RU2328102C2 - Method of fertilisation simultaneously with soil plowing and device for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes the soil layer cutting and pulverisation and fertilser input in a furrows bottom and fertilser input on a furrow bottom. At simultaneous fertilser input on a furrows bottom make variable-depth loosening of strips with width of 0.35-0.40 m with depths difference within 0.05-0.08 m. In each furrow a plough-pan is destroyed on distance of 1/3-2/3 width of a furrow and on depth 0.10...0.14 m below a furrow bottom. The device contains a frame with consistently located one after another and displaced sideways on a width of cut cases and the feeder of fertilsers. Each case is executed in the form of a bar, a knife, a shoe, a share and a landside plate. The case shoe is supplied by a cutter for destruction plough-pan. The cutter is placed on a back side of a shoe and displaced from a landside plate on 1/3-2/3 width of cut of the case. Each bar is supplied by group of assembly holes for disposition on a frame with different removal of a shoe from assembly holes of a frame. Thus specified shoe is supplied by a cutter placed on a back side of a shoe and displaced from a landside plate on 1/3-2/3 width of cut of the case. Each bar is supplied by group of assembly holes for disposition on a frame with different removal of a shoe from assembly holes of a frame. The feeder of fertilsers contains the bunker for fertilsers with disk bathers, a supercharger of an air torrent with a hydro-drive, fertilser tubes and air pipes, the drive mechanism of disk bathers and the amalgamator of a fertilsers and air flow mounted for each bar of the case. Each shoe is supplied by the distributor of a fertilsers flow on a case width of cut.

EFFECT: uniform distribution of fertilsers on variable-depth strips.

2 cl, 6 dwg, 5 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and agricultural machinery, in particular to technologies and equipment for applying mineral fertilizers during primary tillage.

A known method of fertilizing, including the formation of vertical slots in the soil, feeding them in portions of fertilizers and fixing them in depth with horizontal concentration in proportion to the saturation density of the soil layers of the root system, in which, in order to increase the efficiency of use of fertilizers by the root system of plants due to their rational vertical slots in the soil are distributed on both sides of the plants in the form of holes having a bottom with a slope towards the plants, and on the bottom surface on different exactly equidistant form curved grooves, and fertilizers are supplied to the last (SU, certificate of authorship №1471971 A1 M. Cl ⁴ A01S 7/00 of fertilizer / A.P.Belokon (USSR) -..... The application №4161299 / 30 -15; Stated November 17, 1986; Publish. 04/15/1989, Bull. No. 14 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1989. - No. 14).

The described method of applying fertilizers is effective when making fertilizers readily soluble in water and applied only superficially. This method of fertilizing is efficient if there is a sufficient amount of moisture in the surface soil layer. In conditions of soil zones with an acute deficit of soil moisture and rainfall reserves, it is not effective.

There is also known a method of cultivating crops, including loosening the arable and subsurface layers, the formation of cracks in the subsurface layer and filling the soil with a fertile layer, in which, in order to increase productivity by increasing soil fertility, liquid organic fertilizers are applied every 3-4 years, combining application with integrated tillage for row crops containing slitting - the formation of molehills in the subsurface layer, while liquid organic fertilizers are applied to molehills, and liquid mineral fertilizers - into the seed bed; seedbed over molehills performed by loosening the upper part of the profile wall and form slits slope with an angle between 60-90 ° (SU, Inventor's Certificate №1531877. A1. M. cl. ⁴ A01V 79/02. A method of crop cultivation / N.I.Domrachev, B.M. Kozyrev (USSR) .- Application No. 4197403 / 30-15; Stated October 21, 1986; Publish. December 30, 1989, Bull. No. 48 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1989. - No. 48).

The disadvantages of the described method of applying fertilizers include the fact that fertilizers are applied locally and are inaccessible to most plants. This is manifested practically with a large variety of plants in the accounting plots.

