KR102510885B1 - 복합 양극 활물질, 이를 채용한 양극과 리튬 전지 및 그 제조방법 - Google Patents
복합 양극 활물질, 이를 채용한 양극과 리튬 전지 및 그 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR102510885B1 KR102510885B1 KR1020150191026A KR20150191026A KR102510885B1 KR 102510885 B1 KR102510885 B1 KR 102510885B1 KR 1020150191026 A KR1020150191026 A KR 1020150191026A KR 20150191026 A KR20150191026 A KR 20150191026A KR 102510885 B1 KR102510885 B1 KR 102510885B1
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- active material
- cathode active
- metal oxide
- composite cathode
- composite
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 207
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 179
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 131
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 131
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000012702 metal oxide precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
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- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- WZFUQSJFWNHZHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)N1CCN(CC1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 WZFUQSJFWNHZHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021473 hassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002173 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006051 mesophase pitch carbide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)C RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021481 rutherfordium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021477 seaborgium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
<화학식 1>
LixMyOz
상기 식에서, 0≤x≤3, 1≤y≤3, 2≤z≤8이고,
M은 4족 내지 13족 원소 중에서 선택된 하나 이상이다.
Description
도 2는 실시예 16에서 제조된 복합 양극 활물질 내부의 고해상도 투과전자현미경(HR-TEM) 이미지이다.
도 3은 비교예 4에서 제조된 복합 양극 활물질 표면의 주사전자현미경(SEM) 이미지이다.
도 4는 실시예 16에서 제조된 복합 양극 활물질 표면의 주사전자현미경(SEM) 이미지이다.
도 5는 비교예 4에서 제조된 복합 양극 활물질 단면의 주사전자현미경(SEM) 이미지이다.
도 6은 실시예 16에서 제조된 복합 양극 활물질 단면의 주사전자현미경(SEM) 이미지이다.
도 7a 내지 7f는 실시예 16에서 제조된 복합 양극 활물질의 제2 열처리 전후의 X-선 광전스펙트럼이다.
도 8은 일구현예에 따른 리튬전지의 모식도이다.
<도면의 주요 부분에 대한 부호의 설명>
1: 리튬전지 2: 음극
3: 양극 4: 세퍼레이터
5: 전지케이스 6: 캡 어셈블리
제1열처리 조건 |
제2 금속산화물 전구체 |
제2 금속산화물 전구체 투입량 [wt%] |
제1 금속산화물과 제2 금속산화물 전구체의 혼합 방법 | 제2 열처리 온도 및 시간 | 제2 금속산화물 | 잔류(free) 리튬 함량 (LiCO3 & LiOH 중에서 Li 함량) [ppm] | |
실시예 1 | 제1 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 습식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | 2415 |
실시예 2 | 제2 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 습식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | 2059 |
실시예 3 | 제1 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 건식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | 2636 |
실시예 4 | 제1 모드 | NH4VO3 | 0.25 | 습식 | 300℃ / 5hr | LiV3O8 & V2O5 | 2583 |
실시예 5 | 제1 모드 | NH4VO3 | 0.5 | 습식 | 300℃ / 5hr | LiV3O8 & V2O5 | 2247 |
실시예 6 | 제1 모드 | NH4VO3 | 1.0 | 습식 | 300℃ / 5hr | LiV3O8 & V2O5 | 2227 |
실시예 7 | 제1 모드 | NH4VO3 | 0.5 | 습식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiV3O8 & V2O5 | 2930 |
실시예 8 | 제2 모드 | NH4VO3 | 0.5 | 습식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiV3O8 & V2O5 | 2505 |
실시예 9 | 제2 모드 | NH4VO3 | 0.5 | 건식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiV3O8 & V2O5 | 2903 |
실시예 10 | 제1 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 건식 | 400℃ / 32hr | Li2MnO3 or LiMnO2 | 2655 |
실시예 11 | 제1 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 습식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiMnO2 | 2392 |
