JP6393111B2 - グアニル酸シクラーゼcアゴニストの製剤およびその使用方法 - Google Patents
グアニル酸シクラーゼcアゴニストの製剤およびその使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6393111B2 JP6393111B2 JP2014169994A JP2014169994A JP6393111B2 JP 6393111 B2 JP6393111 B2 JP 6393111B2 JP 2014169994 A JP2014169994 A JP 2014169994A JP 2014169994 A JP2014169994 A JP 2014169994A JP 6393111 B2 JP6393111 B2 JP 6393111B2
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Description
本出願は、2008年12月3日出願の、米国仮特許出願第61/119,521号に対して優先権の利益を主張し、この内容はその全体が参考として援用される。
本発明は、胃腸管の特定の領域への送達のために最適化されており、胃腸の疾患および障害を治療および予防するのに有用な、グアニル酸シクラーゼCアゴニストの新規製剤に関する。
グアニル酸シクラーゼCは、膜貫通型のグアニル酸シクラーゼであり、これは、胃腸上皮細胞を含めた様々な細胞上で発現される(非特許文献1に概説されている)。これは、腸内細菌によって分泌され、下痢を引き起こす熱安定性毒素(ST)ペプチドの腸受容体として最初に発見された。STペプチドは、腸粘膜および尿から単離された2つのペプチド、すなわちグアニリンおよびウログアニリンと同様の主要なアミノ酸構造を共有する(非特許文献2;非特許文献3;非特許文献4;非特許文献5;非特許文献6;非特許文献7)。
pylori感染症からなる群から選択される。一実施形態では、胃腸の疾患または障害は、慢性特発性便秘症および過敏性腸症候群からなる群から選択される。
on the activity of ulcerative colitis (UC):Report of two patients with pH measurements over time. the Annual Scientific
Meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology、2009年10月23〜28日、San Diego、CA、P1116で提示されたポスターを参照)。さらに、結腸のpHは、活性な炎症と後続の臨床的な静止期の間に実質的に上昇した(Rubin, D.T.ら、Luminal
pH and transit time in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis (US) resembles that of healthy controls. the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology、2009年10月23〜28日、San
Diego、CA、P1114で提示されたポスターを参照)。特にUCにおいて、一部の患者は、標準的な外来患者療法を用いて寛解を実現することに失敗し、この失敗は、おそらく管腔の通過時間およびpHの生理学的差異に起因し得る。したがって、本発明のさらなる利点は、pH依存性放出製剤を利用することによって、罹患した患者の遠位回腸または結腸に生理活性GCCアゴニストを送達するように特に設計されたGCCアゴニスト製剤を提供することである。
本発明の製剤は、胃腸管の特定の領域にGCCアゴニストを送達するために最適化される。好適な実施形態では、製剤は経口製剤である。本発明の製剤は、GCCアゴニストを含有するコア、およびコアの周囲に1つもしくは複数の層を形成することができ、またはコアを含むマトリックス内で形成し得る1つまたは複数の標的化物質を含む。標的化物質は、胃腸管の特定の領域へのGCCアゴニストの放出を標的にするように選択される。標的化物質は、以下のもの、すなわち(1)pH依存性ポリマー;(2)膨潤性ポリマー;または(3)分解性組成物のうちの1つを含むことが好ましい。標的化物質は、以下のセクション1.1.1〜1.1.3にさらに記載されている。
ある特定の実施形態では、本発明の製剤は、薬理学的に不活性であるpH依存性標的化物質を含み、薬理学的に不活性は、この物質が、吸収または代謝されることなく、排泄されることを意味する。いくつかの実施形態では、GCCアゴニストが装填されたコアは、pH依存性物質でコーティングされる。他の実施形態では、pH依存性物質は、例えば、ある特定の実施形態では、制御(時間依存性)放出製剤の、コアを囲繞する外側層の一部を含む。いくつかの実施形態では、GCCアゴニストが装填されたコアは、pH依存性物質を含むマトリックスとして形成される。pH依存性物質は、pH依存性ポリマーを含むことが好ましい。
