JPWO2020158660A1 - はんだ接合部 - Google Patents
はんだ接合部 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JPWO2020158660A1 JPWO2020158660A1 JP2020569611A JP2020569611A JPWO2020158660A1 JP WO2020158660 A1 JPWO2020158660 A1 JP WO2020158660A1 JP 2020569611 A JP2020569611 A JP 2020569611A JP 2020569611 A JP2020569611 A JP 2020569611A JP WO2020158660 A1 JPWO2020158660 A1 JP WO2020158660A1
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- solder
- mass
- solder joint
- plating layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
- B23K35/262—Sn as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
- B23K1/0016—Brazing of electronic components
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/20—Preliminary treatment of work or areas to be soldered, e.g. in respect of a galvanic coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/302—Cu as the principal constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C13/00—Alloys based on tin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C13/00—Alloys based on tin
- C22C13/02—Alloys based on tin with antimony or bismuth as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
- C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
- C23C18/1635—Composition of the substrate
- C23C18/1637—Composition of the substrate metallic substrate
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/34—Coated articles, e.g. plated or painted; Surface treated articles
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
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- B23K2101/42—Printed circuits
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
- B23K2103/12—Copper or alloys thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/16—Composite materials, e.g. fibre reinforced
- B23K2103/166—Multilayered materials
- B23K2103/172—Multilayered materials wherein at least one of the layers is non-metallic
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Abstract
Description
[2] 前述の[1]に記載のはんだ接合部において、前記NiCuP三元合金の微結晶が、平均粒子径が約10nm以下の微結晶を含むことが好ましい。
[3] 前述の[1]または[2]に記載のはんだ接合部において、前記微結晶層が、長径が75nm以上の柱状結晶または粒子を含まないことが好ましい。
[4] 前述の[1]〜[3]のいずれかに記載のはんだ接合部において、前記はんだ材が、Snと、Agと、Sbとを含むことが好ましい。
[5] 前述の[4]に記載のはんだ接合部において、前記はんだ材が、さらに、Ni及び/またはGe及び/またはCuを含有することが好ましい。
[6] 前述の[1]〜[5]のいずれかに記載のはんだ接合部において、前記Ni−P−Cuめっき層を備える被接合体が、Cu、AlまたはCu合金を主成分とする母材に無電解Ni−P−Cuめっき層を設けた部材であることが好ましい。
[7] 本発明は別の実施の形態によれば、前述の[1]〜[5]のいずれかに記載のはんだ接合部を備える電子機器に関する。