The closest analogue to the mineral fertilizer application technology that we are developing is a method of fertilizing simultaneously with plowing the soil, including the formation of a furrow by cutting and wrapping a layer of soil, shifting plant debris into the furrow, feeding fertilizers and covering the furrow with soil by subsequent cutting and wrapping its layer into which, in order to increase the cultivation of the soil, fertilizer is supplied to the surface of the soil before the formation of the furrow, followed by their introduction into the fertilizer by displacement together with the plant residues, while the layer of the fertilizer mixture with plant residues entering the furrow is mixed with the soil of the furrow bottom (SU, copyright certificate No. 1824038. A1. M. class ⁵ A01B 49/06. Method of fertilizing simultaneously with plowing soil and device for its implementation / G.Yu. Kuliev, Yu.A. Kuznetsov, I.M. Panov, I.G. Gumbatov (USSR) - Application No. 4889399/15; Declared 12/13/1990; Publish. 30.06.1993 , Bull. No. 24 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1993. - No. 24).

As shown by production experience, accumulated over decades in the Lower Volga region, the application of mineral fertilizers to the bottom of the plow furrow and covering them with a layer of crop residues makes them practically inaccessible to all plants. For the decomposition of organic matter and the conversion of fertilizers into digestible forms, annual precipitation of 600-800 mm is required. In the Lower Volga region, no more than 250-300 mm of them fall out. This leads to inefficient use of fertilizers.

According to the results of studies of the prior art in the field of soil cultivation, as the closest analogue, we accept the method of fertilizing simultaneously with plowing the soil, including cutting and crumbling the soil layer, applying fertilizer to the bottom of the furrows at different depths (WO, application No. 90/15520. IPC А01В 49/06 Publish. 12/27/1990).

The disadvantages of the described method of fertilizer application is the low degree of their assimilation by agricultural plants in agrophytocenoses.

In terms of technical means for implementing the method of applying mineral fertilizers at the same time as plowing, a trailed hydroficated deep-ripper fertilizer with the KPG-2.2 brand is known, containing a chassis, a fertilizer box with two dispensers, two working bodies for soilless tillage, a fan driven by a hydraulic motor, dispenser drive with isolation mechanism (see. Technical description and operating instructions for the trailed hydroficated deep-ripper-fertilizer KPG-2.2. - Tselinograd of the Kazakh USSR: plant "Tselinselmash", 1980. -. 37 A copy of the instructions attached to the materials of the application).

The disadvantages of the described technical means, despite the similarity of the technological problem that we are solving, include the low uniformity of fertilizer distribution over the working tool working width, unsatisfactory crumbling of the arable layer, and when processing in dry autumn - the formation of lumps, washing away fertilizers from the plow sole, and unsatisfactory accumulation of natural precipitation in arable and subsurface horizons.

Also known is the working body of the fertilizer applicator (into the soil), including a stand with fertilizer lines, and also a switchgear fixed to the back of the rack and connected to the ducts, in which, in order to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use, the switchgear is made in the form of a U-shaped box , on one of the side walls of which, at an angle to its longitudinal axis, a series of parallel plates are fixed, the length of which increases in the direction from top to bottom; the plates are fixed to the box wall by means of grooves and bolted connections made therein; the box in the upper part is equipped with a longitudinal partition located parallel to the middle wall, dividing it into two sections, each of which is connected to a separate fertilizer drive (RU, patent No. 2011327. C1. M. class ⁵ A01C 15/06. The working body of the machine for fertilizing / D.P. Nosov, AM Nesterenko, V. A. Grankin (RU) - Application No. 4913245/15; Declared 02.25.1991; Publish. 04.30.1994, Bull. No. 8 // Inventions. - 1994. - No. 8 )

The closest analogue in terms of technical means to the object we are developing includes a means for fertilizing simultaneously with plowing the soil, containing a frame, a fertilizer feed mechanism and successively arranged plow bodies for forming a furrow, a dropping mechanism in the form of an endless mounted on the frame at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the device tapes and the plow body for closing the furrow with soil, and the endless tape is made in the form of a chain having a rake-rake, stretched on a vertical star shafts, in which the device is equipped with a rotor mounted on the rear shaft of the endless belt with a drive for mixing fertilizers with the soil, the fertilizer feed mechanism located in front of the plow to form a furrow, the rear shaft of the endless belt is located immediately behind the last, and the discharge mechanism is connected to the rotor with frame articulated and equipped with a mechanism for regulating their inclination relative to the vertical plane (SU, copyright certificate No. 1824038. A1. M. cl. ⁵ A01V 49/06. The method of fertilizing simultaneously with plowing the soil and the device for its implementation / G.Yu. Kuliev, Yu.A. Kuznetsov, I.M. Panov, I.G. Gumbatov (USSR). - Application No. 4889399/15; Declared December 13, 1990; Publ. 06/30/1993, Bull. No. 24 // Discoveries. Inventions - 1993. - No. 24).