LおよびSグレードが腸溶コーティングのために使用される。一実施形態では、EUDRAGIT FS 30Dが結腸中での制御放出のために使用される。様々なEUDRAGITポリマーは、国際的な薬局方、例えば、Ph.Eur.、USP/NF、DMF、およびJPEにおいてさらに記載されている。
一実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、GCCアゴニストの制御(時間依存性)放出をもたらす標的化物質を含む。この脈絡における制御放出には、遅延徐放、遅延制御放出、遅延緩徐放出(delayed slow release)、遅延持続放出(delayed prolonged release)、遅延持続放出(delayed extended release)、および急激な放出、すなわち「バースト」が含まれる。
RS、またはEUDRAGIT NEの1つまたは複数を含むことによって、pH非依存性膨潤によるGCCアゴニストの制御時間放出をもたらす。特定の実施形態では、標的化物質は、EUDRAGIT RL:RS(2:8)を含み、EUDRAGIT FSを含む外側(outing)コーティングを含む。
一実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、結腸または小腸中で速いバーストでGCCアゴニストを放出するように設計された時間遅延製剤である(「バースト製剤」)。この製剤は、コアおよび外側層を含む。コアは、少なくとも1つのGCCアゴニストおよび少なくとも1つのバースト制御剤を含む。ある特定の実施形態では、コアは、クロスカルメロースナトリウム、クロスポビドン(架橋PVP)、ナトリウムカルボキシメチルデンプン(ナトリウムデンプングリコレート)、架橋ナトリウムカルボキシメチルセルロース(クロスカルメロース)、α化デンプン(デンプン1500)、微結晶性デンプン、水不溶性デンプン、カルシウムカルボキシメチルセルロース、およびケイ酸アルミニウムマグネシウム、またはこれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、少なくとも1つの崩壊剤をさらに含む。他の実施形態では、コアは、吸収エンハンサー、結合剤、硬度増強剤、緩衝剤、充填剤、流動調節剤、滑剤、相乗作用剤、キレーター、抗酸化剤、安定剤、および保存剤のうちの少なくとも1つをさらに含む。場合により、コアは、1つまたは複数の他の賦形剤も含む。
一実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、少なくとも1つの結腸細菌酵素によって分解されやすい天然または合成ポリマーを含む。GCCアゴニストは、ポリマーマトリックス中に埋め込まれていることが好ましい。そのようなポリマーの非限定例には、多糖、例えば、アミラーゼ、キトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、シクロデキストリン、デキストラン、グアーガム、ペクチン、およびキシランなどのポリマーが含まれる。天然または合成ポリマーは、硫酸亜鉛、塩化亜鉛、または酢酸亜鉛に由来する亜鉛陽イオンなどの陽イオンでゲル化または架橋されていることが好ましい。製剤は、イオン的に架橋されたビーズの形態であることが好ましく、これは、引き続いて腸溶コーティングでコーティングされる。腸溶コーティングは、任意の適当な腸溶コーティング物質、例えば、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースフタレート、ポリビニル酢酸フタレート、酢酸フタル酸セルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースアセテートスクシネート、アルギン酸、およびアルギン酸ナトリウム、またはEUDRAGITポリマーなどを含むことができる。
本発明の製造および方法において使用するためのGCCアゴニストは、グアニル酸シクラーゼCに結合し、cGMPの細胞内産生を刺激する。場合により、GCCアゴニストは、アポトーシスを誘導し、上皮細胞の増殖を阻害する。用語、「グアニル酸シクラーゼC」は、腸内細菌によって分泌される熱安定性毒素(ST)ペプチドの腸受容体として作用する、膜貫通型のグアニル酸シクラーゼを指す。グアニル酸シクラーゼCは、天然に存在するペプチドのグアニリンおよびウログアニリンの受容体でもある。これらのペプチドのそれぞれについて、異なる受容体が存在し得る可能性は除外されていない。したがって、用語「グアニル酸シクラーゼC」は、胃腸粘膜に沿って並ぶ上皮細胞上に発現される膜貫通型グアニル酸シクラーゼ受容体のクラスも包含することができる。
