基、環辛基、1-雙環[2.2.2]辛基、2-雙環[2.2.2]辛基、2-(2,6-二甲基)辛基、3-(3,7-二甲基)辛基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基或2,2,2-三氟乙基。烯基係用以意指例如乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、戊烯基、環戊烯基、己烯基、環己烯基、庚烯基、環庚烯基、辛烯基、環辛烯基或環辛二烯基。炔基係用以意指例如基團乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基、戊炔基、己炔基、庚炔基或辛炔基。C1-至C40-烷氧基係用以意指例如甲氧基、三氟甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、異丙氧基、正丁氧基、異丁氧基、第二丁氧基、第三丁氧基或2-甲基丁氧基。具有5至60個芳族環原子之芳族或雜芳族環系統(此系統亦可在各別情況下經前述基團R取代且可經由任一所需位置鏈接至該芳族或雜芳族環系統)係意指例如自以下化合物衍生之基團:苯、萘、蒽、苯並蒽、菲、苯並菲、芘、、苝、螢蒽、苯並螢蒽、稠四苯、稠五苯、苯並芘、聯苯、聯苯烯、聯三苯、聯三苯烯、茀、螺聯茀、二氫菲、二氫芘、四氫芘、順-或反-茚並茀、順-或反-單苯並茚並茀、順-或反-二苯並茚並茀、參茚并苯、異參茚并苯、螺參茚并苯、螺異參茚并苯、呋喃、苯並呋喃、異苯並呋喃、二苯並呋喃、噻吩、苯並噻吩、異苯並噻吩、二苯並噻吩、吡咯、吲哚、異吲哚、咔唑、吡啶、喹啉、異喹啉、吖啶、啡啶、苯並-5,6-喹啉、苯並-6,7-喹啉、苯並-7,8-喹啉、啡噻、啡噁、吡唑、吲唑、咪唑、苯並咪唑、萘並咪唑、菲並咪唑、吡咪唑、喹噁啉咪唑、噁唑、苯並噁唑、萘並噁唑、蒽噁唑、菲噁唑、異噁唑、1,2-噻唑、1,3-噻唑、苯並噻唑、嗒、苯並嗒、嘧啶、苯並嘧啶、喹噁啉、1,5-二氮雜蒽、2,7-二氮雜芘、2,3-二氮雜芘、1,6-二氮雜芘、1,8-二氮雜芘、4,5-二氮雜芘、4,5,9,10-四氮雜苝、嗒、吩、啡噁、啡噻、螢紅環、萘啶、氮雜咔唑、苯並咔啉、菲啉、1,2,3-三唑、1,2,4-三唑、苯並三唑、1,2,3-噁二唑、1,2,4-噁二唑、1,2,5-噁二唑、1,3,4-噁二唑、1,2,3-噻二唑、1,2,4-噻二唑、1,2,5-噻二唑、1,3,4-噻二唑、1,3,5-三、1,2,4-三、1,2,3-三、四唑、1,2,4,5-四、1,2,3,4-四、1,2,3,5-四、嘌呤、喋啶、吲哚苯並噻二唑。
較佳係式(1)化合物,其特徵為其不帶電,即為電中性。此點係經由簡易方式達成,配位體L及L’之電荷係經選擇以補償錯合金屬原子M之電荷。本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,指數x=y=z=0。
另外較佳者係式(1)化合物,其特徵為金屬原子周圍之價電子的和在四配位錯合物中係16,在五配位錯合物中係16或18,而在六配至錯合物中係18。此優點係因為此等金屬錯合物特別安定所致。
本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,M係代表過渡金屬或主族金屬。若M係代表主族金屬,則較佳係代表來自第三、四或五主族之金屬,尤其是錫。
較佳化合物係式(1)中M代表過渡金屬,尤其是代
表四配位、五配位或六配位過渡金屬,特佳係選自鉻、鉬、鎢、錸、釕、鋨、銠、銥、鎳、鈀、鉑、銅、銀及金,尤其是鉬、鎢、錸、釕、鋨、銥、鉑、銅及金。極佳係為銥及鉑。此處之金屬可處於各種不同之氧化態。前文提及之金屬較佳係為氧化態Cr(0)、Cr(II)、Cr(III)、Cr(IV)、Cr(VI)、Mo(0)、Mo(II)、Mo(III)、Mo(IV)、Mo(VI)、W(0)、W(II)、W(III)、W(IV)、W(VI)、Re(I)、Re(II)、Re(III)、Re(IV)、Ru(II)、Ru(III)、Os(II)、Os(III)、Os(IV)、Rh(I)、Rh(III)、Ir(I)、Ir(III)、Ir(IV)、Ni(0)、Ni(II)、Ni(IV)、Pd(II)、Pt(II)、Pt(IV)、Cu(I)、Cu(II)、Cu(III)、Ag(I)、Ag(II)、Au(I)、Au(III)及Au(V);極佳者係為Mo(0)、W(0)、Re(I)、Ru(II)、Os(II)、Rh(III)、Ir(III)、Pt(II)及Cu(I),尤其是Ir(III)及Pt(II)。
本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,M係為四配位金屬,且指數n係代表1或2。若指數n=1,則一個雙牙或兩個單牙配位體L’,較佳係一個雙牙配位體L’,亦配位至金屬M。若指數n=2,則指數m=0。
在更佳之本發明具體實施態樣中,M係為六配位金屬,且指數n係代表1、2或3,較佳係代表2或3。若指數n=1,則四個單牙或兩個雙牙或一個雙牙及兩個單牙或一個參牙及一個單牙或一個四牙配位體L’,較佳係兩個雙
牙配位體L’,亦配位至金屬。若指數n=2,則一個雙牙或兩個單牙配位體L’,較佳係一個雙牙配位體L’,亦配位至金屬。若指數n=3,則指數m=0。
配位體L係經由一個碳原子及一個氮原子,或經兩個碳原子或經兩個氮原子鍵結至金屬M。本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,配位體L經由至少一個碳原子配位至金屬M。配位體L特佳情況係經由一個碳原子及一個氮原子或經由兩個碳原子(其中一個表示碳烯碳原子)配位至金屬M。因此,較佳係配位體L中之一基團A係表示氮原子且另一基團A係表示碳原子。
