JP7159174B2 - 抗菌剤用増強剤としての重炭酸塩 - Google Patents
抗菌剤用増強剤としての重炭酸塩 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7159174B2 JP7159174B2 JP2019541719A JP2019541719A JP7159174B2 JP 7159174 B2 JP7159174 B2 JP 7159174B2 JP 2019541719 A JP2019541719 A JP 2019541719A JP 2019541719 A JP2019541719 A JP 2019541719A JP 7159174 B2 JP7159174 B2 JP 7159174B2
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- Prior art keywords
- bicarbonate
- composition
- antimicrobial agent
- agent
- antimicrobial
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims description 260
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- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 title description 4
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 88
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 75
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 48
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000003120 macrolide antibiotic agent Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 claims description 25
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- RJQXTJLFIWVMTO-TYNCELHUSA-N Methicillin Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(OC)=C1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N2[C@@H](C(O)=O)C(C)(C)S[C@@H]21 RJQXTJLFIWVMTO-TYNCELHUSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960003085 meticillin Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- KIUKXJAPPMFGSW-DNGZLQJQSA-N (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-Acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O3)C(O)=O)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)NC(C)=O)[C@@H](C(O)=O)O1 KIUKXJAPPMFGSW-DNGZLQJQSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
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- MQTOSJVFKKJCRP-BICOPXKESA-N azithromycin Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](C)C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@]([C@H](O)[C@@H](C)N(C)C[C@H](C)C[C@@](C)(O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](C[C@@H](C)O2)N(C)C)O)[C@H]1C)(C)O)CC)[C@H]1C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 MQTOSJVFKKJCRP-BICOPXKESA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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Description
上記ウイルス、上記細菌、上記真菌、または上記寄生虫を有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤と接触させることを含み、
上記細菌が、
(a)らせん菌、糸状菌、多形性菌、もしくは矩形菌、
(b)偏性好気性菌もしくは偏性嫌気性菌、
(c)グラム陽性桿菌、
(d)グラム陰性球菌、
(e)Acinetobacter、Actinomyces、Aerococcus、Agrobacterium、Anaplasma、Azorhizobium、Azotobacter、Bacillus、Bacteroides、Bartonella、Bordetella、Borrelia、Brucella、Burkholderia、Calymmatobacterium、Campylobacter、Chlamydia、Chlamydophila、Clostridium、Corynebacterium、Coxiella、Ehrlichia、Enterobacter、Enterococcus、Francisella、Fusobacterium、Gardnerella、Haemophilus、Helicobacter、Klebsiella、Lactobacillus、Lactococcus、Legionella、Listeria、Methanobacterium、Microbacterium、Micrococcus、Moraxella、Mycobacterium、Mycoplasma、Neisseria、Pasteurella、Pediococcus、Peptostreptococcus、Porphyromonas、Prevotella、Pseudomonas、Rhizobium、Rickettsia、Rochalimaea、Rothia、Salmonella、Serratia、Shigella、Sarcina、Spirillum、Spirochaetes、Stenotrophomonas、Streptobacillus、Streptococcus、Tetragenococcus、Treponema、Vibrio、Viridans、Wolbachia、もしくはYersiniaの種、または
(f)Staphylococcus epidermidis
である、上記方法を提供する。
上記方法を必要とする対象に有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を投与することを含み、
上記微生物感染症が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌、または寄生虫による感染症であり、
上記細菌が、
(a)らせん菌、糸状菌、多形性菌、もしくは矩形菌、
