JPWO2012105397A1 - 水処理用分離膜およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
水処理用分離膜およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2012105397A1 JPWO2012105397A1 JP2012514245A JP2012514245A JPWO2012105397A1 JP WO2012105397 A1 JPWO2012105397 A1 JP WO2012105397A1 JP 2012514245 A JP2012514245 A JP 2012514245A JP 2012514245 A JP2012514245 A JP 2012514245A JP WO2012105397 A1 JPWO2012105397 A1 JP WO2012105397A1
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- separation membrane
- separation
- membrane
- water treatment
- porous layer
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- BCIIMDOZSUCSEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperidin-4-amine Chemical compound NC1CCNCC1 BCIIMDOZSUCSEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZYBHSWXEWOPHBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound [K+].C[C-](C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZYBHSWXEWOPHBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylenediamine Chemical compound CC(N)CN AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009287 sand filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfinic acid Chemical compound OS=O BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWSZXUOMATYHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl octaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C BWSZXUOMATYHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012719 thermal polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFLKFZNIIQFQBS-FNCQTZNRSA-N trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 JFLKFZNIIQFQBS-FNCQTZNRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRSJRHKJPOJTMS-MDZDMXLPSA-N trimethoxy-[(e)-2-phenylethenyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 JRSJRHKJPOJTMS-MDZDMXLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KQBSGRWMSNFIPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxane Chemical compound C1COOOC1 KQBSGRWMSNFIPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本発明によれば、新たな添加剤または製膜後の改質処理工程を用いることなく、高い透水性と高い溶質除去性を併せ持つ分離膜を得ることができる。また、改質処理工程を必要としないため、薬品コストおよび廃液処理の負荷を低減することができると共に、より簡便かつ安全な方法によって分離膜を提供することができる。
<分離膜の構成の概要>
分離膜は、原流体中の成分を分離することができる。分離膜は、たとえば、(i)基材と、分離機能層と、基材と分離機能層との間に配置された多孔質層とを備えていてもよい。また、分離膜は、(ii)基材および基材上に積層された多孔質層で構成されていてもよく、(iii)基材を備えず多孔質層のみで構成されていてもよい。(ii)および(iii)の分離膜では、多孔質層により原流体中の成分を分離するが、この多孔質層は(i)の分離膜における多孔質層と同様の構成を備えてもよい。
上記(i)の形態の分離膜において、分離機能層としては、例えば、孔径制御、耐久性の点で架橋高分子が使用される。具体的には、分離性能の点で、後述するような多孔質層上に、多官能アミンと多官能酸ハロゲン化物とを重縮合させてなるポリアミド分離機能層、および有機無機ハイブリッド機能層などが好適に用いることができる。
・化合物(A)のみが縮合および/若しくは重合することで形成された重合物、
・化合物(B)のみが重合して形成された重合物、並びに
・化合物(A)と化合物(B)との共重合物
のうちの少なくとも1種の重合物を含有することができる。なお、重合物には縮合物が含まれる。また、化合物(A)と化合物(B)との共重合体中で、化合物(A)は、加水分解性基を介して縮合していてもよい。化合物Bは、エチレン性不飽和基を介して重合することができる。
上記(i)の形態の分離膜において、多孔質層は分離膜に機械的強度を与える。多孔質層における孔のサイズや分布は特に限定されないが、多孔質層は、イオン等の分子サイズの小さな成分に対して分離性能を有さなくてもよい。具体的には、多孔質層は、一般に「多孔質膜」と言われるようなものであれよく、例えば、均一で微細な孔、あるいは分離機能層が形成される側の表面からもう一方の面まで徐々に大きな微細孔をもつ層を言う。好ましくは、分離機能層が形成される側の表面で原子間力顕微鏡または電子顕微鏡などを用いて表面から測定された細孔の投影面積円相当径が1nm以上100nm以下であるような多孔質層が使用される。特に界面重合反応性および分離機能膜の保持性の点で3nm以上50nm以下の投影面積円相当径を有することが好ましい。
N,N−ジ置換イソブチルアミドおよびN−モノ置換イソブチルアミドの具体例、ポリマー溶液の溶媒の詳細については、後述する。次に、上記(ii)および(iii)の分離膜を構成する多孔質層について詳述する。
次に、基材としては、分離膜の分離性能および透過性能を保持しつつ、適度な機械強度を与える点で、繊維状基材である不織布が用いられてもよい。
