TWI388322B - 克林達黴素(clindamycin)磷酸鹽泡沫體(二) - Google Patents
克林達黴素(clindamycin)磷酸鹽泡沫體(二) Download PDFInfo
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- TWI388322B TWI388322B TW099113101A TW99113101A TWI388322B TW I388322 B TWI388322 B TW I388322B TW 099113101 A TW099113101 A TW 099113101A TW 99113101 A TW99113101 A TW 99113101A TW I388322 B TWI388322 B TW I388322B
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- foam
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- clindamycin
- buffer
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Description
本發明相關於至少一醫藥活性物質之局部傳輸,尤其是克林達黴素或其醫藥上可接受鹽類或前驅藥物,單獨或與其他醫藥活性物質結合。
在醫藥活性物質局部施藥上正面臨許多挑戰。其中一個主要目標便在於使活性試劑能進行經皮穿透到達治療部位。該組成物應該具備良好之美觀特性。應易於塗抹、滑順且不會明顯殘留於皮膚表面。此外,該組成物應該不會造成刺激感、不舒適感以及不方便。
許多抗黴菌或抗細菌試劑係以局部方式使用以治療皮膚感染。某些抗生素,如四環黴素或克林達黴素,亦用於治療痤瘡或其他直接或間接由細菌引起之皮膚疾病。克林達黴素系統性投藥之副作用之一為引發結腸炎,其相當危險且可能致命。因此,為了治療痤瘡,希望克林達黴素之投藥為局部性。Cleocin,由Upjohn藥廠製造,含有克林達黴素磷酸鹽,其在體外為不具活性,但在體內經水解後便成為具抗細菌活性之克林達黴素。目前可獲得之Cleocin為凝膠、塗劑、局部溶液,並使用於尋常痤瘡之局部治療。
乳液與凝膠之局部藥劑形式皆具有須廣泛擦拭且會有油狀物殘留之缺點。溶液形式會很快的由施藥部位流出,因此若使用溶液形式則難以控制施藥量。
本發明則克服了這些缺點,藉由提供至少一用於局部投藥之醫藥活性物質,其以泡沫體形式投藥,不會流失、容易施藥、且使用低殘留性載劑。當施以泡沫體時,體溫會使泡沫體結構崩解並使活性成分以類似溶液之載劑形式留下。該泡沫體組成物提供了良好的投藥控制,使小量藥物可投至所需區域。
本發明則克服了先前技藝上之缺點,藉由提供至少一用於局部投藥之醫藥活性物質,其以泡沫體形式投藥,不會流失、容易施藥、且使用低殘留性載劑。令人意外地,本發明之泡沫體組成物,與凝膠相較,活性化合物穿透皮膚之傳輸效果更好,且不會有溶液形式所伴隨之問題(如會流出、難以控制施藥量等)。
因此,就一觀點而言,本發明提供一種置於加壓容器中之局部傳輸組成物,該組成物包含:至多15%之至少一醫藥活性化合物,或其醫藥可接受鹽類或前驅藥物;約83%至約97.9% w/w之快速崩解發泡劑;以及約2%至約7% w/w之氣霧推進劑,選自於由烴、氟氯碳化物、甲醚、氟化烴及其混合物組成之族群;其中該組成物自該容器釋出後為快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體。
一實施例中,該快速崩解發泡劑包含C1
-C6
醇與水。一較佳例中,該快速崩解發泡劑包含C1
-C6
醇、C14
-C22
醇、水與界面活性劑。在另一實例中,該快速崩解發泡劑不包含C1
-C6
醇。在某些實例中,該快速崩解發泡劑亦可包含柔潤劑,其作為濕潤劑。此外,該快速崩解發泡劑亦可包含一pH值調節劑。
一特定實施例中,至少一醫藥活性化合物為抗生素。較佳之抗生素包括克林達黴素(clindamycin)或其醫藥可接受鹽類或酯類。尤佳之抗生素為克林達黴素磷酸鹽,其在體外為不具活性,但在體內經水解後便成為具抗細菌活性之克林達黴素。
就另一觀點而言,該至少一醫藥活性化合物包含活性成分之組合物。任何適用於局部投藥之活性試劑組合物皆可用於本發明組成物中。較佳的情況為,該活性成分之組合物包含選自於由抗生素、抗黴菌劑、視黃酮(如全反視黃酮、它佐隆(tazarotene))、視黃酮衍生物(如阿當平(adapalene))、水楊酸、壬二酸、磺胺乙醯鈉與過氧化苯組成族群之至少二者。適用之抗生素包括克林達黴素、紅黴素、四環黴素、米諾西林(minocyclin)、多西環素(doxycycline),其醫藥上可接受鹽類其前驅藥物。較佳的情況為,該活性成分組成包括克林達黴素磷酸鹽,以及選自抗黴菌劑、視黃酮(如全反視黃酮、它佐隆(tazarotene))、視黃酮衍生物(如阿當平(adapalene))、水楊酸、壬二酸、磺胺醋醯鈉與過氧化苯與另一抗生素(克林達黴素、紅黴素、四環黴素、米諾西林(minocyclin)、多西環素(doxycycline))及其混合物組成族群之一者。在一特定實施例中,至少一醫藥活性化合物包含克林達黴素磷酸鹽與過氧化苯之組合物。
本發明組成物所包含之活性試劑組合物中每一試劑皆為有效劑量,如0.01%至約10%之抗生素,較佳介於0.1%至5%;有效劑量之水楊酸或過氧化苯,較佳介於0.5%至10% w/w;有效劑量之視黃酮或視黃酮衍生物,較佳介於0.01%至0.5% w/w。然而,每一試劑濃度若高於或低於該有效劑量,亦落於本發明範疇中。
在另一實例中,該醫藥活性化合物為一抗黴菌試劑。較佳之抗黴菌試劑包括ketoconazole,藥名為。在另一實例中,該醫藥活性化合物為一抗黴菌試劑,以及選自抗生素、視黃酮(如全反視黃酮、它佐隆(tazarotene))、視黃酮衍生物(如阿當平(adapalene))、水楊酸、壬二酸、磺胺乙醯鈉與過氧化苯及其混合物組成族群之一者之組合物。適用之抗生素包括,但不侷限於,克林達黴素、紅黴素、四環黴素、米諾西林(minocyclin)、多西環素(doxycycline),其醫藥上可接受鹽類或其前驅藥物。
又一觀點,本發明提供一種調整快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物之泡沫崩解溫度之方法。在一實例中,該泡沫崩解溫度係藉由改變快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物中C1
-C6
醇與水之比例而調整。
在另一觀點中,本發明提供一種經皮治療痤瘡之方法,使用如本發明之組成物。該治療痤瘡之方法一般涉及施予一快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物於個體之皮膚,該組成物包含一有效劑量之至少一醫藥活性化合物,其中該至少一醫藥活性化合物為克林達黴素,或其醫藥可接受鹽類或前驅藥物。在一較佳例中,該快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物更包含一視黃酮(如全反視黃酮、它佐隆(tazarotene))。該視黃酮之量較佳為約0.01%至約0.1% w/w。在另一較佳例中,該快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物中更包含過氧化苯。較佳的情況為,該過氧化苯之量為約0.5%至約10% w/w。
就另一觀點而言,本發明提供一種評估泡沫體特性之方法,該方法包括:提供一包含描述各種泡沫體結構之形象化工具;分散一快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物,由一含有快速崩解發泡劑以及一推進劑之加壓容器中釋放;以及使用該形象化工具以評估泡沫體結構。
另一實施例中,本發明提供一種置於加壓容器中醫藥組成物之使用,以用於痤瘡之經皮治療,該組成物包含:至多15%之至少一醫藥活性化合物,或其醫藥可接受鹽類或前驅藥物;約83%至約97.9% w/w之快速崩解發泡劑;以及約2%至約7% w/w之氣霧推進劑,選自於由烴、氟氯碳化物、甲醚、氟化烴及其混合物組成之族群;其中該組成物自該容器釋出後為快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體。
以上這些目的、優點與實例將以後述詳細說明與圖示而更臻完整。
I. 定義
除非內文中另有要求,否則術語“活性試劑”、“活性化合物”、“至少一醫藥活性化合物”,以及“醫藥活性試劑”於此可替換使用,並指稱一具有製藥學、藥理學或治療效果之物質。
“均相”指稱全體為單一形式,例如單相之混合物。