式(2)原子團中Cy1係為六員或五員環,其中芳基或雜芳基亦可稠合至六員環。本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,Cy1含有一或兩個基團Z,特佳者係恰有一個基團Z。
本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,Cy1係為六員、單或二不飽和環,即環Cy1特佳係具有一或兩個雙鍵。式(2)原子團中Cy1因而特別有利的選自下式(3)至(21)之結構:
在更佳之本發明具體實施態樣中,Cy1係為五員、單-或二不飽和環,即該環Cy1較佳係具有一或兩個雙鍵。式(2)原子團中Cy1因而特別有利的選自下式(22)至(26)之結構:
其中所使用符號具有如同前文陳述之意義,且其中*指出配位至金屬的位置,且其中#指出在配位體L中鍵結至Cy2或至X之鍵。
在更佳之本發明具體實施態樣中,式(2)原子團中環Cy2係選自前文所示式(3)至(26)或下文所示式(27)至(44)之結構:
此處所使用之符號具有如同前文所述之意義,較佳係各基團中最多三個符號X代表N,尤其是各基團中最多兩個符號X代表N,每一基團中最多一個符號X代表N極佳。特佳情況係所有符號X皆代表CR。
本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,式(2)原子團中至少一個基團係代表CR。特佳情況係式(2)原子團中兩基團X皆代表CR。此優先性亦適用於使用前文所示之式(3)至(26)較佳結構Cy1及/或式(3)至(44)之Cy2的情況。
在更佳之本發明具體實施態樣中,式(2)及式(3)至(21)原子團中鍵結於Cy1之基團Z係代表C(=O)、CR2、NR、O或S。Z特佳係代表C(=O)或CR2,極佳係代表C(=O)。式(22)至(26)原子團中之Z另外較佳係代表C(=O)或CR2,特佳係代表C(=O)。若Z=CR2,兩基團R則亦可彼此一起形成環系統,因而形成螺系統。
式(2)原子團之特佳具體實施態樣因此係為下式(45)之結構:
其中Cy1係選自前述式(3)至(26)之結構,且Cy2係選自前述式(3)至(44)之結構。所使用之其他符號及指數具有前文所述之意義,且式(3)至(21)中之Z較佳係選自C(=O)或CR2。
特佳之本發明具體實施態樣中,式(2)及(45)原子團中配位體L係自前述式(3)至(26)基團Cy1及自前述式(27)至(44)之基團Cy2所建構。特佳組合因此係為下表1中所示之組合。
就表1中之各組合而言,X較佳係每次出現各相同或相異的為CR,而Z則等於C(=O)或CR2。
此外,經由取代基之環形成而可能有較大稠合結構。例如可藉以製得下式(46)及(47)之結構:
其中所使用符號及指數具有前文所述之意義。式(46)及(47)中之R1係代表H、D或具有1至5個C原子之烷基,尤其是H或甲基。
式(46)及(47)僅供作實例顯示經由環形成如何達到對應較大之稠合環系統。與本發明其他結構(例如與式(3)至(44)原子團)形成環完全同理可能。
式(3)至(26)或(27)至(44)原子團中取代基R中之一另可表示亦配位至金屬M之配位基。較佳配位基R係為芳基或雜芳基,例如苯基或吡啶基、芳基或烷基腈、芳基或烷基異腈、胺或醯胺、醇或醇鹽、硫醇或硫醇鹽、膦、亞磷酸鹽、羰基官能性、羧酸鹽、胺基甲酸鹽或芳基-或烷基乙炔。此情況下可得到下式(48)及(49)原子團M(L)n:
其中所使用符號及指數具有前文所述之意義。含三牙或四牙配位體之其他結構亦可完全類似此等結構。
稠合於Cy1之芳基或雜芳基亦可直接或經由取代基R鍵結於M。較佳配位基R有O-、S-、N(R1)-、N(R1)2、P(R1)-或P(R1)2。此情況下可得到下式(50)原子團M(L)n:
如前文所述,亦可存在將此配位體L鍵連至一或多個其他配位體L或L’之橋連單元V,而非式(2)中基團R中之一。本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,存在橋連單元V而非基團R中之一,故配位體具有三牙或多牙或多牙特性。亦可存在兩個該種橋連單元。此導致巨環配位體之形成或穴狀化合物之形成。
含有多牙配位體之較佳結構係為下式(51)至(55)之金屬錯合物:
其中所用之符號具有前述意義,且V較佳係代表含有選自第三、第四、第五及/或第六主族(IUPAC第13、14、15或16族)之1至80個原子之橋連單元或將部分配位體L彼此共價鍵結或將L共價鍵結至L’的3員至6員同素環或雜環。此情況下,橋連單元V亦可由一或多個基團R1取代。此外,橋連單元V亦可具有不對稱結構,即將V連接至L或L’之鍵並非必要相同。橋連單元V可為中性、帶單一、雙或三個負電荷或單一、雙或三個正電荷。V較佳係為中性或帶單一負電荷或單一正電荷。V之電荷較佳係選擇以使之形成中性錯合物。
若V將三個配位體L彼此橋接或將兩個配位體L橋接至L’或將一個配位體L橋接至兩個配位體L’,則V較佳係每次出現各相同或相異的選自B、B(R1)-、B(C(R1)2)3、(R1)B(C(R1)2)3 -、B(O)3、(R1)B(O)3 -、B(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3、(R1)B(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3 -、B(C(R1)2O)3、(R1)B(C(R1)2O)3 -、B(OC(R1)2)3、(R1)B(OC(R1)2)3 -、C(R1)、CO-、CN(R1)2、(R1)C(C(R1)2)3、(R1)C(O)3、(R1)C(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3、(R1)C(C(R1)2O)3、(R1)C(OC(R1)2)3、(R1)C(Si(R1)2)3、(R1)C(Si(R1)2C(R1)2)3、(R1)C(C(R1)2Si(R1)2)3、(R1)C(Si(R1)2Si(R1)2)3、Si(R1)、(R1)Si(C(R1)2)3、(R1)Si(O)3、(R1)Si(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3、(R1)Si(OC(R1)2)3、(R1)Si(C(R1)2O)3、(R1)Si(Si(R1)2)3、(R1)Si(Si(R1)2C(R1)2)3、(R1)Si(C(R1)2Si(R1)2)3、(R1)Si(Si(R1)2Si(R1)2)3、N、NO、N(R1)+、N(C(R1)2)3、(R1)N(C(R1)2)3 +、N(C=O)3、N(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3、(R1)N(C(R1)2C(R1)2)+、P、P(R1)+、PO、PS、PSe、PTe、P(O)3、PO(O)3、P(OC(R1)2)3、PO(OC(R1)2)3、P(C(R1)2)3、P(R1)(C(R1)2)3 +、PO(C(R1)2)3、P(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3、P(R1)(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3 +、PO(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3、S+、S(C(R1)2)3 +、S(C(R1)2C(R1)2)3 +、或式(56)、(57)、(58)或(59)之單元:
其中各情況下之虛線鍵結係各自表示連接至部分配位體L或L’之鍵結,且W在每一次出現時各相同或相異地選自單鍵、O、S、S(=O)、S(=O)2、NR1、PR1、P(=O)R1、P(=NR1)、C(R1)2、C(=O)、C(=NR1)、C(=C(R1)2)、Si(R1)2或BR1。所用之其他符號具有前文所示之意義。
若V將兩配位體L彼此橋接或將一配位體L橋接至L’,則V較佳係每一次出現各相同或相異的選自BR1、B(R1)2 -、C(R1)2、C(=O)、Si(R1)2、NR1、PR1、P(R1)2 +、P(=O)(R1)、P(=S)(R1)、AsR1、As(=O)(R1)、As(=S)(R1)、O、S、Se或式(60)至(69)之單元:
其中虛線鍵結在各情況下係指出對部分配位體L或L’之鍵結,T於每次出現時各相同或相異的表示C(R1)2、N(R1)、O或S,所用之其他符號各具有前文指出之意義。
以下描述出現於式(1)中之較佳配位體L’。配位體基團L,若經由橋連單元V鍵結至L,則亦可相應的選擇。
配位體L’較佳係中性、單陰離子性、二陰離子性或三陰離子性配位體,特佳係中性或單陰離子性配位體。其可為單牙體、雙牙體、三牙體或四牙體,較佳係雙牙體,即較佳係具有兩個配位部位。如前文所述,配位體牙L’亦可經由橋連基團V鍵結至L。
較佳中性、單牙配位體L’係選自一氧化碳、一氧化氮、烷基氰、諸如例如乙腈、芳基氰諸如例如苄腈、烷基異氰基,諸如例如甲基異腈、芳基異氰,諸如例如苯並異腈,胺類,諸如例如三甲基胺、三乙基胺、嗎啉、膦尤其是鹵基膦、三烷基膦、三芳基膦或烷基芳基膦,諸如例如三氟膦、三甲基膦、三環己基膦、三-第三丁基膦、三苯基膦、參(五氟苯基)膦、亞磷酸酯,諸如例如亞磷酸三甲酯、亞磷酸三乙酯、三氫化砷,諸如例如三氟三氫化砷、三甲基三氫化砷、三環己基三氫化砷、三-第三丁基三氫化砷、三苯基三氫化砷、參(五氟苯基)三氫化砷、銻化氫,諸如例如三氟銻化氫、三甲基銻化氫、三環己基銻化氫、三-第三丁基銻化氫、三苯基銻化氫、參(五氟苯基)銻化氫、含氮雜環,諸如例如,吡啶、嗒、吡、嘧啶、三及碳烯,尤其是Arduengo碳烯。
較佳單陰離子性單牙配位體L’係選自氫基、氘基、鹵基F-、Cl-、Br-及I-、烷基炔基,諸如例如,甲基-C≡C-、第三丁基-C≡C-、芳基炔基,諸如例如,苯基-C≡C-、氰基、氰酸根、異氰酸根、硫代氰酸根、異硫代氰酸根、脂族或芳族醇鹽,諸如例如甲醇根、乙醇根、丙醇根、異丙醇根、第三丁基根、酚根、脂族或芳族硫代醇鹽,諸如例如甲烷硫醇根、乙烷硫醇根、丙烷硫醇根、異丙烷硫醇根、第三丁烷硫醇根、苯硫酚根、醯胺諸如例如二甲基醯胺、二乙基醯胺、二異丙基醯胺、嗎啉根、羧酸根諸如例如乙酸根、三氟乙酸根、丙酸根、苯甲酸根、芳基諸如例如,苯基、萘基及陰離子性含氮雜環,諸如吡咯根、咪唑根、吡唑根。此等基團中之烷基較佳係為C1-C20-烷基,特佳係C1-C10-烷基,極佳係C1-C4-烷基。芳基亦指雜芳基。此等基團係如前文定義。
較佳二或三陰離子性配體係為O2-、S2-、碳化物(其導致R-C≡M形式之配位)及氮烯(其導致R-N=M形式之配位),其中R通常表示取代基或N3-。
