JP7194593B2 - 共有ポリマー抗原コンジュゲート化粒子 - Google Patents
共有ポリマー抗原コンジュゲート化粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7194593B2 JP7194593B2 JP2018553042A JP2018553042A JP7194593B2 JP 7194593 B2 JP7194593 B2 JP 7194593B2 JP 2018553042 A JP2018553042 A JP 2018553042A JP 2018553042 A JP2018553042 A JP 2018553042A JP 7194593 B2 JP7194593 B2 JP 7194593B2
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Description
[0001] 本出願は、2015年12月23日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/387,183号及び2016年2月5日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/292,098号の利益を主張し、それぞれの内容はその全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
[0002] 本明細書と共に電子的に提出されたテキストファイルの内容は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる:配列表のコンピュータで読み取り可能な形式のコピー(ファイル名:COUR-011_00US_Seqlist.txt、データ記録:2015年12月23日、ファイルサイズ1.16MB)。
[0117] 本発明の粒子を、当業界で一般に公知の任意の手段によって製造することができる。粒子を製造する例示的な方法としては、限定されるものではないが、マイクロエマルジョン重合、界面重合、沈降重合、エマルジョン蒸発、エマルジョン拡散、溶媒置換、及び塩析が挙げられる(Astete及びSabliov, J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn., 17:247-289(2006))。PLGA粒子のための製造プロセスの操作は、粒子特性(例えば、サイズ、サイズ分布、ゼータ電位、形態、疎水性/親水性、ポリペプチド捕捉など)を制御することができる。粒子のサイズは、限定されるものではないが、PLGAの濃度、粒子の製造において使用される溶媒、有機相の性質、製造において使用される界面活性剤、連続相と不連続相の粘度、使用される溶媒の性質、使用される水の温度、超音波処理、蒸発速度、添加物、剪断応力、滅菌化、及び任意の封入された抗原又はポリペプチドの性質などの、いくつかの因子によって影響される。
[0141] 本開示は、担体粒子(例えば、担体ポリマー)のコンジュゲートを提供する。ポリマーは、典型的には、互いに結合した複数の反復単位を含有する化学種である。ポリマーは、1より多い異なる反復単位を含有してもよい。反復単位は、典型的には、モノマーの重合から誘導される。コポリマーとは、具体的には、2つ以上の構造的に異なる反復単位を含有するポリマーを指す。ポリマーの異なる反復単位は、ポリマー鎖中で無作為の順序であってもよく、又は同じ反復単位を、ポリマー中の連続するブロックにグループ化することができる。ポリマー中に2つ以上の反復単位の連続するブロックが存在する場合、ポリマーはブロックコポリマーである。ある特定の実施形態では、ポリマーは、グラフトコポリマーである。本明細書で使用される場合の用語「ポリマー」は、約10より多い反復単位を含有する化学種を指す。
[0147] エチレンカルボジイミド(EDCI)、ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、2個のエポキシ残基を含有するプロピレングリコールジグリシジルエーテル、及びエピクロロヒドリンなどのコンジュゲートは、担体ポリマーへのペプチド又はタンパク質の固定のために使用することができる。理論によって束縛されるものではないが、EDCIは、寛容の誘導のために2つの主な機能を実行すると考えられる:(a)遊離アミノ基と遊離カルボキシル基との間のペプチド結合形成を、触媒反応を介してタンパク質/ペプチドを担体ポリマーに化学的にカップリングさせる;及び(b)それらが脾臓中の宿主抗原提示細胞(内皮細胞を含んでもよい)によって拾われるようなアポトーシス細胞死を模倣し、寛容を誘導するように担体を誘導する。自己反応細胞中でのアネルギーの直接的誘導をもたらすのが、非免疫原性様式での宿主T細胞へのこの提示である。さらに、EDCIは、特定の調節性T細胞の誘導のための強力な刺激原として働く。
[0151] 本発明の誘導抗原は、それが粘膜結合成分と組み合わされた場合、本説明による寛容を誘導する能力を有するという条件で、生物学的供給源から単離されたポリペプチド、ポリヌクレオチド、炭水化物、糖脂質、若しくは他の分子であってもよく、又はそれは化学的に合成された低分子、ポリマー、若しくは生物学的材料の誘導体であってもよい。
[0201] したがって、本発明の別の態様では、寛容化免疫改変粒子を含み、任意選択により、薬学的に許容される担体を含む医薬組成物が提供される。ある特定の実施形態では、これらの組成物は、任意選択により、1又は複数のさらなる治療剤をさらに含む。あるいは、本発明の改変粒子は、1又は複数の他の治療剤の投与と共に、それを必要とする患者に投与することができる。例えば、本発明の化合物との共同投与若しくは医薬組成物への含有のためのさらなる治療剤は、認可された抗炎症剤であってよいか、又はそれは未制御の炎症性免疫応答又は細菌若しくはウイルス感染を特徴とする任意の障害の処置のための認可を最終的に取得する米国食品医薬品局の認可を受けているいくつかの薬剤のいずれか1つであってもよい。また、本発明のある特定の改変粒子が処置のために遊離形態で、又は適切な場合、その薬学的に許容される誘導体として存在してもよいことも理解されるであろう。