[8] 本発明はまた別の実施の形態によれば、前述の[1]〜[5]のいずれかに記載のはんだ接合部を備える半導体装置に関する。
[9] 前述の[8]に記載の半導体装置において、前記はんだ接合部が、基板電極、リードフレームもしくはインプラントピンと、半導体素子との接合部、導電性板と放熱板との接合部、及び/または端子間の接合部であることが好ましい。
[10] 前述の[9]に記載の半導体装置において、前記半導体素子が、Si半導体素子またはSiC半導体素子であることが好ましい。
本発明は、第1実施形態によれば、はんだ接合部であって、Snを主成分とし、AgまたはSbをさらに含むはんだ材が溶融されたはんだ接合層と、前記はんだ接合層と接する面にNi−P−Cuめっき層を備える被接合体とを含む。接合部は、前記Ni−P−Cuめっき層が、前記はんだ接合層との界面に、微結晶層を有し、前記微結晶層が、NiCuP三元合金の微結晶を含む相と、(Ni,Cu)3Pの微結晶を含む相と、Ni3Pの微結晶を含む相とを備える。
本実施形態による接合部を構成する被接合体は、はんだ接合層と接する面にNi−P−Cuめっき層を備える部材である。Ni−P−Cuめっき層を備える部材は、導電性部材にNi−P−Cuめっき層を形成した部材であってよい。導電性部材としては、Cu、Al、Cu合金(例えば、Cu−Sn合金やCu−Zn合金)を主成分とする部材が挙げられるが、これらには限定されない。
本実施形態のはんだ接合部において、溶融してはんだ接合層を形成するはんだ材としては、Snを主成分とし、Ag及び/またはSb及び/またはCuを含むはんだ材を用いることができる。これらの成分に加え、Ni、Ge、Si、V、P、Bi、Au、Pb、Al、Cから選択される1以上の成分を含むはんだ材を用いることが好ましい。鉛フリーはんだと呼ばれている、Pbが500ppm以下で、Snを主成分としているはんだ材料では、Sn−AgやSn−Ag−Cu、Sn−Sb、Sn−Sb−Agなど2元共晶系材料や3元共晶系材料など、多数の成分がある。各々Snに対して析出物にて材料強度を強化する析出強化系のSn−Ag系材料やSn中に固溶するSbやBiなどで材料強度を強化する固溶強化系の材料がある。いずれも物理的な形状で強化する元素や、Sn中に固溶し、結晶構造として強化できる元素がある。またその各々を組み合わせて、析出強化と固溶強化できる組み合わせもある。Sn中への添加元素はそれぞれ凝固組織を緻密にすることや、熱拡散による組織の熱変形を抑制する効果が期待できる。本発明において有用なはんだ材は、例えば、Sn−Ag、Sn−Sb、Sn−Ag−Sb、Sn−Ag−Cu、Sn−Sb−Ag−Ni、Sn−Sb−Ag−Cu、Sn−Sb−Ag−Ni−Ge、Sn−Sb−Ag−Ni−Cu−Ge、Sn−Ag−Cu−Ni、Sn−Ag−Cu−Ge、Sn−Ag−Cu−Ni−Geはんだである。なお、本明細書において、E、F、Gをそれぞれ元素として、「E−F−Gはんだ」と表現するとき、EとFとGを含み、不可避不純物を含んでもよいはんだ材を意味し、元素の組成比は特には限定されないものとする。以下に、より具体的に、好ましく使用することができるはんだ材の態様を説明する。
第1態様によるSn−Ag−Sbはんだ材としては、Sbを、5.0質量%を超えて10.0質量%以下と、Agを2.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる合金を好ましく用いることができる。不可避不純物とは、主として、Cu、Ni、Zn、Fe、Al、As、Cd、Au、In、P、Pbなどをいう。本発明によるはんだ材は、Pbが500ppm以下の鉛フリーはんだ合金である。Snを主成分とするはんだ材に、上記の組成範囲で、Ag及びSbを含むことにより、はんだ材の濡れ性を確保し、温度が上昇しても、合金の熱伝導率の低下を抑えることができる。Sn−Ag−Sbはんだ材は、さらに好ましくは、Sbを、6.0質量%〜8.0質量%含有し、Agを3.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる。このような組成範囲とすることで、上記利点に加え、さらに、温度の上昇とともに、合金の熱伝導率も上昇させることができる。なお、Agは、Ni,Cu,Pとは反応しにくく、Ni−Cu−Pめっき層とはんだ層の界面において化合物を作らないので、P濃化層や空孔や結晶の粗大化などの悪影響を引き起こすことがなく、Ag3Snなどの合金によりはんだ材自体の強度を向上させる効果を有する。以下の第2態様から第6態様においても同様である。
第2態様による、Sn−Sb−Ag−Niはんだ材としては、Sbを、5.0質量%を超えて10.0質量%以下と、Agを2.0質量%〜4.0質量%と、Niを、0を超えて1.0質量%以下含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる合金を好ましく用いることができる。第1態様の組成に、さらにNiを上記添加範囲で添加する利点としては、合金の熱拡散経路に影響を与え、合金の熱伝導率を上昇させるとともに、濡れ性を向上させ、接合層としたときに低いボイド率が実現できるためである。さらに好ましくは、Sbを、6.0質量%〜8.0質量%含有し、Agを3.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、Niを0.01質量%〜0.5質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる。このような組成範囲とすることで、上記に加え、さらに、はんだ材の融点260℃以下に低減できるといった利点が得られる。