(b)偏性好気性菌もしくは偏性嫌気性菌、
(c)グラム陽性桿菌、
(d)グラム陰性球菌、
(e)Acinetobacter、Actinomyces、Aerococcus、Agrobacterium、Anaplasma、Azorhizobium、Azotobacter、Bacillus、Bacteroides、Bartonella、Bordetella、Borrelia、Brucella、Burkholderia、Calymmatobacterium、Campylobacter、Chlamydia、Chlamydophila、Clostridium、Corynebacterium、Coxiella、Ehrlichia、Enterobacter、Enterococcus、Francisella、Fusobacterium、Gardnerella、Haemophilus、Helicobacter、Klebsiella、Lactobacillus、Lactococcus、Legionella、Listeria、Methanobacterium、Microbacterium、Micrococcus、Moraxella、Mycobacterium、Mycoplasma、Neisseria、Pasteurella、Pediococcus、Peptostreptococcus、Porphyromonas、Prevotella、Pseudomonas、Rhizobium、Rickettsia、Rochalimaea、Rothia、Salmonella、Serratia、Shigella、Sarcina、Spirillum、Spirochaetes、Stenotrophomonas、Streptobacillus、Streptococcus、Tetragenococcus、Treponema、Vibrio、Viridans、Wolbachia、もしくはYersiniaの種、または
(f)Staphylococcus epidermidis
である、上記方法も提供する。
上記ウイルス、上記細菌、上記真菌、または上記寄生虫を有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤と接触させることを含み、
上記抗菌剤が、抗ウイルス剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、抗生剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤が、
(a)マクロライド、テトラサイクリン、セファロスポリン、キノロン、リファンピン、もしくはフルオロキノロン、または
(b)アモキシシリン、アズロシリン、カルベニシリン、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、フルクロキサシリン、メズロシリン、メチシリン、ナフシリン、オキサシリン、ペニシリンG、ペニシリンV、ピペラシリン、ペニシリンG、テモシリン、チカルシリン、もしくはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩であり、
上記自然免疫因子が抗菌酵素または抗菌分泌物である、上記方法を更に提供する。
上記方法を必要とする対象に有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を投与することを含み、
上記微生物感染症が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌、または寄生虫による感染症であり、
上記抗菌剤が、抗ウイルス剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、抗生剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤が、
(a)マクロライド、テトラサイクリン、セファロスポリン、キノロン、リファンピン、もしくはフルオロキノロン、または
(b)アモキシシリン、アズロシリン、カルベニシリン、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、フルクロキサシリン、メズロシリン、メチシリン、ナフシリン、オキサシリン、ペニシリンG、ペニシリンV、ピペラシリン、ペニシリンG、テモシリン、チカルシリン、もしくはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩であり、
上記自然免疫因子が抗菌酵素または抗菌分泌物である、上記方法を更に提供する。
上記抗菌剤が、抗ウイルス剤、抗生剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤が、
(a)マクロライド、テトラサイクリン、セファロスポリン、キノロン、もしくはフルオロキノロン、または
(b)アミカシン、ネオマイシン、トブラマイシン、パロモマイシン、ストレプトマイシン、スペクチノマイシン、エルタペネム、ドリペネム、イミペネム/シラスタチン、メロペネム、セファドロキシル、セファゾリン、セファロチン、セファレキシン、セファクロル、セファマンドール、セフォキシチン、セフプロジル、セフロキシム、セフィキシム、セフジニル、セフジトレン、セフォペラゾン、セフォタキシム、セフポドキシム、セフタジジム、セフチブテン、セフチゾキシム、セフトリアキソン、セフェピム、セフタロリンフォサミル、セフトビプロール、テイコプラニン、バンコマイシン、テラバンシン、クリンダマイシン、リンコマイシン、リポペプチド、ダプトマイシン、アジスロマイシン、クラリスロマイシン、ジリスロマイシン、エリスロマイシン、ロキシスロマイシン、トロレアンドマイシン、テリスロマイシン、スピラマイシン、アズトレオナム、リネゾリド、ポジゾリド、ラデゾリド、トレゾリド、アモキシシリン、アズロシリン、カルベニシリン、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、フルクロキサシリン、メズロシリン、メチシリン、ナフシリン、オキサシリン、ペニシリンG、ペニシリンV、ピペラシリン、ペニシリンG、テモシリン、チカルシリン、バシトラシン、コリスチン、ポリミキシンB、ベシフロキサシン、エノキサシン、ガチフロキサシン、ゲミフロキサシン、レボフロキサシン、ロメフロキサシン、モキシフロキサシン、ナリジクス酸、ノルフロキサシン、オフロキサシン、トロバフロキサシン、グレパフロキサシン、スパーフロキサシン、テマフロキサシン、マフェニド、スルファセタミド、スルファジアジン、スルファジアジン銀、スルファジメトキシン、スルファメチゾール、スルファメトキサゾール、スルファニルイミド、スルファサラジン、スルフィソキサゾール、スルホンアミドクリソイジン、デメクロサイクリン、ドキシサイクリン、ミノサイクリン、オキシテトラサイクリン、テトラサイクリン、アルスフェナミン、クロラムフェニコール、ホスホマイシン、フシジン酸、メトロニダゾール、ムピロシン、プラテンシマイシン、キヌプリスチン/ダルホプリスチン、チアンフェニコール、チゲサイクリン、チニダゾール、トリメトプリム、クロファジミン、ダプソン、カプレオマイシン、シクロセリン、エタンブトール、エチオナミド、イソニアジド、ピラジナミド、リファンピシン、リファブチン、リファペンチン、もしくはストレプトマイシン、またはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩である、上記組成物を更に提供する。
上記方法を必要とする対象に有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を投与することを含み、上記抗菌剤が、微生物の細胞中のその濃度が、(1)当該微生物の細胞質膜の厚さ方向のpH勾配の減少、及び(2)当該微生物の細胞質膜電位の増加の一方または両方によって増加する抗菌剤である、上記方法を更に提供する。