較佳中性或單或二陰離子性、雙牙或多牙配位體L’係選自二胺,諸如例如乙二胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺、丙二胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基丙二胺、順-或反-二胺基環己烷、順-或反-N,N,N’,N’-四甲基二胺基環己烷,亞胺,諸如例如2-[1-(苯基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、2-[1-(2-甲基苯基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、2-[1-(2,6-二-異丙基苯基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、2-[1-(甲基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、2-[1-(乙基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、2-[1-(異丙基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、2-[1-(第三丁基亞胺)乙基]吡啶、二亞胺,諸如例如1,2-雙(甲基亞胺)乙烷、1,2-雙(乙基亞胺)乙烷、1,2-雙(異丙基亞胺)乙烷、1,2-雙(第三丁基亞胺)乙烷、2,3-雙(甲基亞胺)丁烷、2,3-雙(乙基亞胺)丁烷、2,3-雙(異丙基亞胺)丁烷、2,3-雙(第三丁基亞胺)丁烷、1,2-雙(苯基亞胺)乙烷、1,2-雙(2-甲基苯基亞胺)乙烷、1,2-雙(2,6-二-異丙基苯基亞胺)乙烷、1,2-雙(2,6-二-第三丁基苯基亞胺)乙烷、2,3-雙(苯基亞胺)丁烷、2,3-雙(2-甲基苯基亞胺)丁烷、2,3-雙(2,6-二-異丙基苯基亞胺)丁烷、2,3-雙(2,6-二-第三丁基苯基亞胺)丁烷、含兩個氮原子之雜環,諸如例如2,2’-聯吡啶、鄰-啡啉、二膦,諸如例如雙(二苯膦基)甲烷、雙(二苯膦基)乙烷、雙(二苯膦基)丙烷、雙(二苯膦基)丁烷、雙(二甲膦基)甲烷、雙(二甲膦基)乙烷、雙(二甲膦基)丙烷、雙(二乙膦基)甲烷、雙(二乙膦基)乙烷、雙(二乙膦基)丙烷、雙(二-第三丁基膦基)甲烷、雙(二-第三丁基膦基)乙烷、雙(第三丁基膦基)丙烷,自1,3-二酮衍生之1,3-二酮根,諸如例如,乙醯基丙酮、苯甲醯基丙酮、1,5-二苯基乙醯基丙酮、二苯甲基甲烷、雙(1,1,1-三氟乙醯基)甲烷、2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚烷二酮,自3-酮基酯衍生之3-酮酸根,諸如例如,乙醯基乙酸乙酯,自胺基羧酸衍生物之羧酸鹽,諸如例如吡啶-2-甲酸、喹啉-2-甲酸、甘胺酸、N,N-二甲基甘胺酸、丙胺酸、N,N-二甲基胺基丙胺酸、自水楊醯基亞胺衍生之水楊醯基亞胺化物諸如例如甲基水楊醯基亞胺、乙基水楊醯基亞胺、苯基水楊醯基亞胺、自二醇諸如例如乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇衍生之二醇鹽及自二硫醇諸如例如1,2-乙二硫醇、1,3-丙二硫醇衍生之二硫醇鹽。
較佳三牙配位體係為含氮雜環之硼酸根,諸如例如四(1-咪唑基)硼酸根及四(1-吡唑基)硼酸根。
較佳者另有雙牙單陰離子性配位體L’,其與金屬形成具有至少一個金屬-碳鍵結之環金屬化五員或六員環,尤其是環金屬化五員環。此等尤其是一般使用於有機電致發光裝置之磷光金屬錯合物領域中所使用之配位體,即苯基吡啶、萘基吡啶、苯基喹啉、苯基異喹啉等類型之配位體,其各可經一或多個基團R取代。此類配位體中有許多係熟習磷光電致發光裝置領域者所已知,且可在無發明步驟下選擇其他此類型配位體,作為供式(1)化合物使用之配位體L’。通常,組合兩基團(如以下式(70)至(97)所示)特別適於此目的,其中一基團係經由中性氮原子或碳烯原子鍵結,且另一基團係經由帶負電荷碳原子或帶負電荷之氮原子鍵結。配位體L’可隨後自式(70)至(97)基團藉由此等基團彼此鍵結(每一情況下各位於以#表示之位置)而形成。基團配位至金屬之位置係以*表示。此等基團亦可經由一或兩個橋連單元V鍵結至配位體L。
此處所使用之符號具有如同前文所述之意義,較佳係各基團中最多三個符號X代表N,尤其是各基團中最多兩個符號X代表N,每一基團中最多一個符號X代表N極佳。特佳情況係所有符號X皆代表CR。
相同的,較佳配位體L’為η5-環戊二烯基、η5-五甲基環戊二烯基、η6-苯或η7-環庚三烯基,其中每一基團各可經一或多個基團R1取代。
相同的,較佳配位體L’係為1,3,5-順-環己烷衍生物,尤其是式(98),1,1,1-三(亞甲基)甲烷衍生物,尤其是式(99),及1,1,1-三經取代甲烷,尤其是式(100)及(101):
其中,金屬M之配位係顯示於各式中,R具有前文所示之意義,且A每一次出現各相同或相異的代表O-、S-、COO-、P(R1)2或N(R1)2。
前文式(2)至(55)及(55)及(70)至(101)所示結構中之較佳基團R(以位於X上之取代基形式呈現)係於每次出現各相同或相異的選自H、D、F、Br、N(R1)2、CN、B(OR1)2、C(=O)R1、P(=O)(R1)2、具有1至10個C原子之直鏈烷基或具有2至10個C原子之直鏈烯基或具有3至10個C原子之分支鏈或環狀烷基、烯基或炔基,其中每一基團各可經一或多個基團R1取代,其中一或多個H原子可置換成D、F或CN,或具有5至14個芳族環原子的芳族或雜芳族環系統,其各可經一或多個基團R1所取代;複數個基團R在此亦可彼此形成單環或多環、脂族、芳族及/或苯並稠合環系列。特佳基團R在每次出現時各相同或相異且選自H、F、Br、CN、B(OR1)2、具有1至5個C原子之直鏈烷基(尤其是甲基)或具有3至5個C原子之分支鏈或環狀烷基(尤其是異丙基或第三丁基,其中一或多個H原子可置換成F)或具有5至12個芳族環原子的芳族或雜芳族環系統,其各可經一或多個基團R1所取代;此情況下複數個相鄰基團R亦可彼此形成單環或多環、脂族、芳族及/或苯并稠合環系統。
本發明錯合物可為面狀或擬面狀,或其可為經向或擬經向。
前述較佳具體實施態樣可視需要彼此組合。本發明特佳具體實施態樣中,同時應用前述較佳具體實施態樣。
本發明金屬錯合物基本上可藉各種不同方法製備。然而,已證實下述方法特別適用。
本發明因此另外有關一種製備式(1)金屬錯合物化合物的方法,其係藉由對應之游離配位體與式(102)金屬烷氧化物、式(103)之金屬酮基酮酸鹽、與式(104)之金屬鹵化物或與式(105)之二聚金屬錯合物進行反應:
其中符號及指數M、L’、m、n及R1具有前文所示之意義,且Hal=F、Cl、Br或I。
亦可使用金屬化合物,尤其是銥化合物,其兼具醇鹽及/或鹵化物及/或羥基以及酮基酮酸根基團。此等化合物亦可帶電。特別適於作為起始物質之對應銥化合物係揭示於WO 04/085449中。[IrCl2(acac)2]-,例如Na[IrCl2(acac)2]特別適合。其他特別適當之銥起始物質有參(乙醯基丙酮根絡)銥(III)及參(2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚烷二酮根絡)銥(III)。
錯合物之合成較佳係如WO 02/060910及WO 04/085449所述般的進行。雜配錯合物亦可例如根據WO 2005/042548般的合成。合成亦可例如熱、光化學及/或藉微波輻射達成。
製備同配位體銥錯合物時,該配位體較佳係於熔體中或於惰性溶劑(諸如例如多元醇乙二醇、甘油等、聚醚醇二-、三-或四-乙二醇或聚醚二-、三-、四-或聚乙二醇二甲醚)中在80至350℃溫度下與Na[IrCl2(acac)2]或Ir(acac)3反應。此情況下使用配位體對銥化合物之比例為1:3至1:100,較佳1:4-1:10。
製備異配位體銥錯合物時,可依循流程圖1之方法。首先,配位體與適當之Ir前驅物(較佳為氯化銥(III)水合物)於質子型溶劑或溶劑混合物存在下反應,產生氯-橋連二聚銥錯合物,隨後進一步與一或多個配位體(視情況添加添加劑,諸如鹼或鹽)反應(WO 2007/065523)。
含本發明配位體之異配位體銥錯合物的製備可完全類似的進行(流程圖2)。
此等方法使得可製得高純度本發明式(1)化合物,較佳係大於99%(藉1H-NMR及/或HPLC測定)。
此處所說明之合成方法尤其可製備下述本發明結構。
前述本發明化合物亦可使用作為共軛、部分共軛或非共軛寡聚物、聚合物或樹枝狀聚合物之重現單元。就本發明目的而言,寡聚物係意指具約3至10個重現單元(可相同或相異)之化合物。此情況下,聚合較佳係經由溴或酸官能性進行。因此,此類化合物可共聚(尤其是)成聚茀(例如根據EP 842208或WO 00/22026)、聚螺聯茀(例如根據EP 707020或EP 894107)、聚二氫菲(例如根據WO 05/014689)、聚茚並茀(例如根據WO 04/041901及WO 04/113468)、聚菲(例如根據WO 05/104264)、聚對伸苯基(例如根據WO 92/18552)、聚咔唑(例如根據WO 04/070772或WO 04/113468)、聚酮(例如根據WO 05/040302)、聚矽烷(例如根據WO 05/111113)或聚噻吩(例如根據EP 1028136)或亦成為包含各種此等單元之共聚物。其或可倂入此處聚合物之側鏈或主鏈,或亦可表示聚合物鏈之分支點(例如根據WO 06/003000)。
本發明因此另外有關包含一或多種式(1)化合物之共軛、部分共軛或非共軛寡聚物、聚合物或樹枝狀聚合物,其中至少一個前文定義之基團R係表示對聚合物或樹枝狀聚合物之鍵結。就式(1)單位而言,聚合物及樹枝狀聚合物適用與剛於前文描述者相同之優先性。除前述單元外,寡聚物、聚合物或樹枝狀聚合物可包含其他單元,選自例如具有電洞傳輸性或電子傳輸性之重現單元。先前技術已知之材料適用於此目的。
前述寡聚物、聚合物、共聚物或樹枝狀聚合物之特點為在有機溶劑中溶解度佳,且於有機電致發光裝置中效率及安定性高。
本發明式(1)化合物,尤其是藉鹵素官能化者,可另外亦藉一般反應類型官能化,且因此轉化成增大範圍之式(1)化合物。此處可提及之實例係使用芳基酸藉SUZUKI方法或使用一級或二級胺藉由HARTWIG-BUCHWALD方法進行官能化。
前述式(1)錯合物或前文提及之較佳具體實施態樣可用為電子裝置中之活性組份。本發明因此另外有關式(1)化合物或根據一較佳具體實施態樣於電子裝置中之用途。
本發明仍另外有關包含至少一種式(1)化合物或根據較佳具體實施態樣中之一的電子裝置。
此處電子裝置係意指包含陽極、陰極及至少一層的裝置,其中此層包含至少一種有機或有機金屬化合物。本發明電子裝置因此包含陽極、陰極及至少一層,該層包含至少一種前述式(1)化合物。此處較佳電子裝置係選自有機電致發光裝置(OLED,PLED)、有機積體電路(O-IC)、有機場效電晶體(O-FET)、有機薄膜電晶體(O-TFT)、有機發光電晶體(O-LET)、有機太陽能電池(O-SC)、有機光學偵測器、有機光受體、有機場淬滅裝置(O-FQD)、發光型電化學電池(LEC)或有機雷射二極體(O-雷射),其於至少一層中包含至少一種前文所示式(1)化合物。特佳者要屬有機電致發光裝置。活性化合物通常為導入陽極及陰極之間的有機或無機材料,例如電荷注入、電荷傳輸或電荷阻隔材料,但尤其是發光材料及基質材料。本發明化合物展現在有機電致發光裝置中作為發光材料的特佳性質。有機電致發光裝置因此是本發明較佳具體實施態樣。
該有機電致發光裝置係包含陰極、陽極及至少一層發光層。除了此等層之外,其亦可包含其他層,例如在所有情況下之一或多層電洞注入層、電洞-傳輸層、電洞-阻隔層、電子-傳輸層、電子-注入層、激子-阻隔層、電子阻隔層、電荷生成層及/或有機或無機p/n接面。亦可在兩發光層間導入具有例如激子阻隔功能且/或控制電致發光裝置之電荷平衡的中間層。然而,應指出此等層中每一層各非必需存在。有機電致發光裝置可包含一發光層或複數層發光層。若存在複數層發光層,則此等層較佳係總共具有複數個介於380 nm及750 nm之間的發光最大值,整體上產生白光發射,即,發光層使用可發螢光或磷光之各種發光化合物。特佳係三層系統,其中該三層展現藍色、綠色及橙色或紅色發射(參見例如WO 2005/011013)或包含三層以上之發光層的系統。
