JPWO2017155105A1 - 分離材、該分離材を備えるカラム、及び分離材の製造方法 - Google Patents
分離材、該分離材を備えるカラム、及び分離材の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2017155105A1 JPWO2017155105A1 JP2018504614A JP2018504614A JPWO2017155105A1 JP WO2017155105 A1 JPWO2017155105 A1 JP WO2017155105A1 JP 2018504614 A JP2018504614 A JP 2018504614A JP 2018504614 A JP2018504614 A JP 2018504614A JP WO2017155105 A1 JPWO2017155105 A1 JP WO2017155105A1
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Abstract
Description
一実施形態に係る多孔質ポリマー粒子は、芳香族基及び前記芳香族基に結合した2以上のビニル基を有する架橋性モノマーに由来する構造単位を含有する架橋ポリマーを含む。多孔質ポリマー粒子は、例えば、架橋性モノマー、多孔化剤及び水性媒体を含む反応液中での懸濁重合等により合成することができる。架橋性モノマーとしては、特に限定されないが、スチレン系モノマー等のビニルモノマーを使用することができる。
1)粒子を、水(界面活性剤等の分散剤を含む)に分散させ、1質量%の粒子を含む分散液を調製する。
2)粒度分布計(シスメックスフロー、シスメックス製)を用いて、分散液中の粒子1万個の画像により平均粒径と粒径の変動係数を測定する。
多孔質ポリマー粒子の、細孔内部を含む表面上に、水酸基を有するポリマーをグラフト鎖として導入して被覆層を形成することにより、非特異吸着を抑制することができ、動的吸着量を向上できる。被覆層が薄膜であることが、カラム圧の上昇を抑制することに寄与できる。また、官能基を導入した際のタンパク質吸着量が良好となる。
配位子群は、例えば、2,2’-Bipyridyl、4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-dipyridyl、4,4’-Di-tert-butyl-2,2’-dipyridyl、4,4’-Dinonyl-2,2’-dipyridyl、N-Butyl-2-pyridylmethanimine、N-Octyl-2-pyridylmethanimine、N-Dodecyl-N-(2-pyridyl-methylene)amine、N-Octadecyl-N-(2-pyridylmethylene)amine、N,N,N’,N’,N’-Pentamethyl-diethylenetriamine、Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine、1,1,4,7,10,10-Hexamethyltriethylene-tetramine、Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine、1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetra-decane、1,4,8,11-Tetramethyl-1-4-8-11-tetraazacyclotetradecane及びN,N,N’N’-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamineからなる。
遷移金属群は、例えば、CuCl、CuCl2、CuBr、CuBr2、TiCl2、TiCl3、TiCl4、TiBr4、FeCl2、FeCl3、FeBr2、FeBr3、CoCl2、COBr2、NiCl2、NiBr2、MoCl3、MoCl5及びRuCl3からなる。遷移金属錯体は、好ましくは一価銅錯体である。一価銅錯体として、特に限定されないが、CuBr/ビピリジル(bpy)錯体を使用してもよい。
σ=被覆量(g/粒子g)/数平均分子量Mn×アボガドロ数/粒子の比表面積(nm2/g)
リビングラジカルにより導入されたグラフト鎖の数平均分子量は、グラフト鎖をアルカリ等により加水分解させた後、GPC等により測定することができる。
グラフト鎖を含む被覆層に、イオン交換基、リガンド(プロテインA)を、水酸基を介して導入することにより、分離材をイオン交換精製、アフィニティ精製に使用することができる。