一活性化合物之“醫藥上可接受之鹽類”指稱一鹽類為醫藥上可接受,且具所需原化合物之醫藥活性。此種鹽類包括:(1)酸添加鹽類,與無機酸如氫氯酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸及其類似物形成;或有機酸如醋酸、丙酸、己酸、環戊基丙酸、乙醇酸、丙酮酸、乳酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、蘋果酸、順丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、苯甲酸、3-(4-羥基苯甲醯基)苯甲酸、肉桂酸、杏仁酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、1,2-乙烷二磺酸、2-羥基乙烷磺酸、苯磺酸、4-氯苯磺酸、2-萘磺酸、4-甲苯磺酸、樟腦磺酸、4-甲基雙環[2.2.2]-八-2-烯-1-羧酸、葡庚醣酸(glucoheptonic acid)、3-苯基丙酸、三甲基醋酸、第三丁基醋酸、十二烷基磺酸、葡醣酸(gluconic acid)、穀胺基酸、羥基萘甲酸、水楊酸、硬脂酸、黏糠酸及其類似物形成;或是(2)當原化合物之酸質子被金屬離子如鹼金屬離子或鹼土金屬離子或鋁離子取代之鹽類形式;或是與有機鹼之配位化合物,如乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、胺丁三醇、N-甲基葡萄糖胺及其類似物。
“前驅藥物”指稱任何在體內可釋放活性成分之化合物,當此種前驅藥物投與個體時。此種前驅藥物係藉由變化活性試劑之一或多個官能基,而該變化可於體內被分解而釋放原化合物。前驅藥物包括其氫氧基、胺基或硫氫基與任何官能基如保護基鍵結,其在體內可被分別分解產生氫氧基、胺基或硫氫基。前驅藥物的範例包括,但不侷限於,官能基被一或多個保護基保護之活性試劑,該保護基為列於T.W. Greene與P.G.M.Wuts所著Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis
,第3版,John Wiley & Sons,New York,1999,以及Harrison等人,Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods
,1-8冊(John Wiley & Sons,New York,1971-1996),完整內容皆附於參考資料中。適用於製備前驅藥物之代表性羥基保護基包括醯基(如甲醯基、乙醯基與三氟乙醯基)、烷醚類、磷酸醚類、磷酸酯類及其類似物。適用於製備前驅藥物之代表性胺基保護基包括醯基(如甲醯基、乙醯基與三氟乙醯基)、苄氧基羰基(CBZ)、第三-丁氧基羰基(Boc)及其類似物。
該術語“抗生素”與“抗細菌素”於此可互相交替使用,指稱可抑制細菌生長與毒性,或殺死細菌之化合物。抗生素包括,例如由不同物種或微生物(如細菌、黴菌與放線菌)與其轉型物種所產生之物質,以及合成之抗細菌試劑。完整的抗生素名單實在太長而無法列於此,而熟習此領域者應可體認到本發明亦可使用多種抗生素之組合。請參照Chamber與Sande所著,Antimicrobial Agents: General Considerations
in Goodman & Gilman’s。The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
,Hardman與Limbard編輯(1996);以及Kucers等人,The Use of Antibiotics;A Clinical Review of Antibacterial,Antifungal,and Antiviral Drugs
,Oxfors Univ.印行(1997)。適用之抗生素包括,但不侷限於,克林達黴素、紅黴素、四環黴素、米諾西林(minocyclin)、多西環素(doxycycline)、盤尼西林、安必西林(amipicillin)、羧苄青黴素(carbencillin)、青黴素(methicillin)、頭孢子菌素(cephalosporins)、萬古黴素(vancomycine)、桿菌肽(bacitracin)、鏈黴素(streptomycin)、慶大黴素(gentamycin)、氯黴素(chloramphenicol)、梭鏈孢酸(fusidic acid)、(ciprofloxin)以及其他諾酮類(quinolones)、硫醯胺類(sulfoamides)、甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、二胺苯碸(dapsone)、異煙月井(isoniazid)、替考拉寧(teicoplanin)、阿伏黴素(avoparcin)、共殺菌素(synercid)、維黴素(virginiamycin)、頭孢噻肟鈉(cefotaxime)、頭孢曲松鈉(ceftriaxone)、哌拉西林(piperacillin)、替凱西林(ticarcillin)、頭孢匹囉(cefepirome)、利福平(rifampicin)、吡嗪醯胺(pyrazineamide)、環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、左氟沙星(levofloxacin)、恩諾沙星(enrofloxacin)、阿米卡星(amikacin)、奈替米星(netilmycin)、亞胺培南(imipenem)、美囉培南(meropenem)、引諾利(inezolid)、及其醫藥上可接受之鹽類與前驅藥物。該抗生素較佳為克林達黴素、紅黴素、四環黴素、米諾西林(minocyclin)、多西環素(doxycycline)或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類或前驅藥物。該抗生素更佳為克林達黴素或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類或前驅藥物。
“載體”指稱僅含有輔藥或攜帶活性試劑所需成分之組成物,其本身不具醫藥或治療效果。
術語“脂肪醇”指稱C14
-C22
醇類。
術語“pH”係定義為以一適用之標準pH儀與適當之電極測量出之值。
II.一般
本發明提供多種醫藥活性局部傳輸組成物。在一實施例中,一置於加壓容器中之局部傳輸組成物包含:至多15% w/w之至少一醫藥活性化合物,或其醫藥可接受鹽類或前驅藥物;約83%至約97.9% w/w之快速崩解發泡劑;以及約2%至約7% w/w之氣霧推進劑,選自於由烴、氟氯碳化物、甲醚、氟化烴及其混合物組成之族群;其中該組成物自該容器釋出後為快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體。
在一較佳例中,本發明之置於加壓容器中之組成物包含一均勻混合物:約0.1%至約10% w/w之至少一醫藥活性化合物,或其醫藥可接受鹽類或前驅藥物;約83%至約97.9% w/w之快速崩解發泡劑;以及約2%至約7% w/w之氣霧推進劑,選自於由烴、氟氯碳化物及其混合物組成之族群。當上述組成物由一加壓容器中釋放,亦即分散時,便會形成快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體。
所使用推進劑之最大量通常係由與組成物中其他物質混溶而形成混合物,如一均勻混合物,之特性而決定。使用於組成物中之推進劑最小量通常係由泡沫體所希望之特性,以及其可大量於容器中釋放之能力而定。
該快速崩解發泡劑包括水與活性界面劑,或活性界面劑組合物,或一選擇性成分,如C1
-C6
醇、C14
-C22
醇、及其組合物。在某些實施例中,該快速崩解發泡劑尚包含一柔潤劑,亦可作為濕潤劑。
適用之柔潤劑包括,但不侷限於,多元醇類。多元醇類較佳包括丙二醇與甘油。使用於快速崩解發泡劑之柔潤劑量為約0%至20% w/w,較佳為約0%至10% w/w,更佳為約2%至7.5% w/w。
在一實施例中,該快速崩解發泡劑包含C1
-C6
醇與水。在一較佳例中,該快速崩解發泡劑包含C1
-C6
醇、C14
-C22
醇、水與界面活性劑。在另一實施例中,該快速崩解發泡劑並不包含C1
-C6
醇。
此外,該快速崩解發泡劑亦包含pH調節劑。在一實施例中,該pH調節劑為一鹼。適用之pH調整鹼包括碳酸氫鹽、碳酸鹽、氫氧化物如鹼金屬或鹼土金屬氫氧化物,以及過渡金屬氫氧化物。該pH調節劑較佳為氫氧化鉀。或者,該pH調節劑可為一酸、酸性鹽類或其混合物。此外,該pH調節劑亦可為一緩衝液,適用之緩衝液包括檸檬酸鹽/檸檬酸緩衝液、醋酸鹽/醋酸緩衝液、磷酸鹽/磷酸緩衝液、甲酸鹽/甲酸緩衝液、丙酸鹽/丙酸緩衝液、乳酸鹽/乳酸緩衝液、碳酸鹽/碳酸緩衝液、銨鹽/氨緩衝液及其類似物。該pH調節劑為足夠量,可使組成物之pH值介於約pH 4.0至約pH 9.0之間,較佳介於pH 4.0至約pH 6.5。
較佳的情況為,該快速崩解發泡劑包含C1
-C6
醇,更佳為C1
-C4
醇,如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、丁醇與其中兩者或多者之混合物。尤佳之C1
-C6
醇為乙醇或乙醇與其他至少一醇類之混合物。快速崩解發泡劑中C1
-C6
醇之含量0%至95% w/w,較佳為55%至65% w/w,更佳為58%至60% w/w。
快速崩解發泡劑中C14
-C22