好適な実施形態では、本発明の製剤および方法において使用するためのGCCアゴニストは、GCCアゴニストペプチドである。ある特定の実施形態では、GCCアゴニストペプチドは、ウログアニリンまたは細菌性STペプチドの類似体である。ウログアニリンは、ナトリウム利尿活性を有する循環ペプチドホルモンである。STペプチドは、グアニル酸シクラーゼ受容体を活性化し、分泌性下痢を引き起こすE. coliおよび他の腸内細菌の病原性菌株によって分泌される熱安定性エンテロトキシン(STペプチド)のファミリーのメンバーである。細菌性STペプチドと異なり、ウログアニリンのグアニル酸シクラーゼ受容体への結合は、消化管の生理的pHに依存する。したがって、ウログアニリンは、pH依存様式で、重度の下痢を引き起こすことなく、体液および電解質輸送を調節することが予期される。
21巻:117頁)で置換されることによって、通常のジスルフィド結合の位置で代替の内部架橋結合を形成する。
GCCアゴニストペプチドは、当技術分野で認識された技法、例えば、分子クローニング、ペプチド合成、または部位特異的突然変異生成などを使用して調製することができる。
本発明は、胃腸障害の治療または予防、および胃腸の運動の増大を必要とする被験体において、有効量のGCCアゴニスト製剤をこの被験体に投与することによって胃腸障害を治療または予防し、胃腸の運動を増大させるための方法を提供する。本発明の方法によって治療または予防することができる胃腸障害の非限定例として、過敏性腸症候群(IBS)、非潰瘍性消化不良、慢性腸偽性閉塞症、機能性消化不良、結腸偽性閉塞症、十二指腸胃逆流、胃食道逆流症(GERD)、イレウス(例えば、術後イレウス)、胃不全麻痺、胸やけ(胃腸管中の高酸性度)、便秘(例えば、薬物療法、例えば、オピオイド、骨関節炎薬、または骨粗鬆症薬などの使用に関連する便秘);術後の(post surigical)便秘、神経障害に関連する便秘、クローン病、および潰瘍性大腸炎が挙げられる。
pylori感染症。一実施形態では、十二指腸または空腸に標的化送達するためのGCCアゴニスト製剤は、4.5から6の間の閾値pHを有するpH依存性ポリマーを含む。別の実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、回腸または結腸にGCCアゴニストを送達することを標的にする。この実施形態によれば、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、以下のうちの1つまたは複数を治療または予防するのに特に有用である:回腸炎(術後回腸炎)、クローン病、潰瘍性大腸炎、末端回腸炎、および大腸癌。一実施形態では、回腸または結腸に標的化送達するためのGCCアゴニスト製剤は、6.5から7.5の間の閾値pHを有するpH依存性ポリマーを含む。
本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤は、胃腸の疾患または障害を治療または予防するための治療レジメンの一部として、単独で、または1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤と併用して投与することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤を含む。他の実施形態では、GCCアゴニストは、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤と別個に製剤化される。この実施形態によれば、GCCアゴニストは、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤と同時に、順次、または異なる時間に投与される。一実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤、環状ヌクレオチド(cGMPおよびcAMPなど)、緩下剤(SENNA、またはMETAMUCILなど)、便軟化剤、IBDのための抗腫瘍壊死因子α療法(REMICADE、ENBREL、またはHUMIRAなど)、ならびに抗炎症薬(COX−2阻害剤、スルファサラジン、5−ASA誘導体、およびNSAIDSなど)からなる群から選択される1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤と併用して投与される。ある特定の実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、前記GCCアゴニストと同時に、または順次、有効用量のcGMP特異的ホスホジエステラーゼ(cGMP−PDE)の阻害剤と併用して投与される。cGMP−PDE阻害剤として、例えば、スリンダクスルホン、ザプリナスト、モタピゾン、バルデナフィル、およびシルデナフィルが挙げられる。別の実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、環状ヌクレオチドトランスポーターの阻害剤と併用して投与される。本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤と併用して投与することができる治療剤のさらなる例は、以下のセクションに示されている。
1.3.1.1 消化器癌を治療するための薬剤
