TWI381849B - 增加胰島素感受性之組合物及方法 - Google Patents
增加胰島素感受性之組合物及方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI381849B TWI381849B TW095143278A TW95143278A TWI381849B TW I381849 B TWI381849 B TW I381849B TW 095143278 A TW095143278 A TW 095143278A TW 95143278 A TW95143278 A TW 95143278A TW I381849 B TWI381849 B TW I381849B
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- insulin
- compound
- composition
- blood glucose
- zonisamide
- Prior art date
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Description
本發明之技術領域為用於治療個體胰島素相關病症之醫藥組合物及方法。
糖尿病係無法痊癒之慢性疾病。目前,在美國約182萬人或人口之6.3%患有糖尿病。儘管已有大約1300萬確診,但是據估計,尚有520萬人未意識到其患有糖尿病。作為2000年疾病致死之第六大主要誘因,據估計糖尿病每年花費美國醫療保健系統1320億美元。參見National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse、NIH Publication第04-3892號(2003年11月)。與糖尿病相關之經濟費用相比,更嚴重的是生活品質的下降、嚴重的健康併發症/後果及與糖尿病相關之死亡。
糖尿病為以高血糖含量為特徵之疾病群,其導致胰島素產生、胰島素作用或兩者之缺乏。因為糖尿糖可持續多年得不到診斷,所以許多人僅於發生一種威脅生命之併發症之後才開始意識到其患有糖尿病。廣泛認可遺傳及環境因素(諸如肥胖及缺乏鍛煉)為糖尿病發作之重要因素。
一組糖尿病,1型(或胰島素依賴性糖尿病或青少年型糖尿病)係於身體之免疫系統損壞製造調節血糖含量之胰島素激素之胰腺細胞時發生。儘管疾病可於任何年齡發作,但是1型糖尿病通常發生於兒童及青少年。1型糖尿病佔所有經診斷之糖尿病病例之約5至10%。1型糖尿病之危險因素包括自體免疫、遺傳及環境因素。經診斷患有1型糖尿病之個體需要每日經由注射或泵傳遞胰島素。
另一組糖尿病,2型(或II型)糖尿病(非胰島素依賴性糖尿病(NIDDM)或成年型糖尿病)為葡萄糖代謝及胰島素抗性調節不良之代謝病症,其可導致包括眼、腎、神經及血管之長期併發症。2型糖尿病起因於身體不能製造足夠之胰島素(異常胰島素分泌)或不能有效地使用胰島素(對靶器官及組織中胰島素作用之抗性)。該疾病通常以胰島素抗性起始,胰島素抗性為細胞不能適當使用胰島素之病症,且隨著對胰島素之需要上升,胰腺逐漸喪失產生胰島素之能力。患有2型糖尿病之患者具有相對之胰島素缺乏。亦即,在該等患者體內,絕對形式之血漿胰島素含量通常較高,但其比對存在之血漿葡萄糖含量所預測之低。2型糖尿病為糖尿病之最通常形式,佔糖尿病之90-95%。由於美國老年人數量增加以及肥胖及慣於久坐之生活方式更加盛行,因此2型糖尿病接近流行比例。
II型糖尿病係以以下臨床徵象或症狀為特徵:持續性升高之血漿葡萄糖濃度或高血糖症;多尿症;多飲及/或多食症;慢性微血管併發症,諸如視網膜病、腎病及神經性病變;及大血管併發症,諸如高脂質血症及高血壓。該等微血管及大血管併發症可導致失明、末期腎病、截肢及心肌梗塞。
妊娠性糖尿病係指於懷孕女性中診斷出之葡萄糖不耐症的形式。在懷孕期間,妊娠性糖尿症需要使母體血糖含量正常化之治療以避免嬰兒體內的併發症。一定百分比(5-10%)之患有妊娠性糖尿病之女性於懷孕後患有2型糖尿病。已患有妊娠性糖尿病之女性亦具有20-50%之機率於其後5-10年內發生糖尿病。
已提出許多用於治療及/或治癒糖尿病之醫藥組合物及方法。舉例而言,一種降低糖尿病高血糖症之方法包括增加肝葡萄糖激酶(GK)活性(Van Schaftingen,E.等人,Adv.Enzyme Regul.32:133-148,1992)。涉及轉殖基因糖尿病小鼠之研究表明,GK複本數量增加導致肝葡萄糖代謝增加及血漿葡萄糖含量減低(Ferre,T.等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,93:7225-7230,1996;FASEB J.,10:1213-1218,1996;Niswender,K.D.等人,J.Biol.Chem.,272:22570-22575,1997),表明增加之肝GK可有效地降低糖尿病之高血糖症。
美國專利第5,714,519號(下文稱為'519專利)揭示藉由在白天期間以預定時間間隔投與潘沙新(panthethine)(參見請求項1-18;第5列,第6-15行)或半胱胺(參見請求項19-27,第5行,第16-22行)控制高胰島素血症或胰島素抗性之方法。不幸地是,'519專利中揭示之某些劑量之潘沙新或半胱胺(例如,500 mg半胱胺)對人類有毒。實際上,此等劑量之半胱胺或潘沙新亦會引起不良的腸胃症狀,諸如增加之酸排出量或甚至潰瘍(Srivastava,P.K.& L.Field,J.Med.Chem.,18(8):798-802,1975)。美國專利第6,686,337號揭示使用特定胺基磺酸鹽與抗糖尿病劑之組合治療II型糖尿病之方法。
一實施例提供一種治療血糖病況之方法,其包含識別需要治療之具有血糖病況之受檢者,及向該受檢者投與有效地調節血糖含量之量之組合物,其中該組合物包含選自以下物質中之至少一種:非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑、精神治療劑、類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合、精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑之組合、類鴉片拮抗劑與抗驚厥劑之組合及類鴉片拮抗劑、抗驚厥劑及精神治療劑之組合。
在一些實施例中,受檢者可患有選自以下病況之至少一種病況:糖尿病、胰島素抗性、高胰島素血症、葡萄糖代謝異常及高血糖症。在一些實施例中,該病況為胰島素抗性。在一些實施例中,該病況為2型糖尿病。
合適之精神治療劑之實例包括:阿米曲替林(amitriptyline)、阿立哌唑(aripiprazole)、苯并二氮呯(benzodiazepines)、安非他酮(bupropion)、卡巴馬平(carbamezepine)、氯米帕明(clomipramine)、氯氮平(clozapine)、地昔帕明(desipramine)、多噻吩(dothiapen)、多慮平(doxepin)、伊拉曲普坦(elatriptan)、其他曲普坦、氟西汀(fluoxetine)、丙咪嗪(imipramine)、拉莫曲津(lamotrogine)、鋰、麥普替林(maprotiline)、米氮平(mirtazapine)、去甲替林(nortriptyline)、奧氮平(olanzapine)、羥基卡巴馬平(oxycarbamezepine)、帕羅西汀(paroxetine)、普羅替林(protriptyline)、喹硫平(quetiapine)、利培酮(risperidone)、司普替林(setiptiline)、舒馬曲坦(sumatriptan)、噻加賓(tiagabine)、曲米帕明(trimipramine)、丙戊酸鹽(valproate)、齊拉西酮(ziprasidone)及佐米曲普坦(zolmitriptan)或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些較佳實施例中,精神治療劑係選自安非他酮、米氮平、奧氮平、司普替林、氟西汀及丙戊酸鹽或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
合適之抗驚厥劑之實例包括:5,5-苯妥英(5,5-diphenylhydantoin)、苯并二氮呯、痛痙寧(carbamazepine)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、氯氮平酸鹽(clorazepate)、安定(diazepam)、雙丙戊酸鹽(divalproex)、乙琥胺(ethosuximide)、非胺酯(felbamate)、磷苯妥英(fosphenytoin)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)、甲琥胺(methsuximide)、奧卡西平(oxcarbazepine)、苯妥英(phenytoin)、普瑞巴林(pregabalin)、噻加賓、托吡酯(topiramate)、丙戊酸鹽、丙戊酸及唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些較佳實施例中,抗驚厥劑為唑呢沙胺。非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑可選自唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸鹽及丙戊酸,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
合適之類鴉片拮抗劑之實例包括:阿維莫泮(alvimopan)、丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine)、洛非西定(lofexidine)、納美芬(nalmefene)、納洛芬(nalorphine)、納洛酮(naloxone)、納曲酮(naltrexone)、腦丙納唑平(norbinaltorphimine)、甲基納曲酮、潘他克嗪(pentacozine)及丙吡蘭(propiram)或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些較佳實施例中,類鴉片拮抗劑係選自納美芬、納洛芬、納洛酮、納曲酮及甲基納曲酮,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
在一些實施例中,有效地調節血糖含量之組合物可包含精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合。精神治療劑可選自安非他酮、米氮平、奧氮平、司普替林、氟西汀及丙戊酸鹽,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥;且類鴉片拮抗劑可選自納美芬、納洛芬、納洛酮、納曲酮及甲基納曲酮或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些實施例中,精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑可分開投與受檢者。
在一些實施例中,有效地調節血糖含量之組合物包含精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑之組合。精神治療劑可選自安非他酮、米氮平、奧氮平、司普替林、氟西汀及丙戊酸鹽,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥;且抗驚厥劑可選自托吡酯、丙戊酸鹽、丙戊酸及唑尼沙胺或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些實施例中,精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑可分開投與受檢者。