イオン交換基が導入された分離材は、タンパク質を静電的相互作用による分離、アフィニティ精製に用いるのに好適である。例えば、タンパク質を含む混合溶液の中に分離材を添加し、静電的相互作用によりタンパク質だけを分離材に吸着させた後、分離材を溶液から濾別し、塩濃度の高い水溶液中に添加すれば、分離材に吸着しているタンパク質を容易に脱離、回収できる。分離材は、カラムクロマトグラフィーにおけるカラム充填剤としても有用である。カラムは、通常、管状体と、該管状体内に充填された分離材(カラム充填剤)とを備える。
(実施例1)多孔質ポリマー粒子1の合成
500mLの三口フラスコに、純度96%のジビニルベンゼン(DVB960)16g、乳化剤(商品名:スパン80)6g、及び過酸化ベンゾイル0.64gを、ポリビニルアルコール水溶液(濃度0.5質量%)に加え、マイクロプロセスサーバーを使用して液を乳化した。形成された乳化液において、連続相としてのポリビニルアルコール水溶液中に、ジビニルベンゼン、乳化剤及び過酸化ベンゾイルを含むモノマー相が分散していた。得られた乳化液を、フラスコに移し、80℃のウォーターバスで加熱しながら攪拌機を用いて約8時間撹拌した。ジビニルベンゼンの重合により生成した粒子を、ろ過により取り出し、アセトンで洗浄して、多孔質ポリマー粒子1を得た。
多孔質ポリマー粒子1を10g、チオグリセロール0.1mmol、及びα,α’−アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(AIBN)1mmolをDMF100mLに加え、液を70℃で12時間攪拌した。その後、液から取り出した粒子をアセトンで洗浄した。洗浄後のポリマー粒子10g、イソブチリルブロマイド1g、DMF50g、及びトリエチルアミン0.5gを混合し、混合物を室温で3時間攪拌した。その後、液から取り出した粒子をアセトンで洗浄して、Br開始基が導入された粒子を得た。この粒子10gを、グリセリンモノメタクリレート(GMA)13g、2臭化銅670mg、トリスジメチルアミノエチルアミン335mg、及びDMF80gを含む反応液に添加し、窒素バブリングを行った。そこに、1190mgのアスコルビン酸を溶解させたエタノール200gを添加し、ATRPによるグリセリンモノメタクリレートの重合を5時間かけて行った。重合後の粒子をろ過し、DMFにて洗浄し、グリセリンモノメタクリレートの重合体であるグラフト鎖によって形成された第1のグラフト層を有する多孔質ポリマー粒子を得た。粒子の質量の変化から、多孔質ポリマー粒子1gに対する第1のグラフト層の質量の割合(mg/粒子g、グラフト量)を求めた。グラフト鎖の分子量は、3Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液4gに粒子1gを分散し、25℃で3時間攪拌して、加水分解によって分離したグラフト鎖のポリマーが溶解した上澄みを回収した。次に、この鎖状ポリマーの溶液に、溶液のpHが7になるまで1Mの塩酸を加え中和した。得られた水溶液を用いたGPCにより数平均分子量を算出したところ数平均分子量は12500であった。この数平均分子量を使用し、グラフト密度を算出した。
エポキシ基が導入された第1のグラフト層を有する多孔質ポリマー粒子10gを、濃度10質量%のデキストラン(重量平均分子量(Mw):50万)の水溶液100mLに投入し、1時間攪拌した。そこに1Mの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液100mLを加え、18時間攪拌することで、エポキシ基との反応により、第2のグラフト層を形成するグラフト鎖としてデキストランを導入した。これにより、第1のグラフト層及び第2のグラフト層を有する分離材を得た。粒子の質量の変化から、多孔質ポリマー粒子1gに対する第2のグラフト層の質量の割合(mg/粒子g、グラフト量)を求めた。
スパン80の量を7gに変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして多孔質ポリマー粒子2を合成した。多孔質ポリマー粒子2を用いて、実施例1と同様に分離材を作製した。
スパン80の量を8gに変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして多孔質ポリマー粒子3を合成した。多孔質ポリマー粒子3を用いて、実施例1と同様に分離材を作製した。
グリセリンモノメタクリレートに代えてヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート(HEMA)をモノマーとして使用して第1のグラフト層を形成したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、分離材を作製した。