The disadvantages of the described device, which we adopted as the closest analogue, include the complexity of the design, the inability to fertilize directly into the furrow, the preservation and increase of the thickness of the plow sole, the need to turn the soil layer and lay on the bottom of the furrow.

According to the results of a study of the state of the art in the field of tillage, one should take as the closest analogue a device by which fertilizers are applied simultaneously with plowing the soil, including means for cutting and crumbling the formation, multi-depth supply of fertilizers to the bottom of the furrows (see application WO 90/15520. IPC A01B 49/06; Publish. 12/27/1990).

The disadvantages of the described device include limited functionality.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the efficiency of introduced mineral fertilizers in the main tillage during the cultivation of crops, leading to increased crop yields and the preservation of humus in the root horizon of the soil.

The technical result is an increase in the efficiency of fertilizers during the main tillage.

The indicated effect in terms of technology is achieved by the fact that in the proposed method of fertilizing at the same time as plowing the soil, including cutting and crumbling the soil layer and according to the invention simultaneously feeding fertilizers to the bottom of the furrows, they produce loosening loosening of strips 0.35-0.40 m wide with a difference depths of 0.05-0.08 m, while in each furrow, the plow sole is destroyed at a distance of 1 / 3-2 / 3 of the width of the furrow and to a depth of 0.10 ... 0.14 m below the bottom of the furrow.

The specified technical result in part of the device is achieved by the fact that in the known device for fertilizing simultaneously with plowing the soil, containing a frame with successive bodies located one after the other and shifted to the side by the working width, each of which is made in the form of a rack, knife, shoe, ploughshare and field board, and the fertilizer feeder, according to the invention, the shoe of the case is equipped with a cutter for breaking the plow sole placed on the back of the shoe and offset from the field board by 1 / 3-2 / 3 of the width of the grip the casing, and each rack is equipped with a group of mounting holes for placement on the frame with different distances of the shoe from the mounting holes of the frame, while the fertilizer supply mechanism contains a fertilizer hopper with disk dispensers, an air-driven supercharger with hydraulic drive, duct and air ducts, and a drive mechanism for disk dispensers and a mixer for fertilizer and air flow mounted behind each rack of the housing, and each shoe is equipped with a fertilizer flow distributor across the width of the housing.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the cross section of the upper soil layer with stepwise-tier application of mineral fertilizers in the root horizon and local destruction of the plow sole.

Figure 2 schematically shows a fertilizer plow for the step-by-step application of granular and loose mineral fertilizers, left view.

Figure 3 is the same, plan view.

Figure 4 shows the stand design SibIME with a device for fertilizing and loosening the plow furrow, right views.

Figure 5 is the same, rear view.

Figure 6 is the same plan view.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The proposed method of applying mineral fertilizers (phosphorus and potash) is implemented mainly in the autumn period simultaneously with plowing the soil when cultivating cereal crops, and when cultivating fodder crops to provide continuous green fodder - at any time of the year. The method involves cutting and crumbling the soil to a depth of a ₁ = 0.18 ... 0.27 m (Fig. 1) and feeding fertilizers to the bottom 1 of the furrow 2. While feeding fertilizers to the bottom 1 of the furrow 2, loosening of the strips 3 is carried out at different depths and 4 with a width b _a = 0.35 ... 0.40 m. The width of strips 3 and 4 corresponds to the width of the standardized plow bodies. With the specified width of strips 3 and 4, a high degree of crumbling of the soil layer is achieved and the stubble background 5 of the previous crop is preserved. When the depth of undercutting a ₁ = 0.27 m is performed in adjacent passages, the depth differences by a ₁ -a ₂ = 0.05-0.08 m. In each strip 3 (4), the plow sole is destroyed 6. Loosening of the plow sole 6 in each strip 3 (4) is performed on (1/3 ... 2/3) of its width b _a . The width of zone 7 of loosening the plow sole 6 is 0.06 ... 0.08 m. Loosening of the sole 6 is performed to a depth a _p = 0.10 ... 0.14 m below the bottom 1 of the furrow 2.