在一些實施例中,有效地調節血糖含量之組合物包含類鴉片拮抗劑與抗驚厥劑之組合。類鴉片拮抗劑可選自:阿維莫泮、丁丙諾啡、洛非西定、納美芬、納洛芬、納洛酮、納曲酮、腦丙納唑平、甲基納曲酮、潘他克嗪及丙吡蘭,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥,且抗驚厥劑可選自托吡酯、丙戊酯鹽、丙戊酸及唑尼沙胺或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些實施例中,類鴉片拮抗劑與抗驚厥劑可分開投與受檢者。
在一些實施例中,有效地調節血糖含量之組合物包含類鴉片拮抗劑、抗驚厥劑與精神治療劑之組合。類鴉片拮抗劑可選自:阿維莫泮、丁丙諾啡、洛非西定、納美芬、納洛芬、納洛酮、納曲酮、腦丙納唑平、甲基納曲酮、潘他克嗪及丙吡蘭或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥;抗驚厥劑可選自:托吡酯、丙戊酸鹽、丙戊酸及唑尼沙胺或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥;且精神治療劑可選自:安非他酮、米氮平、奧氮平、司普替林、氟西汀及丙戊酸鹽,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在一些實施例中,可將類鴉片拮抗劑、抗驚厥劑及精神治療劑中之至少一種與其餘之至少一種分開投與受檢者。
所揭示之任何組合物可進一步包含胰島素。所揭示之任何組合物可包含受控釋放調配物,在一些實施例中,該受控釋放調配物可為持續釋放調配物。
在一些實施例中,所揭示之方法包含獲得受檢者血糖含量之量測值。可於獲得受檢者血糖含量之量測值後調整組合物之劑量。所揭示之方法可包含向受檢者提供膳食指導。
在一些實施例中,本發明係關於一種包裝,其包含單位劑量形式之血糖調節組合物及建議閱讀者監控該組合物之預定人類接受者之血糖含量的文字說明,其中血糖調節組合物包含至少一種選自以下物質者:非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑;精神治療劑;類鴉片拮抗劑;精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合;精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑之組合;類鴉片拮抗劑與抗驚厥劑之組合及類鴉片拮抗劑、抗驚厥劑與精神治療劑之組合。
該等及其他實施例係於下文更詳細地描述。
已認識到,黑色素皮質素神經元影響胰島素感受性(相反地,稱作胰島素不敏感或胰島素抗性)。本發明之實施例包括投與影響該等神經元活性之組合物,藉此調節血糖含量,且,例如,改變、補償或抑制血糖病況之嚴重度、危險性、發作及/或發生率。在一些實施例中,該等血糖調節(BGM)組合物包含至少一種選自以下物質者:非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑(例如唑尼沙胺);精神治療劑(例如抗抑鬱劑,諸如氟西汀、安非他酮、米氮平、奧氮平及/或帕羅西汀);類鴉片拮抗劑(例如納曲酮、納麻芬(nalmafene)及/或納洛酮);精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合;精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑之組合;類鴉片拮抗劑與抗驚厥劑之組合;及類鴉片拮抗劑、抗驚厥劑與精神治療劑之組合。改變黑色素皮質素神經元之活性之化合物的實例包括與正常生理條件相比,增加黑色素皮質素3受體(MC3-R)或黑色素皮質素4受體(MC4-R)促效性之化合物。該等化合物可包括彼等增強α-MSH活性者。該等化合物可包括精神治療劑。在一些實施例中,其亦包括抗驚厥劑。此外,已認識到,精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑之組合;精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合;抗驚厥劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合;及/或精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑與類鴉片拮抗劑之組合可對黑色素皮質素神經元具有甚至更大之影響且因此對胰島素抗性具有甚至更大之影響。據此,藉由控制黑色素皮質素神經元之活性,本發明之實施例可提供調節血糖含量且藉此控制、抑制及/或防止血糖病況之發作、嚴重度、危險性及/或發生率之方式。類似地,亦提供包含影響具有黑色素皮質素受體之細胞之化合物的各種組合物。
在一些態樣中,提供具有多種化合物之BGM組合物。在一些態樣中,將BGM組合物用於治療胰島素抗性且其可包含為類鴉片拮抗劑之第一化合物;為精神治療劑之第二化合物;及為抗驚厥劑之第三化合物,其中該等化合物各自係以足以抑制血糖病況之量存在。可向處於發生血糖病況之危險中或具有血糖病況之人員投與該等化合物之任何一種或組合,且藉此降低患者發生血糖病況之危險或抑制患者血糖病況之嚴重度、進展及/或持續時間。
在其他態樣中,BGM組合物包含胰島素或係進一步與胰島素組合或與胰島素一起投與,且因此可直接用以治療及/或抑制血糖病況,諸如糖尿病或胰島素抗性,及降低血糖病況之危險及/或逆轉血糖病況之任何發作。因此,舉例而言,在一些實施例中,BGM組合物包含(1)類鴉片拮抗劑及胰島素,(2)精神治療劑及胰島素,(3)抗驚厥劑及胰島素,(4)類鴉片拮抗劑、胰島素及精神治療劑,(5)類鴉片拮抗劑、胰島素及抗驚厥劑,(6)胰島素、精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑,或(7)胰島素、精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑及類鴉片拮抗劑。該等BGM組合物可有效地用於治療胰島素抗性及其他血糖病況,包括1型糖尿病;2型糖尿病;與肥胖或強迫症相關之糖尿病;血糖含量在約110與125 mg/dl(空腹)之間之"前糖尿病"(pre-diabete)(例如前糖尿病肥胖);藥物誘發之糖尿病;妊娠性糖尿病;及與諸如庫興氏症候群(Cushing's syndrome)之各種醫學病症相關之糖尿病。如熟習此項技術者所要瞭解,亦涵蓋其他BGM組合。在一些實施例中,於組合物或方法中涵蓋胰島素與改變黑色素皮質素細胞(例如具有黑色素皮質素受體之神經元)活性之化合物或方法之組合。以下更詳細地討論該等及其他實施例。提供以下定義以闡明相關組份及疾病之一些態樣。
術語"血糖病況"係指需要調節患者血糖含量之病況。在一些實施例中,血糖病況包括需要降低血糖含量之病況。舉例而言,高血糖含量可為血糖病況。在其他實施例中,血糖病況包括需要將血糖含量維持於特定值或一定值之範圍內之病況。在其他實施例中,血糖病況包括需要增加血糖含量之病況。在一些實施例中,可將本文描述之方法及組合物首先用以降低血糖含量且接著用以將血糖含量維持於特定值或一定值之範圍內。血糖病況包括患者處於發生血糖病況之危險中之病況。在一實施例中,胰島素抗性為血糖病況。在另一實施例中,糖尿病為血糖病況。
術語"胰島素"係指由哺乳動物胰腺自然產生(由蘭氏小島(islets of Langerhans)之β細胞分泌)之多肽激素(分子量大約為5700),其係藉由刺激肌肉及脂肪組織吸收葡萄糖控制血液中之葡萄糖量。胰島素可以諸如前胰島素原(preproinsulin)及胰島素原(proinsulin)之各種狀態存在。術語"胰島素"亦係指合成形式,諸如Humulin(可由Eli Lilly購得)。
術語"胰島素感受性"係指例如肌肉細胞(例如骨骼肌細胞)或脂肪細胞(fat cell)(例如脂肪細胞(adipocyte))之細胞或有機體感受或回應於胰島素刺激或胰島素信號轉導之能力。對胰島素或胰島素信號轉導之較佳回應為葡萄糖吸收。
術語"胰島素抗性"係指身體組織不能正常回應於胰島素之病況或病症。胰島素抗性自身表現為內源性胰島素及葡萄糖含量之病理性升高,且使哺乳動物傾向於產生異常症狀之群集,包括一定程度之葡萄糖耐受性異常、血漿三酸甘油酯及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL)含量之增加、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL)含量之減低、高血壓、高尿酸血症、血漿纖維蛋白溶解活性之減低、心血管疾病及動脈粥樣硬化之增加(Reaven,G.M.Physiol Rev. 75
(3):473-86,1995)。普遍認為,代償性失調之胰島素抗性為非胰島素依賴性糖尿病(NIDDM)之潛在誘因。高胰島素血症係指胰腺細胞過度產生胰島素。通常,高胰島素血症係由於胰島素抗性而發生,胰島素抗性為以對胰島素作用之細胞抗性定義之病況。以上所定義之胰島素抗性為正常量之胰島素產生低於正常反應之生物(代謝)反應的病況/病症。在以胰島素治療之糖尿病患者中,認為只要胰島素之治療劑量超過正常人之胰島素分泌率時即存在胰島素抗性。
葡萄糖恆定性(homeostasis)(或代謝)異常係指血糖含量高於正常值但未高至足以將其歸為糖尿病之病況。對於未來糖尿病及心血管疾病而言,認為存在兩種危險因素。當2小時口服葡萄糖耐受性測試後之葡萄糖含量在140與199 mg/dl之間時,發生葡萄糖耐受性異常(IGT)。IGT為2型糖尿病之主要危險因素,且存在於約11%之成人或大約2千萬美國人中。年齡在65歲或65歲以上之人中有約40-45%患有2型糖尿病或IGT。當8小時空腹血漿葡萄糖測試後之葡萄糖含量在110與126 mg/dl之間時,發生空腹葡萄糖異常(IFG)。
糖尿病之一普通特徵-高血糖症,係由肝臟及周邊組織之葡萄糖利用率減低及肝臟葡萄糖產生率增加引起的。
術語"化合物"可指許多不同物質。舉例而言,第一化合物一般表示類鴉片拮抗劑,第二化合物一般表示α-MSH活性增強劑或精神治療劑且第三化合物一般表示抗驚厥劑。然而,當明確地表示時,該等術語可具有不同含義。除非明確表示,否則"化合物"一般不涵蓋胰島素。
術語"醫藥學上可接受之鹽"係指化合物之調配物,其不引起對投與其之有機體之顯著刺激且不消除化合物之生物活性及特性。醫藥學上可接受之鹽可藉由使本發明之化合物與無機酸反應而獲得,該等無機酸諸如氫氯酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、甲磺酸、乙碘酸、對甲苯磺酸、水楊酸及其類似物。醫藥學上可接受之鹽亦可藉由使本發明之化合物與鹼反應以形成鹽而獲得,所形成之鹽諸如銨鹽;諸如鈉鹽或鉀鹽之鹼金屬鹽;諸如鈣鹽或鎂鹽之鹼土金屬鹽;諸如二環己基胺、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺、參(羥甲基)甲胺之有機鹼之鹽;及與諸如精胺酸、離胺酸等之胺基酸形成之鹽。
"前藥"係指於活體內轉化為母藥之藥劑。前藥通常有用,因為在一些情況下,其可比母藥易於投與。舉例而言,前藥藉由口服投與可具有生物利用性,而母藥則不然。前藥亦可於醫藥組合物中具有優於母藥之改良溶解性或可表現出增加之適口性或更易調配。前藥之一非限制性實例為本發明之化合物,該化合物係作為酯("前藥")投與以促進跨過細胞膜之傳輸(於該細胞膜中水溶性不利於遷移率),且接著一旦處於水溶性為有益之細胞內便經由代謝作用水解為活性實體,羧酸。前藥之另一實例可為與酸基團結合之短肽(聚胺基酸),其中該肽於該酸基團處代謝以提供活性部分。