以上に述べた分離膜の性能は、25℃、pH6.5、TDS濃度3.5重量%の海水を5.5MPaの操作圧力で透過させたとき、0.7m3/m2/日以上の透過流束を示すことが好ましい。また、同条件において、分離膜は、1.4m3/m2/日以下の透過流束を示すことが好ましい。これらの範囲内にある透過流束を示す分離膜は、水処理用途に好適である。
1.分離膜の製造
<多孔質層の形成>
上述したように、多孔質層は、樹脂を含有するN,N−ジ置換イソブチルアミドまたはおよびN−モノ置換イソブチルアミド溶液を相分離法により多孔質化させることによって、製造される。
上記(i)の分離膜における分離機能層は以下のように製造できる。
Si(R1)m(R2)n(R3)4−m−n ・・・(a)
(R1はエチレン性不飽和基を含む反応性基を示す。R2はアルコキシ基、アルケニルオキシ基、カルボキシ基、ケトオキシム基、ハロゲン原子またはイソシアネート基のいずれかを表す。R3はHまたはアルキル基を表す。m、nはm+n≦4を満たす整数であり、m≧1、n≧1を満たすものとする。R1、R2、R3それぞれにおいて2以上の官能基がケイ素原子に結合している場合、同一であっても異なっていてもよい。)
R1はエチレン性不飽和基を含む反応性基であるが、上で解説したとおりである。
上述した(i)〜(iii)のいずれの分離膜においても、透過性能、除去性能などの基本性能を向上させる上で、塩素含有化合物、酸、アルカリ、亜硝酸、カップリング剤などによる化学処理を施されてもよい。さらに洗浄によって、未重合のモノマーが除かれてもよい。
上述の分離膜は、分離膜エレメントの構成要素として使用することができる。
さらに、上述のエレメントを直列または並列に接続して圧力容器に収納した分離膜モジュールとすることもできる。
(1)分離機能層を有する分離膜の造水量
基材、多孔質層および分離機能層を備える分離膜について、以下のとおり造水量を測定した。
基材、多孔質層および分離機能層を備える分離膜について、以下のとおり脱塩率を測定した。
脱塩率(TDS除去率)(%)={1−(透過水TDS濃度)/(供給水TDS濃度)}×100
(3)繊維補強多孔質膜の透水性(純水透過係数)
基材および多孔質層を備え、分離機能層を備えない分離膜について、以下のとおり透水性を測定した。なお、このような分離膜を以下では「繊維補強多孔質膜」と称して、分離機能層を備える分離膜と区別する。
繊維補強多孔質膜について、以下のとおり溶質阻止率を測定した。以下では特に、溶質阻止率として、ポリスチレン微粒子に対する阻止率を測定した。
ここで、吸光度測定には分光光度計(U−3200)(日立製作所製)を用いた。
(実施例1)
a.繊維補強多孔質膜の作製
多孔質層を構成する樹脂としてPSf(ソルベイアドバンストポリマーズ株式会社製、Udel(登録商標)P3500)を用いた。また、ポリマー溶液の溶媒としてDMIBを用いた。これらを95℃で十分に攪拌し、15.0重量%PSfおよび85.0重量%DMIBからなるポリマー溶液(製膜原液)を調製した。
上記a.の手順で得られた繊維補強多孔質膜を、m−フェニレンジアミン6.5重量%水溶液中に10秒間浸漬した後鉛直方向にゆっくりと引き上げ、過剰水溶液を自然落下させた。その後、エアーノズルによって窒素を吹き付けることで、膜表面から余分な水溶液を取り除いた。次に、0.175重量%TMCおよび0.015重量%テレフタル酸クロリド(TPC)を含むn−デカン溶液(TMC/TPC=90/10モル比)を、膜の表面が完全に濡れるように塗布した。10秒間放置した後、膜から余分な水溶液をエアーブローで除去した。その後、得られた膜を90℃の熱水で2分間洗浄した。
多孔質層の形成におけるポリマー溶液のキャスト温度を40℃に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。
多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液において、樹脂としてPSfに加えてポリエーテルスルホン(PES:BASF社製、Ultrason(登録商標) E6020)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。表1に示すように、ポリマー溶液におけるPsfの濃度は5.0重量%であり、PESの濃度は10.0重量%とした。
実施例4〜6では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液の溶媒をDMIBとDMFとの混合溶媒に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。また、得られた繊維補強多孔質膜上に実施例1と同様に分離機能層を形成することで、分離膜を作製した。
実施例7では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液の溶媒をDMIBとNMPとの混合溶媒に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。ポリマー溶液における各溶媒の濃度を表1に示す。
実施例8では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液の溶媒をDMIBとDMSOとの混合溶媒に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。ポリマー溶液における各溶媒の濃度を表1に示す。
実施例9では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液の溶媒をDMIBとDMAcとの混合溶媒に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。ポリマー溶液における各溶媒の濃度を表1に示す。
実施例10では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液の溶媒をDMIBとNIBとの混合溶媒に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。ポリマー溶液における各溶媒の濃度を表1に示す。
実施例11では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液における溶媒をNIBに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。
実施例12では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液における溶媒をNIBとDMFとの混合溶媒に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。ポリマー溶液における各溶媒の濃度を表1に示す。
実施例13および14では、基材を変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。実施例13では基材を長繊維不織布から抄紙法で得られた不織布を用いた。
また、実施例14では、多孔質層側表層での繊維配向度が20°、多孔質層とは反対側の表層での繊維配向度が40°である長繊維不織布を用いた。
分離機能層の形成に関して下記条件を変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に分離膜を作製した。