[0205] 免疫応答の調節のための本発明の投与の有効量及び方法は、個体、処置される状態及び当業者には明らかな他の因子に基づいて変化してもよい。考慮すべき因子としては、投与経路及び投与される用量数が挙げられる。そのような因子は当業界で公知であり、過度の実験を行うことなくそのような決定を行うことは、当業者の技術の範囲にある。好適な用量範囲は、免疫の望ましい調節を提供するものである。送達される担体の量で与えられる、担体の有用な用量範囲は、例えば、およそ以下のいずれかに由来するものであってよい:0.5から10mg/kg、1から9mg/kg、2から8mg/kg、3から7mg/kg、4から6mg/kg、5mg/kg、1から10mg/kg、5から10mg/kg。あるいは、用量は、粒子数に基づいて投与してもよい。例えば、送達される担体の量で与えられる、担体の有用な用量は、例えば、用量あたり、約106、107、108、109、1010個、又はそれより多い粒子数であってもよい。各患者に与えられる絶対量は、生体利用能、クリアランス速度及び投与経路などの薬理学的特性に依存する。薬学的に許容される担体、希釈剤及び賦形剤並びに医薬組成物及び製剤を調製する方法の詳細は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences、第18版、1990、Mack Publishing Co.、Easton、Pa.、USAに提供される。
[0229] ある特定の実施形態では、個体は、アレルギー疾患又は状態、アレルギー及び喘息などの、望ましくない免疫活性化と関連する障害に罹患する。アレルギー疾患又は喘息を有する個体は、存在するアレルギー疾患又は喘息の認識可能な症状を有する個体である。例えば、アレルギー反応を惹起する特定の食品(例えば、ピーナッツタンパク質など)、注入された物質(例えば、ハチ毒タンパク質など)、又は吸入物質(例えば、ブタクサ花粉タンパク質、ペットのフケタンパク質など)と複合体化した粒子によって、そのような個体において寛容を誘導することができる。
[0251] 一部の実施形態では、本発明の組成物(例えば、抗原性分子に共有結合でカップリングされたPLG担体ポリマー)は、1又は複数の足場、マトリックス、及び/又は送達系と共に有用である(例えば、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、米国特許出願第2009/0238879号;米国特許第7,846,466号;米国特許第7,427,602号;米国特許第7,029,697号;米国特許第6,890,556号;米国特許第6,797,738号;米国特許第6,281,256号を参照されたい)。一部の実施形態では、粒子(例えば、抗原結合PLG粒子)は、足場、マトリックス、及び/又は送達系(例えば、対象への化学的/生物学的材料、細胞、組織、及び/又は臓器の送達のための)と結合する、その上に吸着する、その中に埋め込まれる、それにコンジュゲートなどされる。一部の実施形態では、足場、マトリックス、及び/又は送達系(例えば、対象への化学的/生物学的材料、細胞、組織、及び/又は臓器の送達のための)は、本明細書に記載の材料(例えば、1又は複数の抗原性ペプチドにコンジュゲートされたPLG)を含む、及び/又はそれから作られる。
顕微鏡及び画像の獲得
[0257] DP-70カメラ及びDP manager 2.2.1ソフトウェア(オリンパス株式会社)を使用して、オリンパスBX-51顕微鏡(オリンパス株式会社、日本)上で画像を獲得した。
[0258] 以前に記載されたように(Gettsら、J Exp Med. 29: 2319, 2007)、デオキシリボヌクレアーゼ(0.005g/ml; Sigma Aldrich)及びコラゲナーゼIV(0.05g/ml; Sigma Aldrich)を含むPBS中、37℃で60分間、脳を消化することにより、PBSかん流マウスの脳から白血球を取得した。10%FCSを用いて消化を停止させ、ホモジネートを70μmのナイロン細胞ストレーナー(Becton Dickinson, NJ, USA)に通過させた。340xgで10分間の遠心分離後に得られたペレットを、30%Percoll(Amersham, Norway)中に再懸濁し、80%Percoll上に載せた。室温で25分間、1140xgで遠心分離した後、30%/80%境界面から白血球を収集した。また、同じプロトコールを使用して、肝臓から白血球を誘導し、プロセッシングの前に組織を計量する。
[0259] フローサイトメトリー分析のために、右大腿骨をばらばらにし、PBSを充填した注射筒を使用して骨髄細胞を流し出した。骨髄前駆細胞の単離のために、少なくとも4匹のマウスからの大腿骨及び脛骨を使用した。流出後に達成された細胞懸濁液を、70μmの細胞ストレーナーを通して濾過し、340gで5分間遠心分離した。得られたペレット中の赤血球を、NH4Clに基づく赤血球溶解バッファー(BD Pharm Lyse(商標); BD Pharmingen)中に溶解した後、340gで5分間遠心分離した。末梢血の場合、心穿刺により血液を収集し、すぐにクエン酸バッファー(mMol、Sigma Aldrich)中に移した。得られた懸濁液を、70%Percoll上に載せ、ブレーキをオフにして室温で20分間、1140xgで遠心分離した。境界面を収集し、PBS中で細胞を1回洗浄し、340xgで遠心分離した。脾臓白血球の単離のために、脾臓を、7070μmの細胞ストレーナーに通過させ、340gで5分間遠心分離した。得られたペレット中の赤血球を、NH4Clに基づく赤血球溶解バッファー(BD Pharm Lyse(商標); BD Pharmingen)中に溶解した後、340xgで5分間遠心分離した。
[0260] 脳、肝臓、血液、及び骨髄から収集された(上記のように)細胞を、PBS中で洗浄し、抗CD16/CD32抗体(Biolegend)でブロックした。トリパンブルー排除を使用して生細胞を計数したところ、95%を超える細胞生存能力が日常的に示された。