本明細書に記載されるGCCアゴニスト製剤は、それだけに限らないが、アルキル化剤、エピポドフィロトキシン、ニトロソ尿素、代謝拮抗剤、ビンカアルカロイド、アントラサイクリン抗生物質、ナイトロジェンマスタード剤などを含めた1つまたは複数の抗腫瘍薬と併用して使用することができる。特定の抗腫瘍薬には、タモキシフェン、タキソール、エトポシド、および5−フルオロウラシルが含まれる。一実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、抗ウイルス剤またはモノクローナル抗体と併用して使用される。
一実施形態では、本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤は、クローン病を治療するために、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤を用いた併用療法の一部として投与される。1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤の非限定例には、スルファサラジン、および5−ASA作用剤として一般に公知である他のメサラミン含有薬、例えば、アサコール、ジペンツム(Dipentum)、もしくはペンタサなど、またはインフリキシマブ(REMICADE)が含まれる。ある特定の実施形態では、1つまたは複数の追加の作用剤は、コルチコステロイド、または免疫抑制剤、例えば、6−メルカプトプリンもしくはアザチオプリンなどである。別の実施形態では、1つまたは複数の追加の薬剤は、止痢剤、例えば、ジフェノキシレート、ロペラミド、またはコデインなどである。
1.3.1.3 潰瘍性大腸炎を治療する薬剤
一実施形態では、本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤は、潰瘍性大腸炎を治療するために、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤を用いた併用療法の一部として投与される。潰瘍性大腸炎を治療するのに使用される薬剤は、クローン病(Chrohn’s Disease)を治療するのに使用されるものと重複する。本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤と併用して使用することができる1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤の非限定例には、アミノサリチレート(5−アミノサリチル酸(aminosalicyclic acid)(5−ASA)を含有する薬物)、例えば、スルファサラジン、オルサラジン、メサラミン、およびバルサラジドなどが含まれる。使用することができる他の治療剤として、コルチコステロイド、例えば、プレドニゾン、およびヒドロコルチゾンなど、免疫調節剤、例えば、アザチオプリン、6−メルカプト−プリン(6−MP)、サイトカイン、インターロイキン、およびリンホカインなど、ならびにチアゾリジンジオン、またはグリタゾン、例えば、ロシグリタゾン、およびピオグリタゾンなどを含めた抗TNF−α剤が挙げられる。一実施形態(emobidment)では、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤は、活性な重度の潰瘍性大腸炎を治療するために、シクロスポリンA、および6−MPまたはアザチオプリンの両方を含む。
一実施形態では、本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤は、過敏性腸症候群に関連する便秘などの便秘を治療するために、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤を用いた併用療法の一部として投与される。1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤の非限定例として、緩下剤(SENNA、MIRALAX、LACTULOSE、PEG、またはカルシウムポリカルボフィルなど)、便軟化剤(鉱油またはCOLACEなど)、増量剤(METAMUCILまたは糠など)、ZELNORM(テガセロドとも呼ばれる)などの薬剤、ならびに抗コリン作用性薬物療法、例えば、BENTYLおよびLEVSINなどが挙げられる。
1.3.1.5 術後イレウスを治療するための薬剤
一実施形態では、本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤は、術後イレウスを治療するために、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤を用いた併用療法の一部として投与される。1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤の非限定例には、ENTEREG(アルビモパン;以前はアドロー(ado lor)/ADL8−2698と呼ばれていた)、コニバプタンが含まれ、関連薬剤は、US6,645,959において記載する。