第3態様による、Sn−Sb−Ag−Cuはんだ材としては、Sbを、5.0質量%を超えて10.0質量%以下と、Agを2.0質量%〜4.0質量%と、Cuを、0を超えて1.2質量%以下含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる合金を好ましく用いることができる。第1実施形態の組成に、さらにCuを添加する利点としては、合金の熱拡散経路に影響を与え、合金の熱伝導率を上昇させるとともに、濡れ性を向上させ、接合層としたときに低いボイド率が実現できるためである。さらに好ましくは、Sbを、6.0質量%〜8.0質量%含有し、Agを3.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、Cuを0.1質量%〜0.9質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる。このような組成範囲とすることで、上記に加え、さらに、特に濡れ性が良いといった利点が得られる。
第4態様による、Sn−Sb−Ag−Ni−Geはんだ材としては、Sbを、5.0質量%を超えて10.0質量%以下と、Agを2.0質量%〜4.0質量%と、Niを、0を超えて1.0質量%以下含有し、Geを、0.001質量%〜2.0質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる合金を好ましく用いることができる。第2態様の組成に、さらにGeを上記添加範囲で添加する利点としては、合金の熱拡散経路に影響を与え、合金の熱伝導率を上昇させるとともに、濡れ性を向上させ、接合層としたときに低いボイド率が実現できるためである。さらに好ましくは、Sbを、6.0質量%〜8.0質量%含有し、Agを3.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、Niを0.01質量%〜0.5質量%含有し、Geを、0.003質量%〜0.01質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる。このような組成範囲とすることで、上記に加え、さらに、はんだ材の融点260℃以下に低減できるといった利点が得られる。
第5態様による、Sn−Sb−Ag−Ni−Cu−Geはんだ材としては、Sbを、5.0質量%を超えて10.0質量%以下と、Agを2.0質量%〜4.0質量%と、Niを、0を超えて1.0質量%以下と、Cuを、0を超えて1.2質量%以下と、Geを、0.001質量%〜2.0質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる合金を好ましく用いることができる。第5態様の組成に、さらにCuを上記添加範囲で添加する利点としては、合金の熱拡散経路に影響を与え、合金の熱伝導率を上昇させるとともに、濡れ性を向上させ、接合層としたときに低いボイド率が実現できるためである。さらに好ましくは、Sbを、6.0質量%〜8.0質量%含有し、Agを3.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、Niを0.01質量%〜0.5質量%含有し、Cuを、0.1質量%〜0.9質量%含有し、Geを、0.003質量%〜0.01質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる。このような組成範囲とすることで、上記に加え、さらに、はんだ材の融点260℃以下に低減できるといった利点が得られる。
第6態様による、Sn−Ag−Cuはんだ材としては、Agを2.0質量%〜4.0質量%と、Cuを、0.1質量%〜2質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなる合金を好ましく用いることができる。第6態様の利点としては、はんだの融点を低温化でき、濡れ性も向上することができる。Agを3.0質量%〜4.0質量%含有し、Cuを0.5質量%〜0.9質量%含有し、残部は、Sn及び不可避不純物からなることがさらに好ましい。本態様の変形態様としては、これらに、Ni及び/またはGeをさらに添加した、Sn−Ag−Cu−Niはんだ材、Sn−Ag−Cu−Geはんだ材、Sn−Ag−Cu−Ni−Geはんだ材が挙げられる。これらの組成においては、Sn、Ag、Cuに加え、Niを0.02質量%〜0.1質量%、好ましくは、0.03質量%〜0.06質量%含有し、及び/または、Geを0.001質量%〜2質量%、好ましくは、0.003質量%〜0.01質量%含有することができる。
変形態様として、第1〜第6態様によるはんだ材は、いずれにも、Ge、P、あるいはそれらの両方をさらに添加することができる。Geは、合金の熱拡散経路に影響を与えることができ、またGe及びPは、いずれも、はんだ材の酸化抑制の効果があり、濡れ性の向上に寄与しうるためである。この場合、はんだ材は、Geを、0.001質量%〜2.0質量%含有することが好ましい。あるいは、もしくはこれに加えて、Pを、0.001質量%〜0.1質量%含有することが好ましい。Ge、Pの両者を添加する場合も、上記範囲から添加量を適宜選択することができる。GeとPは、両者ともにSnよりも酸化しやすく、この添加範囲でSnの酸化を防止し、はんだ材の濡れ性を確保することができる。なお、第4、第5態様、及び第6態様の変形態様においては既にGeの添加並びにその好適な添加量を記載しているため、これらの態様においては、各態様に記載のGeの添加量とすることができる。また、第1〜第6態様、及びこれらの変形態様によるはんだ材の各組成からAgを除いた組成も変形態様とすることができる。