本發明較佳具體實施態樣中,有機電致發光裝置係包含式(1)化合物前文所提及較佳具體實施態樣作為一或多層發光層中之發光化合物。
若採用式(1)化合物作為發光層之發光化合物,則其較佳係與一或多種基質材料組合使用。包含式(1)化合物與基質材料之混合物基於包含發射體及基質材料之整體混合物計,係包含介於1及99體積%之間,較佳係介於2及90體積%之間,特佳係介於3及40體積%之間,尤其是介於5及15體積%之間的式(1)化合物。對應地,混合物係包含基於包含發射體及基質材料之整體混合物計介於99及1體積%之間,較佳介於98及10體積%之間,特佳係介於97及60體積%之間,尤其是介於95及85體積%之間的基質材料。
適合本發明化合物之基質材料有酮類、膦氧化物或亞碸類及碸類,例如根據WO 04/013080、WO 04/093207、WO 06/005627或WO 10/006680,三芳基胺,咔唑衍生物例如CBP(N,N-雙咔唑基聯苯)或揭示於WO 05/039246、US 2005/0069729、JP 2004/288381、EP 1205527或WO 08/086851中之咔唑衍生物、吲哚並咔唑衍生物例如根據WO 07/063754或WO 08/056746,茚並咔唑衍生物例如根據未公開申請案DE 102009023155.2及DE 102009031021.5,氮雜咔唑例如根據EP 1617710、EP 1617711、EP 1731584、JP 2005/347160,橋連咔唑衍生物諸如例如根據US 2009/0136779或WO 10/050778,偶極基質材料例如根據WO 07/137725,矽烷例如根據WO 05/111172,氮硼雜環戊二烯或酸酯例如根據WO 06/117052,三衍生物、例如根據WO 10/015306、WO 07/063754或WO 08/056746,鋅錯合物例如根據EP 652273或根據WO 09/062578,二氮雜矽雜環戊二烯或四氮雜矽雜環戊二烯衍生物例如根據WO 10/054729,或二氮雜磷雜環戊二烯衍生物例如根據WO 10/054730。
亦可於混合物形式下採用複數種不同基質材料,尤其是至少一種電子傳導性基質材料及至少一種電洞傳導性基質材料。較佳組合係使用芳族酮或三衍生物與三芳基胺衍生物或咔唑衍生物以供本發明金屬錯合物使用之混合基形式使用的混合基質。
陰極較佳包含具有低功函數之金屬、金屬合金或包含各種金屬之多層結構,諸如例如鹼土金屬、鹼金屬、主族金屬或鑭系金屬(例如Ca、Ba、Mg、Al、In、Mg、Yb、Sm等)。亦適用者有包含鹼金屬或鹼土金屬及銀之合金,例如鎂與銀之合金。若為多層結構,則除前述金屬外亦可使用其他具有相對高之功函數的金屬諸如例如Ag,此情況下,通常使用金屬組合物,諸如例如Ca/Ag或Ba/Ag。較佳亦可於金屬陽極及有機半導體之間導入具有高介電常數材料之薄中間層。適用於此目的者有例如鹼金屬或鹼土金屬氟化物,但亦可為對應之氧化物或碳酸鹽(例如LiF、Li2O、BaF2、MgO、NaF、CsF、Cs2CO3等)。此層之層厚較佳係介於0.5及5 nm之間。
陽極較佳包含具有高功函數之材料。該陽極較佳係具有相對於真空大於4.5 eV之功函數。適於此目的者一方面有具有高氧化還原電位之金屬,諸如例如Ag、Pt或Au。另一方面,金屬/金屬氧化物電極(例如Al/Ni/NiOx,Al/PtOx)亦佳。就某些應用而言,至少一個電極必需係透明,以助於照射有機材料(O-SC)或耦合輸出光(OLED/PLED,O-雷射)。較佳結構係使用透明陽極。此情況下,較佳陽極材料係導電性混合金屬氧化物。特佳係氧化銦錫(ITO)或氧化銦鋅(IZO)。另外較佳者有導電性、摻雜有機材料,尤其是導電性摻雜聚合物。
通常,所有使用於先前技術之層中的材料皆可使用於額外層,熟習此技術者可不需發明步驟即可將此等材料中之每一者個別與本發明材料組合於電子裝置中。
該裝置係適當地(取決於應用)經結構化,提供接點且最終氣密性密封,因為此類裝置之使用壽命在存有水及/或空氣下劇幅縮短。
另外較佳者有一種有機電致發光裝置,其特徵為藉由昇華製程施加一或多層,其中該等材料係於真空昇華單元中於低於10-5 mbar,較佳低於10-6 mbar之起始壓力下氣相沈積。起始壓力亦可甚至更低,例如低於10-7 mbar。
亦有一種較佳有機電致發光裝置,其特徵為該一或多層係藉OVPD(有機氣相沈積)方法或借助載體-氣體昇華施加,其中該等材料係於介於10-5 mbar及1 bar之間的壓力下施加。此方法之特殊情況係OVJP(有機蒸汽噴射印刷)方法,其中材料係直接經噴嘴施加且因此經結構化(例如M. S. Arnold等人,Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008,92,053301)。
另有一種較佳有機電致發光裝置,其特徵為一或多層之層係自溶液製得,諸如例如藉旋塗法,或藉任何所需之印刷法,諸如例如網版印染、快乾印刷或平版印刷,但特佳為LITI(光誘發熱成像、熱轉移印刷)或噴墨印刷。溶解性化合物係此目的所需,其係例如經由適當之取代製得。
有機電致發光裝置亦可藉由自溶液施加一或多層且藉氣相沈積施加一或多層其他層而製成混雜系統。因此,例如,可自溶液施加包含式(1)化合物及基質材料之發光層,且可藉真空氣相沈積施加其電洞阻隔層及/或電子傳輸層。
此等方法通常係熟習此技術者已知,可毫無疑問地應用至包含式(1)化合物或前述較佳具體實施態樣的有機電致發光裝置。
本發明電子裝置,尤其有機電致發光裝置,醒目的是以下優於先前技術之意料外的優點。
1. 包含式(1)化合物作為發光材料之有機電致發光裝置具有極佳之使用壽命。
2. 包含式(1)化合物作為發光材料之有機電致發光裝置具有極佳效率。
3. 本發明金屬錯合物可獲得在紅色、橙色、黃色、綠色及藍綠色區域之磷光的有機電致發光裝置。