グリセリンモノメタクリレートに代えてヒドロキシエチルアクリルアミド(HEAA)をモノマーとして使用して第1のグラフト層を形成したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、分離材を作製した。
実施例1において第2のグラフト層を形成する前の粒子を分離材として用いた。
アガロース水溶液(濃度2質量%)100mLに水酸化ナトリウム4g、及びグリシジルフェニルエーテル0.14gを加え、これらを70℃で12時間、反応させて、アガロースにフェニル基が導入されたアガロース(変性アガロース)を生成させた。生成した変性アガロースをイソプロピルアルコールで再沈殿させてから、洗浄した。
濃度20mg/mLの変性アガロース水溶液に、多孔質ポリマー粒子1を、粒子1g当たり変性アガロース水溶液が70mLとなる濃度で投入した。55℃で24時間の攪拌により、多孔質ポリマー粒子1に変性アガロースを吸着させた。吸着後、ろ過によって取り出した粒子を、熱水で洗浄した。粒子へのアガロースの吸着量はろ液中の変性アガロースの濃度から算出した。
細孔内部を含む表面に変性アガロースが吸着した粒子を、濃度0.64Mのエチレングリコールジグリシジルエーテル、及び濃度0.4Mの水酸化ナトリウム0.4Mを含む水溶液に、粒子1g当たり水溶液35mLの濃度で加え、24時間、室温にて攪拌した。その後、粒子を濃度2質量%の加熱したドデシル硫酸ナトリウム水溶液、及び純水で順次洗浄した。洗浄後の粒子をそのまま分離材として用いた。
市販のイオン交換クロマトグラフィー担体(Capto DEAE(GEヘルスケア製)を、そのまま分離材(多孔質ポリマー粒子4)として用いた。
500mLの三口フラスコに、2,3−ジヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート11.2g、エチレングリコールジメタクリレート4.8g、スパン80を5g、及び過酸化ベンゾイル0.64gを、ポリビニルアルコール水溶液(濃度0.5質量%)に加え、マイクロプロセスサーバーを使用して液を乳化し、連続相としてのポリビニルアルコール水溶液中にモノマー相が分散している乳化液を形成させた。得られた乳化液を、フラスコに移し、80℃のウォーターバスで加熱しながら攪拌機を用いて約8時間撹拌した。2,3−ジヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート及びエチレングリコールジメタクリレートの重合により生成した粒子を、ろ過により取り出し、アセトンで洗浄して、多孔質ポリマー粒子5を得た。
洗浄後の多孔質ポリマー粒子4の4gを、デキストラン(重量平均分子量15万)1g、水酸化ナトリウム0.6g、及び水素化ホウ素ナトリウム0.15gを蒸留水に溶解させて得たデキストラン溶液6gに加えて、多孔質ポリマー粒子4の細孔内にデキストラン溶液を含浸させた。得られたデキストラン溶液が含浸した多孔質ポリマー粒子を、濃度1質量%のエチルセルロースのトルエン溶液1Lに加え、攪拌により、分散及び懸濁させた。得られた懸濁液中に、エピクロルヒドリン5mLを加え、懸濁液を50℃で6時間攪拌して、デキストランを架橋させた。反応終了後、生成したゲル状物を、ろ過により懸濁液から分離し、トルエン、エタノール、及び蒸留水で順次洗浄して、分離材の粒子を得た。後述のイオン交換基の導入において、実施例1と同様にアミノ基を導入した。
濃度120mg/mLのBSA、及び0.5MのNaClを含む濃度20mg/mLのリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)50mLを準備した。そこに、実施例及び比較例の各分離材の粒子0.5gを投入し、24時間時間、室温で攪拌を行った。その後、遠心分離で取得した上澄み液をろ過し、ろ液のBSA濃度を分光光度計で測定した。得られたBSA濃度から、分離材に吸着したBSAの量を算出した。BSAの濃度は分光光度計により280nmの吸光度から確認した。吸着量が5mg以下である場合を「A」、5〜10mgである場合を「B」、10mg以上である場合を「C」とした。
実施例及び比較例の各分離材20gを、ジエチルアミノエチルクロライド塩酸塩を所定量溶解させた水溶液100mLに分散させ、70℃で10分攪拌した。そこに、70℃に加温した5MのNaOH水溶液100mLを添加し、1時間反応させた。反応終了後、粒子を濾過により取り出し、水/エタノール(体積比8/2)の混合液で2回洗浄して、ジエチルアミノエチル(DEAE)基をイオン交換基として有する分離材(DEAE変性分離材)を得た。得られた分離材の粒子の細孔径分布におけるモード径、及び比表面積を、水銀圧入法にて測定した。