During the autumn-winter period, precipitation accumulates in bands 3 and 4. Under the influence of precipitation, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers pass from the solid to the liquid phase. In the presence of a liquid phase, fertilizers enter into soil reactions.

At the same time, due to ascending and descending flows of aqueous solutions, the soil horizon is saturated with nutrient solutions. After sowing seeds of agricultural crops, plant roots penetrate the thickness of the arable layer. In the summer, with a decrease in soil moisture reserves through zones 7 in bands 3 and 4, moisture rises and promotes plant growth and grain loading in ears.

The stepwise execution of lanes 3 and 4 eliminates the flushing of fertilizers into local depressions on the field and increases the soil moisture reserves. Below are the tabular data on the effectiveness of the applied mineral fertilizers according to the claimed method (tables 1 - 5).

A device for applying fertilizers simultaneously with plowing the soil (see figure 2 ... 6) contains a frame 8, sequentially located one after another and shifted to the side by the capture width of the housing 9, 10, 11 and 12. Each housing 9 (10- 12) has a stand 13, a knife 14, a shoe 15, a share 16 and a field board 17. The knife 14 is placed with the possibility of dismantling on the front of the rack 13. The share 16 with a field board 17 with the possibility of dismantling mounted on the shoe 15. The shoe 15 and the stand 13 form a welded unit. The device is equipped with a fertilizer feed mechanism.

Each rack 13 of the housing 9, 10, 11 and 12 is equipped with a group of mounting holes in its upper part for placement on the frame 8. This allows the rack 13 of the buildings 9-12 to be placed on the frame 8 with different distances of the shoes 15 from the mounting holes of the frame 8, thereby the depth of cultivation a ₁ and a ₂ (see figure 2).

The specified shoe 15 is equipped with a cutter 18. The cutter 18 is placed on the rear edge of the shoe 15 and is offset from the field board 17 by 1/3 ... 2/63 of the working width b _{a of the} housing 9 (10, 11, 12).

The fertilizer supply mechanism is equipped with hoppers 19 and 20 with disk batchers 21, an air flow supercharger 22 with hydraulic drive 23, pipelines 24 and air ducts 25, a drive mechanism 26 for the disk batchers 21 kinematically connected to the support wheel 27.

For each rack 13 of the buildings 9-12 mounted mixer 28 flow of fertilizer and air. Each shoe 15 is equipped with a fertilizer flow distributor 29 across the width of the housing 9 (10, 11 and 12). The fertilizer flow distributor 29 is closed by an L-shaped casing 30 with a set of slanted plates for the unimpeded distribution of fertilizers along the working width 9-12.

The frame 8 has a rack 31 with a brace 32 and fingers 33 for connecting to the rods of the hydraulic system of an aggregated tractor of a draft class of 3 tons of force.

The hydraulic actuator 23 by high-pressure hoses 34 is hydraulically connected to the hydraulic system of an aggregated tractor and makes remote activation of the air blower 22.

A device for applying fertilizer works as follows.

The device frame 8 is connected with fingers 33 to the tractor hydraulic linkage rods, and the sleeve 34 is connected to the hydraulic distributor. The support wheel 27 sets the depth α _{1 of the} stroke of the housings 9 and 11. Mounting holes on the rack 13 (see figure 4) of the rack 10 and 12 are set to the depth of the plowshares 16 by a ₂ (see figure 2). With steady motion, the hydraulic actuator 23 is activated with the supercharger 22 of the air flow. Fertilizers are poured into bins 19 and 20. Each hopper 19 (20) serves two racks (9 and 10, 11 and 12). When the tractor moves from the support wheel 27, a rotation drive 26 and disk batchers 21 are received. They dispense fertilizer from the hoppers 19 and 20 in a metered amount. Fertilizers via pipelines 24 are supplied to the mixer 28 due to gravitational forces. The fertilizer flow is picked up by the air flow from the air duct 25 and directed to the distributor 29 under pressure. They spread the fertilizer left and right with respect to the cutter 18 on the shoe 15 of the rack 13 in each housing 9-12. Mineral fertilizers are laid on the plow sole 6 formed by the ploughshare 16 along the working width. Simultaneously with this cutter 18, the plow sole 6 is destroyed, providing a uniform distribution of natural precipitation in the arable and subsurface horizons.