4. 本發明金屬錯合物及此目的所需之配位體可於合成簡易方式及高產率下取得。
此等前述優點並未伴隨有其他電子性質受損。
以下實施例更詳細說明本發明,而無意用以限制。熟習此技術者可基於前文描述在無發明步驟下合成本發明其他化合物且將此等化合物使用於電子裝置,因此可執行所有揭示範圍內所的發明。
以下合成係於保護性氣體氛圍下於無水溶劑中排除光下進行,除非另有陳述。溶劑及試劑係購自ALDRICH或ABCR。配位體1至5之合成係根據H. Reimlinger等人Chem. Ber. 1972,105,108進行,而配位體6係根據R. F. Cookson等人,J. Chem. Soc.,Perkin Trans 1,1975,19,1854進行,而配位體7係根據T. A. Kuz’menko等人,Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii(1976),(12),1666-71進行。
6份配位體與一份參乙醯基丙酮根絡銥(III)之混合物於所述溫度下在抽真空、密封安瓿中攪拌所述時間。冷卻後,玻璃狀熔體破裂分離,加以粉碎,添加兩體積份數THF,混合物於室溫劇烈攪拌1h,隨後逐滴添加四體積份數甲醇。攪拌2h後,濾出黃色固體,以甲醇洗滌,乾燥、自二氯乙烷或氯苯再結晶,之後視情況於真空中昇華(p=1×10-5 mbar)。根據HPLC之純度>99.5%或>99.9%。
10 mmol雙乙醯基丙酮根絡二氯銥酸(III)鈉[770720-50-8]與24 mmol配位體L之混合物於50 ml玻璃安瓿中於真空中(10-3 mbar)熔化。安泵於所述溫度下加熱經所述時間,期間借助磁性攪拌器攪拌熔融之混合物。冷卻後(注意:安瓿通常處於壓力下),打開安瓿,燒結之渣塊與100 g玻璃珠粒(直徑3 mm)一起於100 ml所示懸浮介質中攪拌3h,於製程中機械性地蒸煮。精細懸浮液傾析離開玻璃珠粒,抽氣濾出固體,於真空中乾燥。
此法所得之式[Ir(L)2Cl]2氯橋連二聚物懸浮於75 ml 2-乙氧基乙醇及25 ml水之混合物中,添加13 mmol共同配位體CL或共同配位體化合物CL及15 mmol碳酸鈉。於回流下20h後,逐滴添加另外75 ml水,將混合物冷卻,抽氣濾出固體,以每次各50 ml水及每次各50 ml甲醇洗滌三次,於真空中乾燥。將乾燥固體置入位在深度10cm之氧化鋁床(氧化鋁,鹼性,活性等級1)上之熱萃取器中,隨後以所述萃取劑(量約500 ml)萃取。萃取完成時,於真空中將萃取液濃縮成約100 ml。於萃取液中具有超佳溶解度的金屬錯合物藉由逐滴添加200ml甲醇而帶至結晶。抽氣濾出此方式所得懸浮液的固體,以約50 ml甲醇洗滌一次並乾燥。乾燥後,藉NMR及/或HPLC決定金屬錯合物之純度。若純度低於99.5%,則重複熱萃取,當達到99.5至99.9%之純度時,金屬錯合物被加熱或昇華。加熱係於高度真空中(p約10-6 mbar)於200-300℃溫度範圍內進行。昇華係於高度真空中(p約10-6 mbar)於約300至390℃溫度範圍內進行,昇華較佳係以部分昇華之形式進行。
參見變化型式A步驟1。
此方式所得之式[Ir(L)2Cl]2粗製氯-橋連二聚體懸浮於1000 ml二氯甲烷及150 ml乙醇中,將40 mmol三氟甲磺酸銀(I)添加至懸浮液,混合物於室溫攪拌24 h。抽氣經塞里矽藻土短床濾出沉澱固體(AgCl),濾液於真空中蒸發至乾。此方式所得固體懸浮於100 ml乙醇中,添加30 mmol共同配位體CL,混合物於回流下加熱30 h。冷卻,抽氣濾出固體,以每次50 ml乙醇洗滌兩次,於真空中乾燥。將此方式所得固體固體置入位在深度10cm之氧化鋁床(氧化鋁,鹼性,活性等級1)上之熱萃取器中,隨後以所述萃取劑(量約500 ml)萃取。萃取完成時,於真空中將萃取液濃縮成約100 ml。於萃取液中具有超佳溶解度的金屬錯合物藉由逐滴添加200ml甲醇而帶至結晶。抽氣濾出此方式所得懸浮液的固體,以約50 ml甲醇洗滌一次並乾燥。乾燥後,藉NMR及/或HPLC決定金屬錯合物之純度。若純度低於99.5%,則重複熱萃取,當達到99.5至99.9%之純度時,金屬錯合物被加熱或昇華。加熱係於高度真空中(p約10-6 mbar)於200-300℃溫度範圍內進行。昇華係於高度真空中(p約10-6 mbar)於約300至390℃溫度範圍內進行,昇華較佳係以部分昇華之形式進行。在離子性金屬錯合物之情況下,於熱萃取步驟中藉塞里矽藻土置換氧化鋁。
10 mmol氯化鉑(II)、12 mmol配位體L及1 mmol氯化四正丁基銨於30 ml二氯甲烷中之混合物於回流下加熱12 h。逐滴添加100 ml甲醇後,抽氣濾出細固體,以25 ml甲醇洗滌兩次且於真空中乾燥。此法所得之式[Pt(L)Cl]2氯橋連二聚物懸浮於60 ml 2-乙氧基乙醇及20 ml水之混合物中,添加12 mmol共同配位體CL或共同配位體化合物CL及12 mmol碳酸鈉。於回流下20h後,逐滴添加另外100 ml水,將混合物冷卻,抽氣濾出固體,以每次各50 ml水及每次各50 ml甲醇洗滌三次,於真空中乾燥。將此方式所得固體固體置入位在深度10cm之塞里矽藻土床上之熱萃取器中,隨後以所述萃取劑(量約500 ml)萃取。萃取完成時,於真空中將萃取液濃縮成約100 ml。於萃取液中具有超佳溶解度的金屬錯合物藉由逐滴添加200ml甲醇而帶至結晶。抽氣濾出此方式所得懸浮液的固體,以約50 ml甲醇洗滌一次並乾燥。乾燥後,藉NMR及/或HPLC決定金屬錯合物之純度。若純度低於99.5%,則重複熱萃取,當達到99.5至99.9%之純度時,金屬錯合物被加熱或昇華。加熱係於高度真空中(p約10-6 mbar)於200-300℃溫度範圍內進行。昇華係於高度真空中(p約10-6 mbar)於約300至390℃溫度範圍內進行,昇華較佳係以部分昇華之形式進行。