[0263] マウスに、MOGペプチド(MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK(配列番号1); Auspep, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;95%を超えてHPLC精製)0.1mgを含有するエマルジョン及び2mg/mLのMycobacterium tuberculosis(Sigma Aldrich)を含有する完全Freundアジュバントを皮下的に注射した。2日後、マウスに、百日咳毒素(Sigma Aldrich)500μlをi.p.投与した。マウスを、疾患進行についてモニタリングし、以下のスケールで等級付けを行った:1、だらりとした尾及び/又は1本の後肢の脆弱性;2、1本より多い肢の脆弱性、歩行困難;3、1本の肢の麻痺;4、1本より多い肢の麻痺、失禁;5、瀕死状態。
[0264] それぞれ、GraphPad Prism、及びInStat(両方ともGraphPad software, San Diego, CA, USAからのプログラムである)において、グラフを作製し、コンピュータによる統計分析を実施した。データに応じて、対応のない、両側Student t検定、又はTukey-Kramerポスト検定を用いる一元配置ANOVAを実施し、P<0.05を有意と考えた。
PLGペプチドコンジュゲートの合成及び特徴付け並びにナノ粒子形成
[0266] ポリ(ラクチド-co-グリコール酸)(PLG)を、カップリング試薬1-エチル-3-(3-ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド(EDC)/N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(NHS)を用いて、Cy5.5蛍光染料又は抗原のいずれかに共有結合で連結した。抗原は、プロテオリピドタンパク質(PLP139~151)又はオボアルブミン(OVA323~339)のいずれかであった(図1)。
PLGナノ粒子のサイズ及び時間依存的細胞相互作用
[0271] 80nm及び400nmのPLGナノ粒子を、1重量%のPLG-Cy5.5コンジュゲートで蛍光標識し、37℃で最大4時間、骨髄由来樹状細胞(BMDC)又は骨髄由来マクロファージ(BMMO)と共にインキュベートした(図3)。青色の蛍光は核のDAPI染色を示し、赤色の蛍光はPLG-Cy5.5ナノ粒子を示す。
様々な抗原担持量を有するPLG-OVA粒子による処理後のBMDC表面マーカーの特徴付け
[0272] BMDCを、様々な抗原担持量を有する、300μg/mLの400nm及び80nmのPLG-OVAナノ粒子で3時間処理した。続いて、内在化されていないPLG-OVAナノ粒子を、細胞表面から洗浄した。インキュベーションの4日後、フローサイトメトリーを使用して、細胞表面マーカーMHCII、CD80及びCD86をアッセイした。図4A及び図4Dは、それぞれ、400nm及び80nmの粒子による処理後のMHCIIマーカー発現を示す。図4B及び図4Eは、それぞれ、400nm及び80nmの粒子による処理後のCD80マーカー発現を示す。図4C及び図4Fは、それぞれ、400nm及び80nmの粒子による処理後のCD86マーカー発現を示す。PLG-OVAナノ粒子による細胞の処理は、抗原含量に関係なく、有意に下方調節されたMHCII及びCD80発現をもたらした。
抗原提示細胞(APC)に送達されたPLG-OVA粒子による調節性T細胞の抗原特異的誘導
[0273] BMDC又はBMMOを、8μg/mgのPLG抗原担持量を有する、300μg/mLの400nm PLG-OVAナノ粒子製剤で3時間処理した。続いて、内在化されていないPLG-OVAナノ粒子を、細胞表面から洗浄した後、OT-II T細胞及び2ng/mLのTGF-β1を添加した。フローサイトメトリーを使用する前に4日間、細胞を同時培養して、調節性T細胞の誘導を示すものとして、T細胞のCD25活性化及びfoxp3発現を測定した。BMDC対BMMOにおける誘導の差異は、p<0.0001で有意であった(図5)。
PLG-OVA粒子による調節性T細胞のサイズ及び抗原担持量依存的CD25活性化及び誘導
[0274] 骨髄由来樹状細胞(BMDC)を、300μg/mLの400nm及び80nmのPLG-OVAナノ粒子製剤で3時間処理した。続いて、内在化されていないPLG-OVAナノ粒子を、細胞表面から洗浄した後、OT-II T細胞及び2ng/mLのTGF-β1を添加した。フローサイトメトリーを使用する前に4日間、細胞を同時培養して、T細胞のCD25活性化及びfoxp3発現を測定した。両ナノ粒子製剤はCD25活性化を同様に増加させることができたが、400nmのPLG-OVAナノ粒子のみが、調節性T細胞を上手く誘導することができた(図6)。
PLG-OVA粒子用量の関数としての調節性T細胞のCD25活性化及び誘導
[0275] 調節性T細胞誘導は、ナノ粒子用量に依存する。骨髄由来樹状細胞(BMDC)を、様々な濃度の400nmのPLG-OVAナノ粒子(8μg/mgの担持量)製剤で3時間処理した。続いて、内在化されていないPLG-OVAナノ粒子を、細胞表面から洗浄した後、OT-II T細胞及び2ng/mLのTGF-β1を添加した。フローサイトメトリーを使用する前に4日間、細胞を同時培養して、T細胞のCD25活性化(図7A)及びfoxp3発現(図7B)を測定した。CD25活性化は50μg/mLで最大値に達したが、foxp3発現は300mg/mLでプラトーであると考えられた。
PLG粒子のサイズ及び濃度依存的生体分布
[0276] マウスに、400nm又は80nmのPLG-Cy5.5ナノ粒子製剤1.25mgを、静脈内的(IV)又は皮下的(SC)に注射した。肝臓、腎臓、心臓、肺、脾臓及び鼠径リンパ節に由来する細胞を単離した。注射の24時間後にフローサイトメトリーによってデータを分析した。肝臓が、粒子蓄積の主要部位である(図8A)。
PLG粒子は血液中の好中球及び単球と結合する
[0279] 健康なマウス(n=3)に、400nm又は80nmのPLG-Cy5.5ナノ粒子製剤1.25mgを静脈内注射した。注射の2時間後に、血液を収集し、フローサイトメトリーによって分析した。CD11b、CD11c、Gr-1及びLy6cマーカーの発現を使用して、白血球の型を同定した。Cy5.5蛍光を使用して、どの細胞が80nm及び400nmのPLG-Cy5.5ナノ粒子を有するかを決定した。PLG-Cy5.5粒子は、血液中の好中球及び単球と結合する(図9)。
PLG粒子はex vivoで調節性T細胞を誘導し、実験的自己免疫性脳炎(EAE)において寛容を誘導する