上記の被接合材とはんだ材とを組み合わせ、はんだ材を溶融して形成した接合部は、Ni−P−Cuめっき層の、はんだ接合層との界面に微結晶層を備えている。図1は、本実施形態によるはんだ接合部を模式的に示す概念図であり、図1(a)は接合直後のはんだ接合部の模式図、図1(b)は接合後、175℃で、250時間処理した後のはんだ接合部の模式図である。
第1実施形態に係るはんだ接合部は、電子機器の一部を構成するものであり、電子機器としては、インバータ、メガソーラー、燃料電池、エレベータ、冷却装置、車載用半導体装置などの電気・電力機器が挙げられるが、これらには限定されない。典型的には、電子機器は半導体装置である。半導体装置における接合部は、ダイボンド接合部、導電性板と放熱板の接合部、端子と端子の接合部、端子と他の部材との接合部、あるいは、そのほかの任意の接合部であってよいが、これらには限定されない。以下に、本実施形態に係る接合部を備える電子機器の一例として、半導体装置を挙げ、図面を参照して本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
本発明は、第3実施形態によれば、半導体装置であって、第1実施形態による接合部を備える半導体装置に関する。
前処理として母材のCu板を50℃×4分間アルカリ脱脂し、水洗、酸脱脂40℃×4分間、水洗ののち、過硫酸ナトリウム30℃×0.5分エッチングを行い、水洗し、98%硫酸25℃×0.5分にて表面処理をした。次いで、水洗し、塩酸溶液と触媒としてPdによる活性化を25〜30℃で0.5分の浸漬処理を行い、水洗したのちに、所定の組成の無電解Ni−P−Cuもしくは無電解Ni−Pめっきを行った。無電解Ni−P−Cuもしくは無電解Ni−Pめっきは空気撹拌にて90℃で5μmの厚さになる時間にて処理を行った。めっき後は水洗しドライヤー乾燥にて最終仕上げした。
はんだ濡れ性の評価では、30×5×0.3mmのタフピッチ銅板(JIS C1100)に、各々のめっきを、約5μmを狙い値においてめっきを施したサンプルを用いた。濡れ性はバルクウッティング濡れ性試験(JIS Z3198−4:2003)方法を参照し実施した。はんだ材には、先に記載した組成のはんだを用いて約1kg溶融したはんだ浴を280℃に加熱し、そのはんだ浴へサンプルを深さ3mmで、20秒浸漬した。濡れ性の判断は、サンプルを浸漬して、濡れが始まるゼロクロスタイム(はんだが試験片に濡れるまでの時間)が3秒以内のものを○、2秒から3秒のものを△、3秒以上かかるものを×と判断した。めっきをしないタフピッチ銅板を、本試験の参照条件としており、その場合は約1秒程度で濡れ時間が確保できた。
母材(銅板)に各々の組成のめっき層を膜厚5μm形成し被接合部材とし、先に記載した組成の板はんだを重ね合わせる。接合は、バッチ式加熱板を用いた接合装置を思いて行い、雰囲気を20Paに減圧し、窒素で置換したのち、もう一度50Paまで減圧し、水素で置換した。置換された雰囲気にて、300℃×2分間保持しはんだ接合行った。冷却速度は、1℃/secにて冷却を行った。熱処理は、半導体装置の信頼性を評価するための加速試験としておこなった。
製造したはんだ接合部について、初期及び熱処理後の欠陥を評価した。初期とは、接合直後の時点をいうものとする。熱処理は、熱風式の125℃、及び175℃の恒温槽にて放置した。判定は250時間にて行った。なお、熱処理実験は500時間、1000時間まで実施した。なお、×であった接合部を有する半導体装置は、初期の状態でもはんだ材とめっき層の界面近傍で剥離が生じた。さらに、加熱処理するとその剥離はより顕著に発生した。そのため、×の条件を判定基準とした。
Ni−Pめっき層のP濃度が3質量%未満の低い場合は、はんだ中へのNiの溶出能が高いために、めっき層がSnと反応し、Ni3Sn2とNi3Sn4化合物の層になり、界面に空孔が生じてしまった。Ni−Pめっき層のP濃度が8質量%以上の高い濃度の時には、Ni−Pめっき層中に、Ni3Pの金属間化合物が生成されて、Niの溶出を抑制する。これはNi3Pの均一な化合物層ではなく、Ni−Pめっき層中にNi3Pの金属間化合物が晶出するためである。このため、Ni3Pの無い部分からNiが、はんだ接合層側へ溶出し、溶出の大小ができるため、接合欠陥が生じやすくなったと考えられる。
実施例のはんだ接合部の代表的な断面観察写真を図4に示す。図4は、Cuが2質量%、Pが8質量%、残部がNiのめっき組成を有し、はんだ組成は、先と同じとし、先と同じ条件で接合した場合のはんだ接合部(実施例8)の走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真である。一方、図5は、Pが8質量%、残部がNiのめっき組成を有し、はんだ組成は、先と同じとし、先と同じ条件で接合した場合のはんだ接合部(比較例4)の走査型電子顕微鏡写真である。図5中、P濃化層101には、直径0.1〜0.5μm程度の空孔hが見られた。図4からもわかるように、実施例の接合部においては、Ni−Cu−Pめっき層とはんだ接合層の界面近傍には、空孔はほとんど見られなかった。