(1)重炭酸塩の存在下で微生物を被検化合物と接触させることと、
(2)上記微生物の増殖を観測することと
を含み、上記被検化合物の存在下での上記微生物の増殖が、上記被検化合物の非存在下と比較して低下する場合に、上記被検化合物が抗菌化合物であることを示す上記方法を更に提供する。
(1)(i)重炭酸塩の存在下で、または(ii)重炭酸塩の非存在下で、微生物を被検化合物と接触させることと、(2)上記微生物の増殖を観測することとを含み、重炭酸塩の存在下での上記被検化合物による上記微生物の増殖の、重炭酸塩の非存在下での上記被検化合物による上記微生物の増殖と比較した変化がより大きい場合に、上記被検化合物が、重炭酸塩よって調節することができる抗菌化合物であることを示す上記方法を更に提供する。
別段の明示がない限り、本節及び他の節に記載される定義及び実施形態は、上記定義及び実施形態が、当業者によって理解されるものとして、適切である本明細書に記載される本発明の全ての実施形態及び態様に適用可能であることが意図される。
本明細書で提供される方法は、重炭酸塩の存在下で微生物を抗菌剤と接触させることを含む。本明細書においてはまた、(a)有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤と、任意選択で(b)薬学的に許容される担体、希釈剤、または賦形剤を含む組成物も提供される。本明細書に記載の方法及び組成物のいくつかの態様において、抗菌剤は、抗ウイルス剤、抗生剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、または自然免疫因子である。いくつかの実施形態において、上記方法は、微生物を(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)複数の異なる抗菌剤と接触させることを含む。
いくつかの実施形態において、抗菌剤は抗生物質である。用語「抗生物質」、「抗生剤」、及び「抗菌剤」は同義で用いてもよい。
いくつかの実施形態において、上記抗菌剤は先天性免疫因子である。
いくつかの実施形態において、上記抗菌剤は抗ウイルス剤である。
いくつかの実施形態において、上記抗菌剤は抗真菌剤である。
いくつかの実施形態において、上記抗菌剤は抗寄生虫剤である。
いくつかの実施形態において、抗菌剤はジアミジンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩である。いくつかの実施形態において、抗菌剤はプロパミジンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩である。いくつかの実施形態において、抗菌剤はペンタミジンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩である。いくつかの実施形態において、抗菌剤はジアミジンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩ではない。一実施形態において、抗菌剤はペンタミジンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩ではない。
の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩であり、式中、nは0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、または8である。いくつかの実施形態において、nは1である。いくつかの実施形態において、nは2~4の整数である。
本明細書において提供される方法は、重炭酸塩の存在下で微生物を抗菌剤と接触させることを含む。いくつかの実施形態において、重炭酸塩の存在により、上記抗菌剤に応答して、上記微生物の増殖が調節される。
重炭酸塩は、人体において主要な緩衝系を形成し、血液のpHを7.4付近に維持するのに重要な役割を果たす。
炭酸塩のpKaは6.1であり、したがって微生物学的試験に一般的に用いられる中性のpHまたは人体のpH(例えばpH7.4)においては、大部分の炭酸塩-重炭酸塩緩衝系は共役塩基である重炭酸イオンとして存在する。したがって、活性種はおそらくこの重炭酸イオンであり、このことは、プロトン駆動力のプロトン勾配に現れるプロトンを緩衝する重炭酸イオンの能力と整合する。この系には炭酸塩が存在するが、支配的な種は重炭酸塩であることから、この系は重炭酸塩緩衝液として記述される場合がある。
本発明は、微生物の増殖の阻害方法であって、上記微生物を有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤と接触させることを含む上記方法を提供する。いくつかの例において、抗菌剤はペンタミジン、抗生剤、自然免疫因子、抗ウイルス剤、抗真菌剤、または抗寄生虫剤である。
上記ウイルス、上記細菌、上記真菌、または上記寄生虫を有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤と接触させることを含み、
上記細菌が、
(a)らせん菌、糸状菌、多形性菌、もしくは矩形菌、
(b)偏性好気性菌もしくは偏性嫌気性菌、
(c)グラム陽性桿菌、
(d)グラム陰性球菌、
(e)Acinetobacter、Actinomyces、Aerococcus、Agrobacterium、Anaplasma、Azorhizobium、Azotobacter、Bacillus、Bacteroides、Bartonella、Bordetella、Borrelia、Brucella、Burkholderia、Calymmatobacterium、Campylobacter、Chlamydia、Chlamydophila、Clostridium、Corynebacterium、Coxiella、Ehrlichia、Enterobacter、Enterococcus、Francisella、Fusobacterium、Gardnerella、Haemophilus、Helicobacter、Klebsiella、Lactobacillus、Lactococcus、Legionella、Listeria、Methanobacterium、Microbacterium、Micrococcus、Moraxella、Mycobacterium、Mycoplasma、Neisseria、Pasteurella、Pediococcus、Peptostreptococcus、Porphyromonas、Prevotella、Pseudomonas、Rhizobium、Rickettsia、Rochalimaea、Rothia、Salmonella、Serratia、Shigella、Sarcina、Spirillum、Spirochaetes、Stenotrophomonas、Streptobacillus、Streptococcus、Tetragenococcus、Treponema、Vibrio、Viridans、Wolbachia、もしくはYersiniaの種、または
(f)Staphylococcus epidermidis
である上記方法を提供する。
微生物感染症の治療または予防方法であって、上記方法を必要とする対象に有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を投与することを含み、
上記微生物感染症が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌、または寄生虫による感染症であり、
上記細菌が、
(a)らせん菌、糸状菌、多形性菌、もしくは矩形菌、
(b)偏性好気性菌もしくは偏性嫌気性菌、
(c)グラム陽性桿菌、
(d)グラム陰性球菌、
