KR100618363B1 - 올레핀 수화 방법 - Google Patents
올레핀 수화 방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR100618363B1 KR100618363B1 KR1019990009122A KR19990009122A KR100618363B1 KR 100618363 B1 KR100618363 B1 KR 100618363B1 KR 1019990009122 A KR1019990009122 A KR 1019990009122A KR 19990009122 A KR19990009122 A KR 19990009122A KR 100618363 B1 KR100618363 B1 KR 100618363B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- olefin
- water
- heteropolyacid
- ethylene
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 title abstract description 18
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- CGFYHILWFSGVJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 CGFYHILWFSGVJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011964 heteropoly acid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000887 hydrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 ethylene, propylene Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical group O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 5
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- DHKVCYCWBUNNQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[5-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-1-(1,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-6-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1=NN=C(O1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)C=NN2 DHKVCYCWBUNNQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N1CCN(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)CC1 VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005049 silicon tetrachloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/03—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by addition of hydroxy groups to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. with the aid of H2O2
- C07C29/04—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by addition of hydroxy groups to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. with the aid of H2O2 by hydration of carbon-to-carbon double bonds
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (10)
- 촉매로서 헤테로 다중산염의 존재하에, 물을 사용하여, 증기상태의 에틸렌, 프로필렌 및 이들의 혼합물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 올레핀을 상응하는 알콜로 수화하는 연속식 방법에 있어서, 상기 방법은 수화 반응으로 미반응된 올레핀의 재순환을 포함하며, 상기 헤테로 다중산염이 40℃ 이하에서 극성 용매에 용해되는 실리코텅스텐산 또는 포스포텅스텐산의 모노- 또는 디-칼륨염이고, 상기 극성 용매가 하나 이상의 물, C1-C4 지방족 알콜, C2-C5 글리콜, 아세톤 및 메틸에틸케톤인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 촉매는 헤테로 다중산의 몰당 4 몰 이하의 칼륨 양이온을 가지는 방법.
- 삭제
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 촉매는 규산질 지지체상에 지지되는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 올레핀 수화 반응은 수화될 올레핀 및 물을 0.1 내지 3.0의 몰비 및 0.010 내지 0.25 g/min/cm3 의 기체 시간당 공간속도 (GHSV) 로 촉매상에 통과시킴으로서 수행되는 방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서, 촉매의 농도는 지지된 촉매의 총 중량을 기준으로 5 내지 60% w/w 인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 올레핀 수화 반응은 150 - 350℃ 의 온도에서 수행되는 방법.
- 삭제
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 올레핀은 에틸렌을 포함하고 수화 반응은 200 - 300℃ 의 온도에서 수행되는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 올레핀은 프로필렌을 포함하고 수화 반응은 150 - 250℃ 의 온도에서 수행되는 방법.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9806408.2 | 1998-03-25 | ||
GBGB9806408.2A GB9806408D0 (en) | 1998-03-25 | 1998-03-25 | Olefin hydration process |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR19990077998A KR19990077998A (ko) | 1999-10-25 |
KR100618363B1 true KR100618363B1 (ko) | 2006-08-30 |
Family
ID=10829247
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019990009122A KR100618363B1 (ko) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-18 | 올레핀 수화 방법 |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6072090A (ko) |
EP (1) | EP0945419B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JPH11322646A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100618363B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN1160289C (ko) |
CA (1) | CA2265341C (ko) |
CZ (1) | CZ296147B6 (ko) |
DE (1) | DE69901644T2 (ko) |
GB (1) | GB9806408D0 (ko) |
RU (1) | RU2219156C2 (ko) |
SA (1) | SA99200111B1 (ko) |
SG (1) | SG82603A1 (ko) |
TW (1) | TW448146B (ko) |
ZA (1) | ZA992231B (ko) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2002079088A (ja) * | 2000-09-07 | 2002-03-19 | Showa Denko Kk | 低級脂肪族カルボン酸エステル製造用触媒、該触媒の製造方法、及び該触媒を用いた低級脂肪族カルボン酸エステルの製造方法 |