本發明電致發光裝置可如例如WO 05/003253中所述般製得。各種OLED之結果於此進行比較。基本結構、所使用之材料、摻雜程度及其層厚係相同,以得到較佳可比較性。描述具有相同結構且包含本發明摻雜劑之OLED。此處使用以下裝置結構:
電洞注入層(HIL) 20nm之2,2’,7,7’-四(二-對-甲苯基胺基)螺-9,9’-聯茀
電洞傳輸層(HTL) 5nm之NPB(N-萘基-N-苯基-4,4’-二胺基聯苯)
電子阻隔層(EBM) 15 nm之EBL(9,9-雙-(3,5-二苯基胺基苯基)茀)
發光層(EML) 40 nm主體材料M
摻雜劑:10體積%摻雜:化
合物參見表1
電子導體(ETL) 20 nm BAlq
陰極 1nm之LiF,100奈米位於頂部之Al。
EBL及M之結構係簡單描述於下文。
此等尚未最佳化OLED係以標準方法描述特徵;針對此項目的,測定電致發光光譜、以亮度函數測定外量子效率(以%為單位),來自電流-電壓-亮度特性線(IUL特徵線)。
Claims (10)
- 一種式(1)之化合物,[M(L)n(L’)m]w x+(陰離子)y z- 式(1)其中通式(1)化合物含有式(45)之原子團M(L)n:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中,Cy1係選自下式(3)至(9)之結構:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中,Cy2係選自申請專利範圍第2項之式(3)至(9)之結構,或選 自式(27)至(44)之結構:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中Cy1係選自如申請專利範圍第2項所示之結構,且Cy2係選自如申請專利範圍第2或3項所示之結構;所使用之其他符號及指數係具有如申請專利範圍第1項所述意義。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其中配位體L’係選自由式(70)至(97)中之兩基團組合之雙牙配位 體,其中一基團係經由中性氮原子或碳烯原子鍵結,且另一基團係經由帶負電荷碳原子或帶負荷電氮原子鍵結:
- 一種製備如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物的方法,其係藉由游離配位體L及視情況存在之L’與式(102)金屬烷氧化物、與式(103)之金屬酮基酮鹽、與式(104)之金屬鹵化物或與式(105)之二聚金屬錯合物反應:
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物於電子裝置中的用途。
- 一種電子裝置,其包含至少一種如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,該電子裝置係選自有機電致發光裝置(OLED,PLED)、有機積體電路(O-IC)、有機場效電晶體(O-FET)、有機薄膜電晶體(O-TFT)、有機發光電晶體(O-LET)、有機太陽能電池(O-SC)、有機光學 偵測器、有機光受體、有機場淬滅裝置(O-FQD)、發光型電化學電池(LEC)或有機雷射二極體(O-雷射)。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之電子裝置,其中採用如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物作為一或多個發光層中之發光化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之電子裝置,其中如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物係與基質材料組合使用,該基質材料係選自酮、膦氧化物、亞碸、碸、三芳基胺、咔唑衍生物、吲哚並咔唑衍生物、茚並咔唑衍生物、氮雜咔唑、橋連咔唑衍生物、雙極基質材料、矽烷、氮硼雜環戊二烯、酸酯、三衍生物、鋅錯合物、二氮雜矽雜環戊二烯或四氮雜矽雜環戊二烯衍生物及二氮雜磷雜環戊二烯衍生物或此等基質材料之混合物。
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TW201130858A (en) | 2011-09-16 |
JP5738872B2 (ja) | 2015-06-24 |
DE102009049587A1 (de) | 2011-04-21 |
CN102574882A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
US20120199794A1 (en) | 2012-08-09 |
WO2011044988A1 (de) | 2011-04-21 |
US9181289B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
DE112010004049A5 (de) | 2012-08-16 |
CN102574882B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
KR101759365B1 (ko) | 2017-07-18 |
KR20120089319A (ko) | 2012-08-09 |
DE112010004049B4 (de) | 2022-04-21 |
JP2013507404A (ja) | 2013-03-04 |
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