To prove the materiality of the technology of applying mineral fertilizers, we present the results of search field experiments.

Soil type, heat, moisture and the optimal amount of nutrients in the soil are the main factors in the growth and development of crops.

The soil in the zone of dry steppes of the Volga-Don interfluve, which also includes the Volgograd region, is mainly chestnut and light chestnut. As a rule, in the spring-summer season, during the most difficult growing season for plant development, the air is overheated (up to +39 ... 45 ° С), and in winter it is supercooled (up to -30-36 ° С). East and south-east winds (up to 15 ... 34 m / s). They dry out the soil in summer, and in winter they blow snow from the fields. In summer, the reserves of productive moisture in the meter soil layer drop below 60 mm (the hydrothermal coefficient of G.T.Selyaninov is 0.5 ... 0.7). In addition, light chestnut soils, although rich in metabolic potassium (250 ... 600 mg / kg), have a low humus content (not higher than 1.5 ... 2%) and a sharp saline content.

Providing plants with nitrogen on these soils is not a problem, since ammonium and nitrate salts are easily mobile in depth. The introduction of sedentary phosphorus difficult to assimilate by plants in the form of poorly soluble phosphates requires their direct introduction into the root-inhabited (0.10 ... 0.30 m) soil layer with significant moisture supply to this layer.

All of the above adverse factors practically do not provide guaranteed yield of agricultural crops in rain-fed agriculture of the Volgograd region and in other areas of the Lower Volga.

To obtain optimally stable crop yields in the risky farming zone, the following agrotechnical and organizational measures are required:

- plowing is carried out mainly subsurface, so that the stubble remains on the field, retaining moisture and reducing the blowing of snow and humus;

- dump plowing should be periodic for surface application of organic fertilizers and mechanical weed control;

- to reliably move moisture in the soil together with the nutrients and to feed the root layer with moisture from below, the plow sole should be destroyed at least locally, locally and periodically (compaction of the bottom of the furrow created by the blade of the working body of the plow);

- on light chestnut soils, tillage tools for flat cutting cannot loosen the soil, leaving stubble and introducing into the subsurface horizon a layer of mineral fertilizers uniformly distributed across the capture width. In severely dry years, flat -bed cultivators break away soil layers weighing 50 ... 100 kg, dumping or shifting them left and right, violating this stubble, exposing fertilizers and even drying out the soil.

To solve this problem, it is proposed to use racks of plow hulls of the SibIME design for subsurface tillage, which are well-established for cultivating arable soil on chestnut soils. To do this, fertilizers should be installed on the plow frame, and the racks should be equipped with special fertilizer spreaders. Then, using the racks of the SibIME design for landless plowing, it is possible to introduce the main dose of solid mineral fertilizers into the subsurface horizons: 0.10 ... 0.20 m and 0.20 ... 0.30 m. Uniform distribution of the applied mineral fertilizers over the working width in the subsurface layers will be provided by air flow.

We conducted preliminary field studies on the effectiveness of the fertilizer plow. The venue of the field experiment is the field of the Gornaya Polyana training and experimental farm Volgograd State Agricultural Academy, located in the subzone of light chestnut soils.

The objective of the research was to study the effectiveness of the proposed technology for the application of phosphorus fertilizers for barley variety Donetsk 44 (reproduction - elite, first class of seeds) during non-mold cultivation of the soil as compared to the traditional method of applying for dump plowing, as well as when applying them for pre-sowing cultivation of winter fallow. For this purpose, a three-factor field experiment was laid with fertilizers for barley according to the following scheme.

I. Subsurface plowing of winter plows to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m.

I.1. No fertilizer (control).

I.2. P ₅₀ - surface application of phosphate fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation (50 kg a.v. / ha).

I.3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ - surface application of nitrogen and phosphoric mineral fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation.

I.4. P ₅₀ - the introduction of phosphate fertilizers to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m a plow-udobritelem.

I.5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ - application of phosphate fertilizers to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m with a fertilizer plow and surface application of nitrogen fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation.