실시예 12 | 제2 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 습식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiMnO2 | 2191 |
실시예 13 | 제2 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.5 | 건식 | 700℃ / 5hr | LiMnO2 | 2625 |
비교예 1 | 제1 모드 | - | - | Bare | - | - | 3295 |
비교예 2 | 제1 모드 | - | - | 물로 세정 | - | - | 873 |
비교예 3 | 제1 모드 | - | - | 에탄올 세정 | - | - | 2942 |
참고예 1 | 제1 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O + CH3COOLi·2H2O |
- | 건식 | Li2MnO3 or LiMnO2 | 3056 | |
참고예 2 | 제1 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O+ CH3COOLi·2H2O |
- | 건식 | LiMnO2 | 3203 | |
참고예 3 | 제1 모드 | Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O+ CH3COOLi·2H2O |
- | 건식 | LiMnO2 | 3370 |
50th 사이클에서의 용량유지율 [%] | |
비교예 1-1 | 94 |
비교예 2-1 | 92 |
비교예 3-1 | 73 |
제1열처리 조건 | 제2 금속산화물 전구체 | 제2 금속산화물 전구체 투입량 [mol%] |
제1 금속산화물과 제2 금속산화물 전구체의 혼합 방법 | 제2 열처리 온도 및 시간 | 제2 금속산화물 | 잔류(free) 리튬 함량 (LiCO3 & LiOH 중에서 Li 함량) [ppm] | |
실시예 14 | 제1 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.25 | 습식 | 720℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | 2051 |
실시예 15 | 제1 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.50 | 습식 | 720℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | 1843 |
실시예 16 | 제1 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 0.75 | 습식 | 720℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | 1679 |
실시예 17 | 제1 모드 | Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O | 1.00 | 습식 | 720℃ / 5hr | LiCoO2 | - |
비교예 4 | 제1 모드 | - | - | Bare | - | - | 3295 |
초기 충방전 효율 [%] |
50th 사이클에서의 용량 유지율 [%] | 충진밀도 [g/cc] |
|
실시예 14-1 | 93 | 93 | 3.04 |
실시예 15-1 | 93 | 96 | 3.10 |
실시예 16-1 | 94 | 95 | 3.11 |
비교예 4-1 | 93 | 93 | 2.97 |
율별 방전 용량 [mAh/g] | 300th 사이클에서의 용량 유지율 [%] | ||||||
0.2C | 0.33C | 0.5C | 1.0C | 3.0C | 5.0C | ||
비교예 4-2 | 204 | 201 | 198 | 193 | 183 | 141 | 88.0 |
실시예 16-2 | 201 | 198 | 195 | 191 | 182 | 161 | 90.5 |
단위 | [mol%] | |||
Li | Ni | Co | Mn | |
비교예 4 | 1.02 | 0.804 | 0.098 | 0.097 |
실시예 16 | 1.01 | 0.801 | 0.103 | 0.096 |
가스 발생량 [mL/g, 활물질] |
|
실시예 1 (SOLO/Co) | 1.73 |
실시예 6 (SOLO/V) | 1.86 |
실시예 11 (SOLO/Mn) | 2.29 |
비교예 4 (SOLO) | 2.57 |
Claims (20)
- 서로 다른 조성을 가지는 복수의 층상 구조 결정상을 포함하는 제1 금속산화물; 및 상기 제1 금속산화물과 구별되는 복합 결정상을 가지며 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 제2 금속산화물;을 포함하며,
상기 제2 금속산화물의 적어도 일부가 상기 제1 금속산화물이 포함하는 R-3m 공간군에 속하는 제1 층상 구조 결정상(layered crystalline phase) 상에 배치되며,
상기 제1 금속산화물이 하기 화학식 2로 표시되는 복합 양극 활물질:
<화학식 1>
LixMyOz
상기 식에서, 0≤x≤3, 1≤y≤3, 2≤z≤8이고,
M은 4족 내지 13족 원소 중에서 선택된 하나 이상이며,
<화학식 2>
LiaNibCocMndO2
상기 식에서,
1.0≤a≤1.2, 0.7<b<1.0, 0<c<0.3, 및 0<d<0.3이다. - 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 복합 결정상을 포함하는 제2 금속산화물이 복합 양극 활물질의 입자 표면에 배치되는 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제2 항에 있어서, 상기 복합 결정상의 크기가 100nm 이하인 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 복합 결정상을 포함하는 제2 금속산화물이 복합양극활물질 내부의 입계(grain boundary)에 배치되는 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 복합 양극 활물질이 내부에 기공을 포함하는 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제5 항에 있어서, 상기 기공의 크기가 500nm 이하인 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제5 항에 있어서, 상기 기공 상에 복합 결정상을 포함하는 제2 금속산화물이 배치되는 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제1 항에 있어서, 잔류 리튬 함량이 3000ppm 이하인 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제1 항에 있어서, 제1 금속산화물이 포함하는 전이금속 전체에 대하여 제2 금속산화물이 포함하는 금속의 함량이 0.01 내지 3몰%인 복합 양극 활물질.
