JP6559412B2 - 負極活物質、それを採用した負極及びリチウム電池、並びに該負極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
負極活物質、それを採用した負極及びリチウム電池、並びに該負極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6559412B2 JP6559412B2 JP2014230523A JP2014230523A JP6559412B2 JP 6559412 B2 JP6559412 B2 JP 6559412B2 JP 2014230523 A JP2014230523 A JP 2014230523A JP 2014230523 A JP2014230523 A JP 2014230523A JP 6559412 B2 JP6559412 B2 JP 6559412B2
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- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010586 LiFeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013705 LiNi 1-x Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012573 LiSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012346 LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012345 LiSiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012348 LiSiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930182556 Polyacetal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910018313 SbSi—Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008421 Si—Al—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008302 Si—Fe—Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008305 Si—Fe—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006638 Si—Mn—Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020997 Sn-Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008859 Sn—Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLJDSHNOFWICBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P]=O.[Fe].[Li] Chemical compound [P]=O.[Fe].[Li] RLJDSHNOFWICBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lithium cobalt(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Co++].[Ni++] NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021475 bohrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011329 calcined coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003739 carbamimidoyl group Chemical group C(N)(=N)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonodiperoxoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)OO NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002180 crystalline carbon material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PWRLWCQANJNXOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium chloro(dioxido)borane Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])Cl PWRLWCQANJNXOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002296 dynamic light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021473 hassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006051 mesophase pitch carbide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006389 polyphenyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002059 quaternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021481 rutherfordium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021477 seaborgium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005609 vinylidenefluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0416—Methods of deposition of the material involving impregnation with a solution, dispersion, paste or dry powder
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Description
MaOb (化学式1)
前記化学式1で、
1≦a≦4、1≦b≦10であり、
Mは、Ti、Zr、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、Zn、Mo、Ta、B、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、V、Fe、Cu及びAlからなる群から選択された一つ以上である。
MaOb (化学式1)
前記化学式1で、1≦a≦4、1≦b≦10であり、Mは、Ti、Zr、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、Zn、Mo、Ta、B、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、V、Fe、Cu及びAlからなる群から選択された一つ以上である。
M(OR)x (化学式2)
前記化学式2で、1≦x≦5であり、Rは、C1−C20のアルキル基であり、Mは、Ti、Zr、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、Zn、Mo、Ta、B、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、V、Fe、Cu及びAlからなる群から選択される。前記「アルキル基」において、一つ以上の水素原子は、ハロゲン原子、ハロゲン原子で置換されたC1−C20のアルキル基(例えば、CCF3、CHCF2、CH2F、CCl3など)、C1−C20のアルコキシ基、C2−C20のアルコキシアルキル基、ヒドロキシ基、ニトロ基、シアノ基、アミノ基、アミジノ基、ヒドラジン、ヒドラゾン、カルボキシル基やその塩、スルホニル基、スルファモイル(sulfamoyl)基、スルホニル基やその塩、リン酸基やその塩で置換される。
製造例1:1.5重量%ルチルコーティング相
まず、シリコン系活物質基材として、Si合金粉末を下記のように準備した。
Si及びFeを、それぞれ25at%及び75at%の比率で混合した後、それを真空誘導溶解炉(Yein Tech.、韓国)に投入し、大気による酸化を最大限抑制するために、真空雰囲気下で溶解させて親合金(mother alloy)を製造した。
前記製造例1で、Si合金粉末表面に、0.5重量%含量でルチル相を有するTiO2ナノ粒子をコーティングさせたことを除いては、製造例1と同一の過程を実施し、負極活物質を製造した。
前記製造例1で、負極活物質の製造時、焼成温度を600℃にし、Si合金粉末表面に、1.5重量%含量でアナターゼ相を有するTiO2ナノ粒子をコーティングさせたことを除いては、前記製造例1と同一の過程を実施し、負極活物質を製造した。
前記比較製造例1で、負極活物質の製造時、Si合金粉末表面に、0.5重量%含量でアナターゼ相を有するTiO2ナノ粒子をコーティングさせたことを除いては、比較製造例1と同一の過程を実施し、負極活物質を製造した。
前記製造例1で製造したSi合金粉末表面に、何らのコーティング処理もせず、前記Si合金粉末自体を負極活物質として使用した。