(e)Acinetobacter、Actinomyces、Aerococcus、Agrobacterium、Anaplasma、Azorhizobium、Azotobacter、Bacillus、Bacteroides、Bartonella、Bordetella、Borrelia、Brucella、Burkholderia、Calymmatobacterium、Campylobacter、Chlamydia、Chlamydophila、Clostridium、Corynebacterium、Coxiella、Ehrlichia、Enterobacter、Enterococcus、Francisella、Fusobacterium、Gardnerella、Haemophilus、Helicobacter、Klebsiella、Lactobacillus、Lactococcus、Legionella、Listeria、Methanobacterium、Microbacterium、Micrococcus、Moraxella、Mycobacterium、Mycoplasma、Neisseria、Pasteurella、Pediococcus、Peptostreptococcus、Porphyromonas、Prevotella、Pseudomonas、Rhizobium、Rickettsia、Rochalimaea、Rothia、Salmonella、Serratia、Shigella、Sarcina、Spirillum、Spirochaetes、Stenotrophomonas、Streptobacillus、Streptococcus、Tetragenococcus、Treponema、Vibrio、Viridans、Wolbachia、もしくはYersiniaの種、または
(f)Staphylococcus epidermidis
である上記方法を更に提供する。
上記抗菌剤が、抗ウイルス剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、抗生剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤が、
(a)マクロライド、テトラサイクリン、セファロスポリン、キノロン、リファンピン、もしくはフルオロキノロン、または
(b)アモキシシリン、アズロシリン、カルベニシリン、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、フルクロキサシリン、メズロシリン、メチシリン、ナフシリン、オキサシリン、ペニシリンG、ペニシリンV、ピペラシリン、ペニシリンG、テモシリン、もしくはチカルシリン、またはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩である上記方法が開示される。
上記微生物感染症が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌、または寄生虫による感染症であり、
上記抗菌剤が、抗ウイルス剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、抗生剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤が、
(a)マクロライド、テトラサイクリン、セファロスポリン、キノロン、リファンピン、もしくはフルオロキノロン、または
(b)アモキシシリン、アズロシリン、カルベニシリン、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、フルクロキサシリン、メズロシリン、メチシリン、ナフシリン、オキサシリン、ペニシリンG、ペニシリンV、ピペラシリン、ペニシリンG、テモシリン、もしくはチカルシリン、またはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩である上記方法が開示される。
上記微生物感染症が細菌による感染症であり、上記細菌が、Acetobacter aurantius、Acinetobacter baumannii、Actinomyces israelii、Agrobacterium radiobacter、Agrobacterium tumefaciens、Anaplasma phagocytophilum、Azorhizobium caulinodans、Azotobacter vinelandii、Bacillus anthracis、Bacillus brevis、Bacillus cereus、Bacillus fusiformis、Bacillus licheniformis、Bacillus megaterium、Bacillus mycoides、Bacillus stearothermophilus、Bacillus subtilis、Bacillus Thuringiensis、Bacteroides fragilis、Bacteroides gingivalis、Bacteroides melaninogenicus、Bartonella henselae、Bartonella Quintana、Bordetella bronchiseptica、Bordetella pertussis、Borrelia burgdorferi. Brucella abortus、Brucella melitensis、Brucella suis、Burkholderia mallei、Burkholderia pseudomallei、Burkholderia cepacia、Calymmatobacterium granulomatis、Campylobacter coli、Campylobacter fetus、Campylobacter jejuni、Campylobacter pylori、Chlamydia trachomatis、Chlamydophila pneumoniae、Chlamydophila psittaci、Clostridium botulinum、Clostridium difficile、Clostridium perfringens、Clostridium tetani、Corynebacterium diphtheriae、Corynebacterium fusiforme、Coxiella burnetii、Ehrlichia chaffeensis、Enterobacter cloacae、Enterococcus avium、Enterococcus durans、Enterococcus faecalis、Enterococcus faecium、Enterococcus galllinarum、Enterococcus maloratus、Escherichia coli、Francisella tularensis、Fusobacterium nucleatum、Gardnerella vaginalis、Haemophilus ducreyi、Haemophilus influenzae、Haemophilus parainfluenzae、Haemophilus pertussis、Haemophilus vaginalis、Helicobacter pylori、Klebsiella pneumoniae、Lactobacillus acidophilus、Lactobacillus bulgaricus、Lactobacillus casei、Lactococcus lactis、Legionella pneumophila、Listeria monocytogenes、Methanobacterium extroquens、Microbacterium multiforme、Micrococcus luteus、Moraxella catarrhalis、Mycobacterium avium、Mycobacterium bovis、Mycobacterium