術語"醫藥組合物"係指活性化合物(或活性化合物組合)與諸如稀釋劑或載劑之其他化學組份之混合物。醫藥組合物便利於向有機體投與活性化合物。於此項技術中存在之投與化合物之多種技術,包括(但不限於)口服、注射、氣溶膠、非經腸及局部投與,且已研發出與活性化合物混雜以促進此投與之各種化學組份。醫藥組合物亦可藉由使化合物與無機或有機酸反應而獲得,該等無機或有機酸諸如氫氯酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、對甲苯磺酸、水楊酸及其類似物。
術語"載劑"定義便利於將化合物併入細胞或組織中之化合物。舉例而言,二甲亞碸(DMSO)因為促進有機體之細胞或組織對許多有機化合物之攝取而為常用之載劑。
術語"稀釋劑"定義稀釋於諸如水之溶液中之化合物,其將溶解所述之化合物且使化合物之生物活性形式穩定。在此項技術中將溶解於緩衝溶液中之鹽用作稀釋劑。一種常用之緩衝溶液為磷酸鹽緩衝生理食鹽水(PBS),因為其模擬人類血液中之鹽狀態。因為緩衝鹽可以低濃度控制溶液之pH值,所以經緩衝稀釋劑很少改變化合物之生物活性。
術語"治療"不一定意謂治癒疾病或病症。亦可將與病症或疾病相關之症狀之減輕描述為治療。此外,亦可將使病症或疾病之進展減緩描述為治療。
術語"胰島素致敏"表示化合物使宿主或受檢者對胰島素之存在更敏感,無論其為外源性胰島素或內源性胰島素。
術語"生理學上可接受"描述不消除化合物之生物活性及特性之載劑或稀釋劑。
術語"有效量"表示為達成特定用途所需要之物質之量。因此,有效量可視特定用途而變化。
術語"抑制"表述與無特定治療下所預測之病況之危險性、發作時間、副作用、症狀及/或進展相比,在特定治療過程中病況之危險性、發作時間、副作用、症狀及/或進展之減低。亦可於兩種治療選擇之間進行比較。舉例而言,當向患者投與類鴉片拮抗劑及胰島素時,與投與胰島素相比,若病況之危險性、發作時間、副作用、症狀及/或進展減低,則認為類鴉片拮抗劑抑制該病況。在一些實施例中,若使病況完全逆轉或預防其發生,則病況係受抑制的。症狀之嚴重度可以宿主體內某些可計量之量相對於正常值(例如血糖含量或胰島素含量)之偏離量測,或例如,以所給予宿主之藥物的量量測(例如當亦向宿主投與抗驚厥劑時,為達成所要的效應,宿主需要小於30%之外部投與之胰島素)。
在本發明通篇內,當以例如唑尼沙胺、安非他酮、納曲酮、氟西汀、司普替林、米氮平或丙戊酸鹽之名稱提及特定化合物時,應瞭解本發明之範疇涵蓋所命名化合物之活性代謝物、醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酯、醯胺及/或前藥。又,若所命名化合物包含對掌性中心,則本發明之範疇亦包括包含兩種對映異構體之外消旋混合物的組合物及包含各自大體上不含另一種對映異構體之各對映異構體之組合物。因此,例如,本文涵蓋包含S對映異構體且大體上不含R對映異構體之組合物或包含R對映異構體且大體上不含S對映異構體之組合物。"大體上不含"意謂組合物包含少於10%,或小於8%,或小於5%或小於3%或小於1%之次要對映異構體。若所命名之化合物包含多於一個對掌性中心,則本發明之範疇亦包括包含各種非對映體之混合物的組合物,及包含大體上不含其他非對映體之各非對映體之組合物。因此,例如,可購得之米氮平為包含兩種獨立之對映異構體的外消旋混合物。本發明通篇內"米氮平"之敍述包括包含米氮平之外消旋混合物之組合物;包含(+)對映異構體且大體上不含(-)對映異構體之組合物;及包含(-)對映異構體且大體上不含(+)對映異構體之組合物。
此外,本文描述之各種化合物之活性代謝物亦在本發明之範疇內。舉例而言,納曲酮之6-β-羥基納曲酮代謝物為活性的,氟西汀之去甲氟西汀(norfluoxetine)代謝物亦為活性的。氟西汀可轉化為S-去甲氟西汀(總量之80%)及R-去甲氟西汀(總量之20%)。該等代謝物皆為活性的且可用於本文描述之組合物及方法中。
如上所述,在一態樣中,提供用於治療或抑制血糖病況之BGM組合物。一般而言,該等BGM組合物包含一或多種選自以下物質組成之群之活性化合物:類鴉片拮抗劑(例如納曲酮)、MC3-R/MC3-R促效劑或α-MSH活性增強劑(例如精神治療劑)及抗驚厥劑(例如唑尼沙胺)。不含有BGM量之類鴉片拮抗劑或MC3-R/MC3-R促效劑或α-MSH活性增強劑之BGM組合物中較佳地包括非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑。同樣,當不與BGM量之類鴉片拮抗劑或MC3-R/MC3-R促效劑或α-MSH活性增強劑組合投與抗驚厥劑時,抗驚厥劑較佳地為非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑。可以有效抑制胰島素抗性之量使用該等BGM組合物。此外,其亦可用以抑制或治療1型糖尿病或2型糖尿病,或包括上述之彼等之任何葡萄糖失調病症。在一些實施例中,BGM組合物進一步包含胰島素,其可用以治療諸如1型糖尿病之血糖病況,同時降低發生胰島素抗性之危險。此外,BGM組合物與胰島素之該組合可藉由將額外外源性胰島素投與受檢者,同時由以上化合物中之一或多種處理病症之胰島素抗性態樣而用以治療諸如2型糖尿病之血糖病況。BGM組合物可包含有效量之化合物中之任何一種或化合物與胰島素之任何組合。在一些實施例中,使用之各化合物及胰島素之量至少為有效量且較佳地為少於導致顯著不良副作用之量。在一些實施例中,該量約為至少有效量之最小量。
在一些實施例中,精神治療劑或α-MSH活性增強劑為抗抑鬱藥、抗偏頭痛藥、抗雙極症藥、抗躁狂藥、情緒穩定劑或抗癲癇藥。抗抑鬱藥之實例包括安非他酮、帕羅西汀、氟西汀及米氮平。抗偏頭痛藥之實例包括舒馬曲坦、左米曲譜坦、伊拉曲譜坦及其他曲譜坦。抗雙極症藥之實例包括鋰、丙戊酸鹽、卡巴馬平、羥基卡巴馬平、拉莫曲津、噻加賓、奧氮平、氯氮平、利培酮、喹硫平、阿立哌唑、齊拉西酮及苯并二氮呯。在一些實施例中,精神治療劑包含鋰鹽。在其他實施例中,精神治療劑為丙戊酸鹽,其包括丙戊酸鹽及丙戊酸之游離酸形式。又,包括該等藥物之醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥、以上藥物之受控釋放(例如持續釋放或延遲釋放)調配物及以上藥物之組合。在一些實施例中,鋰鹽可為碳酸鋰或檸檬酸鋰。在一些實施例中,鋰藥物為延遲釋放調配物。在其他實施例中,BGM組合物及/或方法中包括多於一種之精神治療劑。
在一些實施例中,本發明係關於如本文所述或本文所述之調配物形式之包含胰島素、唑尼沙胺及鋰鹽的BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於包含胰島素、唑尼沙胺及丙戊酸及/或其諸如不同丙戊酸鹽之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酯、醯胺及前藥的組合物。
唑尼沙胺為指定用於部分性痙攣發作之成人之輔助治療之市售抗驚厥劑。不受任何特定理論之限制,咸信,抗癲癇活性之機制表現為:1)鈉通道阻斷;及2)內向T型鈣電流降低。此外,唑尼沙胺與GABA/苯并二氮呯受體複合物結合,而不產生氯流量之改變。此外,唑尼沙胺促進血清素及多巴胺神經傳遞且對碳酸酐酶具有弱抑制性效應。
在特定實施例中,抗抑鬱藥為米氮平或式I之類似化合物,
其中W為氮、CH、氧或硫;R1
係選自由氫、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷基、視情況經取代之C3 - 8
環烷基、視情況經取代之C2 - 6
烯基、視情況經取代之C2 - 6
炔基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷氧基烷基及視情況經取代之芳基及芳烷基組成之群。
R2
、R3
、R4
及R5
各自獨立地選自由氫、鹵素、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷氧基、視情況經取代之C2 - 6
烯基、視情況經取代之C2 - 6
炔基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷氧基烷基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷硫基、全鹵烷基、CN、COR1 0
、CONHR1 0
、雜烷基及NO2
組成之群。
R6
、R7
、R8
及R9
各自獨立地選自由氫、鹵素、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷氧基、視情況經取代之C2 - 6
烯基、視情況經取代之C2 - 6
炔基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷氧基烷基、視情況經取代之C1 - 6
烷硫基、全鹵烷基、CN、COR1 0
、CONHR1 0
、雜烷基及NO2
且R1 0
為C1 - 6
烷基。
與單獨之化合物之效應相比,投與類鴉片拮抗劑及精神治療劑對調節血糖及/或抑制胰島素抗性具有協同效應。與單獨之化合物之效應相比,投與類鴉片拮抗劑及抗驚厥劑可對調節血糖及/或抑制胰島素抗性具有協同效應。與單獨之化合物之效應相比,投與抗驚厥劑及精神治療劑可對調節血糖及/或抑制胰島素抗性具有協同效應。此外,投與抗糖尿病藥物及類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或其組合亦可對調節血糖及/或抑制胰島素抗性具有協同效應。類鴉片拮抗劑之實例包括阿維莫泮、腦丙納唑平、納美芬、納洛酮、納曲酮、甲基納曲酮及納洛芬及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,存在各種可投與以上化合物之方式及投與中涉及之時序。其中一些係於以下討論;其他將自本描述為熟習此項技者所瞭解。
在另一實施例中,以其自身或與其他化合物及/或胰島素一起或組合投與之抗抑鬱藥為三環抗抑鬱藥。三環抗抑鬱藥之實例包括(但不限於)丙咪嗪、地昔帕明、曲米帕明、去甲替林、氯米帕明、多慮平、阿米曲替林、普羅替林、多噻吩及麥普替林。麥普替林為一種極有效之抗抑鬱藥,但因為其具有痙攣危險而未廣泛使用。麥普替林與唑尼沙胺或其他抗驚厥劑之組合除降低因使用抗抑鬱藥引起之體重增加之危險外,還具有降低痙攣危險之附加益處。適用之抗抑鬱症藥之非限制性實例包括氟西汀、安非他酮、米氮平、奧氮平及/或帕羅西汀。
在其他實施例中,以其自身或與其他化合物及/或胰島素一起或組合投與之抗抑鬱藥為單胺氧化酶抑制劑(MAO抑制劑)。MAO抑制劑之實例包括(但不限於)苯乙肼(phenelzine,Nardil)、反苯環丙胺(tranylcypromine,Parnate)、異卡波肼(isocarboxazid,Marplan)及嗎氯貝胺(moclobemide,Aurorix)。
在特定實施例中,以其自身或與其他化合物及/或胰島素一起或組合投與之抗組織胺為司普替林、泰西替林(teciptiline)、ORG 8282(Organon,Netherlands)或MO 8282(Mochida,Japan)中之一種。
在一些實施例中,以其自身或與其他化合物及/或胰島素一起或組合投與之5HT2 C
受體拮抗劑係選自氯氮平、N-去甲基氯氮平及氯氮平-N-氧化物。
在一些實施例中,第一或第二化合物為以其自身或與其他化合物及/或胰島素一起或組合投與之抗驚厥劑。抗驚厥劑之實例包括巴比妥鹽類、苯并二氮呯類、GABA類似物、乙內醯脲(hydantoin)類、雜項之抗驚厥劑、苯三嗪類及琥珀醯亞胺類。巴比妥鹽之實例包括戊巴比妥。苯并二氮呯類之實例包括氯硝西泮、氯氮平酸鹽、苯并二氮呯及安定。GABA類似物之實例包括噻加賓、普瑞巴林及加巴噴丁。乙內醯脲類之實例包括磷苯妥英、苯妥英及5,5-苯妥英。雜項抗驚厥劑之實例包括痛痙寧、丙戊酸鹽、丙戊酸、雙丙戊酸鹽、非胺酯、左乙拉西坦、痛痙寧、托吡酯、奧卡西平及唑尼沙胺。苯三嗪類之實例為拉莫三嗪。琥珀醯亞胺類之實例包括甲琥胺及乙琥胺。亦包括以上藥物、其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥及以上藥物之組合的延遲釋放調配物。