コーティング相によるリチウム電池の寿命特性効果を確認するために、下記のようにコインハーフセルを製造した。
前記製造例1で製造した負極活物質、及び結着剤としてポリアミドイミド(PAI)を、90:10重量比で混合した混合物に、粘度を調節するために、N−メチルピロリドンを、固形分の含量が60wt%になるように添加し、負極活物質スラリーを準備した。
前記製造例1で製造した負極活物質の代わりに、前記比較製造例1で製造した負極活物質を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例1と同一の過程を実施し、コインハーフセルを製造した。
前記製造例1で製造した負極活物質の代わりに、前記比較製造例3で製造した負極活物質を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例1と同一の過程を実施し、コインハーフセルを製造した。
コーティング量によるリチウム電池の寿命特性効果を確認するために、下記のように、コインフルセルを製造した。
負極活物質として、前記製造例1で製造した1.5重量%のルチル相コーティングのSi合金及び黒鉛を、2:8の重量比で混合した粉末を使用した。前記負極活物質、及び結着剤として、ポリアミドイミド(PAI)を90:10重量比で混合した混合物に、粘度を調節するために、N−メチルピロリドンを、固形分の含量が60wt%になるように添加し、負極活物質スラリーを準備した。
負極活物質の製造時、前記製造例2で製造した0.5重量%のルチル相がコーティングされたSi合金及び黒鉛を混合した粉末を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例2と同一の過程を実施し、コインフルセルを製造した。
負極活物質の製造時、前記比較製造例1で製造した1.5重量%のアナターゼ相がコーティングされたSi合金及び黒鉛を混合した粉末を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例2と同一の過程を実施し、コインフルセルを製造した。
負極活物質の製造時、前記比較製造例2で製造した0.5重量%のアナターゼ相がコーティングされたSi合金及び黒鉛を混合した粉末を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例2と同一の過程を実施し、コインフルセルを製造した。
負極活物質の製造時、前記比較製造例3で製造したコーティングされていないSi合金及び黒鉛を混合した粉末を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例2と同一の過程を実施し、コインフルセルを製造した。
前記製造例1で製造された負極活物質のコーティング状態を確認するために、焼成後の前記Si合金粉末の電界放射走査電子顕微鏡(FE−SEM:field emission scanning electron microscope)イメージを図4に示した。
前記製造例1及び比較製造例1の負極活物質に対して、CuKα線を利用して、X線回折(XRD)パターンを測定した結果を図5に示した。図5においてRは、TiO2のルチル相の略字である。XRD分析条件は、次の通りである。
- モデル名: X′pert PRO MPD (製作社:PANalytical)
- 最大定格出力: 3kW
- 最大電圧/電流: 60kV/60mA
- Min. Step Size: 0.001°
- 2θ range : -40 〜 +220 °
- Diffractometer Diameter : 430mm
- 測定条件: scan rate: 1 °/min, range: 20 〜 80 °
コーティング相によるリチウム電池の寿命特性を評価するために、前記実施例1並びに比較例1及び2で製造した各コインハーフセルに対して、25℃で、0.2Cレートの電流で、電圧が0.01V(リチウム対比)に至るまで定電流充電し、0.01Vを維持しながら、電流が0.01Cになるまで定電圧充電した。次に、放電時に、電圧が1.5V(リチウム対比)に至るまで0.2Cの定電流で放電した。
コーティング含量によるリチウム電池の寿命特性を評価するために、前記実施例2及び3並びに比較例3〜5で製造した各コインフルセルに対して、25℃で、0.2Cレートの電流で、電圧が4.3V(リチウム対比)に至るまで定電流充電し、4.3Vを維持しながら、電流が0.02Cになるまで定電圧充電した。次に、放電時に、電圧が2.75V(リチウム対比)に至るまで、0.2Cの定電流で放電した(化成段階)。
高温保存特性評価のために、前記実施例1並びに比較例1及び2で製造したコインハーフセルに対して、0.01V(0.01Cカットオフ)だけで充電し、90℃で3日間保存し、保存前後について、Solartron装備(Solartron 1470E)を利用して、1,000Hz〜0.1Hz範囲で、0.5mV交流電流で、AC(alternating current)インピーダンスを測定した。
11 結晶性炭素系基材
12 金属酸化物ナノ粒子
22 負極
23 正極
24 セパレータ
25 電池容器
26 封入部材
30 リチウム電池
Claims (15)
- シリコン系活物質基材と、
CuKα線を利用するX線回折測定で、回折角2θが27°〜28°の位置でピークを有している、前記シリコン系活物質基材の表面に配置された金属酸化物ナノ粒子と、を含み、
前記シリコン系活物質基材は、シリコン合金を含み、
前記シリコン合金内Siの含量が、少なくとも20原子%以上であり、
前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子が、ルチル構造の酸化チタンを含み、
前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子の平均粒径が、1nmないし30nmであり、
前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子が、前記シリコン系活物質基材の表面に、アイランド状のコーティング層を形成する、負極活物質。 - 前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子が、元素周期律表第2族ないし第13族に属する元素のうちから選択される一つ以上の金属の酸化物を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子の含量が、前記負極活物質総重量を基準に、0.01ないし10重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン系活物質基材は、シリコン、シリコン酸化物、シリコン−カーボン複合体のうち少なくとも一つを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン合金は、シリコンと、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra、Sc、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Mn、Tc、Re、Fe、Ru、Os、Co、Rh、Ir、Ni、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Au、Zn、Cd、B、Al、Ga、P、As、Sb、Bi、S、Se、Te及びPoのうちから選択された少なくとも1つの金属と、を含むことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン合金が、Si−Fe、Si−Al、Si−Mg、Si−Ti、Si−Cr、Si−Ni、Si−Cu、Si−Ti−Ni、Si−Fe−Al、Si−Fe−Ni、Si−Cu−Ni、Si−Mg−Ni、Si−Ti−Ni−Al及びSi−Fe−Ti−Alのうち少なくとも一つであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン系活物質基材は、0.1μmないし100μmの平均粒径を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 請求項1ないし7のうち、いずれか1項に記載の負極活物質を含む負極。
- 請求項8に記載の負極を含むリチウム電池。
- シリコン系活物質基材、金属酸化物前駆体及び溶媒を混合して混合溶液を準備する段階と、
前記混合溶液を乾燥させて乾燥物を準備する段階と、
前記乾燥物を700℃を超える温度で熱処理する段階と、を含み、
前記シリコン系活物質基材が、前記金属酸化物前駆体から形成された金属酸化物ナノ粒子で形成されたアイランド状のコーティング層で覆われ、
前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子が、ルチル構造の酸化チタンを含み、
前記金属酸化物ナノ粒子の平均粒径が、1nmないし30nmである、負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記金属酸化物前駆体が、Tiを含む金属塩であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記シリコン系活物質基材及び金属酸化物前駆体の総重量を基準に、金属酸化物前駆体の含量が、0.01ないし10重量%であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理が、窒素雰囲気または空気雰囲気で行われることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理が、窒素雰囲気または空気雰囲気で800℃ないし900℃の温度で行われることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記シリコン系活物質基材に対する前記金属酸化物前駆体の重量比が0.1未満であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
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