II. Plow plowing of winter fallow to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m.

II.1. No fertilizer (control).

II.2. P ₅₀ - surface application of phosphate fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation.

II.3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ - surface application of mineral fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation.

II.4. P ₅₀ - surface application of phosphate fertilizers for plowing winter fallow by 0.25 ... 0.27 m.

II.5. N _{60 50} P - phosphorus fertilization surface plowing plowed fields at a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m, and a superficial introduction of nitrogen fertilizers for sowing cultivation.

The size of the plots: sowing 480 m ² (60 × 8 m) and harvesting 75 m ² (1.5 × 50 m). The repetition of the experiments is 4 times. In the experiment, ammonium nitrate and double superphosphate were used. At the surface application of mineral fertilizers, a mineral spreader 1RMG-4 with a windproof device was used. The technology of cultivating barley on a bogar was generally accepted for this zone. The methodology for conducting the field experiment is based on guidelines for the geographical network of experiments with fertilizers, as well as standard recommendations by B.A. Dospekhov. The dynamics of the content of mobile nutrients in the soil by soil layers 0 ... 0.10, 0.20 ... 0.30, 0.30 ... 0.40 m from the phases of plant growth was determined by an electrometric ionometer for nitrates; mobile phosphorus - according to Machigin and exchange potassium - by flame photometry in 1% carbon ammonium extract. The barley harvest was accounted for by continuous harvesting of each plot with a Sampo laboratory field harvester with simultaneous weighing of grain from each plot of the experiment. In this case, the structure of the barley crop and the distribution of the root mass over the soil layers were determined.

The biological activity was considered depending on the methods of applying mineral fertilizers. For light chestnut soils, biological activity is a decisive factor in its fertility. In our studies, the accumulation of amino acids on linen linen was determined by E.N. Mishustin and A.N. Petrova as an indicator of the biological activity of the soil. The research results are presented in table 1.

From the data of table 1 it can be seen that during the incorporation of fertilizers during cultivation (phosphorus fertilizers to a depth of 0 ... 0.10 m), the accumulation of amino acids on the canvas increases compared to the control variant during tillering and heading phases, and to full ripeness of barley - with attenuation of microbiological processes - the effect of phosphorus fertilizers disappears.

When phosphorus fertilizers are plowed with a fertilizer plow to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m, the biological activity of the soil is high compared to other fertilizer options for all necessary phases before barley is harvested.

Loosening of the bottom of the furrow bottom stimulates microbiological processes not only in the layer where fertilizers were applied, but also above and below the underlying soil layers.

We studied the dynamics of the content of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil under barley, depending on the methods of fertilizer application. The amount of nutrients in the soil in a form accessible to plants characterizes the effective fertility of the soil. Plants absorb nitrogen in both ammonia and nitrate forms. In light chestnut soils, the nitrate form is dominant, since the reaction of the soil solution of these soils is slightly alkaline. Nitrates are mobile forms. The results of observations of nitrates in the soil under barley, depending on the methods of applying mineral fertilizers are shown in table 2.

Analysis of the results presented in table 2, indicates that the consumption of nitrates passed to the phase of milk ripeness. Their content is minimal, and then, due to the cessation of nitrogen removal by plants, an increase in this mobile form in the soil for harvesting was observed. This indicates that the digestible nitrogen introduced with fertilizers is completely consumed by the plants. The application of phosphate fertilizers with a fertilizer plow to the depth of plowing plow contributed to a better assimilation of nitrates from the soil. For all studied periods and soil layers, the smallest amount of this form of nitrogen was observed.

When phosphorus fertilizers are applied to the soil, only part of the available phosphorus is absorbed by plants. The reason is that when fertilizers interact with the soil, insoluble and relatively poorly soluble salts of phosphoric acid compounds available for plants are formed.

In supplying plants with phosphorus, productive moisture reserves in the soil are of great importance. The less moisture reserves, the less phosphorus is in the solution and the less it is absorbed by the root system of plants.

Based on the foregoing, when developing the question of how to apply phosphorus fertilizers on chestnut soils, they should be applied to a depth of 0.20 ... 0.25 m, where the bulk of skeletal and sucking roots and the best moistening conditions are located.