醇之含量0%至10% w/w,較佳為1%至5.0% w/w。在某些情況下,該快速崩解發泡劑較佳含有1%至2.5% w/w之C14
-C22
醇。C14
-C22
醇之特佳濃度為1.5%至2% w/w。
快速崩解發泡劑中之C14
-C22
醇較佳為C16
-C20
醇。尤其是十六醇、硬脂醇及其混合物為佳。特佳為十六醇與硬脂醇之混合物。該十六醇與硬脂醇之比例為約60:40至約80:20,較佳之比例為70:30。
本發明組成物可使用之活性界面劑範圍相當廣,包括乙氧基化非離子性與乙氧基化離子性界面活性劑。適用於本發明組成物之活性界面劑包括,但不侷限於,脂肪酸乙氧基鹽、脂肪醇乙氧基鹽、聚山梨糖醇酯、甘油酯乙氧基鹽以及嵌段共聚物如聚醚(poloxamer)。這些範例包括聚山梨糖醇酯20、聚山梨糖醇酯60、聚山梨糖醇酯80、月桂醇-4、月桂醇-23、POE(15)單月桂酸甘油酯及其類似物。在一較佳例中,該界面活性劑為聚山梨糖醇酯60、月桂醇-4、POE(15)單月桂酸甘油酯或其混合物。快速崩解發泡劑中界面活性劑之量為約0%至約10% w/w,較佳為約0.1%至約10% w/w,更佳為約0.1%至約6% w/w,其中以為約0.5%至約5% w/w,約0.3%至約0.5% w/w尤佳。
該快速崩解發泡劑之剩餘部份通常包含水以及,選擇性地,pH調節劑。該快速崩解發泡劑之水含量為約10%至約95% w/w,較佳為約10%至約90% w/w,更佳為約20%至約90% w/w,其中以約30%至約40% w/w,或者約80%至約95% w/w尤佳。
當上述快速崩解發泡劑之每一成分皆達到適當量之後,應可體認到快速崩解發泡劑之每一成分之特定量皆取決於所需泡沫特性。因此,本發明之範疇並不受限於上述提供之數值。
就某一觀點而言,該快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體之泡沫崩解溫度應為或接近於皮膚溫度。該泡沫崩解溫度可藉由改變快速崩解發泡劑中不同成分比例而調整,例如C1
-C6
醇與水之比例。在一特定實施例中,該泡沫崩解溫度可調整為約30℃至約36℃,如30℃、31℃、32℃、33℃、34℃、35℃、36℃。例如,克林達黴素之較佳泡沫崩解溫度為35℃。
較佳的情況為,該加壓容器為一件式鋁容器,其內表面襯塗有化學惰性內襯。較佳之表面內襯為聚醯胺-亞胺(PAM)漆,由HOBA Lacke und Farben GmbH提供。通常該容器配置有一垂直或逆向閥,以及一一般泡沫噴射器。
此外,本發明尚提供相關於此種組成物之各種態樣,包括:調整泡沫特性之方法;增進醫藥活性化合物或其醫藥上可接受鹽類或前驅藥物之儲存期;經皮治療各種疾病、感染或不舒適之方法;以及評估泡沫特性之方法。
III.抗生素成分
在一實例中,至少一醫藥活性化合物為抗細菌劑。適用之抗生素包括,但不侷限於,克林達黴素、紅黴素、四環黴素、米諾西林(minocyclin)、多西環素(doxycycline)、盤尼西林、安必西林(amipicillin)、羧苄青黴素(carbencillin)、青黴素(methicillin)、頭孢子菌素(cephalosporins)、萬古黴素(vancomycine)、桿菌肽(bacitracin)、鏈黴素(streptomycin)、慶大黴素(gentamycin)、氯黴素(chloramphenicol)、梭鏈孢酸(fusidic acid)、(ciprofloxin)以及其他諾酮類(quinolones)、硫醯胺類(sulfoamides)、甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、二胺苯碸(dapsone)、異煙月井(isoniazid)、替考拉寧(teicoplanin)、阿伏黴素(avoparcin)、共殺菌素(synercid)、維黴素(virginiamycin)、頭孢噻肟鈉(cefotaxime)、頭孢曲松鈉(ceftriaxone)、哌拉西林(piperacillin)、替凱西林(ticarcillin)、頭孢匹囉(cefepirome)、利福平(rifampicin)、吡嗪醯胺(pyrazineamide)、環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、左氟沙星(levofloxacin)、恩諾沙星(enrofloxacin)、阿米卡星(amikacin)、奈替米星(netilmycin)、亞胺培南(imipenem)、美囉培南(meropenem)、引諾利(inezolid)、及其醫藥上可接受之鹽類與前驅藥物。該抗生素較佳為克林達黴素或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類或前驅藥物。
克林達黴素為一抗生素,已知化學結構為7-氯-6,7,8-三去氧-6-(1-甲基-反-4-丙基-L-2-吡啶羰基醯胺)-1-硫-L-蘇基-α-D-半乳糖-八-吡喃醣或甲基7-氯-6,7,8-三去氧-6-[[(1-甲基-4-丙基-2-吡啶)羰基]胺基]-1-硫-L-蘇基-α-D-半乳糖-八-吡喃醣。如此處所使用的,術語“克林達黴素”單指自由鹼基克林達黴素,及克林達黴素醫藥上可接受之鹽類與酯類,包括,但不侷限於,克林達黴素氯化氫、克林達黴素磷酸鹽、克林達黴素棕梠酸鹽、以及克林達黴素棕梠酸鹽氯化氫。本發明較佳使用克林達黴素之鹽類或酯類,以克林達黴素磷酸鹽尤佳。
該至少一醫藥活性化合物之適合濃度包括,如約0.001%至約50% w/w,較佳為約0.01%至約20% w/w,如至多15% w/w,更佳為約0.1%至約2% w/w。尤佳為約1% w/w。
克林達黴素之使用、性質與合成方法係於美國專利號3,969,516,Stoughton提出,1976年7月13日頒布;美國專利號3,475,407,Bierkenmeyer提出,1969年頒布;美國專利號3,487,068,1969年頒布;美國專利號3,509,127與3,544,551,Kagan與Magerlein提出,1970年頒布;美國專利號3,513,155,Bierkenmeyer與Kagan提出,1970年頒布;美國專利3,580,904,1971年頒布;美國專利號3,655,885,1972年頒布;美國專利號3,714,141,Morozowich與Sinkula提出,1973年頒布;美國專利號4,568,741,1986年頒布;美國專利號4,710,565,1984年頒布。所有前述專利皆附於參考資料中。
有關於克林達黴素之額外知識請參照,如Magerlein等人所著,Antimicro. Ag. Chemother
. 727(1966);Birkenmeyer與Kagan所著,J. Med. Chem
. 13,616(1970);Osterling所著J. Phar Sci
.. 59,63(1970);Mcgehee等人所著Am. J. Med Sci
. 256,279(1968);D.A. Leigh所著Antumicrob. Chemother. 7(Supplment A)
,3(1981);J E Gray等人所著Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol
. 21,516(1972);L W Brown與W F Beyer所著,Toxicol. Profiles of Drug substances
,第10冊,K. Florey編輯(Academic Press,New York,1981),75-91頁。
熟習此領域者應可體認到,克林達黴素泡沫體組成物之發展是相當令人驚訝的。第一個原因,克林達黴素,如克林達黴素磷酸鹽為水溶性醫藥試劑。為了製備出快速崩解泡沫體組成物,該組成物所需之熔點範圍便早已受限(如為或接近於皮膚溫度)。在某些情況下,該熔點必須調整且提高,這相當困難,因為克林達黴素的水溶性,且所使用的克林達黴素濃度相當高。這些困難已部分於本發明中被克服,藉由調整C1
-C6
醇與水之比例,如乙醇與水之比例而達成。
此外,高濃度的活性化合物亦會破壞泡沫體結構與品質,以及導致不希望的結晶情況。水溶性活性化合物會移去系統中的水,實際上會改變C1
-C6
醇與水之比例,因而改變泡沫特性,包括熔點。這也許需要其他物質介入以達到可接受之泡沫品質。C1
-C6
醇也許不是水溶性活性化合物之良好溶劑,在低溫時可能會有結晶情況。僅增加水含量以預防結晶改變泡沫特性及脂肪醇之溶解度,可能會引起的沉澱。結晶會導致醫藥活性化合物之流失及/或阻礙氣霧閥。
通常以加入緩衝液來增加活性化合物之穩定性,在氣霧容器的情況下,以降低金屬之腐蝕。在某些情況下緩衝液會使成分變得更不穩定。在這些情況下,如克林達黴素磷酸鹽組成物,pH調節劑會比完全的緩衝液來得更有效。此現象顯示於第3圖,高濃度的緩衝液會導致更多的分解情況。