[0280] BMDC、脾臓樹状細胞又は肝臓樹状細胞を、300μg/mLのOVAのみ、又は400nmのPLG-OVAナノ粒子製剤(8μg/mg PLG抗原担持量)で3時間処理した。内在化されていないPLG-OVAナノ粒子を、細胞表面から洗浄した後、OT-II T細胞及び2ng/mLのTGF-β1を添加した。フローサイトメトリーを使用する前に4日間、細胞を同時培養して、調節性T細胞の誘導を示すものとして、T細胞のCD25活性化及びfoxp3発現を測定した。
ペプチド-ポリマーバイオコンジュゲートを使用する寛容原性ナノ粒子中の単一又は複数の抗原の制御された送達
抗原-ポリマーバイオコンジュゲートの合成及び粒子の調製
[0285] 脳炎誘発性プロテオリピドペプチド(PLP139~151又はPLP178~191)及びオボアルブミンペプチド(OVA323~339)を、カルボジイミド化学を使用してPLG(4200g/mol;0.17dL/g)の末端カルボン酸基にコンジュゲートさせた(図11A、図19、及び図20)。カップリング効率を、1H-NMR特徴付けによって決定したところ、それぞれ、73.6%、74.1%、及び66.9%であった(図11B)。2つのサイズ(400nm及び80nm)のacPLG-Ag粒子(抗原コンジュゲート化PLG-Ag粒子)を、それぞれ、溶媒蒸発エマルジョン法(S.E)及びナノ沈降法を使用して調製した。Ag-PLGバイオコンジュゲートと、非改変PLGとを様々な比で混合することにより、Ag担持量を制御した(図11C)。これらのカップリング効率を所与として、211μg/mg(理論値266μg/mg)、218μg/mg(理論値274μg/mg)、及び220μg/mg(理論値297μg/mg)の最大Ag担持量(粒子1mgあたりのAgのμg)を、それぞれ、acPLG-PLP139~151、acPLG-PLP178~191、及びacPLG-OVA323~339について達成することができる。S.E.法により調製されたacPLG-Ag粒子のサイズは、Ag担持量を25μg/mgに変化させることによって最小限に影響を受けたが、50μg/mg及びそれより高い抗原担持量についてはわずかに増加した(表4)。しかしながら、AgのPLG粒子への表面カップリングは、有意に増大したサイズ及び多分散性をもたらした。ナノ沈降により調製された粒子のサイズは、Ag担持量に応じて上方に向かう傾向があり、わずか2μg/mgの最大担持量を達成することができた。ゼータ電位は、Ag担持量によって影響されず、全てのacPLG粒子について高度に陰性であった(-30から-56mVの間)。これらの実験により、acPLG粒子を、よく制御された物理化学的特性を有する、PLG-Agバイオコンジュゲートと非改変PLGとの体系的組合せによって制御可能なAg担持量を用いて調製することができることが確認された。
[0287] 次に、acPLG-Ag粒子が、樹状細胞による抗原提示を促進し、続いて、ナイーブなCD4+CD25-T細胞の活性化に影響し、調節性T細胞(Treg)の形成を誘導する能力を、粒径及びAg担持量の関数としてin vitroで調査した。acPLG粒子はin vivoで免疫寛容を媒介することが示されているため、Treg誘導を使用して、acPLG粒子の寛容原性効果を決定した。80nmと400nmの両方のacPLG-OVA323~339粒子の、骨髄由来樹状細胞(BMDC)への送達、次いで、TGFβの存在下でのAg特異的なナイーブなOTII CD4+CD25-T細胞との同時培養により、試験した最も低いAg担持量条件であっても、T細胞上のCD25の上方調節が得られた(図12A及び図12B)。CD25発現は両方のacPLG-OVA323~339粒径によって増加したが、それは、CD25及びFoxp3発現によって測定された場合、Treg誘導と相関しなかった。Tregは、400nmのacPLG-OVA323~339粒子を用いた場合のみ、高レベルで誘導され、Ag担持量に依存していた(図12C)。300μg/mLのNP濃度では、8μg/mgのAg担持量で最大のTreg誘導が観察され、担持量を150μg/mgまで増加させることによって観察された有意差はなかった。80nmの直径を有するacPLG-OVA323~339粒子は、Ag担持量に関係なく、低レベルのTregを誘導するに過ぎなかった(図12D)。まとめると、CD25のT細胞発現は粒径に非依存的であり、Tregの誘導は粒径に依存的であった。重要なことに、本発明者らは、高濃度で、最大150μg/mg担持量のacPLG-OVA323~339粒子が、in vitroでのTregの誘導について8μg/mgの担持量を有する粒子と有意に異ならないことを見出した。
[0288] ナイーブなCD4+CD25-T細胞の活性化及びTregの誘導に対するacPLG粒子の濃度依存性を、複数のAg担持量(2、8、25、150μg/mg)及び粒子濃度(0、5、10、75、150、及び300μg/mL)のS.E.acPLG-OVA323~339を使用して試験した。BMDCに送達されたAgの範囲は、10から45,000ng/mLであった(表4)。40%より多いCD4 T細胞中でのCD25発現を達成するには、最小で1,200ng/mLのAgが必要であった。このレベルの発現は、150μg/mgのAg担持量と共に低いacPLG濃度(5~10μg/mL)であっても達成された(図13A)。150μg/mLのNP濃度で8μg/mgのAg担持量を有するacPLG粒子(1,200ng/mLのAgが送達される)を使用して、同様のCD25発現が達成された。60%を超えるCD4 T細胞におけるCD25発現が、1,875ng/mL以上のAg濃度について生じた。CD4+CD25+T細胞上でのFoxp3発現には、最も高い発現レベル(30%を超える)を達成するためにより大量のAgが必要であった。Treg誘導は、60%を超えるCD4 T細胞におけるCD25発現のレベルと相関していた。acPLG-OVA323~339粒子によるTreg誘導は、ウェルあたりに送達されたAgの総量に高く依存していた。1,875ng/mLを超えて送達されたAgは、in vitroで検出されたTregの百分率に劇的に影響しなかった(図13B)。様々なAg担持量を用いて調製されたacPLG粒子は、in vitroで有意なレベルのTregを誘導するAg要件の決定を可能にし、in vivoで生物学的応答を調節するacPLG粒子を使用する可能性を提示する。