図6は、実施例8のはんだ接合部の界面の透過型電子顕微鏡写真である。接合界面には、写真上部のはんだ側から(Ni,Cu)3(Sn,Sb)2化合物及びNi3(Sn,Sb)2化合物の層があり、その界面に約5nm〜20nm程度の粒状の微細な結晶が層状の組織構造を持つことが確認できた。図7は、図6の左上部の拡大写真であり、aにおける元素分析結果は、P21.8at%、Ni75.1at%、Cu2.6at%であり、Ni:Pがおよそ3:1にCuがわずかに共存している微結晶層中の微結晶であることが確認できている。同様に、bにおける元素分析結果は、P22.4at%、Ni75.8at%、Cu1.2at%であり、透過型電子顕微鏡写真で確認されている微細な粒状物は、NiとPとCuからなる微結晶層中の(Ni,Cu)3P微結晶であることが確認されている。cでは、層状に並んだ化合物層が確認されている。cにおけるEDX分析結果では、Ni52.6at%、Sn40.6at%、Sb5.2at%であることが確認され、第1の金属間化合物層のNi3(Sn,Sb)2化合物層と推定される。dにおけるEDX分析結果では、Ni:P=3.7:1程度の比率であることが確認され、Cuは0.15at%以下と低いことから、Ni3P相であることが確認できる。同様に、eは、(Ni,Cu)5P2微結晶、fは、(Ni,Cu)12P5微結晶、gは、(Ni,Cu)2P微結晶であることが推定される。なお、透過型電子顕微鏡の電子線回折によっても、回折パターンの回折斑点(スポット)が明瞭であり、これらが結晶として存在することがわかった。第1の金属間化合物層を示す点c以外の、a、b、d〜gにおいては、いずれも、はんだ成分に由来するAg、Sn、Sbがほとんど含まれていなかった。
実施例8と比較例4の接合体を、175℃×250時間熱処理したものについて、断面を透過型電子顕微鏡にて80000倍で観察した際の観察視野0.36μm2当たりの空孔の数をカウントした。実施例の接合部については微結晶層、比較例の接合部についてはP濃化層の観察視野(0.36μm2)の10nm以上の空孔の個数をカウントした。その結果、空孔の個数は、実施例8の接合部では45個程度だったのに対し、比較例4の接合部では230個程度であり、孔発生数を1/5程度に抑えることができた。その他の実施例においても10nm以上の空孔は前記単位面積において50個以下に抑えることができた。SEM観察による空孔の評価は0.1μm以上の空孔が対象であるが、さらにTEMのような分解能の高い評価によると、さらに小さな空孔の存在も明らかになった。そして、本願の発明によるめっき膜の場合、微細な空孔も抑制されていることがわかった。
4 はんだ層、5 Ni−P−Cuめっき層、6 母材層、PQRS はんだ接合部
10 接合層、11 半導体素子、12 積層基板、13 放熱板
14 アルミワイヤ、15 外部端子、16 ケース、17 樹脂封止材
18 リードフレーム、100 パワーモジュール
101 P濃化層、102 第1の金属間化合物層、 103 第2の金属間化合物層
104 はんだ層、105 Ni−Pめっき層、106 母材層、 h 空孔
Claims (10)
- Snを主成分とし、Ag及び/またはSb及び/またはCuをさらに含むはんだ材が溶融されたはんだ接合層と、前記はんだ接合層と接する面にNi−P−Cuめっき層を備える被接合体とを含むはんだ接合部であって、
前記Ni−P−Cuめっき層が、Niを主成分とし、0.5質量%以上であって、8質量%以下のCuと、3質量%以上であって、10質量%以下のPとを含み、
前記Ni−P−Cuめっき層が、前記はんだ接合層との界面に微結晶層を有し、前記微結晶層が、NiCuP三元合金の微結晶を含む相と、(Ni,Cu)3Pの微結晶を含む相と、Ni3Pの微結晶を含む相とを備える、はんだ接合部。 - 前記NiCuP三元合金の微結晶が、平均粒子径が約10nm以下の微結晶を含む、請求項1に記載のはんだ接合部。
- 前記微結晶層が、長径が75nm以上の柱状結晶または粒子を含まない、請求項1または2に記載のはんだ接合部。
- 前記はんだ材が、Snと、Agと、Sbとを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のはんだ接合部。
- 前記はんだ材が、さらに、Ni及び/またはGe及び/またはCuを含有する、請求項4に記載のはんだ接合部。
- 前記Ni−P−Cuめっき層を備える被接合体が、Cu、AlまたはCu合金を主成分とする母材に無電解Ni−P−Cuめっき層を設けた部材である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のはんだ接合部。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のはんだ接合部を備える電子機器。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のはんだ接合部を備える半導体装置。
- 前記はんだ接合部が、基板電極、リードフレームもしくはインプラントピンと、半導体素子との接合部、導電性板と放熱板との接合部、及び/または端子間の接合部である、請求項8に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体素子が、Si半導体素子またはSiC半導体素子である、請求項9に記載の半導体装置。
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