在某一較佳實例中,克林達黴素磷酸鹽為活性化合物,而該快速崩解發泡劑包含十六醇與硬脂醇,其溶於水/乙醇溶液中。較佳的情況為,該組成物係裝填於聚醯胺-亞胺-襯塗之鋁罐中,並以丙烷/丁烷混合物作為推進劑加壓。在填充壓力下,該烴推進劑會液化並與水/乙醇溶液混溶。此液化之烴/水/乙醇溶液可增加十六醇與硬脂醇的溶解度,與單獨水/乙醇溶液相較。當溫度高於11℃,壓力罐中之內容物仍可維持澄清均質溶液。不受限於任何特定理論,我們相信泡沫體結構,即特性,係於組成物於壓力罐中釋放出時形成,此現象係由脂肪醇(十六醇與硬脂醇之混合物)於水/乙醇溶液中之溶解度而決定。分散時,該推進劑會膨脹且揮發,使得脂肪醇(十六醇與硬脂醇之混合物)形成穩定泡沫體結構。因此,這些成分之比例(如水:乙醇:十六醇:硬脂醇)與選擇便會影響泡沫體之物理性質。
較佳的情況為,該水、乙醇與推進劑之量係可提供罐中脂肪醇最低溶解度。就某一觀點,本發明人發現改變水:乙醇之比例會改變泡沫特性。例如,增加水:乙醇之比例會導致脂肪醇溶解度降低,以及接下來泡沫體結構的變化。相反的,降低水:乙醇之比例會導致脂肪醇溶解度增加,而形成更流動之泡沫體。
聚山梨糖醇酯為一較佳界面活性劑,以聚山梨糖醇酯60尤佳。不受限於任何理論,除了其泡沫體形成之角色,一般相信聚山梨糖醇酯60可增加十六醇及/或硬脂醇之溶解度。
克林達黴素磷酸鹽之局部傳輸組成物之製備通常先將組成物溶於水或乙醇中。由於受限於在水中之溶解度,十六醇與硬脂醇係溶於乙醇相中。聚山梨糖醇酯60與丙二醇(即,柔潤劑或濕潤劑)可溶於水與乙醇中,但為了方便起見,亦溶於乙醇相中。克林達黴素磷酸鹽與氫氧化鉀(即pH調節劑)溶於水中。該水相與乙醇相之後以適當比例在填充操作過程中加入罐中。罐上裝閥,密封定位。定量之推進劑之後由閥注入以補滿組成物成分。另一種填充方法涉及單液相填充,該組合物維持溫熱以確保均勻性,之後密封並進行推進劑注入步驟。另一方法則是在壓力下調配整個組成物,包含推進劑,之後在將整個組成物注入密封之噴霧罐中。
本發明之典型局部傳輸克林達黴素磷酸鹽組成物各成分,除了推進劑之量以外,皆列於表1。
克林達黴素磷酸鹽之量係以其純度為基準(通常克林達黴素之計算值為800mg/g),並調整至最終組成物中含有1.00%克林達黴素計算值。因此,克林達黴素磷酸鹽之準確量係依據其純度而不同。
在一較佳觀點中,加入局部傳輸克林達黴素磷酸鹽組成物中之推進劑量為約2.8克之丙烷/丁烷推進劑,每50克上述混合物。除了作為推進劑以及在分散時產生泡沫體微結構之功能外,該烴或混合物可幫助十六醇或硬脂醇溶解於水/乙醇系統中,以於容器中產生一澄清、單相(即均相)系統。通常,推進劑的濃度範圍為約2%至約7% w/w,相對於組成物總量;較佳為約3%至約6% w/w,更佳為約4.6%至約5.4% w/w。
氟氯碳化物(CFC)亦可使用作為推進劑,但由於環境考量,較佳之推進劑為烴,尤其是丙烷、丁烷或其混合物。其他適用之推進劑包括二甲醚與氟化烴如134a與227。一較佳之推進劑為丙烷與丁烷之混合物。
下表2摘錄本發明克林達黴素磷酸鹽組成物每一成分之某些功能。
通常該加壓容器會配置有一汲取管;因此該組成物係藉由正握瓶罐並壓噴射器按鈕而散出。分散出的泡沫體為熱不安定性,即為快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體。較佳的情況為,該泡沫體結構會於接近皮膚溫度時崩解,即泡沫崩解溫度,較佳介於30℃至36℃,該泡沫崩解溫度以35℃尤佳。這使得該泡沫體可於室溫下相對較結實,而與皮膚接觸後該泡沫體結構會隨即快速崩解。因此,本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體(即克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體)便可直接塗抹且容易到達目標區域。
就較難到達的區域而言,克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體通常可於局部施藥之前先分散於較方便之區域。克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體熱不穩定的特性通常使得該組成物須於一淺盤、罐蓋或其他冰冷表面上分散,以維持泡沫體結構的整體性。之後克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體便可以手或塗抹器塗抹。
分散後泡沫載體之熱不穩定性為溫度之函數,如第1圖所示,顯示決定性溫度,即泡沫崩解溫度為約35℃。在此溫度下,該泡沫相當穩定且可維持結構整體性超過5分鐘。35℃以上時,十六醇與硬脂醇會溶解於溶液中,且泡沫會崩解。
克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫之品質亦會受到室溫影響。例如,儲存於較高溫度(即介於28℃至34℃)下的容器會分散出較軟的克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體,相較於較低溫度(低於25℃)下分散出的。克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體品質為容器溫度之函數,如下表3所示。
如表3所示,較佳之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫分散溫度係介於23℃至27℃之間,如25℃或更低。然而,溫度對於泡沫體結構之影響是可逆的。因此,冷卻一會分散出柔軟克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體的溫熱容器至25℃以下,便可分散出一可接受的易碎乾泡沫體。
使用於本發明克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物之較佳推進劑包含丙烷與丁烷混合物。尤佳之推進劑包含丙烷、正丁烷與異丁烷之混合物。較佳的推進劑組成物包含約55%之丙烷、約30%正丁烷與約15%異丁烷。
不受限於任何理論,一般相信組成物由容器中分散出時,溶液中的推進劑會蒸發並產生泡沫體結構。某些已蒸發的推進劑會很快釋放並分散至大氣中,而其餘的會留在泡沫體結構中。
IV.泡沫特性變化
本發明之另一觀點係提供一種調整快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物泡沫特性之方法,藉由改變快速崩解發泡劑中C1
-C6
醇與水之比例。以此方法,便可變化各種泡沫特性,包括,但不侷限於,澄清度、密度、黏度、泡沫體中小泡泡大小、泡沫膨脹速率、泡沫流動速率,及/或泡沫崩解溫度。
在一實例中,C1
-C6
醇與水之比例範圍為約1.5:1至約1.8:1;較佳為約1.55:1至約1.75:1;更佳為約1.6:1至約1.7:1。在另一實例中,C1
-C6
醇與水之比例範圍小於1:7。又一實例中,C1
-C6
醇與水之比例範圍為約1:7至約1:16,且較佳為約1:7至約1:16。
在又一實例中,快速崩解發泡劑中C1
-C6
醇與水之比例係可變化至所需泡沫崩解溫度。下表4顯示乙醇與水之比例對於克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體熔點(即泡沫崩解溫度)之影響。如表4所示,當乙醇與水之比例調整至1.60:1時,泡沫崩解溫度達35℃。此成分用於決定熱不穩定性,如第1圖所示。
V實用性
本發明克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體係用於治療各種細菌產生之疾病或不舒適,經由局部投藥,如治療尋常痤瘡與陰道細菌增生。類似的情況,其他抗細菌劑或其對應之前驅藥物亦可用來替代克林達黴素,以治療細菌產生之疾病或不舒適。適用之其他抗細菌劑包括,但不侷限於,紅黴素、四環黴素、單黴素、多西環素,其醫藥上可接受鹽類及其前驅藥物。此外,抗黴菌劑如ketoconazole可用於治療黴菌感染,如香港腳或其類似病症。
應可體認到當另一醫藥化合物用於取代克林達黴素磷酸鹽,組成物(快速崩解發泡劑及/或推進劑)中一或多種成分可被變化或調整量以達到所需的泡沫特性(如泡沫光滑度、泡沫崩解溫度、活性化合物之穩定度及其類似特性)。
VI.泡沫體評估
就另一觀點而言,本發明提供一種泡沫體評估之方法。此種方法一般涉及提供一包含描述各種泡沫體結構之形象化工具,其可描述各種泡沫體結構與特性;分散該泡沫體;以及使用形象化工具(如查詢表)評估泡沫體結構。可用形象化工具描述之特性範例包括形狀、結構、澄清度、密度、黏度、泡沫體中小泡泡大小、泡沫膨脹速率、泡沫流動速率,及/或泡沫崩解溫度。這些特性的一或多者可由形象化工具如查詢表描述。
該形象化工具(如查詢表)可包含一或多種方法以描述泡沫體結構或特性,如各種泡沫體結構之視覺描述(如複印照片或數位照片,電子形式)、每一泡沫體結構之數字及/或字母數字值(如查詢值)及/或每一泡沫體結構之字面描述。該形象化工具通常藉由快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物中一或多種成分量不同所產生之不同泡沫體結構而得。一形象化工具範例如第2圖所示,其提供各種格式,如視覺、數值與字面敘述以評估泡沫特性。這些查詢表與形象化工具對於研究與發展、優良製造過程(GMP)與品管控制(QC)相當有用。