diphtheriae、Mycobacterium intracellulare、Mycobacterium leprae、Mycobacterium lepraemurium、Mycobacterium phlei、Mycobacterium smegmatis、Mycobacterium tuberculosis、Mycoplasma fermentans、Mycoplasma genitalium、Mycoplasma hominis、Mycoplasma penetrans、Mycoplasma pneumoniae、Neisseria gonorrhoeae、Neisseria meningitidis、Pasteurella multocida、Pasteurella tularensis、Peptostreptococcus、Porphyromonas gingivalis、Prevotella melaninogenica、Pseudomonas aeruginosa、Rhizobium radiobacter、Rickettsia prowazekii、Rickettsia psittaci、Rickettsia quintana、Rickettsia rickettsii、Rickettsia trachomae、Rochalimaea henselae、Rochalimaea quintana、Rothia dentocariosa、Salmonella enteritidis、Salmonella typhi、Salmonella typhimurium、Serratia marcescens、Shigella dysenteriae、Spirillum volutans、Staphylococcus aureus、Staphylococcus epidermidis、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、Streptococcus agalactiae、Streptococcus avium、Streptococcus bovis、Streptococcus cricetus、Streptococcus faceium、Streptococcus faecalis、Streptococcus ferus、Streptococcus gallinarum、Streptococcus lactis、Streptococcus mitior、Streptococcus mitis、Streptococcus mutans、Streptococcus oralis、Streptococcus pneumoniae、Streptococcus pyogenes、Streptococcus rattus、Streptococcus salivarius、Streptococcus sanguis、Streptococcus sobrinus、Treponema pallidum、Treponema denticola、Vibrio cholerae、Vibrio comma、Vibrio parahaemolyticus、Vibrio vulnificus、Viridans streptococci、Wolbachia、Yersinia enterocolitica、Yersinia pestis、もしくはYersinia pseudotuberculosisである上記方法が開示される。
いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書では、有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を含む組成物が提供される。いくつかの態様において、本明細書に記載の組成物は、薬学的に許容される担体、希釈剤、または賦形剤を更に含む。
有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を含み、
上記抗菌剤は、抗ウイルス剤、抗生剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤は、マクロライド、テトラサイクリン、セファロスポリン、キノロン、リファンピン、またはフルオロキノロンである。
有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を含み、
上記抗菌剤は、抗ウイルス剤、抗生剤、抗真菌剤、抗寄生虫剤、または自然免疫因子であり、
上記抗生剤は、アミカシン、ネオマイシン、トブラマイシン、パロモマイシン、ストレプトマイシン、スペクチノマイシン、エルタペネム、ドリペネム、イミペネム/シラスタチン、メロペネム、セファドロキシル、セファゾリン、セファロチン、セファレキシン、セファクロル、セファマンドール、セフォキシチン、セフプロジル、セフロキシム、セフィキシム、セフジニル、セフジトレン、セフォペラゾン、セフォタキシム、セフポドキシム、セフタジジム、セフチブテン、セフチゾキシム、セフトリアキソン、セフェピム、セフタロリンフォサミル、セフトビプロール、テイコプラニン、バンコマイシン、テラバンシン、クリンダマイシン、リンコマイシン、リポペプチド、ダプトマイシン、アジスロマイシン、クラリスロマイシン、ジリスロマイシン、エリスロマイシン、ロキシスロマイシン、トロレアンドマイシン、テリスロマイシン、スピラマイシン、アズトレオナム、リネゾリド、ポジゾリド、ラデゾリド、トレゾリド、アモキシシリン、アズロシリン、カルベニシリン、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、フルクロキサシリン、メズロシリン、メチシリン、ナフシリン、オキサシリン、ペニシリンG、ペニシリンV、ピペラシリン、ペニシリンG、テモシリン、チカルシリン、バシトラシン、コリスチン、ポリミキシンB、ベシフロキサシン、エノキサシン、ガチフロキサシン、ゲミフロキサシン、レボフロキサシン、ロメフロキサシン、モキシフロキサシン、ナリジクス酸、ノルフロキサシン、オフロキサシン、トロバフロキサシン、グレパフロキサシン、スパーフロキサシン、テマフロキサシン、マフェニド、スルファセタミド、スルファジアジン、スルファジアジン銀、スルファジメトキシン、スルファメチゾール、スルファメトキサゾール、スルファニルイミド、スルファサラジン、スルフィソキサゾール、スルホンアミドクリソイジン、デメクロサイクリン、ドキシサイクリン、ミノサイクリン、オキシテトラサイクリン、テトラサイクリン、アルスフェナミン、クロラムフェニコール、ホスホマイシン、フシジン酸、メトロニダゾール、ムピロシン、プラテンシマイシン、キヌプリスチン/ダルホプリスチン、チアンフェニコール、チゲサイクリン、チニダゾール、トリメトプリム、クロファジミン、ダプソン、カプレオマイシン、シクロセリン、エタンブトール、エチオナミド、イソニアジド、ピラジナミド、リファンピシン、リファブチン、リファペンチン、もしくはストレプトマイシン、またはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩である。
本明細書においては、抗菌剤または抗菌化合物のスクリーニング方法が提供される。
FIC指数=FIC重炭酸塩+FIC被検化合物
阻害濃度比(FIC)=[X]/MICX(式中、[X]は共薬の存在下での薬物の最小阻害濃度)