在一實施例中,本發明係關於用於治療胰島素抗性之包含唑尼沙胺及米氮平之BGM組合物。在另一實施例中,本發明係關於用於治療胰島素抗性之包含唑尼沙胺及帕羅西汀之BGM組合物。在另一實施例中,本發明係關於用於治療胰島素抗性之包含唑尼沙胺及文拉法辛(venlafaxine)之BGM組合物。在一些實施例中,以上實施例進一步與胰島素組合,使得於投與胰島素時可治療或抑制血糖病況。
在一些實施例中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之包含安非他酮及米氮平之BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之包含唑尼沙胺及司普替林之BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之包含安非他酮及司普替林之BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之包含安非他酮及納曲酮之BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之包含氟西汀及納曲酮之BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之包含唑尼沙胺、安非他酮及米氮平之BGM組合物。在其他實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之包含唑尼沙胺、安非他酮及司普替林之BGM組合物。在一些實施例中,在以上各實施例中亦包括胰島素。
將為熟習此項技術者瞭解,當包括胰島素與以上化合物時,所使用之胰島素之量可為在以上化合物存在下有效地治療受檢者糖尿病之量。因此,涵蓋基礎胰島素含量及丸劑含量(例如用於膳食)。投與胰島素與以上化合物使得較低含量之胰島素更有效地產生所要的目標(例如特定胰島素含量或血糖含量)。因此,使用較低含量之胰島素將幫助抑制血糖病況之發作。在一些實施例中,當與本文所述之一或多種化合物一起投與時,所投與之胰島素之量少於將其另外投與受檢者體內以達成相同血糖含量之量。舉例而言,當使用以上化合物時,胰島素之量可降低1-10%、10-20%、20-30%、30-40%、45-50%、50-60%、60-70%、70-80%、80-90%、90-99%或更多。
胰島素可為藉以投與化合物之組合物之部分。因此,在一些實施例中,胰島素含於具有以上化合物之醫藥製劑中。在其他實施例中,胰島素係與上述化合物分開。在其他實施例中,受檢者不再需要使用外源性胰島素,因為患者僅正遭受胰島素抗性,而該胰島素抵抗可藉由以上化合物降低或逆轉,因此使得正常劑量之內源性胰島素對於受檢者而言為足夠的。
在另一態樣中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之方法,其包含識別有此需要之個體及以有效地調節血糖含量之量之如上所述的BGM組合物治療個體。在一實施例中,BGM組合物包含精神治療劑(例如α-MSH活性增強劑)及抗驚厥劑。精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑係如上所述。在一些實施例中,以上BGM組合物及以下方法係用以抑制2型糖尿病。在其他實施例中,其係用以抑制1型糖尿病。在一些實施例中,其係與胰島素一起投與,使得向受檢者投與較少之胰島素。在一些實施例中,該方法包括識別需要治療或預防性措施之受檢者及接著向受檢者投與以上化合物或BGM組合物。視情況,亦可向受檢者投與外源性胰島素。較佳地,化合物或胰島素之量足夠低以使副作用最小化,但要高至足以有效地抑制血糖病況。在一實施例中,血糖病況係由投與精神治療劑及/或抗驚厥劑引起。
在另一態樣中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況,其包含識別有此需要之個體及以如上所述之BGM組合物治療個體。在一實施例中,BGM組合物包含拮抗類鴉片受體活性之第一化合物及增強α-MSH活性之第二化合物。在一些實施例中,類鴉片受體活性係藉由投與類鴉片受體拮抗劑而受到拮抗。類鴉片受體拮抗劑可為μ-類鴉片受體(MOP-R)拮抗劑。在一些實施例中,類鴉片受體拮抗劑係選自阿維莫泮、腦丙納唑平、納美芬、納洛酮、納曲酮、甲基納曲酮及納洛芬及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
在以上列出之一些實施例中,α-MSH活性係藉由投與精神治療化合物(例如作為本文所述之組合物中之第二化合物)而增強,其中精神治療性化合物引發α-MSH之釋放或增加表現α-MSH之神經元的活性。在一些實施例中,精神治療性化合物為選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑(SSRI)或特異性5-HT受體促效劑(例如2C促效劑、1B促效劑、5HT1b促效劑或5HT2c促效劑)。儘管該等特異性受體更常見於齧齒動物體內,但熟習此項技術者應瞭解,其他哺乳動物於各種神經元上具有與該等受體功能及形式類似之血清素受體。該等非齧齒類動物(較佳為人類)血清素受體之促效劑(或拮抗劑)在本發明之範疇內。可用於本發明之SSRI之實例包括氟西汀、氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine)、舍曲林(sertraline)、帕羅西汀、西它普蘭(citalopram)、依西普蘭(escitalopram)、諾美婷(sibutramine)、度洛西汀(duloxetine)及文拉法辛及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
在其他實施例中,第二化合物為γ-胺基丁酸(GABA)抑制劑、GABA受體拮抗劑或GABA通道拮抗劑。"GABA抑制劑"意謂降低細胞中GABA之產生、降低GABA自細胞之釋放或藉由防止GABA與GABA受體結合或藉由使此結合效應最小化來降低GABA對其受體之活性之化合物。GABA抑制劑可為5-HT1b受體促效劑。GABA抑制劑可抑制野鼠相關肽(agouti-related peptide,AgRP
)基因之表現或其可抑制AgRP
之產生或釋放。GABA抑制劑可抑制神經肽Y(NPY)之抑制作用或釋放。在特定實施例中,GABA抑制劑抑制表現AgRP
之神經元之活性。舉例而言,GABA抑制劑可為托吡酯、1-(2-(((二苯基亞甲基)胺基)氧基)乙基)-1,2,5,6-四氫-3-吡啶甲酸鹽酸鹽(NNC-711)或胺己烯酸(vigabatrin)。然而,應瞭解,5-HT1b促效劑可抑制NPY/AgRP/GABA神經元(且因此活化POMC神經元)而不充當GABA通道之抑制劑。
在特定其他實施例中,GABA抑制劑增加原嗎啡黑色素皮質素(proopiomelanocortin,POMC)神經元之表現,於MC3-R及/或MC4-R時產生更大之促效作用。在一些該等實施例中,GABA抑制劑增加POMC蛋白質之產生或釋放。在特定其他之該等實施例中,GABA抑制劑增加表現POMC之神經元之活性。在一些實施例中,GABA抑制劑為托吡酯。
在其他實施例中,第二化合物為多巴胺(dopamine)再吸收抑制劑。苯丁胺(phentermine)為多巴胺再吸收抑制劑之一實例。在特定之其他實施例中,第二化合物為去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑。去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑之實例包括安非他酮、噻硫西汀(thionisoxetine)及瑞波西汀(reboxetine)。其他實施例包括其中第二化合物為多巴胺促效劑者。多巴胺促效劑包括卡麥角林(cabergoline)、金剛烷胺(amantadine)、麥角乙脲(lisuride)、培高利特(pergolide)、羅匹尼羅(ropinirole)、普拉克索(pramipexole)及溴麥角環肽(bromocriptine)。在其他實施例中,第二化合物為去甲腎上腺素釋放劑,例如二乙胺苯丙酮(diethylpropion),或經混合之多巴胺/去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑,例如阿托莫他辛(atomoxatine)。
在特定之其他實施例中,第二化合物為5-HT1b促效劑,諸如舒馬曲坦、阿莫曲普坦(almotriptan)、納拉曲坦(naratriptan)、夫羅曲坦(frovatriptan)、利紮曲坦(rizatriptan)、佐米曲坦(zomitriptan)及/或艾立曲譜坦(elitriptan)。
在另一態樣中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況,其包含識別有此需要之個體及以有效量之包含第一化合物及第二化合物之BGM組合物治療個體,其中第一化合物為類鴉片拮抗劑且與正常生理狀態相比,第二化合物引起黑色素皮質素3受體(MC3-R)或黑色素皮質素4受體(MC4-R)促效作用之增加。
在特定實施例中,類鴉片拮抗劑拮抗哺乳動物體內之MOP-R。哺乳動物可選自由以下各物組成之群:小鼠;大鼠;兔;豚鼠;犬;貓;綿羊;山羊;牛;諸如猴、黑猩猩及猿之靈長類動物;及人類。
在一些實施例中,類鴉片拮抗劑係選自阿維莫泮、腦丙納唑平、納美芬、納洛酮、納曲酮、甲基納曲酮及納洛芬及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。在其他實施例中,類鴉片拮抗劑為部分類鴉片促效劑。該類化合物於類鴉片受體處具有一定之促效活性。部分類鴉片促效劑之實例包括潘他克嗪、丁丙諾啡、納洛芬、丙吡蘭及洛非西定。
在一些實施例中,待接受治療之受檢者或患者係藉由識別患有糖尿病(其可為1型及/或2型糖尿病)之患者而識別。在一些實施例中,患者或受檢者係藉由識別具有胰島素抗性之患者而識別。在一些實施例中,患者或受檢者係藉由識別具有胰島素抗性之患者而識別。在其他實施例中,患者或受檢者係藉由識別具有高胰島素血症之患者而識別。在其他實施例中,患者或受檢者係藉由識別具有葡萄糖代謝異常(葡萄糖耐受性異常或空腹葡萄糖異常)之患者而識別。在其他實施例中,患者或受檢者係藉由識別具有高血糖症之患者而識別。其可藉由量測所給予患者之胰島素之絕對或相對量及由此產生之血糖改變或藉由簡單地測定所給予患者之胰島素量及該量是否大於預期內源性量而進行。或者,其可藉由記錄患者為達成特定目的或結果所需要之胰島素量之增加而進行。在一些實施例中,使用胰島素之任何患者或受檢者可受益於以上組合物或方法。在其他實施例中,以上化合物(例如類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或其組合)中之任一者可簡單地藉由將化合物投與受檢者且使受檢者之內源性胰島素含量控制受檢者血糖含量而單獨用於以上病況之一或多種。
在本發明之其他實施例中,為非葡萄糖相關目的,已向患者投與包含精神治療劑(例如精神抑制劑)、類鴉片拮抗劑、抗驚厥劑或其某種組合之組合物且該患者需要治療血糖病況。在該等實施例中,可調節所投與之組合物之量以抑制血糖病況。在某些該等實施例中,血糖病況為需要增加血糖含量者。在某些該等實施例中,可降低所投與之組合物之量。