在一實例中,該泡沫體被評估為快速崩解溫度敏感型泡沫體組成物,其由一含有快速崩解溫度敏感型發泡劑與推進劑之加壓容器中分散出。該泡沫體組成物亦可包含一醫藥活性化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類或前驅藥物。
本發明之其他目的、優點與新穎特性將以下列各範例作更完整之揭示,但不用於限制其範圍。
VII.範例
下列範例用於描述本發明之專利申請範圍,但不受限於此。
範例1
本範例描述pH對克林達黴素磷酸鹽穩定性之影響,其係利用檸檬酸鹽緩衝溶液與一具有環氧酚內襯之容器。
克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物樣本類似表1所示,其係於標準環氧酚(epon)內襯且配置一閥門之鋁製氣霧罐中製備,購自Precision Valve公司。在本研究中,將檸檬酸鹽緩衝溶液之pH值校正至pH 4.5、pH 5.5與pH 6.5,並使用四種緩衝液濃度(亦即,0,0.1,0.3,0.5%)與兩種其他柔潤劑或濕潤劑,亦即,丙二醇與甘油。置於50℃容器中1個月並測試。其結果如第3圖所示。
如第3圖所示,高濃度緩衝溶液(例如0.5%,0.3%)所導致之克林達黴素磷酸鹽分解量較低濃度緩衝溶液(例如0.1%,0.0%)高。此外,在較低pH下克林達黴素磷酸鹽更穩定。
範例2
本範例描述pH對克林達黴素磷酸鹽穩定性之影響,其係利用不同內襯材料之容器。一般而言,係依據範例1之步驟,除非特別指明。
將pH 4.5或6.5之低緩衝溶液,包括未緩衝之pH 4.5溶液係置於具環氧酚、聚醯胺-亞胺(PAM)或Micoflex內襯之罐中測試。刮下某些PAM內襯以檢查鋁罐腐蝕情形。將鋁罐保存在4℃、40℃與50℃下4週並檢測。其結果如第4圖所示。
如第4圖所示,緩衝溶液之存在不影響克林達黴素磷酸鹽之穩定性。此外,具PAM內襯之容器能夠提供令人意外的高克林達黴素磷酸鹽穩定性。再者,故意刮下容器內襯會使鋁罐出現裂痕。因此,容器內襯的完整性對於維持克林達黴素磷酸鹽之穩定性很重要。
一般而言,50℃時可見到克林達黴素磷酸鹽的高度分解情形,而40℃時可見其中度分解。然而,由於克林達黴素磷酸鹽在50℃時不穩定(數據未列出),故此溫度之檢測不可用於預測其於環境溫度下之穩定性。如所預期的,一般而言,克林達黴素磷酸鹽在高溫下分解較快。
範例3
本範例描述pH對克林達黴素磷酸鹽穩定性之影響,其係利用氫氧化鉀為pH校正劑。一般而言,係依據範例1之步驟,除非特別指明。
測試兩種之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物:一非校正”天然”之pH 4.5組成物;以及利用氫氧化鉀校正之pH 5.5組成物。測試罐為PAM或Micoflex內襯。刮下PAM內襯並檢測。樣本保存在4℃、25℃、40℃與50℃下12個月。
由此檢測可知,在pH 5.0之下(40℃之pH)各組成物之選擇,如表1所示。此pH以氫氧化鉀校正。並以PAM為較佳之容器內襯確認克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物。
其他檢測顯示,在10%氫氧化鉀溶液組中,大約有0.11%需達到pH 5,其如表1所示。
範例4
本範例顯示克林達黴素磷酸鹽在不同條件下之穩定性。
在上述各時間/溫度點之穩定性實驗中(亦即,範例1、2與3),其亦檢測下列參數:重量之減少、噴出率、壓力、pH(40℃時脫氣之pH)、藥效(以HPLC測得之克林達黴素磷酸鹽濃度)、配藥與溶解時之外觀以及罐子內襯與門閥之互動。
研究中各溫度間或超時之後,所觀察之噴出率、壓力或配藥與溶解時之外觀等參數變化均可忽略。罐子內襯互動之觀察僅針對環氧酚內襯;未觀察到有門閥互動。
穩定性檢測之重量減少、pH與效用之結果如第5圖所示。如第5圖所示,在6個月內,25℃下pH 4.5與pH 5.5之克林達黴素磷酸鹽濃度有一最小變化,而在40℃卻有10%的減少。Cleocin T之克林達黴素磷酸鹽分解情況類似。整體而言,此數據顯示,在正常保存溫度下,克林達黴素磷酸鹽有好的穩定度。主要分解劑為克林達黴素鹼基。
兩種組成物,pH 4.5(天然pH)與pH 5.5(校正pH),顯示在4℃與25℃時有輕微的重量減少,但溫度增加時重量減少率開始增加。在保存3個月後,25℃、40℃與50℃之減少量分別為0.10g、0.25g與0.45g。
範例5
本範例描述本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物之克林達黴素磷酸鹽穩定性。
克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物與前述表1類似,保存於25℃與40℃。每月分析各泡沫體組成物之外觀(例如,泡沫體特徵如顏色)、pH與克林達黴素磷酸鹽相對量,其係以HPLC分析。不同時間下,亦即0-9個月,穩定度之檢測結果如表5所示。
範例6
本範例描述一臨床試驗以評估本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體之效用。
此臨床試驗於多個中心內進行。總數125位男女個體,年紀12歲或更大,具有輕微或中度青春痘症狀,進行隨機之雙盲測試。每一個體接受三種治療中之任一種:1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體、媒介泡沫體(即安慰劑)或1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽局部凝膠。個體隨機分配為2:1:2(克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體:安慰劑:克林達黴素磷酸鹽凝膠)。
個體之治療分組為隨機分配。個體與護士/協助人員知悉其分配之藥物形式(泡沫體或凝膠)。在泡沫體治療組中,個體與護士/協助人員與調查人員均不知其藥物分配(藥物或安慰劑)。調查人員/設計者(即受訓且派任之有效評估人員)不知其藥物分配(藥物或安慰劑),且個體被告知不可與調查人員/設計者討論用藥資訊。
研究期為12週之訪談,包括基線(第0週第1天)、第3週、第6週、第9週與第12週。所有治療均為每日一次(早上或傍晚)且維持12週。約有50位個體為隨機處理克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體、約有25位個體為隨機處理安慰劑,且約有50位個體為隨機處理克林達黴素磷酸鹽凝膠。個體之臉上均敷有足量之研究藥劑。若個體頸部、上胸部與/或下背部亦有青春痘,他或她亦允許於局部塗抹藥劑。不過,頸部、上胸部與/或下背部之區域不列入評估範圍。
本研究藥物之效用評估係依據損害計數(總和、發炎性與非發炎性)以及調查員之靜態整體評量表(5點評分),其時間點為基線、第3、第6、第9與第12週。在第12週時,進行另一種6點評分之調查員之靜態整體評量表。此外,個體之整體評量表亦於基線、第3、第6、第9與第12週進行。其效用結果顯示於表6,並顯示本發明藥劑形式具有較大之效用。
表6. 效用研究結果。
如效用研究之結果所示,本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物明顯比目前可得之克林達黴素凝膠組成物更具效用。
範例7
本範例描述第二項臨床試驗,其包含更多個體以評估本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體之效用。
此試驗為12週、多個中心(18個地點)、隨機、雙盲、雙仿且已媒介為控制組之為數1026位男女個體之研究,受測者為12歲或以上且具有輕微至中度青春痘症狀。個體在調查員之靜態整體評量表(ISGA)中評分為2點或以上者(見表7),有17-40處臉部發炎性損害(丘疹與膿包)包括鼻損害,且20-150處臉部非發炎性損害(開放或封閉之面皰)不包括鼻損害。
個體之健康狀況良好。退出試驗者多為產生囊性瘤損傷或局部腸炎病史或發炎性腸症者。退出試驗者亦為使用下列治療青春痘者:前4週內以系統性抗生素或固醇類治療者;前3個月內以系統性視黃酮治療者;或前4週內以局部抗面皰藥物或局部抗生物藥物治療者。退出試驗者亦可為其12週內雄性或雌性激素使用改變者,或若其欲伴隨使用下列任何類型之藥物或步驟時:過氧化苯、水楊酸、維他命A、α-或β-羥酸、神經肌肉阻斷劑、曬陽機、日光浴、臉部保養(例如化學或雷射去皮)或使面皰惡化之藥劑。
參與試驗之個體隨機接受四種治療中之一種,其比例為3:3:1:1:(1)1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體;(2)1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽凝膠;(3)媒介形式:或(4)媒介凝膠。研究期為12週且於基線、第3、第6、第9與第12週進行訪談。所有治療均為每日一次(即早上與傍晚)並維持12週。