JP2002079089A (ja) * | 2000-09-07 | 2002-03-19 | Showa Denko Kk | 低級脂肪族カルボン酸エステル製造用触媒、該触媒の製造方法、及び該触媒を用いた低級脂肪族カルボン酸エステルの製造方法 |
EP1240943A1 (en) * | 2000-10-21 | 2002-09-18 | Degussa AG | Catalyst support |
KR101110800B1 (ko) * | 2003-05-28 | 2012-07-06 | 도꾸리쯔교세이호진 상교기쥬쯔 소고겡뀨죠 | 히드록실기 함유 화합물의 제조 방법 |
US8558036B2 (en) | 2010-11-15 | 2013-10-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Dual phase catalysts system for mixed olefin hydrations |
CN103787836B (zh) * | 2012-11-01 | 2016-08-03 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种环戊烯水合制备环戊醇的方法 |
US8957262B2 (en) | 2012-11-20 | 2015-02-17 | Celanese International Corporation | Olefin hydration for hydrogenation processes |
BR112019024652A2 (pt) | 2017-05-25 | 2020-06-09 | Hyconix Inc | processo para converter um alcano em um alceno |
US20220251009A1 (en) * | 2020-02-20 | 2022-08-11 | Showa Denko K.K. | Method for producing alcohol |
WO2021205900A1 (ja) * | 2020-04-10 | 2021-10-14 | 昭和電工株式会社 | アルコールの製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB404115A (en) * | 1932-11-03 | 1934-01-11 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Improvements in or relating to the preparation of catalysts |
US2162913A (en) * | 1935-12-24 | 1939-06-20 | Carbide & Carbon Chem Corp | Process of hydrating olefins in the presence of heteropoly compounds |
US2173187A (en) * | 1937-02-25 | 1939-09-19 | Du Pont | Process for hydrating olefins |
JPS4936203B1 (ko) * | 1969-05-08 | 1974-09-28 | ||
JPS5527045B1 (ko) * | 1971-03-31 | 1980-07-17 | ||
JPS56166134A (en) * | 1980-05-27 | 1981-12-21 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | Preparation of alcohol |
US5488185A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1996-01-30 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Process for the production of ethanol and isopropanol |
US5486566A (en) * | 1994-09-23 | 1996-01-23 | Dow Corning Corporation | Siloxane gels |
GB9419387D0 (en) * | 1994-09-26 | 1994-11-09 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Olefin hydration process |
GB9423646D0 (en) * | 1994-11-23 | 1995-01-11 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Olefin hydration process |
GB9423648D0 (en) * | 1994-11-23 | 1995-01-11 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Olefin hydration process |
-
1998
- 1998-03-25 GB GBGB9806408.2A patent/GB9806408D0/en not_active Ceased
-
1999
- 1999-03-08 US US09/263,085 patent/US6072090A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-10 EP EP99301816A patent/EP0945419B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-10 DE DE69901644T patent/DE69901644T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-15 TW TW088103974A patent/TW448146B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-16 CA CA002265341A patent/CA2265341C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-16 SG SG9901134A patent/SG82603A1/en unknown
- 1999-03-18 KR KR1019990009122A patent/KR100618363B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-19 ZA ZA9902231A patent/ZA992231B/xx unknown
- 1999-03-19 CZ CZ0098299A patent/CZ296147B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-24 JP JP11080597A patent/JPH11322646A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-03-24 RU RU99106235/04A patent/RU2219156C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-25 CN CNB991058372A patent/CN1160289C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-05-11 SA SA99200111A patent/SA99200111B1/ar unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9806408D0 (en) | 1998-05-20 |
KR19990077998A (ko) | 1999-10-25 |
CA2265341A1 (en) | 1999-09-25 |
CZ296147B6 (cs) | 2006-01-11 |
CN1231276A (zh) | 1999-10-13 |
CN1160289C (zh) | 2004-08-04 |
SA99200111B1 (ar) | 2006-12-11 |
US6072090A (en) | 2000-06-06 |
DE69901644T2 (de) | 2003-10-09 |
DE69901644D1 (de) | 2002-07-11 |
EP0945419A1 (en) | 1999-09-29 |
RU2219156C2 (ru) | 2003-12-20 |
SG82603A1 (en) | 2001-08-21 |
EP0945419B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
JPH11322646A (ja) | 1999-11-24 |
CZ98299A3 (cs) | 1999-10-13 |
TW448146B (en) | 2001-08-01 |
CA2265341C (en) | 2008-06-03 |
ZA992231B (en) | 2000-10-10 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PA0109 | Patent application |
Patent event code: PA01091R01D Comment text: Patent Application Patent event date: 19990318 |
|
PG1501 | Laying open of application | ||
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