在一些實施例中,抑制血糖病況包含向個體投與有效量之包含精神治療劑(α-MSH活性增強劑)及抗驚厥劑之BGM組合物。在一些實施例中,精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑大致係同時投與。在其他實施例中,精神治療劑係在抗驚厥劑之前投與。在另一些實施例中,精神治療劑係在抗驚厥劑之後投與。該等化合物可與胰島素大體上同時投與,藉此使胰島素更有效地降低血糖含量。或者,胰島素可與一種化合物一起投與且稍後添加其他化合物。或者,胰島素可在該等化合物之前投與。將為熟習此項技術者瞭解,以上化合物之作用速度及其作用之持續時間可決定應何時、如何及添加多少胰島素。當然,該等次序及方法可應用於包括類鴉片拮抗劑在內之任何化合物。
在特定實施例中,BGM組合物之化合物係個別或單獨投與,在其他實施例中,其係一起投與。在其他實施例中,該等化合物係彼此共價鍵聯以使得形成單一化學個體。接著使單一化學個體消化且代謝為兩種獨立的生理活性化學個體;其中一者為一種化合物(例如精神治療劑)且另一者為另一種化合物(例如抗驚厥劑)。可將鍵聯之化合物與胰島素混合投與。在一些實施例中,胰島素亦係與化合物中之一者或兩者鍵聯。選擇化學鍵使得該鍵於進入身體後藉由(諸如)酶促作用、酸水解、鹼水解或類似作用斷裂,且接著形成兩種獨立之化合物。
本發明之態樣至少部分提供抑制諸如胰島素抗性或2型糖尿病之血糖病況之危險性、副作用或症狀的方法。該等方法可包括使用包含抗驚厥劑及/或本文揭示之任何化合物之BGM組合物。在一些實施例中,完全逆轉或防止發生胰島素抗性。在其他實施例中,與未投與組合物下所預測之症狀相比,該等症狀僅減輕或延緩。在一些實施例中,向胰島素中添加以上化合物中之一種(例如抗驚厥劑、精神治療劑及/或類鴉片拮抗劑)可用以使症狀降低1-10%、10-20%、20-30%、30-40%、40-50%、50-60%、60-70%、70-80%、80-90%、90-99%或100%。症狀或症狀之嚴重度可以宿主體內某些可計量之量相對於正常值(例如血糖含量或胰島素含量)之偏離量測,或例如,以所給予宿主之藥物的量量測(例如當亦向宿主投與抗驚厥劑時,為達成所要的效應,宿主需要小於30%之外部投與之胰島素)。
在特定實施例中,抗驚厥劑有效地降低哺乳動物體內與血糖病況相關之抽搐。哺乳動物可選自由以下各物組成之群:小鼠;大鼠;兔;豚鼠;犬;貓;綿羊;山羊;牛;諸如猴、黑猩猩及猿之靈長類動物;及人類。將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,抗驚厥劑實際上不需要預防未遭受抽搐危險或可能性之受檢者中之抽搐。當使用短語"降低抽搐"時,表示若向遭受抽搐危險之患者投與特定治療,則將減低患者之抽搐危險。然而,抽搐危險實際上不需要發生於不具有遭受抽搐之危險之患者中。而是指示,於兩類患者體內類似的生化機制或路徑得以活化或抑制。
在特定實施例中,BGM組合物之第一化合物為唑尼沙胺且第二化合物為米氮平。在其他實施例中,第一化合物為安非他酮且第二他合物為米氮平。在另外的實施例中,第一化合物為唑尼沙胺且第二化合物司普替林。在其他實施例中,第一化合物為安非他酮且第二化合物為司普替林。在另一實施例中,第一化合物為唑尼沙胺與安非他酮之組合且第二化合物為米氮平。在另一些實施例中,第一化合物為唑尼沙胺與胺非他酮之組合且第二化合物為司普替林。將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,可將以上之任何化合物與胰島素混合或與胰島素一起投與。
在一些實施例中,如本文所述且在本文所述之調配物中,第一化合物為唑尼沙胺且第二化合物為鋰鹽。在其他實施例中,第一化合物為唑尼沙胺且第二化合物為丙戊酸或諸如丙戊酸鹽之不同鹽之其醫藥學上可接受的鹽、酯、醯胺或前藥。將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,可將以上任何化合物與胰島素混合或與胰島素一起投與。
在一些實施例中,如本文所述且在本文所述之調配物中,BGM組合物之第一化合物為托比酯且第二化合物為鋰鹽。在其他實施例中,第一化合物為托比酯且第二化合物為丙戊酸或諸如丙戊酸鹽之不同鹽之醫藥學上可接受的鹽、酯、醯胺或前藥。將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,可將以上任何化合物與胰島素混合或與胰島素一起投與。
在一實施例中,該等方法包含向接受胰島素之哺乳動物投與至少足以抑制受檢者經受血糖病況危險之量的唑尼沙胺。在一替代性實施例中,該等方法包含向接受胰島素之哺乳動物投與足以降低受檢者經受血糖病況之危險之量的以下物質:抗抑鬱藥;唑尼沙胺或托吡酯之組合或其他抗驚厥劑(包括阻斷海人草酸(kainate)/AMPA(D,L-α-胺基-3-羥基-5-甲基-異噁唑丙酸)亞型麩胺酸受體之藥劑);及安非他酮或經由吸收抑制或其他機制增強去甲腎上腺素及/或多巴胺活性之其他化合物。
在特定實施例中,用於本發明之方法之胰島素致敏劑包括唑尼沙胺或托吡酯(及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽)。在其他實施例中,使用諸如彼等於美國專利第4,172,896號中描述者之其他甲磺醯胺衍生物或諸如彼等於美國專利第4,513,006號中描述者之其他胺基磺酸鹽(包括經胺基磺酸鹽取代之單醣)。該等參考案之全文皆係以引用的方式併入本文。在其他實施例中,尤其是在包括使用抗驚厥劑而不使用精神治療劑或類鴉片促效劑之實施例中,抗驚厥劑為非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑。唑尼沙胺為非胺基磺酸鹽抗驚厥劑之實例。
在其他實施例中,胰島素致敏劑為安非他酮;而在其他實施例中使用於美國專利第3,819,706號及第3,885,046號(其全文皆係以引用的方式併入本文)中揭示之一或多種化合物。在其他實施例中,胰島素致敏劑為諸如藉由再吸收抑制或其他機制增強去甲腎上腺素及/或多巴胺活性之化合物。胰島素致敏劑為降低於患者體內發生血糖病況之可能性者且可包括,例如類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑。
增強去甲腎上腺素及/或多巴胺活性之化合物包括去甲腎上腺素促效劑,諸如苯二甲嗎啉(phendimetrazine)及苄非他明(benzphetamine);去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑,諸如阿托莫西汀、安非他酮、噻硫西汀及瑞波西汀;多巴胺促效劑,諸如卡麥角林、金剛烷胺、麥角乙脲、培高利物、羅匹尼羅、普拉克索及/或溴麥角環胺;去甲腎上腺素釋放劑,例如二乙胺苯丙酮;經混合多巴胺/去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑,例如安非他酮;多巴胺再吸收抑制劑與去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑之組合,例如安非他酮及嗎吲哚(mazindol);或選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑(SSRI)與去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑之組合,諸如諾美婷、文拉法辛及度洛西汀。
適合治療之患者及受檢者包括彼等如上所述以此識別者及彼等接受胰島素、胰島素衍生物或調節受檢者或患者體內之血糖含量之化合物者。
根據本發明,例如唑尼沙胺或托吡酯與安非他酮之組合(包括諸如持續釋放製劑之受控釋放形式)提供抑制血糖病況之有效方式。該組合可比例如單獨之唑尼沙胺或托吡酯治療有效且具有更少之副作用。神經藥理學上,例如安非他酮與唑尼沙胺或托吡酯之組合靶向例如血清素、去甲腎上腺素及多巴胺之所有三種主要神經傳遞素。舉例而言,唑尼沙胺或托吡酯之副作用(諸如嗜眠症、精神運動性遲緩、認知障礙、疲乏及抑鬱)可以例如安非他酮之失眠、激動、精神運動性激越及抗抑鬱效應抵消。另一方面,例如唑尼沙胺或托吡酯可降低與例如安非他酮相關之痙攣危險。可將較低劑量之兩種類型之藥物用於組合治療,藉此進一步降低總體副作用。當然,可將胰島素添加至以上任何組合中以提供向使用受檢者需接受之胰島素之受檢者投與所要化合物之便利、可靠方法。
關於唑尼沙胺之藥物動力學,其腎排泄及抑制或誘發肝微粒酵素之最小可能性為與抗抑鬱藥(尤其是較新產生之抗抑鬱藥)組合使用概念中的有利品質。以下部分描述可為上述組合物之其他實施例且亦可用於上述方法之各種醫藥組合物。
在另一態樣中,本發明係關於包含如上所述之精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑及/或胰島素之組合或包含如上所述之鍵聯分子及生理學上可接受之載劑、稀釋劑或賦形劑或其組合的醫藥組合物。
適當投與途徑及適用於其之組合物之一些實施例的詳述可見於例如美國專利第6,110,973號、第5,763,493號、第5,731,000號、第5,541,231號、第5,427,798號、第5,358,970號及第4,172,896號及其引用之專利中(所有專利案(包括任何圖式)之全文係以引用的方式併入本文)。將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,適用於傳遞胰島素或至少一種化合物之任何方法可適用於傳遞組合。例如可以一次注射經皮下方式投與化合物。
可向人類患者投與本文所述之醫藥組合物本身,或該等醫藥組合物可為將其作為組合治療與其他活性成份或合適之載劑或賦形劑混合之醫藥組合物形式。調配及投與本申請案之化合物之技術可見於"Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,"Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,第18版,1990。關於醫藥組合物及投與方法之以下討論不僅可應用於化合物,亦可應用於組合物整體及任何胰島素。
合適之投與途徑可包括例如口服、經直腸、經黏膜或腸內投與;非經腸傳遞,包括肌肉內注射、皮下注射、靜脈注射、髓內注射及鞘內注射、直接心室內注射、腹膜內注射、鼻內注射或眼內注射。在一些實施例中,可以一種投與途徑投與組合物之至少一種組份,同時以另一種投與途徑投與組合物之至少一種其他組份。舉例而言,可藉由皮下注射投與胰島素且可經口投與精神抑制劑。
或者,可通常以儲槽或持續釋放調配物形式,例如經由於腎區或心區直接注射化合物,以局部方式而非全身方式投與化合物及/或胰島素。此外,可以標靶藥物傳遞系統,例如以組織特異性抗體包覆之脂質體投與藥物。脂質體選擇性靶向器官且由器官選擇性吸收。
本發明之醫藥組合物可以自身已知之方式製造,例如藉由習知混合、溶解、粒化、糖衣藥丸製造、濕磨、乳化、囊封、誘捕或壓片法。
因此,可使用促進將活性化合物加工為醫藥學上可使用之製劑之包含賦形劑及助劑的一或多種生理學可接受之載劑,以習知方式調配根據本發明使用之醫藥組合物。合適之調配物係視所選擇之投與途徑而定。舉例而言,在以上Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences中,如合適且如於此項技術中所瞭解,可使用眾所熟知之任何技術、載劑及賦形劑。
對於注射而言,可將本發明之化合物及/或胰島素較佳地在諸如亨克氏溶液(Hanks's solution)、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)或生理鹽水緩衝劑之生理相容之緩衝劑中調配為水溶液。對於經黏膜投與而言,於調配物中使用適用於待滲透之障壁之滲透劑。此等滲透劑一般於此項技術中已知。
