KR100398744B1 - 전기화학적 성능이 향상된 리튬망간 스피넬 복합산화물의 제조방법 - Google Patents
전기화학적 성능이 향상된 리튬망간 스피넬 복합산화물의 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100398744B1 KR100398744B1 KR10-2000-0007343A KR20000007343A KR100398744B1 KR 100398744 B1 KR100398744 B1 KR 100398744B1 KR 20000007343 A KR20000007343 A KR 20000007343A KR 100398744 B1 KR100398744 B1 KR 100398744B1
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- Prior art keywords
- composite oxide
- lithium
- manganese composite
- lithium manganese
- spinel structure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100513612 Microdochium nivale MnCO gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006920 Li1.03Mn1.97O4.02 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 Li 2 CO 3 Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910005630 Li1.05Mn1.95O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Complex oxides containing manganese and at least one other metal element
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1242—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. LiMn2O4 or Li(MxMn2-x)O4
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/40—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element
- C01G51/42—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
- C01G51/44—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/54—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. Li(CoxMn2-x)O4 or Li(MyCoxMn2-x-y)O4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/54—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. Li(NixMn2-x)O4 or Li(MyNixMn2-x-y)O4
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/30—Three-dimensional structures
- C01P2002/32—Three-dimensional structures spinel-type (AB2O4)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
구 분 | 초기 용량(mAh/g) | 10 싸이클 후 용량(mAh/g) | ||
충전용량 | 방전용량 | 충전용량 | 방전용량 | |
실시예 1 | 132 | 129 | 126 | 125 |
실시예 2 | 130 | 128 | 125 | 124 |
실시예 3 | 127 | 126 | 124 | 123 |
비교예 1 | 134 | 130 | 118 | 116 |
비교예 2 | 134 | 130 | 118 | 116 |
Claims (8)
- a) 스피넬 구조의 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물을 제공하는 단계;b) 상기 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물 보다 용량이 작은 스피넬 구조의 제2 리튬 망간 복합산화물을 제공하기 위한 Li/Mn의 몰비로 리튬화합물과 망간화합물을 혼합하는 단계;c) 상기 b)단계의 혼합물을 a)단계의 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물에 피복하는 단계; 및d) 상기 c)단계의 피복된 리튬 망간 복합산화물을 소성하여 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물 상에 이 보다 용량이 작은 스피넬 구조의 제2 리튬 망간 복합산화물이 피복된 리튬 망간 복합 산화물을 형성하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 b)단계의 리튬화합물은 LiOH, LiOH·H2O, LiCH3COO, LiCHO, LiCHO·H2O, 및 LiNO3로 이루어진 군으로부터 1 종 이상 선택되고, 망간화합물은 MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, Mn(CH3COO)2, Mn(CHO2)2, Mn(NO3)2, MnSO4, 및 MnCO3로 이루어진 군으로부터 1 종 이상 선택되고,상기 b)단계의 리튬화합물과 망간화합물의 혼합비가 Li와 Mn의 몰비로 0.5∼2.0 : 1.0 인 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물의 제조방법.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 b)단계의 리튬화합물과 망간화합물의 혼합이 용매에 리튬화합물 분말과 망간화합물 분말을 분산, 또는 용해시킨 후 용매를 제거하여 혼합물을 제조하는 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 c)단계의 피복이 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물 100 중량부에 혼합물 2 내지 30 중량부를 기계 용융 혼합기에 투입하고, 200 ℃ 이하의 온도에서 10 내지 120 분 동안 혼합하는 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 d)단계의 소성은 400∼800 ℃의 소성온도, 1∼30 시간의 소성시간, 및 공기 또는 산소함량이 10 부피% 이상인 혼합가스를 0.05 내지 3.0 ℓ/gh의 유량으로 흘려주는 소성분위기 하에 소성시키는 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물의 제조방법.
- 스피넬 구조의 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물; 및 상기 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물 상에 피복되는 스피넬 구조의 제2 리튬 망간 복합산화물을 포함하고,상기 제2 리튬 망간 복합산화물은 상기 제1 리튬 망간 복합산화물 보다 용량이 작은 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물을 제공하는 Li/Mn의 몰비를 갖으며, 제2 리튬 망간 복합산화물 내 Li와 Mn의 몰비가 0.5∼2.0 : 1.0 인 것이 특징인 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합 산화물.
- 제7항에 기재된 스피넬 구조의 리튬 망간 복합산화물을 활물질로 포함하는 양극을 사용하는 리튬 또는 리튬이온 2차 전지.
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2000-0007343A KR100398744B1 (ko) | 2000-02-16 | 2000-02-16 | 전기화학적 성능이 향상된 리튬망간 스피넬 복합산화물의 제조방법 |
CNB01800461XA CN1229280C (zh) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | 具有改善的电化学性能的锂锰尖晶石复合氧化物的制备方法 |
US09/959,129 US7056486B2 (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | Method for preparing lithium manganese spinel complex oxide having improved electrochemical performance |
PCT/KR2001/000099 WO2001060749A1 (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | A method for preparing lithium manganese spinel complex oxide having improved electrochemical performance |
DE60138001T DE60138001D1 (de) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithium-mangan-spinell-komplexoxid mit verbesserten elektrochemischen eigenschaften |
JP2001559806A JP3770834B2 (ja) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | 電気化学的性能が向上したリチウムマンガンスピネル複合酸化物の製造方法 |
AU28911/01A AU2891101A (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | A method for preparing lithium manganese spinel complex oxide having improved electrochemical performance |
EP01953017A EP1204602B1 (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-19 | A method for preparing lithium manganese spinel complex oxide having improved electrochemical performance |
MYPI20010306A MY141062A (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2001-01-23 | A method for preparing lithium manganese spinel complex oxide having improved electrochemical performance |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR10-2000-0007343A KR100398744B1 (ko) | 2000-02-16 | 2000-02-16 | 전기화학적 성능이 향상된 리튬망간 스피넬 복합산화물의 제조방법 |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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KR20010081546A KR20010081546A (ko) | 2001-08-29 |
KR100398744B1 true KR100398744B1 (ko) | 2003-09-19 |
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KR10-2000-0007343A Expired - Lifetime KR100398744B1 (ko) | 2000-02-16 | 2000-02-16 | 전기화학적 성능이 향상된 리튬망간 스피넬 복합산화물의 제조방법 |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7056486B2 (ko) |
EP (1) | EP1204602B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP3770834B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100398744B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN1229280C (ko) |
AU (1) | AU2891101A (ko) |
DE (1) | DE60138001D1 (ko) |
MY (1) | MY141062A (ko) |
WO (1) | WO2001060749A1 (ko) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1204602B1 (en) | 2009-03-18 |
DE60138001D1 (de) | 2009-04-30 |
JP3770834B2 (ja) | 2006-04-26 |
MY141062A (en) | 2010-02-25 |
CN1229280C (zh) | 2005-11-30 |
KR20010081546A (ko) | 2001-08-29 |
AU2891101A (en) | 2001-08-27 |
US20020182502A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
WO2001060749A1 (en) | 2001-08-23 |
US7056486B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 |
CN1364144A (zh) | 2002-08-14 |
JP2003522714A (ja) | 2003-07-29 |
EP1204602A1 (en) | 2002-05-15 |
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