- 삭제
- 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속산화물이 C2/m 공간군에 속하는 제2 층상 구조 결정상을 포함하는 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속산화물이 하기 화학식 3으로 표시되는 조성을 가지는 제2 층상 구조 결정상을 포함하는 복합 양극 활물질:
<화학식 3>
Li2MnO3. - 제12 항에 있어서, 상기 제2 층상 구조 결정상의 함량이 3 중량% 이상인 복합 양극 활물질.
- 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 제2 금속산화물이 하기 화학식 5로 표시되는 복합 양극 활물질:
<화학식 5>
LixM'yOz
상기 식에서, 0≤x≤3, 1≤y≤3, 2≤z≤8이고,
M'는 망간(Mn), 바나듐(V), 크롬(Cr), 철(Fe), 코발트(Co), 니켈(Ni), 지르코늄(Zr), 레늄(Re), 알루미늄(Al), 보론(B), 게르마늄(Ge), 루테늄(Ru), 주석(Sn), 티타늄(Ti), 니오븀(Nb), 몰리브덴(Mo) 및 백금(Pt) 중에서 선택된 하나 이상이다. - 제1 항에 있어서, 상기 제2 금속산화물이 Li3VO8, V2O8, LiV3O8, LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, LiCo1-xMaxO2 (0≤x<1, Ma = 전이금속), LiNi1-xMaxO2 (0≤x<1, Ma = 전이금속) 및 LiMn1-xMaxO2 (0≤x<1, Ma = 전이금속) 중에서 선택된 하나 이상을 포함하는 복합 양극활물질.
- 제1 항 내지 제9 항 및 제11 항 내지 제15 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 복합 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 제16 항에 따른 양극을 포함하는 리튬 전지.
- 제1 항 내지 제9 항 및 제11 항 내지 제15 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 복합 양극 활물질 제조방법으로서,
서로 다른 조성을 가지는 복수의 층상 구조 결정상을 포함하는 제1 금속산화물을 준비하는 단계;
상기 제1 금속산화물과 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 제2 금속산화물의 전구체를 혼합하는 단계; 및
상기 혼합물을 건조 또는 열처리하여 복합 양극 활물질을 수득하는 단계;를 포함하는 복합 양극 활물질 제조방법:
<화학식 1>
LixMyOz
상기 식에서, 0≤x≤3, 1≤y≤3, 2≤z≤8이고,
M은 4족 내지 13족 원소 중에서 선택된 하나 이상이다. - 제18 항에 있어서, 제2 금속산화물 전구체가 비리튬 공급원(non-lithium source)인 복합 양극 활물질 제조 방법.
- 제18 항에 있어서, 상기 건조 또는 열처리가 산소 분위기에서 200 내지 800℃의 온도로 2 내지 40 시간 수행되는 복합 양극 활물질 제조 방법.
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