The results of observations of the dynamics of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil under barley, depending on the methods of applying mineral fertilizers are shown in table 3.

The data in table 3 indicate that the amount of mobile phosphorus in the soil is maximum in the 1st phase of growth, and then it gradually decreases to the earing phase. This is due to the consumption of this nutrient by plants and microorganisms. In the phase of complete ripeness of the ear, the content of mobile phosphorus increases due to the cessation of its consumption by plants.

When phosphorus fertilizers are embedded in the surface (0 ... 0.10 m) layer under cultivation of the upper layer, mobile phosphorus only partially extends into the underlying layers. When phosphorus fertilizers are plowed with a fertilizer plow to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m with simultaneous loosening of the bottom of the furrow bottom, the amount of mobile phosphorus sharply increases both in the horizon of 0.20 ... 0.30 m and in the surrounding soil layers (0.10 ... 0.20 and 0.30 ... 0.40 m). This creates favorable conditions for the consumption of this nutrient during the entire period of plant vegetation.

We noted a high content of exchange potassium in chestnut soils as an easily accessible form of potassium for plants. In connection with an increase in the concentration of introduced nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, the question arises of optimizing the dose of applying potassium nutrition. The results of observations of the dynamics of the content of metabolic potassium in the soil layers under barley are presented in table 4.

From the presented numerical data in tables 4 and 5 it is seen that the application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers under barley does not lead to a strong decrease in the amount of exchange potassium in the observed soil layers under barley. This indicates a large supply of light chestnut soils in the subzone of the Volgograd region.

Thus, the presented data from field studies on the biological activity of the soil and the dynamics of the NPK content during non-dump and dump plowing of the soil testify to the high efficiency of the developed method of deep long-level fertilizing (0.25 ... 0.27 m) of mineral fertilizers for agricultural crops under the work of the proposed fertilizer plow.

Table 1 The biological activity of the soil under barley, depending on the method of fertilizer application Experience Options The biological activity of the phases of growth, (μg) amino acids per 1 g of canvas Tillering Heading Full ripeness Layer of soil 0 ... 0.10 m 1. No fertilizer 81 78 64 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 130 85 40 3. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 140 120 80 Layer of soil 0.10 ... 0.20 m 1. No fertilizer 109 55 fifty 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 180 120 75 3. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 210 300 162 Layer of soil 0.20 ... 0.30 m 1. No fertilizer 109 162 102 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 170 182 60 3. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 135 210 140 Layer of soil 0.30 ... 0.40 m 1. No fertilizer 130 70 75 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 160 60 65 3. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 135 150 79

table 2 Dynamics of nitrate content in soil layers under barley Experience Options The content of nitrates, mg / kg 04/19. 05/31. 06/20. 07.17. Layer of soil 0 ... 0.10 m 1. No fertilizer 10.3 9,4 3.6 7.2 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 9.8 7.4 2.9 5.2 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 24.9 12,4 4.2 10.7 4. R _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 11.0 6.9 2,8 6.0 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 33.1 11.3 4.8 8.4 Layer of soil 0.10 ... 0.20 m 1. No fertilizer 12.9 8.4 4,5 7.9 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 14.5 9.3 3.9 6.3 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 22.6 12.6 3.9 8.1 4. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 13.6 8.9 3.9 6.9 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 27.9 17.3 5,6 7.4 Layer of soil 0.20 ... 0.30 m 1. No fertilizer 11.8 7.3 3,5 7.4 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 10.7 8.1 3.4 6.9 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 21.3 11,4 5.2 7.2 4. The plow ₅₀ P-udobritelem 12.1 6.9 2,8 8.2 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 20,4 12.8 4.1 9.0 Layer of soil 0.30 ... 0.40 m 1. No fertilizer 16.3 11,4 3,1 6.5 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 9.3 6.8 3,5 6.1 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 12.9 10.9 4.1 7.2 4. R _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 14.2 7.2 2,8 6.4 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 18.3 12,4 5.3 8.7