本研究藥物之效用評估係依據面皰損害計數(總和、發炎性與非發炎性)以及調查員之青春痘靜態整體評量,與每次受訪時個體之靜態整體評量。安全性評估係依據生命跡象、臨床實驗室評估與異常反應報告而定。此外,青春痘症候(例如鱗片狀、乾燥、紅斑、出油)與症狀(例如灼熱、出疹)嚴重性之評估於訪談時進行。調查員之青春痘靜態整體評量如表7所示。效用結果如表8(調查員之靜態整體評量)、表9(發炎性損傷數之下降百分比)、表10(非發炎性損傷數之下降百分比)與表11(總損傷數之下降百分比)所示。
在參與試驗的1026位個體中,54%為女性且46%為男性。多數的個體為白種人(64%)且平均年齡為18.9歲(範圍為12-55歲)。本研究之年齡分佈平均,有50%(516/1026)為12-16歲年紀且50%(510/1026)為17歲或更大。所有治療組之基線損害計數(總和、發炎性與非發炎性)均類似。整體而言,多數個體(54%;549/1026)於基線時之調查員靜態整體評量為3,且平均分佈於各治療組間。基線時各治療組間的人口統計學或疾病特徵並無顯著差異。
如所示之效用結果(見表8-11),本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物之效用明顯優於1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽凝膠,其係依據所有三種損害計數(總和、發炎性與非發炎性)之平均下降百分比,且明顯優於媒介泡沫體,其係依據所有三種損害計數(總和、發炎性與非發炎性)之平均下降百分比,而成功之治療則依據治療終止時之調查員靜態整體評量。
本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物之耐受性高。最常見的皮膚不良影響為局部灼熱感:克林達黴素泡沫體治療組個體有6%(24/386);ClindagelTM
治療組個體有7%(9/127);媒介泡沫體治療組個體有1%(1/385);以及媒介凝膠治療組個體有2%(2/128)。不過,這些影響通常是輕微或中度、間歇的且個體於研究中都有好的耐受性。克林達黴素泡沫體治療組的所有其他紀錄之施藥部位反應,包括搔癢與乾燥,發生率<2%。
範例8
本範例顯示克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物與每日一次局部之克林達黴素磷酸鹽凝膠組成物之吸收比較研究。
方法:
以克林達黴素磷酸鹽1%泡沫體組成物(克林達黴素泡沫體)之藥物動力學吸收情形相較於克林達黴素磷酸鹽1%凝膠組成物(克林達黴素凝膠)。本研究為單一中心、隨機、開放標示之男女個體研究,年齡為12歲或更大,且具有輕微或中度青春痘症狀。真對每一治療,克林達黴素泡沫體與克林達黴素凝膠之給藥為每日早上一次並為期5天。個體於臉部、頸部、上胸部與上背部各敷上4克藥劑。於治療後第15天評估吸收效用,包括最後一劑後之每12小時之血清與尿液之收集。取得治療第1天之前劑量(即開始進行藥物治療之前),以及第2天投藥前30分鐘之血清樣本,並取得投藥後1、2、4、8與12小時之樣本。血液樣本係於第5天時採取12小時樣本,並測定克林達黴素之排放。治療之耐受性係評估其不良反應。
人口統計資料:
以24位個體隨機接受兩種治療之一種(22位白種人、1位黑人與1位西班牙人)。個體平均年齡為19歲(範圍:13-46歲),平均身高為66.9英吋(範圍:62-71英吋),且平均體重為146.1磅(範圍:113-185磅)。
藥物動力學結果:
克林達黴素濃度之測定,在克林達黴素泡沫體治療組中12位個體中有11位可測得,而在克林達黴素凝膠治療組中12位個體均可測得。整體而言,相較於克林達黴素凝膠治療組,克林達黴素泡沫體治療組之平均Cmax
與AUC(0-12)
值均較低,其平均Cmax
下降25%且AUC(0-12)
下降9%;兩治療組之平均Cmax
值接近(見表12與第6圖)。兩治療組之尿液中釋出之克林達黴素濃度均很微小,相較於克林達黴素凝膠治療組的0.30%,克林達黴素泡沫體治療組為0.24%。
安全性:
研究期間鮮少有不良影響產生,開使用藥至研究完成期間內24位個體中只有4位具有四種不良影響。克林達黴素泡沫體治療組中有2位個體報告各有一種不良影響(即施藥部位乾燥與頭痛NOS),且克林達黴素凝膠治療組中亦有2位個體報告各有一種不良影響(即水泡與頭昏眼花)。多數不良影響均為輕微且被認為與藥物治療無關;只有施藥部位乾燥情形可能與用藥有關。並無死亡、嚴重不良影響、腹瀉情形或其他明顯不良影響之發生,且沒有個體在第5天抽血完成前(研究結束)停止研究。
結論:克林達黴素泡沫體處理後之克林達黴素吸收程度較低,但比得上克林達黴素凝膠處理後之情形。在克林達黴素泡沫體與克林達黴素凝膠處理後,第5天之血清平均Cmax
與AUC(0-12)
值分別下降25%與9%。克林達黴素泡沫體治療組之投劑後12小時期間尿液釋出量下降21%。連續局部投予克林達黴素泡沫體4毫克達5天,個體仍健康且有良好的耐受性。
範例9
本範例係利用人體皮膚模式系統,比較各種克林達黴素磷酸鹽組成物之體外皮膚穿透性。
摘要
本研究之目的:(1)克林達黴素於體外經皮吸收之量化;以及(2)確認克林達黴素於下列投藥後,於皮膚不同部位之分佈:(1)本發明之1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物(泡沫體);(2)1% ClindagelTM
之局部凝膠組成物(凝膠);以及(3)1% Cleocin溶液組成物(溶液),其係利用有限劑量法與同軸擴散單位作用於皮膚。
方法:
以3位供皮者進行組成物(泡沫體、凝膠與溶液)於皮膚之克林達黴素經皮吸收情形。以皮膚切片投劑24小時,期間每4小時收集皮膚之受體溶液,並保存以作分析。在投劑末期,清洗表皮並剝開表皮與真皮。皮膚、表皮、真皮表面之清洗液隨即以高效能液態層析儀結合質譜儀(LC/MS)分析克林達黴素。
結果:
在24小時投劑末期,溶液組成物受體液中含有最高量的克林達黴素,接著是泡沫體組成物,最後是凝膠組成物(見表13下方)。如表13所示,投劑24小時後,泡沫組與凝膠組受體液中克林達黴素之累積量無明顯差異(p>0.1)。在此時間點,泡沫體與溶液組成物比起凝膠組成物,可運送更多的克林達黴素進入受體液中(p<0.1)。所有組成物於表皮上均可發現類似量的克林達黴素。然而,凝膠組成物比泡沫體與溶液組成物有更高量的克林達黴素存在於真皮。泡沫體與溶液組成物於真皮內有類似量之克林達黴素。
三種組成物之熔化情形非常類似,最大速率可達第一時點(即用藥後0至4小時之間)隨後並穩定下降。最高速率由溶液組成物產生,接著為泡沫體組成物,最後為凝膠組成物。
結論:
泡沫體組成物運送克林達黴素之情況類似溶液組成物,其為目前克林達黴素之體外皮膚滲透研究之最快者。表皮、真皮與受體液之克林達黴素量非常類似,且於泡沫體與溶液組成物之間無顯著差異。
範例10
導論
1%克林達黴素泡沫體組成物用於面皰之局部治療。相較於目前市面上的產品,泡沫體組成物提供精緻、快速非污染之藥物運送,且皮膚之殘留率極少。本研究調查與比較泡沫體、凝膠與溶液組成物之克林達黴素之運輸、皮膚滲透情形與藥物之皮膚分佈。
體外人體皮膚滲透模式證實為有價值之研究經皮吸收與藥物局部塗抹之藥物動力學研究工具。本方法具有準確預測體內經皮吸收之動力學之先例。此模式使用人體皮膚切片固定於特殊設計之擴散槽或單位,使皮膚維持固定溫度與溼度以符合體內之皮膚環境。皮膚內容物可利用萃取與不同皮層之藥物分析而進行測定。如此一來,數據使總吸收量、吸收率與皮膚之藥物分佈情形更明確,且利用此模式可準確決定其皮膚上之表現。
誤差
單一單位(1G)無發通過皮膚完整性試驗,故作為處理控制組。並無其他單位被排除在結果之外。
檢測物件
分析標準品係購自Sigma Chemicals與United States Pharmacopeia(USP)。
檢測組成物如下:
1.泡沫體:本發明之1%克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體;商品批號no. SEAX-C。
2.凝膠:1% ClindagelTM
局部凝膠(克林達黴素磷酸鹽局部凝膠等於1%克林達黴素;Galderma Laboratories,L.P.,Fort Worth,TX);商品批號no. RFDA。
3.溶液:1% Cleocin溶液(克林達黴素磷酸鹽局部溶液,USP;等於1%(10mg/mL)克林達黴素;Pharmacia & Upjohn公司,Kalamazoo,MI);商品批號no. 89FTK。
方法與步驟
方法學:
經皮吸收之量測係利用體外皮膚有限劑量法。本研究使用無明顯皮膚病變之人體腹部皮膚,其係取自於美容手術。將皮膚樣本切割為0.25mm,並封於水不通透容器內,儲存於-80℃直到實驗之日。使用前,將容器暴露於室溫下以解凍皮膚樣本。將供皮者之皮膚切成許多小片,但仍夠大以符合0.64cm2
之同軸擴散單位之暴露區域(Permegear公司,Bethlehem,PA)。皮膚槽內充滿10倍稀釋磷酸鹽緩衝等張受體液(PBS),pH 7.4±0.2,而表皮槽則於環境溫度下開展。擴散單位隨即置於其加熱器支撐,使皮膚槽之溫度維持在37℃±0.2℃。
為確保每片皮膚之完整度,於檢測組成物塗抹之前進行水通透性測試(Franz等人,Abst. J. Invest. Derm.