對於口服投與而言,可藉由將活性化合物與此項技術中眾所熟知之醫藥學上可接受之載劑組合容易地調配化合物及/或胰島素。此等載劑使得能夠將本發明之化合物及/或胰島素調配為錠劑、丸劑、糖衣藥丸、膠囊、液體、凝膠、糖漿、漿液、懸浮液及其類似物以供待治療患者口服攝取。可藉由混合一或多種固體賦形劑與本發明之醫藥組合,視情況研磨所得混合物且需要時於添加合適之助劑後加工顆粒混合物以獲得錠劑或糖衣藥丸核心來獲得口服使用之醫藥製劑。詳言之,合適之賦形劑為填充劑,諸如糖,包括乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇或山梨糖醇;纖維素製劑,諸如玉米澱粉、小麥澱粉、米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、明膠、黃著樹膠、甲基纖維素、羥基丙基甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉及/或聚乙烯吡咯啶酮(PVP)。若需要,則可添加崩解劑,諸如交聯聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、瓊脂或褐藻酸或其鹽,諸如褐藻酸鈉。特別涵蓋受控釋放形式之本文所述之BGM組合物,包括持續釋放調配物。調配受控釋放形式之方法為熟習此項技術者已知且可用於使用由本文提供之指導獲悉之常規實驗製造受控釋放BGM組合物。
提供具有合適包衣之糖衣藥丸。為該目的,可使用濃糖溶液,其視情況可含有阿拉伯膠、滑石、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚丙烯酸凝膠、聚乙二醇及/或二氧化鈦、漆液及合適之有機溶劑或溶劑混合物。可將染料或顏料添加至錠劑或糖衣藥丸包衣中以識別或表現不同之活性化合物劑量組合。
可口服(包括舌下)使用之醫藥製劑包括由明膠製造之推入配合(push-fit)膠囊及由明膠及諸如甘油或山梨糖醇之增塑劑製造之軟、密封膠囊。推入配合之膠囊可含有與諸如乳糖之填充劑、諸如澱粉之黏合劑及/或諸如滑石或硬脂酸鎂之潤滑劑及視情況之穩定劑混雜的活性成份。在軟膠囊中,活性化合物及/或胰島素可溶解或懸浮於諸如脂肪油、液態石蠟或液體聚乙二醇之合適液體中。此外,可添加穩定劑。口服投與之所有調配物應為適用於此投與之劑量。
對於口頰投與而言,BGM組合物可呈以習知方式調配之錠劑或口含劑之形式。
對於藉由吸入投藥而言,使用適當之推進劑(例如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷、二氧化碳或其他適當之氣體)由加壓包裝或噴霧器便利地傳遞以氣霧劑噴霧之形式呈現的本文所使用之化合物和/或胰島素。在加壓氣霧劑之情況下,可藉由提供閥門確定劑量單位以定量傳遞。可調配用於吸入器或吹入器中之(例如)明膠膠囊及藥筒,其含有化合物與諸如乳糖或澱粉之適當粉末基質之粉末混合物。
可調配用於藉由注射(例如藉由快速注射或持續輸注)之非經腸投與的BGM組合物及/或胰島素。注射用調配物可以單位劑型與所添加之防腐劑一起存在於例如安瓿或多劑量容器中。BGM組合物可呈諸如於油性或水性媒劑中之懸浮液、溶液或乳液形式,且可含有諸如懸浮劑、穩定劑及/或分散劑之調配劑。
非經腸投與之醫藥調配物包括水溶性形式之活性化合物之水溶液。此外,可將活性化合物及/或胰島素之懸浮液製備為適當之油性注射懸浮液。合適之親脂性溶劑或媒劑包括諸如芝麻油之脂肪油或諸如油酸乙酯或三酸甘油酯之合成脂肪酸酯或脂質體。水性注射懸浮液可含有增加懸浮液黏度之物質,諸如羧甲基纖維素鈉、山梨糖醇或葡聚糖。視情況,懸浮液亦可含有合適之穩定劑或增加化合物及/或胰島素溶解度之藥劑以允許製備極濃溶液。
或者,活性成份可為於使用前以例如無菌無熱原質水之合適媒劑復水之散劑形式。
亦可將化合物及/或胰島素調配為例如含有諸如可可脂或其他甘油酯之習知栓劑基質之諸如栓劑或保留灌腸劑的直腸用組合物。
除先前所述之調配物外,亦可將化合物及/或胰島素調配為儲槽式製劑。此等長時作用調配物可藉由植入(例如皮下或肌肉內)或藉由肌肉內注射投與。因此,例如,可將化合物與合適之聚合或疏水性材料(例如作為可接受之油中之乳液)或離子交換樹脂一起調配(或作為微溶衍生物,例如作為微溶鹽)。
用於本發明之疏水性化合物及/或胰島素之醫藥載劑為包含苄醇、非極性界面活性劑、水可混溶有機聚合物及水相之共溶劑系統。常用之共溶劑系統為VPD共溶劑系統,其為3% w/v苄醇、8% w/v非極性界面活性劑Polysorbate 80T M
及65% w/v聚乙二醇300於無水乙醇中組成100%體積之溶液。當然,在不破壞溶解性及毒性特徵的情況下,共溶劑系統之比例可顯著變化。此外,共溶劑組份本身可變化:舉例而言,可使用其他低毒性非極性界面活性劑替代POLYSORBATE 80T M
;聚乙二醇之分率大小可變化;其他生物可相容聚合物可置換聚乙二醇,例如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮;且其他糖或多醣可取代右旋糖。
或者,可採用其他用於疏水性醫藥化合物及/或胰島素之傳遞系統。脂質體及乳液為疏水性藥物之傳遞媒劑或載劑之眾所熟知的實例。儘管通常以較大毒性為代價,但亦可採用諸如二甲亞碸之特定有機溶劑。此外,可使用諸如含有治療劑之固體疏水性聚合物之半透基質的持續釋放系統,傳遞化合物。已確立各種持續釋放之材料且其為熟習此項技術者所熟知。持續釋放膠囊視其化學性質可釋放化合物歷時數週至高達100天以上。視治療試劑之化學性質及生物穩定性,可採用額外策略使蛋白質穩定。
用於本發明醫藥組合物之許多化合物及/或胰島素可以與醫藥學上相容之平衡離子形成的鹽形式提供。醫藥學上相容之鹽可以許多酸形成,該等酸包括(但不限於)氫氯酸、硫酸、乙酸、乳酸、酒石酸、蘋果酸、丁二酸等。鹽比對應之游離酸或鹼形式易溶解於水性或其他質子溶劑中。
適用於本發明之BGM醫藥組合物包括含有有效地達成預期目的之量之活性成份的組合物。更詳言之,治療有效量意謂有效地預防、穩定、緩解或改善疾病症狀、疾病惡化或延長治療患者壽命之化合物或組合物之量。治療有效量之確定正在熟習此項技術者之能力範圍內,尤其是鑒於本文所提供之詳細揭示內容。
本發明之醫藥組合物之適當調配物、投與途徑及劑量可由個別醫師鑒於患者病況而選擇。(例如參見Fingl等人1975,in"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
",第1章,第1頁)。通常,向患者投與之組合物之劑量範圍可為約0.5至1000 mg/kg患者體重。如患者所需要,可於一或多天之時程內給予單一劑量或兩個或兩個以上之劑量系列。注意對於本發明中提及之幾乎所有特定化合物及胰島素而言,已確立治療至少一些病況之人類劑量。因此,在大部分情況下,本發明將使用彼等相同劑量或在已確立之人類劑量之約0.1%與500%、約1%與約500%、約10%與約500%、約25%與約500%、約50%與約500%、約100%與約500%、約250%與約500%、約0.1%與約250%、約1%與約250%、約10%與約250%、約25%與約250%、約50%與約250%、約100%與約250%、約0.1%與約100%、約1%與約100%、約10%與約100%、約25%與約100%、約50%與約100%、約0.1%與約50%、約1%與約50%、約10%與約50%、約25%與約50%、約0.1%與約25%、約1%與約25%、約10%與約25%、約0.1%與約10%、約1%與約10%或約0.1%與1%之間之劑量。當未確立人類劑量時(如新發現之醫藥組合物之情況),可由ED5 0
或ID5 0
值或其他獲自由動物體內之毒性研究及效率研究鑑定之活體外或活體內研究的適當值推斷合適之人類劑量。對於胰島素之劑量而言,在一些實施例中,由於其他化合物之效應,可需要較少量作為單位劑量。然而,該較少劑量可藉由使用本文揭示之教示及方法及熟習此項技術者之知識容易地確定。
將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,各種化合物(例如類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑及/或抗驚厥劑)及胰島素之量可視特定情況而變化。確切劑量或量可由熟習此項技術者鑒於本發明確定。
與各組合物一起或於各組合物中投與之胰島素之量可視其待應用之特定狀況而變化。在一些實施例中,僅包括一單位之部分(例如0.1-0.2、0.2-0.3、0.3-0.4、0.4-0.5、0.5-0.6、0.6-0.7、0.7-0.8、0.9-0.99 U)至一或兩個單位之胰島素。該胰島素含量可適用於基礎胰島素治療。可相應地調節額外化合物(例如抗驚厥劑或精神治療劑)之量。在其他實施例中,胰島素之量較高,例如2-5、5-10、10-15或15-20 U。當然,待添加之胰島素之量可視受檢者之活動性、受檢者之體格及性別及假定胰島素改變患者血糖之時間量而定。此外,因為以上化合物增加患者之胰島素感受性,所以以上化合物之量亦可降低待添加之胰島素量。舉例而言,視使用之以上化合物之量,可使用以上量之99-90%、90-80%、80-70%、70-60%、60-50%、50-40%、40-30%、30-20%、20-10%、10-1%之胰島素。
儘管將基於不同藥物確定化合物(例如類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑及/或抗驚厥劑)之確切劑量,但在大部分情況下,可對劑量進行一些概括。用於成年人類患者之日劑量方案可為(例如)本發明之醫藥組合物或其以游離鹼計算之醫藥學上可接受之鹽的各成份在0.1 mg與6000 mg之間、較佳在1 mg與5000 mg(例如25至5000 mg)之間的口服劑量;或各成份在0.01 mg與100 mg之間、較佳在0.1 mg與60 mg(例如1至40 mg)之間的靜脈內、皮下或肌肉內注射劑量,該組合物係每天投與1至4次。或者,本發明之組合物可較佳地以每日高達400 mg之各成份之劑量藉由連續靜脈輸注投與。因此,藉由口服投與之各成份之每日總劑量通常在1至2500 mg之範圍內,且藉由非經腸投與之每日總劑量通常在0.1至400 mg之範圍內。合適地投與化合物歷時連續治療之時段,例如歷時一週或更長時間或歷時數月或數年。可與胰島素混合之各種化合物之量的特定實例描述於下。
在一些實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,碳酸鋰之劑量範圍將產生介於約0.5至約1.5 meq/l之間之血鋰含量。在一較佳實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,碳酸鋰劑量範圍將為約900毫克/天。
在特定實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,丙戊酸鹽之劑量範圍在約250至約5000毫克/天之範圍內。在一較佳實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,丙戊酸鹽之劑量範圍將為約1500 mg/天。
在其他實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,唑尼沙胺之劑量範圍在每天約25至約600 mg之範圍內。在一些實施例中,劑量為每天25 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天50 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天100 mg。