DEAE変性分離材をエタノールに分散して、濃度30質量%のスラリーを調製した。このスラリーをφ7.8×300mmのステンレスカラムに15分かけて充填した。その後、充填剤が充填されたカラム(充填カラム)に流速を変えながら水を流し、流速とカラム圧との関係を記録し、カラム圧0.3MPaの時点の流速を測定した。
20mmol/LのTris−塩酸緩衝液(pH8.0)を充填カラムに10カラム容量流した。その後、濃度2mg/mLでBSAを含む20mmol/LのTris−塩酸緩衝液を充填カラムに流し、UVによりカラム出口でのBSA濃度を測定した。カラム入口と出口のBSA濃度が一致するまで液を流し、その後、5カラム容量分の1M NaCl Tris−塩酸緩衝液で希釈した。10% breakthroughにおける動的吸着量を以下の式を用いて算出した。
q10=cfF(t10−t0)/VBq10:10%breakthroughにおける動的結合容量(mg/mL wet resin)
cf:注入しているBSA濃度F:流速(mL/min)
VB:ベッド体積(mL)
t10:10%breakthroughにおける時間
t0:BSA注入開始時間
「動的吸着量」の評価と同様の方法で、カラム中にて分離材にBSAを吸着させた。その後、0.5M NaCl/0.05M Tris−塩酸緩衝液(pH8.0)を6カラム容量分流して、BSAを分離材から脱離させた。さらに0.5MのNaOH水溶液を3カラム容量分流して、分離材を洗浄した。この吸着、脱離及び洗浄のサイクルを100回行い、1回目のサイクルにおけるBSA吸着量に対する、100サイクル後のBSA吸着量の減少率を記録した。BSA吸着量の減少率が15%以内である場合を「A」、15〜40%である場合を「B」、40%以上である場合を「C」とした。
Claims (9)
- 芳香族基と前記芳香族基に結合した2以上のビニル基とを有する架橋性モノマーに由来する構造単位を含有する架橋ポリマーを含む多孔質ポリマー粒子と、
前記多孔質ポリマーの表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する被覆層と、を備え、
前記被覆層が、
前記架橋ポリマーに結合し水酸基を有するポリマーである、第1のグラフト鎖と、
前記第1のグラフト鎖に結合した、前記第1のグラフト鎖とは異なる、水酸基を有するポリマーである、第2のグラフト鎖と、を含む、分離材。 - 前記第1のグラフト鎖が、水酸基を有するラジカル重合性モノマーに由来する構造単位を含有するポリマーである、請求項1に記載の分離材。
- 前記第1のグラフト鎖が、前記水酸基を有するラジカル重合性モノマーを含むモノマーの原子移動ラジカル重合によって形成されたポリマーである、請求項2に記載の分離材。
- 前記第2のグラフト鎖が糖鎖又はその変性体である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の分離材。
- 当該分離材の細孔径分布におけるモード径が0.05〜0.6μmである、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の分離材。
- 当該分離材の粒径の変動係数が5〜15%である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の分離材。
- 前記第1のグラフト鎖のグラフト密度が0.1chain/nm2以上であり、前記第2のグラフト鎖のグラフト密度が0.1chain/nm2以下である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の分離材。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の分離材を備えるカラム。
- 芳香族基と前記芳香族基に結合した2以上のビニル基とを有する架橋性モノマーに由来する構造単位を含有する架橋ポリマーを含む多孔質ポリマー粒子の前記架橋ポリマーに結合する第1のグラフト鎖を、水酸基を有するラジカル重合性モノマーを含むモノマーの原子移動ラジカル重合によって形成させる工程と、
前記第1のグラフト鎖に、前記第1のグラフト鎖とは異なる、水酸基を有するポリマーを結合させる工程と、を備える、分離材を製造する方法。
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