[0289] acPLG-Ag粒子が、Ag特異的免疫寛容を誘導する能力を、MSのR-EAE疾患モデルを使用して試験した。in vitroでのデータは粒子内在化、Ag提示、及びTreg誘導を支持するが、NPは寛容原性応答を惹起するために適切な細胞型を達成しなければならないため、in vivoでの試験はより困難である。以前の試験では、Agが封入されたPLG(PLP139~151)粒子を、2.5mgの用量で約2~3μg/mgのAg担持量を用いて投与した。予防疾患モデルを使用して、acPLG-PLP139~151粒子を、R-EAE免疫化に対して-7日目にSJL/Jマウスに静脈内投与した。平均臨床スコア(図14A)と累積臨床スコア(図14B)の両方によって測定された場合、未処置の対照マウスは、重篤な臨床症状を示したが、acPLG-PLP139~151粒子で処置されたマウスは、有意に軽減された疾患症状を示した。さらに、acPLG-PLP139~151粒子は、2.5mgの用量で与えられたAg封入PLG(PLP139~151)粒子と同様の有効性を示した(図14A~14B)。これらの結果により、acPLG粒子中のより高いAg担持量が、acPLG粒子の用量を減少させることができ、in vivoで寛容を誘導する類似する能力を有することが確認された。
[0290] 自己反応性T細胞レパートリーにおける多様性は、MSなどの自己免疫疾患において明確に確立されている;したがって、寛容原性NPは、発症機序が複雑であり得る疾患を有効に処置するために複数のエピトープを送達する必要がありそうである。本発明者らは、複数のミエリンペプチド-PLGバイオコンジュゲート、すなわち、PLG-PLP139~151及びPLG-PLP178~191を、正確なAg担持量で単一のacPLG粒子中に組み込むことができるかどうか、また、PLP139~151/PLP178~191/CFAを用いる免疫化によって誘導されるR-EAEのための有効な処置として使用することができるかどうかを試験した(図15A)。
[0293] ヘキサフルオロ-2-プロパノール中の単一のカルボン酸末端基を有し、0.17dL/gの固有粘度を有するポリ(ラクチド-co-グリコリド)(50:50)(PLG)を、Lactel Absorbable Polymer(Birmingham, AL)から購入した。ポリ(エチレン-alt-マレイン酸無水物)(PEMA)を、Polyscience,Inc.(Warrington, PA)から購入した。アミン末端化オボアルブミンペプチド(NH2-OVA323~339)及びプロテオリピドペプチド(NH2-PLP139~151又はNH2-PLP178~191)を、Genscript(Piscataway, NJ)から購入した。他の全ての試薬は、別途指摘しない限り、Sigma Aldrich(St.Louis, MO)から購入した。
[0294] PLG(37.8mg、0.009mmol、4200g/mol)を、撹拌バーを装備した20mLのシンチレーションバイアル中のN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)2mL中に溶解した。N-(3-ジメチルアミノプロピル)-N’-エチルカルボジイミド塩酸塩(EDC)(9.0mg、0.047mmol、PLGに対して5X)を、DMF 0.5mL中に溶解し、PLG溶液に滴下添加した。N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(NHS)(5.5mg、0.047mmol、PLGに対して5X)を、DMF 0.5mL中に溶解し、溶液に滴下添加した。反応物を室温で15分間撹拌させた。抗原性ペプチド(PLGに対して1.2X)を、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)1mL及びDMF 0.5mLの溶液中に溶解し、400RPMで撹拌した。トリエチルアミン(ペプチドに対して5X)をペプチド溶液に添加し、混合物を撹拌PLG溶液に滴下添加した。反応を室温で一晩進行させた。4リットルの蒸留水に対して2日間、3,500分子量カットオフ膜を使用する透析によって、得られるポリマーを単離及び精製した。蒸留水を合計6回交換した。透析されたポリマーを収集し、MilliQ水で3回洗浄し、7000xgで遠心分離した後、水20mL中に再懸濁し、2日間凍結乾燥した。PLGへのペプチドのカップリング効率を、DMSO-d6中でのNMR分析によって決定した。
[0295] メスのSJL/Jマウス(6~8週齢)を、Harlan Laboratories(Indianapolis, IN)から購入した。OT-IIマウス(B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J)を、Jackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor, ME)から購入した。
[0296] 2つの異なるサイズ(80及び400nm)のナノ粒子(acPLG)を、それぞれ、ナノ沈降法又はエマルジョン溶媒蒸発法に従って調製した。エマルジョン溶媒蒸発法を使用してacPLG粒子を産生するために、Ag-ポリマーバイオコンジュゲートを、様々な比で非コンジュゲート化PLGと合わせて、表4に記載された粒子中のAg担持量の計算値を得た。この方法は、本発明者らの以前の刊行物に記載されている。より小さい、約80~120nmのacPLGを調製するために、ナノ沈降法を使用した。簡単に述べると、PLG(所望の比のAg-ポリマーバイオコンジュゲート及び非コンジュゲート化PLG)100mgを、1mg/mLの濃度でアセトニトリルに溶解し、急速に撹拌しながら、MilliQ水300mLの中に注ぎ入れた。溶液を24~48時間撹拌して、残留するアセトニトリルを完全に除去した。acPLG粒子を、4000xgで超遠心分離膜フィルター10kDa MWCOを使用して回収した。次いで、凍結防止剤(4%(w/v)スクロース及び3%(w/v)マンニトール)を粒子に添加した後、凍結乾燥した。