在其他實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,米氮平之劑量範圍在每天約5至約500 mg之範圍內。在一些實施例中,劑量為每天8 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天16 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天32 mg。在一些實施例中,劑量為每天15 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天30 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天45 mg。
在其他實施例中,對於口服劑量而言,文拉法辛或文拉法辛XR之劑量範圍在每天約20 mg至約600 mg之範圍內。在一些實施例中,劑量為每天25 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天37.5 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天50 mg。在一些實施例中,劑量為每天75 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天100 mg。在其他實施例中,劑量為每天150 mg。
如上所述,可以一種方法或於一種組合物內將以上任何化合物與胰島素進一步混合。
可個別調節劑量及時間間隔以提供足以維持調節效應或最小有效濃度(MEC)之化合物及/或胰島素血漿含量。各化合物之MEC不同,但其可由活體外資料評估。為達成MEC所需之劑量將視個別特徵或投與途徑而定。然而,可使用HPLC檢定或生物檢定測定血漿濃度。
亦可使用MEC值測定劑量時間間隔。應使用將血漿含量維持於MEC以上歷時10-90%,較佳地30-90%之間且最佳地50-90%之間之時間的方案投與組合物。相關時間段不需要為完整的且可例如於攝食期間或睡眠期間。
在局部投與或選擇性吸收之情況下,藥物之局部有效濃度可不與血漿濃度相關。
投與之組合物之量當然與治療之受檢者、受檢者體重、病痛之嚴重度、投與方式及處方醫師之判斷相關。
若需要,則組合物或化合物可存在於可含有一或多個含有活性成份之單位劑型之包裝或施配器裝置中。包裝可例如包含金屬箔或塑膠箔,諸如發泡包裝。包裝或施配器裝置可附有投與說明。包裝或施配器亦可附有與容器結合形式之政府機構規定之規範藥物製造、使用或銷售的通告,該通告反映政府機構許可之用於人類或獸醫投與之藥物形式。例如,此通告可為美國食品與藥物管理局(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)許可之用於處方藥之標籤或許可之產品插頁。亦可製備包含於相容之醫藥載劑中調配之本發明化合物的組合物,該等組合物置於適當容器中且附上用於治療指定病況之標籤。在一些實施例中,以上包裝或套組包含化合物(例如類鴉片拮抗劑、精神治療劑及/或抗驚厥劑)及胰島素。套組亦可含有投與胰島素之構件,諸如用於皮下注射之注射針及注射器。
將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,可在不偏離本發明之精神下進行許多及各種修正。因此,應清楚地瞭解本發明之形式僅為說明性的且不意欲限制本發明之範疇。此外,以上內容之各章節僅為簡化使用且不意謂排除一部分與另一部分之間具有相關章節。
以上引用之所有文獻及其他資訊來源之全文係以引用的方式併入本文,如Gadde等人,Obesity Res.
9:544-551(2001)及Gadde等人,JAMA
289:1820-1825(2003)。
將為熟習此項技術者所瞭解,可修正以上包括胰島素之任何方法或組合物使得其不包括胰島素。同樣,可修正以上不包括胰島素之任何方法或組合物(若其未明確包括胰島素),使得其包括胰島素。舉例而言,儘管可向患者投與包含胰島素及α-MSH活性增強劑或精神治療劑之醫藥組合物作為抑制血糖病況之方法,但患者可由簡單地投與α-MSH活性增強劑而受益,且因此不需要添加胰島素作為該方法自身之部分。本文所述之向受檢者投與BGM組合物之方法可包含獲得受檢者血糖含量之量測值。此等量測可由受檢者或諸如專業醫師之另一人使用熟習此項技術者已知之方法進行。在一實施例中,本文所述之向受檢者投與BGM組合物之方法進一步包含於獲得受檢者血糖含量之量測值後調節組合物之劑量。在一實施例中,本文所述之向受檢者投與BGM組合物之方法進一步包含向受檢者提供膳食指導。
一實施例提供包含本文所述之BGM組合物連同建議閱讀者監控BGM組合物預定接受者之血糖含量之指導的包裝。
本發明之一些實施例係如下:在第一實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之組合物,其包含精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或精神治療劑與抗驚厥劑兩者及胰島素。
在第二實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑係選自由以下物質組成之群:丁胺苯丙酮、碳酸鋰、檸檬酸鋰、丙戊酸鹽、奧氮平、其混合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥。
在第三實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該抗驚厥劑係選自由以下物質組成之群:托吡酯及唑尼沙胺及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或前藥及其組合。
在第四實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第五實施例中,本發明係關於第四實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為碳酸鋰或檸檬酸鋰。
在第六實施例中,本發明係關於第四實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為丙戊酸鹽。
在第七實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為鋰鹽且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第八實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為丙戊酸或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酯、醯胺或前藥,且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第九實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為米氮平且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為安非他酮且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十一實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為司普替林且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十二實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為安非他酮且該抗驚厥劑為托吡酯。
在第十三實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為安非他酮與米氮平之組合,且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十四實施例中,本發明係關於第一實施例之組合物,其中該精神治療劑為安非他酮與司普替林之組合且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十五實施例中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之方法,其包含識別有此需要之受檢者,向受檢者投與精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或向受檢者投與此兩者。
在第十六實施例中,本發明係關於第十五實施例之方法,其中精神治療劑係選自由以下物質組成之群:碳酸鋰、檸檬酸鋰及丙戊酸鹽及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酯、醯胺或前藥且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十七實施例中,本發明係關於第十五實施例之方法,其中精神治療劑係選自由以下物質組成之群:米氮平及司普替林及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酯、醯胺或前藥且該抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第十八實施例中,本發明係關於第十五實施例之方法,其進一步包含投與胰島素,其中胰島素係與精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或兩者大致同時投與個體。
在第十九實施例中,本發明係關於第十五實施例之方法,其進一步包含投與胰島素,其中該胰島素係於精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或兩者之後投與受檢者。
在第二十實施例中,本發明係關於第十五實施例之方法,其進一步包含向受檢者投與胰島素,其中胰島素係於精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或兩者之前投與受檢者。
在第二十一實施例中,本發明係關於抑制胰島素感受性喪失之方法,該方法包含識別需要抑制胰島素感受性喪失之受檢者且投與選自由以下物質組成之群之化合物:精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑、類鴉片受體拮抗劑或其中之某組合。
在第二十二實施例中,本發明係關於用於抑制血糖病況之醫藥組合物,其包含精神治療劑、類鴉片拮抗劑或精神治療劑與類鴉片拮抗劑兩者及胰島素。
在第二十三實施例中,本發明係關於第二十二實施例之組合物,其中類鴉片拮抗劑包含納曲酮。
在第二十四實施例中,本發明係關於包含以上任何組成之組合物,其中該(該等)化合物之量不大於增加胰島素感受性之大約有效量。
在第二十五實施例中,本發明係關於包含精神治療劑、抗驚厥劑或其中某組合之組合物,其中該精神治療劑及該抗驚厥劑係以至少有效量存在。
在第二十六實施例中,本發明係關於第二十一實施例之方法,其中精神治療劑為安非他酮且類鴉片受體拮抗劑為納曲酮。
在第二十七實施例中,本發明係關於第二十一實施例之方法,其中精神治療劑為氟西汀且類鴉片受體拮抗劑為納曲酮。
在第二十八實施例中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之組合物,其包含抗驚厥劑及類鴉片受體拮抗劑。
在第二十九實施例中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之組合物,其包含精神治療劑及類鴉片受體拮抗劑。
在第三十實施例中,本發明係關於第二十九實施例,其中精神治療劑為安非他酮且類鴉片受體拮抗劑為納曲酮。
在第三十一實施例中,本發明係關於第二十九實施例,其中精神治療劑為氟西汀且類鴉片受體拮抗劑為納曲酮。
在第三十二實施例中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之組合物,其中該組合物包含精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑。