Table 3 The dynamics of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil layers under barley Experience Options The phosphorus content, mg / kg 04/19. 05/31. 06/20. 07.17. Layer of soil 0 ... 0.10 m 1. No fertilizer 29.6 30,2 11,2 32,4 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 54.8 52,4 20,4 34.0 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 53.0 51,4 18.3 36.7 4. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 40.3 39,4 13.9 34.0 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 47.3 34.9 12,2 38.8 Layer of soil 0.10 ... 0.20 m 1. No fertilizer 30,2 30,2 12,4 20,2 2. F ₅₀ under cultivation 48.8 50,2 22.4 26.3 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 46.9 48.3 16.3 24.1 4. R _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 41.8 46.3 18.3 22.9 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 39.3 40,0 15.0 23,2 Layer of soil 0.20 ... 0.30 m 1. No fertilizer 28.3 26.2 9,4 12,4 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 36.3 34.2 16.3 20.6 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 34.6 30.8 12.5 21.8 4. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 61.8 54.3 24.4 22.2 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 61,4 50,0 21.3 20,0 Layer of soil 0.30 ... 0.40 m 1. No fertilizer 29.1 30,4 9.8 11.3 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 30,4 29.3 10.6 18.9 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 31,2 32,4 10.0 19.0 4. The plow ₅₀ P-udobritelem 44,2 42.6 14,4 24.0 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 43,2 40.9 14.0 21,4

Table 4 The dynamics of the content of metabolic potassium in the soil layers under barley Experience Options The phosphorus content, mg / kg 04/19. 05/31. 06/20. 07.17. Layer of soil 0 ... 0.10 m 1. No fertilizer 292 257 257 280 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 302 234 214 266 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 342 261 238 294 4. R _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 266 200 266 266 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 280 246 260 266 Layer of soil 0.10 ... 0.20 m 1. No fertilizer 216 250 260 222 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 250 250 189 238 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 208 257 201 181 4. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 228 238 183 202 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 232 216 194 198 Layer of soil 0.20 ... 0.30 m 1. No fertilizer 228 234 196 218 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 216 214 204 224 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 234 224 186 228 4. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 266 204 212 238 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 254 228 183 202 Layer of soil 0.30 ... 0.40 m 1. No fertilizer 216 190 182 226 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 200 204 182 212 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 216 190 182 198 4. P _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 232 182 198 230 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 224 194 182 202

Table 5 Harvest of barley, depending on the method of applying mineral fertilizers Norms and methods of fertilizer application Grain Harvest, t / ha Yield increase t / ha % Subsurface plowing 1. Control (without fertilizer) 2.78 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 3.35 0.57 21 3. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ under cultivation 2.87 1.09 39 4. R _{50 with a} fertilizer plow 3.93 1.15 41 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 4.47 1,69 61 Dump plowing 1. Control (without fertilizer) 2.94 2. P ₅₀ under cultivation 3,50 0.56 19 3. N ₆₀ P ₃₀ under cultivation 3.84 0.90 32 4. R ₅₀ plowing 3.87 0.93 33 5. N ₆₀ P ₅₀ phosphoric with a fertilizer plow, nitrogen cultivation 4.42 1.48 fifty

Claims (2)

1. A method of applying fertilizers simultaneously with plowing the soil, including cutting and crumbling the soil layer and applying fertilizer to the bottom of the furrows, characterized in that, while feeding fertilizer to the bottom of the furrows, loosening loosened strips 0.35-0.40 m wide with a difference in depth by 0.05-0.08 m, while in each furrow the plow sole is destroyed at a distance of 1 / 3-2 / 3 of the width of the furrow and to a depth of 0.10 ... 0.14 m below the bottom of the furrow. 2. A device for applying fertilizers at the same time as plowing the soil, containing a frame sequentially arranged one after the other and shifted to the side by the width of the housing, each of which is made in the form of a rack, knife, shoe, ploughshare and field board, and a fertilizer feeder, characterized in that the shoe of the case is equipped with a cutter for destroying the plow sole placed on the back of the shoe and offset from the field board by 1 / 3-2 / 3 of the width of the housing, and each rack is equipped with a group of mounting holes for placement on the frames with different distance of the shoe from the mounting holes of the frame, while the fertilizer supply mechanism contains a fertilizer hopper with disk dispensers, an air flow supercharger with hydraulic drive, ducts and air ducts, a drive for disk dispensers and a fertilizer and air flow mixer mounted behind each rack of the housing, and each shoe is equipped with a fertilizer flow distributor across the width of the housing.

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