以下の実験においては、細菌細胞を96ウェルマイクロタイタープレート内のカチオン調節ミューラー・ヒントン培養液(MHB)中、37℃で18時間培養した。この検討で使用した主な菌株は、E. coli(K-12 BW25113)(静置インキュベーター内に載置)及びS. aureus(Newman株)(250rpmでインキュベート)であった。ノックアウト株(ΔtolcC及びΔychM)は、Keioノックアウトコレクション(Baba, T. et al. Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection. Mol Syst Biol 2, 2006 0008, doi:10.1038/msb4100050 (2006))から用いた。最小阻害濃度(MIC)の測定及びチェス盤法分析に関しては、Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)プロトコルを用いた。テトラサイクリン取り込みを既報のようにしてアッセイした(Ejim, L. et al. Combinations of antibiotics and nonantibiotic drugs enhance antimicrobial efficacy. Nature chemical biology 7, 348-350, doi:10.1038/nchembio.559 (2011))。S. aureus細胞のDiSC3負荷は既報のようにして行った(Farha, M. A., Verschoor, C. P., Bowdish, D. & Brown, E. D. Collapsing the proton motive force to identify synergistic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus. Chemistry & biology 20, 1168-1178, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.07.006 (2013))。20μMのCCCP濃度を用いた。pHはHClまたはNaOHの添加によって調節した。INTアッセイ及びATP生物発光アッセイは既報のようにして行った(Farha, M. A., Verschoor, C. P., Bowdish, D. & Brown, E. D. Collapsing the proton motive force to identify synergistic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus. Chemistry & biology 20, 1168-1178, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.07.006 (2013))。化学的-ゲノム検討に関しては、上記Keioライブラリを384ウェルプレート内のカチオン調節MHB培養液中で終夜培養した。これらから、処理プレート(25mMの重炭酸ナトリウム、または滅菌水対照)に播種し、静置インキュベーター中、37℃で15時間培養した。データをMangat et al (Mangat, C. S., Bharat, A., Gehrke, S. S. & Brown, E. D. Rank ordering plate data facilitates data visualization and normalization in high-throughput screening. J Biomol Screen 19, 1314-1320, doi:10.1177/1087057114534298 (2014))に従って正規化し、EcoCycから収集した遺伝子産物及びGO用語と共に示した。GFPプロモーターライブラリ(Keseler, I. M. et al. EcoCyc: fusing model organism databases with systems biology. Nucleic Acids Res 41, D605-612, doi:10.1093/nar/gks1027 (2013))を、Keioコレクションと同一の播種方法を用い、周囲温度で18時間培養した。Zaslaver et al(Zaslaver, A. et al. A comprehensive library of fluorescent transcriptional reporters for Escherichia coli. Nat Methods 3, 623-628, doi:10.1038/nmeth895 (2006))の分析パイプラインを用いてプロモーターの活性のマップを作成し、このマップから活性が増加または低下したプロモーターの一覧を編集した。
ペンタミジン(式I)は、約70年間抗菌活性を有すると認識されてきたが、未だに病院において抗菌薬として実施されていない。イン・ビトロで細菌の増殖を阻害するのに必要なペンタミジンの濃度は高くなることが知られている。
ペンタミジンは、標準的な微生物培地中では、グラム陰性生物、E. coli、A. baumannii、K. pneumoniae、P. aeruginosa、及びB. cenocepaciaに対してイン・ビトロ活性を比較的に僅かしかまたは全く有していなかった一方、自然環境を模倣するように処方された組織培養培地中で培養した場合、これらの細菌はペンタミジンに対して非常に感受性が高かった(表1)。例えば、標準的な微生物培地ミューラー・ヒントン培養液(MHB)中でのE. coliに対するペンタミジンの最小阻害濃度(MIC)200μg/mLが、自然環境を模倣するように処方された組織培養培地においては1μg/mLまで顕著に低下した。A. baumanniiに対しては、自然環境を模倣するように処方された組織培養培地において、50倍超増強された効力が観測された。S. aureusなどのグラム陽性生物に対しても強力な活性が観測された。
自然環境を模倣するように処方された組織培養培地の成分についてデコンボリューションを行い、濃度を変化させて試験して、ペンタミジンの抗菌活性に対するそれらの個々の効果を評価した。最も注目に値するのは、重炭酸ナトリウムが、自然環境を模倣するように処方された組織培養培地中に生理学的濃度(25mM)で存在し、且つ標準的な微生物培地中に存在しない場合、E. coliに対するペンタミジンの活性が用量依存的に大幅に増強されることである(図2)。重炭酸塩がペンタミジンの活性を大幅に増強する能力を有することによって、イン・ビトロにおいて標準的な培地中で活性がないことが観測されたことと、単剤としてのペンタミジンに顕著なイン・ビボ活性があることとの間の逆説が両立することになった。重炭酸塩は哺乳動物の生理学において中心的な地位を占め、且つ体内に遍在することは重要なことである。
FIC指数=FIC塩+FICペンタミジン
阻害濃度比(FIC)=[X]/MICX(式中、[X]は共薬の存在下での薬物の最小阻害濃度)
膜電位感受性色素3,3'-ジプロピルチアジカルボシアニンヨージドを使用する蛍光分光法を用いて、膜貫通電位を消失させるペンタミジンの能力を測定した。E. coli MC1061細胞を2回洗浄し、20mMのグルコース及び5mMのHEPESを含有する緩衝液(pH7.2)に懸濁させた。最終的な再懸濁液を600nmにおける光学濃度が0.085になるように希釈した。DiSC3(5)を1μMの最終濃度で添加し、この色素を静置して安定化させた(37℃で1時間)。次いで化合物をそれらのMICと同等の濃度で注入した。蛍光トレースを、それぞれ622nm及び660nmの励起波長ならびに発光波長で、蛍光光度計(Photon Technology International)において測定した。