[0297] Malvern Zetasizer ZSP(Westborough, MA)を使用して、25mg/mLの粒子溶液10μLをMilliQ膵990μL中で混合することにより、ナノ粒子のサイズ及びゼータ電位を、動的光散乱(DLS)によって決定した。PLG(OVA323~339)及びacPLG-OVA323~339粒子からのペプチドの放出を、72時間にわたって測定した。約8mgの各粒子を、PBS 1mL中に分散させ、37℃でインキュベートした。所定の時点で、粒子を7000xgで5分間遠心分離し、上清0.5mLを収集した。粒子を再懸濁し、新鮮なPBS 0.5mLを各試料に添加した。全ての上清試料を、実験が完了するまで-20℃で保存した。最後の時点の後、粒子のペレットをDMSO中に溶解し、残存するタンパク質の総量を決定した。Micro BCAアッセイ(Pierce, Waltham, MA)を使用して、タンパク質含量を決定した。
[0298] OVA323~339抗体(Innovagen, Sweden)を、Abcam Easy Link FITC Conjugation Kit(Abcam, Cambridge, MA)を使用して、FITCで蛍光標識した。acPLG粒子20μgを、1mg/mLのFITC標識されたOVA323~339抗体と共に4℃で20分間インキュベートし、洗浄した。Beckman Coulter CyAn ADP Analyzer(Indianapolis, IN)を使用して、蛍光を測定した。群間の統計的差異を、一元配置ANOVA及びTukeyのポストホック検定(p<0.05)を実施することによって決定した。
[0299] BMDC培地は、ペニシリン(100単位/mL)、ストレプトマイシン(100mg/mL)、10%熱不活化ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)(Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA)及び50mM β-メルカプトエタノール(Sigma Aldrich)を添加した、L-グルタミン(Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA)を含有するRPMIからなっていた。同時培養培地は、β-メルカプトエタノールを含まない、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム、及び0.1mM非必須アミノ酸(Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA)を添加した同じものであった。
[0300] FcRブロッキングを、抗CD16/32抗体(Biolegend)を用いて実施した後、以下の抗体:抗CD4抗体(RM4-5)、抗CD25抗体(PC61)(Biolegend)、及び抗Foxp3抗体(FJK-16s)(eBioscience, San Diego, CA)の様々な組合せで染色した。固定可能バイオレット死細胞染色キット(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)を用いて生存能力を評価した。製造業者のプロトコールに従ってeBioscience染色キットを用いて、Foxp3染色を実施した。Beckman Coulter CyAn ADP Analyzerを使用して、サイトメトリーデータを収集した。FlowJo(FlowJo, Ashland, OR)を使用して、分析を実施した。
[0301] 記載のようなわずかな改変を用いて、Treg誘導アッセイを実行した。CD4+CD25-Foxp3-T細胞を、ナイーブCD4+T細胞単離キット(Miltenyi Biotec, San Diego, CA)を使用して、OT-IIマウスの脾臓から単離した。このアッセイを、T細胞培地中で実行した。骨髄由来樹状細胞(2x104個/ウェル)を、96ウェル丸底細胞培養プレート中に播種し、様々な粒子濃度のacPLG-OVA323~339及びAg担持量と共に3時間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、全てのウェルを洗浄して、細胞によって内在化されなかった過剰の粒子を除去した。細胞を、2ng/mLのTGF-β1(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA)の存在下、2x104個/ウェルのナイーブなT細胞と同時培養した。acPLG-OVA323~339の代わりに抗原を受ける群は、この時に可溶性OVA323~339(100ng/mL)を受けた。同時培養の4日後、T細胞を収集し、生存能力、CD4、CD25、及びFoxp3について染色し、フローサイトメトリーを使用して分析した。群間の統計的差異を、一元配置ANOVA及びTukeyのポストホック検定(p<0.05)を実施することによって決定した。
[0302] 以前に記載のような脳炎誘発性ペプチドを用いる免疫化によって、R-EAEを誘導した。PLP139~151又はPLP139~151とPLP178~191の両方を用いてR-EAEを誘導するために、それぞれ、1mg/mLのPLP139~151/完全Freundアジュバント(CFA)又は0.25mg/mLのPLP139~151/CFA及び0.5mg/mLのPLP178~191/CFA 100μLのs.c.投与によってマウスを免疫し、SJL/Jマウスの首筋及び後脇腹上の3つのスポットにわたって分配した。個々のマウスにおける疾患の重症度を、0から5点のスケール:0=疾患なし、1=だらりとした尾又は後肢の脆弱性、2=だらりとした尾及び後肢の脆弱性、3=部分的な後肢の麻痺、4=完全な後肢の麻痺、5=瀕死状態を使用して評価した。異なる処置群の疾患経過間の差異を、Kruskal-Wallis検定を使用して統計的有意性について分析した。
ポリ(ラクチド-co-グリコリド)を用いるオボアルブミンタンパク質の共有的改変、TIMP製剤、及びin vitroでのTreg誘導アッセイ
[0303] タンパク質を用いるポリマーの共有的改変は、ナノ粒子薬物送達系の物理化学的特性を改善するためのいくつかの利点を提供する。重要なことに、タンパク質担持量並びにナノ粒子サイズ及びゼータ電位などの特性は、制御がより容易である。
[0305] 完全長オボアルブミン(OVA)タンパク質を、高分子量及び低分子量PLGAにコンジュゲートした。さらに、一度、コンジュゲーションが確認されたら、様々な制御された担持量のOVAを有するTIMP-OVA粒子を調製し、特徴付けた。