,94: 525(1990))。在簡短(0.5-1小時)平衡後,使用移液管將100μL的3
H2
O(Moravek,CA,sp. Act. ~5μCi/mL)堆積於皮膚上方,並涵蓋整個暴露表面。5分鐘後,移去3
H2
O水層。在30分鐘時,收取受體溶液並以液態閃爍計數法分析其放射活性。3
H2
O滲透性低於投劑量之1.75%之皮膚樣本視為可接受樣本。
投藥與採樣:
泡沫體組成物首先配成20-mL小瓶並於37℃水浴下加熱以使其完全液化。所有組成物皆以移液管吸取5μL至於皮膚片上。每個檢測組成物加在同一皮膚之三處位置上,其劑量為5μL/0.64cm2
。以移液管尖端將投劑量分散於整個皮膚表面。皮膚片上投劑24小時,期間每4小時收集皮膚受體液並儲存以待分析。使用分出槽以放置未處理皮膚,並測試分析期間之任何干擾物質。
在24小時投劑期末,收取最終之受體液後,皮膚表面以50μL丙烯腈清洗,並以事先切好的紙巾連續擦拭兩次,並以透明膠帶連續黏貼並撕除兩次。將紙巾與膠帶置於小瓶中。皮膚置於50℃加熱箱中1.5分鐘,隨後小心剝開表皮並置於一小瓶,其餘皮膚部分(真皮)則置於另一小瓶中。三個小瓶均加入5mL的丙烯腈以萃取樣本中之藥物。
樣本之製備:
克林達黴素係由受體液中萃取,以3.0mL之樣本(加入200μL的內在標準品:林可黴素氯化氫)經過固相萃取(C18 SPE筒)並以0.5mL甲醇沖提出克林達黴素。震盪後,將100μL的溶液裝入內合900μL Milli-Q純水的HPLC注射管中並混合均勻以待分析。以丙烯腈為主的樣本,於檢測管內混合100μL的溶液與100μL的內在標準液。在加入800μL Milli-Q純水後,將試管離心並取出上清液進行HPLC分析。
分析方法:
克林達黴素之定量係以高效能液態層析儀結合質譜儀(LC/MS/MS)以組成微量LC/MS/MS系統。移動相包括丙烯腈、甲醇、水與甲酸(33%:33%:33%:0.1%),並於室溫下注入Keystone Aquasil C18管柱(1.0×30mm,3μ),其流速為0.05mL/min(為期5分鐘)。注入40μL的樣本。沖提尖峰經M/Z 425之偵測為>126Da。尖峰區域使用克林達黴素氯化鹽之外標準品量化為濃度,其相對於內標準品林可黴素氯化氫。
重要研究細節:
本研究之設計係評估不同組成物於克林達黴素經皮吸收之效用。三組供皮樣本,每組切成9-10片,處理並置於固定槽。投藥24小時後,每4小時收集受體液樣本。受體液全程為PBS(即1mM磷酸鹽緩衝溶液,25℃時pH 7.4;BioChemika)。表面沖洗、表皮與真皮萃取物之分析以得到所用藥劑之質量平衡。比較不同組成物之數據並評估其統計差異,其係利用Student-t檢定之多重比較法。
結果
接受度:<1.75%。所有皮膚均取自腹部美容手術。供皮者年齡不詳。**排除1個會造成檢測失敗之單位。
藥物內容與分佈:
試驗組成物之克林達黴素之經皮吸收平均值結果摘錄於第7圖之24小時內累積滲透量(即平均總吸收),而第8圖為24小時之熔化情形。其數字結果列於表15。第9圖顯示克林達黴素於不同皮層之分佈。
在第7圖中,24小時之克林達黴素經皮膚滲透累積量,於第一時點各組成物即有明確之增加,24小時即達到穩定值。溶液組成物運輸最多的克林達黴素,接著是泡沫體組成物,且最後是凝膠組成物。在24小時,溶液與泡沫體組成物比凝膠組成物明顯運輸較多的克林達黴素進入受體液(分別為p<0.06與p<0.05)。泡沫體與溶液組成物之24小時受體液克林達黴素累積量並無明顯差異(p>0.1)。
此情形亦可由流量圖結果看出。第8圖之流量圖顯示所有組成物之最大運輸率在第一時點(投藥後0至4小時)即達到,之後穩定降低。三種組成物的熔化情形非常類似。最大率出現於溶液組成物,接著為泡沫體組成物,最後是凝膠組成物。
所有組成物投藥組之表皮均可發現類似量之克林達黴素。雖然凝膠組成物投藥組於真皮有較高的克林達黴素量表現,但泡沫體與溶液組成物則表現類似量。
清洗後之回復量非常低,此乃因為克林達黴素對於膠帶黏性物質之親和性高,其可於樣本製備時濾除。實驗之質量平衡亦列於表15。
結論
本研究之結果證實:
1.泡沫體媒介比凝膠組成物更能增進高量的克林達黴素運輸進入皮膚,但比溶液組成物低;
2.所有組成物之最大熔化率在投藥後短時間內即到達,其高低順序為溶液>泡沫體>凝膠;以及
3.24小時之皮膚分佈顯示所有組成物於表皮均有等量之克林達黴素表現,且相較於泡沫體與溶液組成物,凝膠組成物具有於真皮具有較高量之表現。
因此,本研究顯示本發明之克林達黴素泡沫體組成物,在運輸克林達黴素至皮膚上,優於克林達黴素凝膠組成物,且具有較高熔化率。此外,不同於克林達黴素溶液組成物,本發明之克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體組成物不至流出投藥點,提供治療上更易控制之克林達黴素量。
範例11
此範例說明本發明含有克林達黴素/全反視黃酮(tretinoin)之酒精性與非酒精性泡沫組成物。
1-4項逐步加入混合管A中。5-9項逐步加入混合管B中。每一相均加熱至60℃。攪拌時,B相加入A相,混合至均勻並冷卻至30℃。該氣霧基底(項目10)之後加入氣霧罐中,並將閥固定至氣霧罐上。推進劑(項目11)之後加入氣霧包裝(即裝有閥之氣霧罐)中。該氣霧罐置於55℃水浴中1-2分鐘,之後搖晃均勻並冷卻至室溫。在噴出之前氣霧包裝須搖晃均勻。
1-5項逐步加入混合管A中。6-10項逐步加入混合管B中。攪拌時,B相加入A相,混合至均勻。該氣霧基底(項目11)之後加入氣霧罐中,並將閥固定至氣霧罐上。推進劑(項目12)之後加入氣霧包裝(即裝有閥之氣霧罐)中。該氣霧罐置於55℃水浴中1-2分鐘,之後搖晃均勻並冷卻至室溫。在噴出之前氣霧包裝須搖晃均勻。
範例12
此範例說明本發明含有克林達黴素/過氧化苯之酒精性與非酒精性泡沫組成物。
範例13
本範例說明大量製備本發明克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫組成物。
兩混合管用於混合與製造。一不銹鋼槽係用於製備含有輔藥(十六醇、硬脂醇、聚山梨糖醇酯60與丙二醇)之乙醇相。另一不銹鋼槽係用於製備含有活性試劑與氫氧化鉀之水相。首先將水與乙醇分配至各槽中,稱重,之後加入各成分。混合該溶液直至每一成分皆完全溶解,再加入下一成分。之後將二相物質轉移至填充管中。在轉移至填充管前,該水相物質先經過0.2毫米過濾器過濾。在填充管線之填充樁之前,每一填充管係連結至10毫米過濾器,並以一正向取代隔膜幫浦控制傳送。每一溶液相中之水會分別分配至每一罐中,該罐會隨即真空密封。定量推進劑之後經由閥注入以補滿整個成分。每一罐皆進行滲漏試驗,裝上噴出器與罐蓋,噴墨標識,並進行第二次包裝。
如上述註明,克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫組成物之製備係利用乙醇相與水相分開製備。乙醇係用於快速溶解十六醇與硬脂醇,其水溶性較低。聚山梨糖醇酯60與丙二醇為液狀,可互溶於乙醇與水中。該活性化合物為乾燥固體,可快速溶於水中。該氫氧化鉀溶液係用於調整pH值。
範例14
本範例描述一泡沫體品質評量表以及一系列確認泡沫體產品質與量之實驗。
在此特殊範例中,泡沫體依據泡沫體樣本可觀察之物理特性,如形象化工具,而評量:
1.流體-具有低黏度之液體,分散時可快速流過分散區域。“流體”可能還具有多種水泡,故其外表類似含碳酸飲料。典型而言,”流體”與水或牛奶具有類似之流動特性。
2.流動泡沫-特徵為三維之半固態泡沫結構,分散時可快速流過分散區域。一般而言,“流動泡沫”有較大之泡泡,一般直徑小於10mm。再者,“流動泡沫”具有與奶昔上層泡沫類似之流動特性。
3.軟性泡沫-特徵為三維之半固態泡沫體結構,分散時不會快速流過分散區域。一般而言,“軟性泡沫”有較大之泡泡,一般直徑小於5mm。。再者,“軟性泡沫”具有與打過之蛋白類似之流動特性。
4.乳狀泡沫-特徵為三維之半固態泡沫結構,分散時不會快速流過分散區域。一般而言,“乳狀泡沫”有較小之泡泡,一般直徑小於1mm。再者,“乳狀泡沫”具有與生奶油/刮鬍膏類似之流動特性。
5.鬆脆泡沫-特徵為三維之半固態泡沫體受質,分散時不會快速流過分散區域。一般而言,“鬆脆泡沫”有非常小之泡泡,一般直徑小於1mm。再者,“鬆脆泡沫”具有鬆弛雪球之特性,且表現類似可伸展之特性例如易脆性(即易撕開)且實際上具有“固體特徵”。
一般泡沫物理外觀之描述係利用各種溫度下之泡沫評量表。泡泡大小與平均泡泡大小之量測係利用一適當之多溫度參考量測表。方法包括:(i)視覺觀察,例如以公制表評估水泡大小;以及(ii)顯微鏡,例如利用校正之接目鏡標線評估水泡大小。
泡沫體黏度之量測係利用適當之黏度測量工具。方法包括:(i)Brookfield Synchro-lectric轉軸黏度計與超低黏度接合器,其中將液化之泡沫加入溫控裝置中並於固定溫度範圍內測量黏度;以及(ii)Brookfield Cone & Plate黏度計,其中將泡沫樣本加入圓錐體與盤之間,而泡沫流變學之決定係於固定切變率與溫度範圍內進行。
泡沫密度之量測係利用適當之密度測量工具。方法包括:(i)每加侖之比重瓶/重量,其中將固定溫度下之泡沫小心置於體積與質量已知之定量管;以及(ii)電子密度/特殊重力計,其中將固定溫度下之泡沫緩流置於流通單位內,並以振盪法決定其密度。
泡沫膨脹率係量測泡沫擴張之速率。量測膨脹率之適用方法包括:(i)肉眼觀察,其中將泡沫體加入量筒並記錄其固定時間與溫度範圍內之所佔體積;(ii)肉眼/時間差照相法,其中切面區域/體積可於一較短時間內測得;以及(iii)肉眼/成長率,其中將固定量之泡沫加入一固定直徑之毛細管中,並記錄泡沫通過校正標誌處之時間。
產物澄清度之描述係依據肉眼之觀察。此涉及製備透明之配方、塑膠披覆之玻璃氣霧管以及產物之儲存於溫度0℃至30℃之培養器。溫度下降率(產物澄清時之最小儲存溫度)為約每日-1℃並觀察與記錄。一旦到達最低溫,溫度開始以+1℃之速率增加並觀察與記錄。
“最小利用溫度”為最低之紀錄溫度(即增加溫度),其中沉澱物質可再溶。