治療薬としてのペンタミジンの可能性を種々の表皮感染症モデルで試験した。このモデルでは、感染症は、粘着テープを用いたストリッピングにより上皮層を部分的に除去することにより、続いて病原体を塗布することによって皮膚バリアを破壊ことによって確立される。テープストリッピングを行ったマウスに、4×l06CFU/mLのA. baumannii(図4A)または4×106CFU/mLのメチシリン耐性Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) USA-300(図4B)を感染させた。無感染群(n=1)は、テープストリッピング後に接種菌を塗布しないで、自然の細菌負荷を示す。1.9%のホウ酸中の0.5%のペンタミジン20μL、pH7.0を、感染の4、5、6、7、8、9、及び19、20、21、22、23、24時間後に創傷領域に塗布した(n=4)。この処置レジメンを、対照としてビヒクル(1.9%のホウ酸、pH7)についても実施した(n=4)。組織試料を感染の25時間後(図4A)及び感染の28時間後(図4B)に採取した。マウスを0.5%のペンタミジンで処置したA. baumannii皮膚感染症モデルでは、ビヒクル処置マウスと比較して4桁のCFU/mLの減少が観測された(図4A)。S. aureus皮膚感染症モデルにおいては、0.5%のペンタミジンによる処理により、5桁のCFU/mLの減少が生じた(図4B)。更に、上記溶液に重炭酸塩を添加すると、MRSA感染症の除去におけるペンタミジンの抗菌効果が増大した(ペンタミジンは、重炭酸塩(50mM)を含むまたは含まない局所用0.5%水溶液として皮膚に塗布した)(図5)。全体として、ペンタミジンは、グラム陰性及びグラム陽性病原体の両方に対して、効果的であり、局所化され、且つ忍容性の高い局所的方法を提供する。
図6Aに列挙した抗生物質の最小阻害濃度(MIC)は、ミューラー・ヒントン培養液(MHB)中で測定し、生理学的濃度の重炭酸ナトリウム(25mM)を添加したMHB(MHB+25mMの重炭酸ナトリウム)中の上記MICと比較した。異なる実験の結果を図6A及び6Bに示す。重炭酸ナトリウムを添加した培地中のMICの増強倍率は正の倍率で表され、活性の抑制は負の倍率で表される。
テトラサイクリンの濃度は125μg/mlであり、重炭酸ナトリウムの濃度は図7に示す通りであった。テトラサイクリンの取り込みは、テトラサイクリンが細胞中に移行する際のテトラサイクリンの蛍光の増強を監視することによってアッセイした。2回繰り返し実験の平均を図7に示す。同様の実験において、テトラサイクリンの細胞取り込みの直接的な試験によって、観測された抑制が重炭酸塩の添加時のテトラサイクリン取り込みの阻害に起因するものであることが明らかになった(図11、パネルa)。パネルaにおいては、重炭酸ナトリウムによってE. coliにおけるテトラサイクリンの取り込みが減少した。テトラサイクリンの濃度は125μg/mlであり、重炭酸ナトリウムの濃度は示す通りであった。テトラサイクリンの取り込みは、テトラサイクリンが細胞中に移行する際のテトラサイクリンの蛍光の増強を監視することによってアッセイした。3回繰り返し実験の平均を示す。
図8Aに示す結果は、野生型E. coliにおいては、マクロライドであるジリスロマイシンの増殖阻害濃度が重炭酸ナトリウムの存在下で増強されることを示し、図8Bに示す結果は、主排出ポンプE.coli ΔtolCを欠失する株においては、重炭酸ナトリウムによる増強が消失することを示す。
化学物質である重炭酸塩が上記の実施例で観測された増強を担っているかどうかを評価した。上記活性は単にpHへの影響に起因するものではないことが観測された。本明細書に報告されている全ての検討に関し、試験培地は、重炭酸ナトリウムの添加時にpH調整を行った。注目すべきことに、生理学的濃度(25mM)の重炭酸ナトリウムにより、標準的な感受性試験条件に一般的なpHを有する培地が生成した(表4)。
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeを終夜培養した培養物を、0、25mM、または50mMの重炭酸ナトリウムを添加した新たに調製したYPD培地中で1:5,000に希釈し、ペンタミジンの2倍段階希釈液に対して試験した。プレートを24時間インキュベートし、光学密度を600nmで読み取った。
細菌性病原体に対する自然免疫を構成する様々な分泌分子及び細胞成分のイン・ビトロ抗菌活性に対する重炭酸ナトリウム(pH7.4)の影響を調べた。詳細には、MIC未満であるが25mMの生理的濃度である重炭酸ナトリウムの、そのファミリーメンバーが脊椎動物における自然免疫の主要な要素を構成する、デフェンシン及びカテリシジンを含む宿主防御の様々なメディエーターの活性を増強する能力(Zasloff, M. N Engl J Med 2002, 347: 1199-1200)を評価した。
*ND:検出されず;**S. aureusは本質的にリゾチームに対して耐性
プロトン駆動力(PMF)は、電位(ΔΨ、内側が負)及びプロトン勾配(ΔpH、外側が酸性)から構成される細胞質膜における電気化学ポテンシャルを表す。テトラサイクリンはΔpH依存的な形態で細菌細胞に浸透する一方、正電荷を帯びたアミノグリコシドは輸送にΔΨ成分を利用することが知られている。ΔΨまたはΔpHのいずれかを選択的に摂動を引き起こす薬剤は、PMFを維持するために、他の成分を補償的に増加するように促すことが知られている。細菌のPMFの摂動における重炭酸塩の役割を更に評価した。
移行に関して細胞のエネルギー論に依存する他の抗生物質としては、ホスホマイシン及びノボビオシンが挙げられる。ホスホマイシンはグリセリン-3-ホスファートパーミアーゼを介して活発に輸送され、ここで輸送活性はΔpHに依存することが明らかになっている。ノボビオシンの取り込みは同様にΔpHによって支持される能動的輸送機序であり、その結果、脱共役剤及び呼吸の阻害剤はその細胞内蓄積を減少させることが明らかになっている。重炭酸ナトリウムはホスホマイシン及びノボビオシンの活性を抑制した(図6C)。
E. coliの生理学に対する重炭酸塩の作用機序を更に検討した。約4,000株の順序付けられたE. coli遺伝子欠失コレクションに対する25mMの重炭酸ナトリウムの影響を評価した。重炭酸ナトリウムは28種の欠失株の増殖を低下させた。欠失した遺伝子は酸化還元反応及び酸化ストレス応答に関与するタンパク質をコードしていた(図17、パネルa、表9)。それらの中にはdsbB(その遺伝子産物はペリプラズム酵素中のジスルフィド結合を極端なpHにおいて維持するのに必要である)、ならびに酸及び塩基の両方に対する耐性のいくつかの成分を調節するシグマ因子RpoSをコードする遺伝子がある。シトクロムオキシダーゼをコードする遺伝子cydXが欠失すると重炭酸塩に対する感作が生じた。E. coli及び多くの腸内細菌におけるナトリウムイオンならびにアルカリ性pHの恒常性において主要な役割を果たすNa+:H+アンチポーターをコードする遺伝子nhaAが欠失すると、細胞に重炭酸塩に対する感作が生じた。プロトン排除が欠失すると重炭酸塩による増殖阻害が増強されることが観測された。cyaが欠失することによっても重炭酸塩に対する感作が生じた。全体として、重炭酸塩に対する感作を生じさせる遺伝子欠失は、プロトン排出またはストレス応答を通してpHが関連する過程に関与し、上記過程は、欠失が起こると、内膜の厚さ方向のpH勾配に対する重炭酸塩の作用を増幅することが観測された。
E. coliにおける重炭酸ナトリウムの作用を、E. coliにおけるほぼ全てのプロモーターがgfpに転写融合されているゲノムスケールのプロモーター-レポーターライブラリを用いて、25mMの重炭酸ナトリウムに応答するプロモーター活性を分析することにより更に評価した(図17、パネルb、表10)。
重炭酸塩が、ΔΨに選択的に摂動を引き起こす分子の活性を増強するかどうかを評価した。これを試験するために、次のΔΨ消失剤、すなわち、バリノマイシン、選択的カリウムイオノフォア、ならびに以前にΔΨの消失剤と見なされた化合物、すなわちI1、I2、及び13(Farha, M. A., Verschoor, C. P., Bowdish, D. & Brown, E. D. Collapsing the proton motive force to identify synergistic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus. Chemistry & biology 20, 1168-1178, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.07.006 (2013))及びロペラミド(Ejim, L. et al. Combinations of antibiotics and nonantibiotic drugs enhance antimicrobial efficacy. Nature chemical biology 7, 348-350, doi:10.1038/nchembio.559 (2011)を重炭酸ナトリウムと組み合わせた。