1. EDC/NHS化学を使用するPLGA-OVAバイオコンジュゲートの合成、
2. 粒子形成における使用にとっての好適性を決定するためのDCM及びDMSO中での得られるPLGA-OVAコンジュゲートの溶解度試験、
3. PLGA-OVAコンジュゲートのカップリング効率の決定、かくして、TIMP-OVA粒子を様々な所定のAg担持量で調製することができる、
4. 0から150μgのOVA/mg PLGAで変化するAg担持量を有するTIMP-OVA粒子の形成、
5.DLS及びゼータ電位分析によるTIMP-PVA粒子の特徴付け。
[0312] 以下のプロトコールを使用した。磁気撹拌棒を含有する60mLのガラスシンチレーションバイアルを調製した。別に、適切な量のOVA、追加の水、及びDIPEAを含有する20mLのガラスシンチレーションバイアルも調製した。DMSO中に溶解した適切な量のPLGA及び特定の追加のDMSOを、60mLのシンチレーションバイアルに添加した。撹拌(300~600RPM)下で、適切な量のEDCをPLGA溶液に滴下添加し、5分間撹拌した。撹拌(300~600RPM)下で、適切な量のNHSを、EDCで活性化されたPLGA溶液に滴下添加し、さらに10分間撹拌した。撹拌(300~600RPM)下で、OVA及びDIPEAを含有する水溶液を、NHSで活性化されたPLGA溶液に滴下添加した(この溶液のPLGAへの添加が終わった時に、溶液が透明であるべきであることに留意されたい)。反応を、室温で一晩進行させた。PLGA-OVAコンジュゲートを回収するために、生成物を含有する溶液を、3500DaのMWCO透析膜に移し、4LのMilliQ水に対して2日間透析して、未反応のEDC/NHS/DIPEAを除去し、DMSOを除去した(注:生成物は透析袋中で沈降してもよい。2日間にわたって少なくとも6回、透析ビーカー中の水を交換する)。生成物を収集するために、沈降物を透析袋から50mLの円錐状遠心分離チューブに移した。材料を4℃で15分間、7000xgで遠心分離して、生成物を沈降させた。生成物をさらに2回、再懸濁及び遠心分離によって洗浄した。最終生成物をMilliQ水5mL中に再懸濁し、凍結し、2日間又は生成物が乾燥するまで凍結乾燥した。
[0313] 粒子製剤化のために使用された溶媒中でのPLGA-OVAコンジュゲートの溶解度を評価するために、約1mgのコンジュゲートを、1.5mLのMCTに入れた。結果を、表9に提示する。コンジュゲート03-23-L3及び03-23-H1-3はDMSOに溶解することが同定された。これにより、これらのコンジュゲートをさらに特徴付けることができた。
[0319] 以下のプロトコールを使用した。
1.1.アセトン、エタノール、次いで、水で超音波処理装置を洗浄する。
1.2.上記の表に記載された適切な容量のPLGAを、20mLのシンチレーションバイアル中にピペットで採って入れる。
1.3.上記の表に記載された適切な容量のPLGA-OVAを、工程1.2に由来する同じ20mLのシンチレーションバイアル中にピペットで採って入れる。
1.4.適切な容量の1%PEMAを、PLGA及びPLG-OVAを含有する20mLのシンチレーションバイアルに添加する。
1.5.100%の振幅で30秒間、溶液を超音波処理する。
1.6.300RPMで撹拌しながら、水中に溶解した適切な容量の0.5%w/vのポリ(エチレン-alt-マレイン酸無水物)に、超音波処理された混合物を注ぎ入れる。
1.7.粒子を一晩撹拌して、ジクロロメタンを蒸発させる。
1.8.凍結保護剤(スクロース10g/25mL MilliQ水;マンニトール6g/20mL MilliQ水)の溶液を調製する。マンニトール溶液は、溶解に時間がかかり、加熱する必要がある。頻繁にボルテックスしながら、70℃で15~30分間加熱する。保存時に、マンニトールは溶液から析出し、再度加熱する必要がある。スクロース溶液は全ての時点で可溶性であるはずである。予め作製された溶液を使用し、マンニトールを再度加熱することが許容される。
1.9.粒子溶液を、40μmの細胞ストレーナーに通過させる。溶液を50mLのファルコンチューブに分配する。
1.10.粒子を氷上で15分間冷やす。
1.11.4℃で15分間、7000xgの相対遠心力下で遠心分離する。
1.12.上清を完全に吸引する。
1.13.各チューブに1M重炭酸ナトリウム-炭酸ナトリウムバッファー3mLを添加し、粒子を氷上で15分間冷やす。
1.14.1mLのピペット又は5mLの血清用ピペットを装備したピペットエイドを使用して、ペレットを再懸濁する。
1.15.ペレットがよく分散した後(目に見える凝集物がない)、総量が25mLになるまで、各チューブに1M重炭酸ナトリウム-炭酸ナトリウムバッファーを添加する。
1.16.4℃で15分間、7000xgの相対遠心力下で遠心分離する。
1.17.上清を完全に吸引する。
1.18.各チューブに1M重炭酸ナトリウム-炭酸ナトリウムバッファー3mLを添加し、粒子を氷上で15分間冷やす。
1.19.ペレットを再懸濁する。ペレットがよく分散した後、総量が25mLになるまで、各チューブに1M重炭酸ナトリウム-炭酸ナトリウムバッファーを添加する。
1.20.4℃で15分間、7000xgの相対遠心力下で遠心分離する。
1.21.上清を完全に吸引する。
1.22.チューブにMilliQ水3mLを添加し、粒子を氷上で15分間冷やす。
1.23.ペレットを再懸濁する。ペレットがよく分散した後、粒子濃度が4~8mg/mLの間となるまで追加のMilliQ水を添加する。粒子の回収は40%であると仮定する。
1.24.粒子を水中に均一に分散させる。
1.25.粒子溶液を40μmの細胞ストレーナーに通過させる。
1.26.凍結乾燥のための試料チューブ、粒子のアリコートのための2mLチューブを調製する。少なくとも1~3本のこれらのチューブを予め質量を測って、チューブあたりの粒子の量を決定する。
1.27.各チューブ中に粒子溶液800μLをピペットで取り、1.5mLのマイクロ遠心管中に、DLS/Zeta分析による特徴付けのために少なくとも200μLの粒子溶液を保存する(DLS/Zeta分析を実施するには、MilliQ水中の粒子試料20μLだけを使用すればよい)。