在第三十三實施例中,本發明係關於第三十二實施例之組合物,其中精神治療劑為奧氮平且抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第三十四實施例中,本發明係關於抑制血糖病況之方法,其包含識別有此需要之受檢者且向受檢者投與精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑。
在第三十五實施例中,本發明係關於第三十四實施例之方法,其中精神治療劑為奧氮平且抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第三十六實施例中,本發明係關於藉由投與精神治療劑或抗驚厥劑引起胰島素抗性逆轉之組合物,其中該組合物包含精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑。
在第三十七實施例中,本發明係關於第三十六實施例之組合物,其中精神治療劑為奧氮平且抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
在第三十八實施例中,本發明係關於藉由投與精神治療劑或抗驚厥劑引起血糖病況逆轉之方法,其包含識別有此需要之受檢者,且向受檢者投與精神治療劑及抗驚厥劑。
在第三十九實施例中,本發明係關於第三十八實施例之方法,其中精神治療劑為奧氮平且抗驚厥劑為唑尼沙胺。
以下實施為非限制性的且僅為本發明各態樣之代表。
識別使用胰島素之個體。指示各個體除胰島素治療外,以每日為基礎服用一片25 mg之唑尼沙胺錠劑。
監控個體歷時數月之時段。建議調節劑量使得各個體保持對其胰島素劑量之感受性且維持健康之血糖含量;從而可減低胰島素含量。
唑尼沙胺之劑量可為每天約25 mg至約800 mg,一般每日給藥一次或分(例如等分)為多份劑量給藥。較佳地,劑量為每天約100 mg至約600 mg,更佳地,劑量為每天約200 mg至約400 mg。然而,可能需要使用該等範圍外之劑量。通常製造且出售25 mg、50 mg及100 mg劑量之唑尼沙胺錠劑。可使用個別錠劑或錠劑組合達成所要的劑量。胰島素係以自1-10單位變化之量經皮下投與。
識別使用胰島素之個體。指示各個體除胰島素治療外,以每日為基礎服用一片25 mg之托吡酯錠劑。
監控個體歷時數月之時段。建議調節劑量使得各自保持對其目前之胰島素給藥方案之感受性。
托吡酯之劑量可為約25 mg至約1600 mg,較佳地約50 mg至約600 mg,更佳地約100 mg至約400 mg。然而,可能需要使用該等範圍外之劑量。
或者,投與托吡酯時,該給藥方案之個體胰島素降低10%。因為胰島素與托吡酯組合所引起之該降低將不利地影響個體,所以較低之胰島素劑量將有效地維持個體所要的血糖含量且降低個體產生胰島素抗性之危險。
識別使用胰島素之個體。記錄各個體之胰島素給藥方案及個體由特定劑量之胰島素產生之血糖。
除以每日為基礎服用一片米氮平錠劑外,指示各個體以每日為基礎服用一片唑尼沙胺錠劑,且個體胰島素給藥方案隨時間逐漸降低。起初,藥物係如下投與:8 mg米氮平與64 mg唑尼沙胺;或16 mg米氮平與128 mg唑尼沙胺;或32 mg米氮平與252 mg唑尼沙胺;一般米氮平/唑尼沙胺之比率為1:8。在一週之時段內,個體胰島素給藥方案降低5%,接著降低10%、20%、30%、40%、50%等。在該投與胰島素含量降低期間,監控個體血糖含量。胰島素含量持續降低直至個體血糖含量不再安全。因此,可測定該等化合物使個體對胰島素敏感進而使得個體使用較少胰島素之能力。
若初始劑量無效,則可使其增加。
識別患有胰島素抗性之個體。確定向個體投與之胰島素之量(胰島素初始含量)及所得之胰島素對個體血糖之影響。
除其正常之胰島素劑量之外,除以每日為基礎服用一片帕羅西汀錠劑之外,指示各個體以每日為基礎服用一片唑尼沙胺錠劑。起初,藥物係如下投與:10 mg帕羅西汀與60 mg唑尼沙胺;或20 mg帕羅西汀與120 mg唑尼沙胺;或30 mg帕羅西汀與180 mg唑尼沙胺;或40 mg帕羅西汀與240 mg唑尼沙胺;一般帕羅西汀/唑尼沙胺之比率為1:6。胰島素之量可變化,且一般係在約1單位至10單位之間。
監控個體歷時數月之時段。此後,使投與之胰島素量降低至初始胰島素含量以下且接近於個體患有胰島素抗性之前向個體投與之胰島素量(胰島素之前胰島素抗性含量)的點。接著檢查個體之血糖含量以確定較低含量之胰島素是否仍有效地將個體血糖含量維持於所要的含量。以上化合物將有效地逆轉胰島素抗性。
若初始劑量無效,則使其增加。
識別具有發生胰島素抗性之危險之個體。指示各個體以每日為基礎服用一片50 mg之唑尼沙胺錠劑。此外,建議各個體以每日為基礎服用一片250 mg之安非他酮錠劑。
監控個體歷時數月之時段。建議調節劑量使得各個體保持或降低其為獲得所要血糖含量而每日攝取之胰島素量。
若初始劑量無效,則安非他酮劑量可每日以20 mg之間隔增加至高達3000 mg。若初始劑量導致胰島素感受性比以上速率更快速地增加,則可降低唑尼沙胺或安非他酮之各自劑量。
識別患有2型糖尿病之個體。監控個體之血糖及胰島素之每日劑量。向個體投與每日50 mg之唑尼沙胺及250 mg之安非他酮。再次量測個體之血糖。向個體投與之胰島素量將相應地減低以保持所要的血糖含量。若不需要減低胰島素之量(例如個體先前之胰島素劑量不太高),則可增加唑尼沙胺及安非他酮之量直至可減低投與之胰島素之量。若需要,則仍可向個體投與補充量之胰島素。由此,可治療2型糖尿病。
本實例可用於以上任何化合物及其組合,以確定待投與之各化合物之量及頻率。此亦可用於治療及/或抑制胰島素抗性及2型糖尿病。
餵食小鼠(n=3)隔夜,接著腹膜內(I.P.)注射以下各物中之一者:媒劑、氟西汀(8.5 mg/kg)、納曲酮(2.5 mg/kg)或氟西汀+納曲酮(8.5 mg/kg氟西汀,2.5 mg/kg納曲酮)。於注射後兩小時進行基線血糖測定。接著對小鼠進行標準胰島素I.P.注射。接著關注血糖含量兩小時(於15分鐘、30分鐘、1小時及2小時)。將媒劑、氟西汀、納曲酮及納曲酮+安非他酮之結果分別總結於表1-4中。血糖含量之單位為mg/dl。
數據展示,注射後開始2小時,該等劑量之單獨之氟西汀及納曲酮對胰島素抗性皆不具有作用,因為於測試之各時間點,以該等化合物中之任一者注射之小鼠的血糖含量與以媒劑注射之小鼠沒有差別。然而,氟西汀與納曲酮之組合對胰島素抗性具有顯著作用,因為與投與單獨之任一種化合物之小鼠相比,兩小時後,血糖含量顯著降低。因此,該組合有效地抑制胰島素抗性。
進行實例7所述之相同研究,除了小鼠(n=12)係以媒劑、納曲酮(3 mg/kg)、安非他酮(50 mg/kg)或納曲酮(3 mg/kg)+安非他酮(50 mg/kg)處理。基於各小鼠於各時間點之血糖含量計算曲線下之總面積(AUC)。AUC為於各時間點觀測之血糖含量之總和。小鼠之AUC值如下(ND=未測):媒劑:
13575、10485、ND、12038、9353、9990、8160、ND、14258、10883、12555及10065(平均值=11136.2);安非他酮:
13613、9083、11438、ND、14003、9668、8003、10725、8715、8715、12038、11280(平均值=10661.91,其為95.7%之媒劑AUC,表示AUC減低4.3%);納曲酮:
11445、ND、7208、14783、7215、13058、10493、9045、8003、10193、10763、15990(平均值=10745.09,其為96.5%之媒劑AUC,表示AUC減低3.5%);納曲酮+安非他酮:
7740、7680、12300、8685、ND、8775、ND、8550、12300、8625、ND、ND(平均值=9331.875,其為媒劑AUC之83.8%,表示AUC減低16.2%)。
因此,與單獨投與任一種化合物相比,投與安非他酮與納曲酮展現對抑制胰島素抗性之協同效應。因為納曲酮導致3.5%之減低且安非他酮導致4.3%之減低,所以希望共投與使AUC降低7.8%。實際上,所觀測之效應為所期望之效應之兩倍。
於實驗開始時,使用重約235公克之斯普雷格-多利雌鼠(Female Sprague-Dawley rat)。研究開始前2週,將其使用唑尼沙胺媒劑以假性注射訓練。在異氟烷麻醉下,於肩胛骨之間皮下植入Alzet滲透微量泵(2 ml2
)。隨後使大鼠於恢復後返回其籠室中。微量泵每小時傳遞5 μL歷時14天。將奧氮平溶解於dH2
O中之1.5%乳酸中。將唑尼沙胺溶解於10% DMSO、13.4% EtOH、20.1% PPG及66.5%鹽水中。奧氮平劑量為1.75毫克/天。將動物個別圈養且供應標準實驗室飲食。每天記錄食物消耗及動物體重。對照(媒劑)組中有5隻動物,僅使用唑尼沙胺之組中有5隻,僅使用奧氮平之組中有5隻且奧氮平+唑尼沙胺組中有6隻。
使大鼠於泵植入後恢復,且接著接受每日兩次之26 mg/kg之唑尼沙胺注射。奧氮平植入後13天,每日兩次唑尼沙胺注射開始後6天,藉由隱靜脈穿刺術抽取血液,且藉由具有血糖試紙條(glucose strip)之手握式血糖計(Roche Accucheck,Advantage)量測血糖含量。結果於以下展示(表5)。
因此,儘管單獨投與任一種化合物導致胰島素抗性增加(血糖含量升高),但是共投與奧氮平與唑尼沙胺抑制胰島素抗性且產生類似於經媒劑處理之動物之血糖含量。
Claims (12)
- 一種組合物之用途,其係用於製備治療血糖病症之藥物,該組合物包含:第一化合物及第二化合物之組合,其係選自下列組合:安非他酮(bupropion)及納曲酮(naltrexone)或其醫藥上可接受之鹽;氟西汀(fluoxetine)及納曲酮(naltrexone)或其醫藥上可接受之鹽;以及奧氮平(olanzapine)及唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該血糖病症係選自糖尿病、胰島素抗性、高胰島素血症、葡萄糖代謝異常及高血糖症。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中該病症為胰島素抗性。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中該病症為2型糖尿病。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之用途,其中該組合物進一步包含胰島素。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之用途,其中該第一化合物係與第二化合物分開投與。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之用途,其中第一化合物及第二化合物中至少一個為持續釋放調配物。
- 如請求項7之用途,其中第一化合物及第二化合物各為持續釋放調配物。
- 如請求項8之用途,其中第一化合物及第二化合物為單一口服劑型。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該單一口服劑型為錠劑、丸劑 或膠囊型式。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該組合物包含持續釋放之安非他酮或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,以及持續釋放之納曲酮或其醫藥上可接受之鹽,且其中該病症為胰島素抗性。
- 如請求項11之用途,其中納曲酮及安非他酮為單一口服劑型。
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