PMFは、一部は、膜のペリプラズム側がより高い濃度のプロトンを有する膜貫通勾配によって駆動される。従って、外部pHを変化させるための緩衝剤の添加はPMFに対して重大な影響を及ぼす場合がある。かかる摂動の影響を評価するために、リン酸三ナトリウム(Na3PO4)を添加し、それにより培地のpHを3単位上昇させ、ジリスロマイシンの活性の増強も行った。しかしながら、pHを中性に戻す調節を行うことにより、相乗作用が失われた(図19)。図19、パネルa~bは、ジリスロマイシンとリン酸三ナトリウムとの組み合わせに対するpH調整培地の効果を示す。パネルa)pHが7.2に調節されていない場合(pH約10)及びパネルb)培地のpHが7.2に調節されている場合の、ジリスロマイシン及びリン酸三ナトリウムに関する微量液体希釈チェス盤法分析を示す。逆に、重炭酸ナトリウムの添加はpHにほとんど影響を与えない。重炭酸塩添加培地がpH7.4であることを確認し、必要に応じて調節するために、本検討を通して複数のステップを踏んだ。重炭酸塩による効果は培地のpHによる些細な結果ではない。培地に種々の緩衝系を添加することにより、増強は重炭酸塩に特有のものであることが示された。
ペンタミジンに関してまとめると、これらの実施例は、Clanical & Laboratory Standard Instituteにより実施された標準的な微生物学的培地におけるペンタミジンのイン・ビトロMICは、ペンタミジンの臨床的有用性を否定するものであるのに対して、培地条件に対する予期せぬ依存性により、イン・ビトロ活性の増強が明らかになった。ペンタミジンの抗菌活性の増強は、哺乳動物の組織に見られる条件に相当するイオン環境の存在、詳細には重炭酸塩の存在に依存していた。実際、ペンタミジンの抗菌活性は、重炭酸ナトリウムの濃度が増加するにつれて増強された。ペンタミジン活性は、標準的な微生物学的培地中に高濃度で存在するNaClの存在下で拮抗されることが見出された。しかし、重炭酸塩などの対イオンの存在下では、ペンタミジンの抗菌活性は、グラム陰性生物に対して平均で40倍、グラム陽性生物に対して50倍増強された。重炭酸塩は哺乳動物の体内に遍在し、様々な組織に高濃度で存在する。
種々の抗菌剤の活性に対する重炭酸ナトリウムの効果を検討した。種々の細菌の臨床分離株はAmerican Type Culture Collection(ATCC)及びthe International Health Management Assocaites(IHMA)から入手した。阻害濃度比指数(FICI)は、段階希釈した8(または10)種の濃度の各薬物(重炭酸ナトリウム及び抗菌剤)の入った96ウェルマイクロタイタープレートに標準的な微量液体希釈チェス盤法アッセイを設定することによって測定した。チェス盤法分析のプロトコルは、the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)のガイドラインに基づくものであった。プレートを37℃で18時間インキュベートし、光学密度を600nmで読み取った。各対象化合物について少なくとも3回の繰り返し実験を行った。これらのアッセイのグラフにした結果を図22~25に示す。
Claims (14)
- 有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を含む局所組成物であって、
前記抗菌剤が、抗生剤であり、
前記抗生剤が、マクロライドまたはそれらの薬学的に許容される塩であり、
前記マクロライドがアジスロマイシンであり、
前記重炭酸塩が約1mM~約150mMの濃度で前記組成物中に存在する局所組成物。 - 薬学的に許容される担体、希釈剤、または賦形剤を更に含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重炭酸塩が緩衝剤の成分である、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記重炭酸塩が、重炭酸ナトリウム、重炭酸アンモニウム、重炭酸リチウム、重炭酸カリウム、重炭酸マグネシウム、重炭酸カルシウム、または重炭酸亜鉛である、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記重炭酸塩が約25mM~約50mMの濃度で前記組成物中に存在する、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 有効量の(i)重炭酸塩及び(ii)抗菌剤を含む局所組成物であって、
前記重炭酸塩が約35mM~約50mMの濃度で前記組成物中に存在し、
前記抗菌剤がアジスロマイシンであり、
前記アジスロマイシンが約1μg/mLまたは約2μg/mLの濃度で前記組成物中に存在する局所組成物。 - 前記薬学的に許容される賦形剤が眼投与に好適である、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が増粘剤を更に含む、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記増粘剤が、メチルセルロース、ラクトース、マンニトール、マルトース、ヒアルロン酸、ヒアルロン酸ナトリウム、ヒアルロン酸カリウム、コンドロイチン硫酸、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、カルボキシビニルポリマー、架橋ポリアクリル酸エステル、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース、またはヒドロキシプロピルセルロースである、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が7.4のpHを有する、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記重炭酸塩が前記マクロライドに応答して細菌の増殖を低下させ、
前記細菌が、Pseudomonas aeruginosa、Staphylococcus aureus、またはStreptococcus pneumoniaeである、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。 - 前記Staphylococcus aureusがメチシリン耐性Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)である、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記重炭酸塩が前記マクロライドに応答して細菌の増殖を2倍~30倍低下させる、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 溶液剤、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、懸濁液剤、エアロゾル剤、噴霧スプレー剤、軟膏、滴剤または貼付剤である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
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