1.28.凍結保護剤を得る各試料チューブについて、スクロース100μLと、マンニトール溶液100μLとを一緒に混合して、ピペットで混合しながら粒子に添加する。ここで、チューブあたりの総量は1mLである。凍結保護剤の濃度は、4%w/vスクロース及び3%w/vマンニトールである。
1.29.DLS/Zeta分析のために使用される試料(後で特徴付けるために4℃の冷蔵庫に入れる)を除いて、凍結保護剤を含まないものを含む、全ての試料を、少なくとも5時間、-80℃の冷凍庫で凍結する。
1.30.試料を1~2日間凍結乾燥する。
[0320] この試験の目的は、調節性T細胞(CD4+CD25+Foxp3+)へのナイーブなCD4+T細胞(OTII)の誘導に対する、ポリマーコンジュゲートTIMP-OVA中の抗原担持量の効果を決定することであった。
実験群:
[0322] BMDCの調製を、以前に記載されたように実施した。C57BL/6マウスから得られた骨髄細胞を培養することにより、DCを調製した。骨髄細胞を、針を装備した注射筒を使用して、脛骨及び大腿骨から洗い流した。回収された細胞をACK溶解バッファー中でインキュベートして、赤血球を溶解した。10%ウシ胎仔血清、100単位/mLペニシリン、100mg/mLストレプトマイシン、2mM L-グルタミン、50μM 2-メルカプトエタノール、及び20ng/mL顆粒球-マクロファージコロニー刺激因子を添加したRPMI-1640培地中で骨髄細胞を培養した。培養培地を3、6、及び8日目に交換した。細胞は10日目に使用する準備ができた。
[0323] CD4+CD25-foxp3-T細胞を、ナイーブCD4+T細胞単離キット(Miltenyi Biotec, San Diego, CA)を使用して、OT-IIマウス(B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/j, Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME)の脾臓から単離した。10%ウシ胎仔血清、1%pen/strep、及び非必須アミノ酸を添加したRPMI培地中でアッセイを実行した。APC(2x104個/ウェル)を、96ウェル丸底細胞培養プレート中に播種し、可溶性OVA323~339ペプチド(100ng/mL)又は様々なAg担持量及び粒子用量を有する粒子で処理し、2ng/mLのTGFβの存在下で2x104個/ウェルのナイーブT細胞と同時培養した。同時培養の4日後、T細胞を収集し、CD4、CD25、及びFoxp3について染色し、Cyanサイトメーターを使用して分析した。
[0324] EDC/NHS(カルボジイミド)化学を使用して、PLGA-OVAバイオコンジュゲートを上手く合成した。BCAアッセイを使用して、PLGA-OVAバイオコンジュゲート1mgあたりのタンパク質含量を決定した。1mgあたりのタンパク質の量は、ポリマーの分子量並びにPLGA:OVAの化学量論比に依存していた。最も高いタンパク質含量を有するPLGA-OVAコンジュゲートは、03-23-L3であり、最も低いのは03-23-H3であった。
Claims (12)
- ―80mVから-30mVの間の負のゼータ電位を有し、平均直径が約0.3μmから約5μmの担体粒子に共有結合した1又は複数の抗原を含む組成物であって、前記1又は複数の抗原が、前記粒子の内表面への共有結合により、前記粒子中に封入されており、前記粒子が、ポリ(乳酸-co-グリコール酸)、ポリ乳酸、又はポリグリコール酸を含み、前記抗原が自己免疫抗原である、組成物。
- 前記抗原が、前記粒子の表面にさらに結合している、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記粒子が約50:50、80:20から約100:0のモル比を有するポリマー又はコポリマーを含む、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記粒子が、ポリ(乳酸-co-グリコール酸)粒子を含む、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記1又は複数の抗原が、前記担体粒子に直接的に共有結合している、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ―80mVから-30mVの間の負のゼータ電位を有し、平均直径が約0.3μmから約5μmの担体粒子に共有結合した1又は複数の抗原を含む有効量の組成物であって、前記1又は複数の抗原が、前記粒子の内表面への共有結合により、前記粒子中に封入されており、前記粒子が、ポリ(乳酸-co-グリコール酸)、ポリ乳酸、又はポリグリコール酸を含み、前記抗原が自己免疫抗原である、組成物。
- 対象疾患又は状態が、自己免疫疾患である、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 当該組成物が静脈内投与される、請求項6又は7に記載の組成物。
- 調節性T細胞を誘導する方法であって、前記T細胞を、請求項1に記載の組成物の有効量を用いて処理することを含む、方法に使用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 負のゼータ電位を有する寛容化免疫改変粒子(TIMP)であって、前記粒子の内表面への共有結合により、前記粒子中に封入された1又は複数の抗原を有するTIMPの調製のための方法であって、前記粒子が、ポリ(乳酸-co-グリコール酸)、ポリ乳酸、又はポリグリコール酸を含み、前記抗原が自己免疫抗原であり、
a)1又は複数の担体ポリマーを、1又は複数の抗原と共有結合で連結して、担体ポリマー-抗原コンジュゲートを形成することと、
b)前記担体ポリマー-抗原コンジュゲートを、TIMPを形成するのに有効な条件下で溶液と接触させることと、
を含み、
負のゼータ電位を有する前記TIMPが形成され、前記1又は複数の抗原が前記TIMP中に封入される、
方法。 - 前記担体ポリマーが、共重合によって形成される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記抗原が、前記粒子の表面にさらに結合している、請求項6に記載の組成物。
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