多孔質層の形成に関して、以下のとおり条件を変更した。
実施例17では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液における溶媒において、DMIBおよびDMFの濃度を変えた以外は、実施例16と同様にして分離膜を作製した。
多孔質層を形成する樹脂としてPVDF(呉羽化学工業株式会社製、KFポリマー#1100)を用いた。また、溶媒としてDMIBおよびDMFの混合溶媒を用いた。これらを95℃で十分に攪拌し、PVDF20.0重量%、DMIB20.0重量%、DMF60.0重量%からなるポリマー溶液を調製した。
比較例1〜4では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液の溶媒をそれぞれDMF、NMP、DMSOおよびDMAcに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。また、得られた繊維補強多孔質膜上に実施例1と同様に分離機能層を形成することで、分離膜を作製した。
多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液において、樹脂を5.0重量%PSf、および10.0重量%PESに変更し、溶媒を85.0重量%DMFに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。
分離機能層の形成に関して下記条件を変更した以外は、比較例1と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製し、さらに分離機能層を備える分離膜を作製した。
比較例7では、多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液において、溶媒をDMFに変更した以外は、実施例16と同様に繊維補強多孔質膜を作製した。
多孔質層の形成に用いるポリマー溶液において、溶媒をDMFに変更した以外は、実施例18と同様にして分離膜を作製した。
DMIB:N,N−ジメチルイソブチルアミド
DMF :N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド
NMP :N−メチル−2−ピロリドン
DMSO:ジメチルスルホキシド
DMAc:N,N−ジメチルアセトアミド
NIB :N−メチルイソブチルアミド
PSf :ポリスルホン
PES :ポリエーテルスルホン
PVDF:ポリフッ化ビニリデン
PSt :ポリスチレン
2a、2b :基材
3a、3b、3c :多孔質層
4a :分離機能層
5 :分離膜供給側の面
6 :分離膜透過側の面
7 :分離膜エレメント
8 :供給側流路材(ネット)
9 :透過側流路材(トリコット)
10 :封筒状膜
11 :孔
12 :有孔集水管
13 :原流体
14 :透過流体
15 :濃縮流体
16 :透過流体出口
17 :濃縮流体出口
Claims (14)
- 樹脂と、N,N−ジ置換イソブチルアミドおよびN−モノ置換イソブチルアミドの少なくとも一方とを含有する溶液を用いた相分離法により得られる多孔質層を備える水処理用分離膜。
- 前記溶液が、前記N,N−ジ置換イソブチルアミドとして、N,N−ジメチルイソブチルアミド、N,N−ジイソプロピルイソブチルアミド、N,N−ビス(2−エチルヘキシル)イソブチルアミドからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物を含有する
請求項1に記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 前記溶液が、前記N−モノ置換イソブチルアミドとして、N−メチルイソブチルアミド、N−ブチルイソブチルアミド、N−ペンチルイソブチルアミド、N−イソプロピルイソブチルアミド、N−フェニルイソブチルアミド、N−ベンジルイソブチルアミド、N−(2−フェニルエチル)イソブチルアミド、N−ビニルイソブチルアミド、およびN−(3−ブテニル)イソブチルアミドからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物を含有する、
請求項1または2に記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 前記溶液が、前記樹脂として、ポリスルホン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリアミド、ポリエステル、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリフェニレンスルフィドスルホン、ポリフェニレンスルホン、ポリフェニレンスルファイド、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、酢酸セルロース、およびポリ塩化ビニルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物を含有する、
請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 前記相分離法が、非溶媒誘起相分離法または熱誘起相分離法である、
請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 平膜または中空糸膜である、
請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 基材をさらに備え、
前記多孔質層が前記基材上に設けられる、
請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 前記基材が長繊維不織布である、
請求項7に記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 前記多孔質層上に設けられた分離機能層をさらに備える、
請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の水処理分離膜。 - 前記分離機能層が架橋ポリアミドを含有する、
請求項9に記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 25℃、pH6.5、TDS濃度3.5重量%の海水を5.5MPaの操作圧力で透過させたとき、0.7m3/m2/日以上の透過流束を示す、
請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 25℃、pH6.5、TDS濃度3.5重量%の海水を5.5MPaの操作圧力で透過させたとき、1.4m3/m2/日以下の透過流束を示す、
請求項1〜11のいずれかに記載の水処理用分離膜。 - 樹脂と、N,N−ジ置換イソブチルアミドおよびN−モノ置換イソブチルアミドの少なくとも一方とを含有する溶液を用いた相分離法によって、多孔質層を形成することを備える水処理用分離膜の製造方法。
- 多官能アミンを含有する水溶液と、水と非混和性の有機溶媒および多官能酸ハロゲン化物を含有する溶液とを用い、前記多孔質層上で界面重縮合を行って架橋ポリアミドを含有する分離機能層を形成することをさらに備える、
請求項13に記載の水処理用分離膜の製造方法。
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