流速為流動性質之量測。此方法涉及於限定範圍內,在控溫斜面上配置泡沫(也許可噴至垂直面上),並記錄液體由配置區域游動之距離與時間。
本發明之前述討論係用於詳細說明與描述,並非用於限制本發明所揭示之形式。雖然本發明已以各種較佳實施例進行詳細說明,熟習此技術領域者在了解本發明揭示內容後所作的各種變化皆落於本發明範疇中。本發明之權利範圍包括其他可替代之實施例,包括替代物、可交換及/或等效結構、功能、範圍或於此揭示之步驟,不論是不是本發明已揭示之替代物、可交換及/或等效結構、功能、範圍或於此揭示之步驟,而非公開奉獻可專利之主體部分。
第1圖顯示溫度對於克林達黴素磷酸鹽泡沫體結構之影響,首先由約2克泡沫體於20℃開始分散。該泡沫體之後置於一經控制之特定溫度環境中,並測量泡沫體融化成液體所需之時間。
第2圖為用以評估泡沫體結構之形象化工具,在該泡沫品質表中:等級0的泡沫品質為完整、良好、穩定(可維持結構或僅有緩慢、微小的崩解,在30-60秒內);等級1的泡沫品質為表面上大部分為微細,少數為粗糙泡沫,之後為穩定或微細,之後再變成較粗糙泡沫;等級2的泡沫品質為一開始為微細但仍可算穩定,或微細(可能有些凹洞)但帶有一些大泡泡,或是平坦但微細且穩定;等級3的泡沫品質為微細泡沫,之後成長,或非常粗糙但穩定,或微細(可能有些凹洞),之後會有許多大泡泡出現於表面上,或微細,但快速崩解;等級4的泡沫品質為粗泡沫,向外快速成長,或微細但表面粗糙,會快速向外成長,或微細但隨即會有許多大泡泡於表面上;以及,等級5的泡沫品質為向外成大泡泡,或隨即崩解成大泡泡。
第3圖為克林達黴素磷酸鹽在不同pH值與範例1中所述檸檬酸鹽緩衝液下之分解情況。
第4圖為不同溫度之容器中克林達黴素磷酸鹽在不同pH值與不同時間下之殘存量。
第5圖為範例4測得之克林達黴素磷酸鹽穩定度數據。
第6圖顯示在施予克林達黴素泡沫體與ClindaGelTM
後,血漿中克林達黴素之濃度。
第7圖顯示克林達黴素泡沫體、ClindaGelTM
、Cleocin溶液24小時內之累計經皮吸收。每個時間點皆代表3個皮膚提供樣本之平均總吸收值±標準差(每個皆為三重複),*p<0.05(凝膠vs.泡沫體);p<0.06(凝膠vs.溶液);p>0.1(泡沫體vs.溶液)。
第8圖顯示克林達黴素泡沫體、ClindaGelTM
、Cleocin溶液24小時內之流量圖。每個時間點皆代表3個皮膚提供樣本之平均總吸收值±標準差(每個皆為三重複),*p<0.05(凝膠vs.泡沫體);p<0.06(凝膠vs.溶液);p>0.1(泡沫體vs.溶液)。
第9圖顯示在投予克林達黴素泡沫體、ClindaGelTM
、Cleocin溶液24小時後,克林達黴素在不同皮膚層之分佈狀況。
Claims (17)
- 一種置於一加壓容器中之局部傳輸組成物,該組成物包含:苯甲醯過氧化物及克林達黴素(clindamycin),或其醫藥上可接受的鹽類或酯類;一快速崩解發泡劑,包含(a)水及(b)一界面活性劑;以及一氣霧推進劑,其係選自於由烴、氟氯碳化物、二甲醚、氟化烴及其等之混合物所構成之族群中;其中該組成物自該容器釋出後為快速崩解泡沫體,且其中該快速崩解發泡劑不含有C1 -C6 醇類。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該克林達黴素或其醫藥上可接受的鹽類或酯類為克林達黴素磷酸鹽。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該界面活性劑係選自由嵌段共聚物、脂肪酸乙氧基化物、脂肪醇乙氧基化物、聚山梨醇酯及甘油酯乙氧基化物所構成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該界面活性劑係嵌段共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該嵌段共聚物係泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該界面活性劑係脂肪醇乙氧基化物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該界面活性劑係以自約0.1%至約10%w/w之量存在。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該界面活性劑係以自約0.1%至約6%w/w之量存在。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該水的含量係自約80%至約95%w/w。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該組成物含有約0%之軟化劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之局部傳輸組成物,進一步包含一pH調節劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該pH調節劑係以足夠將組成物pH調節到約4至約6.5之間的量存在。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該pH調節劑係一緩衝液。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該緩衝液為選自下列構成之群組:檸檬酸鹽/檸檬酸緩衝液、乙酸鹽/乙酸緩衝液、磷酸鹽/磷酸緩衝液、甲酸鹽/甲酸緩衝液、丙酸鹽/丙酸緩衝液、乳酸鹽/乳酸緩衝液、碳酸鹽/碳酸緩衝液、以及銨/氨緩衝液。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之局部傳輸組成物,其中該緩衝液為檸檬酸鹽/檸檬酸緩衝液。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之局部傳輸組成物,進一步包含三仙膠(xanthan gum)。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1至16項中任一項之局部傳輸組成物於製造一藥物的用途,該藥物係用於在需要其之個體中治療痤瘡。
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- 2004-01-23 EA EA200501169A patent/EA009031B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-01-23 AR ARP040100187A patent/AR042906A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-01-23 EP EP04704507.5A patent/EP1592420B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-01-23 AU AU2004206769A patent/AU2004206769B2/en not_active Expired
- 2004-01-23 RS YUP-2005/0557A patent/RS20050557A/sr unknown
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- 2004-01-23 ES ES10158720.2T patent/ES2637956T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2004-01-27 TW TW093101716A patent/TWI355267B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-01-27 TW TW099113101A patent/TWI388322B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2005
- 2005-07-19 IL IL169761A patent/IL169761A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2005-07-22 NO NO20053577A patent/NO339620B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
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2006
- 2006-02-07 US US11/349,820 patent/US7749488B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2006-08-09 US US11/463,573 patent/US7374747B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2009
- 2009-11-10 AU AU2009235974A patent/AU2009235974B2/en not_active Expired
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2010
- 2010-05-20 US US12/783,824 patent/US20100266511A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2011
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2013
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