一実施形態では、本発明のGCCアゴニスト製剤は、肥満症を治療するために、1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤を用いた併用療法の一部として投与される。1つまたは複数の追加の治療剤の非限定例として、1lβ HSD−I(11−βヒドロキシステロイド脱水素酵素1型)阻害剤、例えば、BVT3498、BVT2733、3−(1−アダマンチル)−4−エチル−5−(エチルチオ)−4H−1,2,4−トリアゾール、3−(1−アダマンチル)−5−(3,4,5−トリメトキシフェニル)−4−メチル−4H−1,2,4−トリアゾール、3−アダマンタニル−4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,3a−デカヒドロ−1,2,4−トリアゾロ[4,3−a][1l]アンヌレン、ならびにWO01/90091、WO01/90090、WO01/90092、およびWO02/072084に開示された化合物;5HTアンタゴニスト、例えば、WO03/037871、WO03/037887などにおけるものなど;5HTIaモジュレーター、例えば、カルビドパ、ベンセラジド、およびUS6207699、WO03/031439に開示されたものなど;5HT2c(セロトニン受容体2c)アゴニスト、例えば、BVT933、DPCA37215、IK264、PNU22394、WAY161503、R−1065、SB243213(Glaxo Smith Kline)、およびYM348、ならびにUS3914250、WO00/77010、WO02/36596、WO02/48124、WO02/10169、WO01/66548、WO02/44152、WO02/51844、WO02/40456、およびWO02/40457に開示されたものなど;5HT6受容体モジュレーター、例えば、WO03/030901、WO03/035061、WO03/039547などにおけるものなど;アシル−エストロゲン、例えば、del Mar−Grasa, M.ら、Obesity Research、9巻:202〜9頁(2001年)、および日本国特許出願第JP2000256190号に開示されたオレオイル−エストロンなど;食欲低下薬の二環式化合物、例えば、1426(Aventis)、および1954(Aventis)、ならびにWO00/18749、WO01/32638、WO01/62746、WO01/62747、およびWO03/015769に開示された化合物など;CB1(カンナビノイド−1受容体)アンタゴニスト/逆アゴニスト、例えば、リモナバント(Acomplia;Sanofi)、SR−147778(Sanofi)、SR−141716(Sanofi)、BAY65−2520(Bayer)、およびSLV319(Solvay)、ならびに特許刊行物US4973587、US5013837、US5081122、US5112820、US5292736、US5532237、US5624941、US6028084、US6509367、US6509367、WO96/33159、WO97/29079、WO98/31227、WO98/33765、WO98/37061、WO98/41519、WO98/43635、WO98/43636、WO99/02499、WO00/10967、WO00/10968、WO01/09120、WO01/58869、WO01/64632、WO01/64633、WO01/64634、WO01/70700、WO01/96330、WO02/076949、WO03/006007、WO03/007887、WO03/020217、WO03/026647、WO03/026648、WO03/027069、WO03/027076、WO03/027114、WO03/037332、WO03/040107、WO03/086940、WO03/084943、およびEP658546に開示されたものなど;CCK−A(コレシストキニン−A)アゴニスト、例えば、AR−R15849、GI181771(GSK)、JMV−180、A−71378、A−71623、およびSR146131(Sanofi)、ならびにUS5739106に開示されたものなど;CNTF(繊毛様神経栄養因子)、例えば、GI−181771(Glaxo−SmithKline)、SR146131(Sanofi Synthelabo)、ブタビンジド(butabindide)、PD170,292、およびPD149164(Pfizer)など;CNTF誘導体、例えば、Axokine(登録商標)(Regeneron)、ならびにWO94/09134、WO98/22128、およびWO99/43813に開示されたものなど;ジペプチジルペプチダーゼIV(DP−IV)阻害剤、例えば、イソロイシンチアゾリジド、バリンピロリジド、NVP−DPP728、LAF237、P93/01、P3298、TSL225(トリプトフィル−1,2,3,4−テトラヒドロイソキノリン−3−カルボン酸;Yamadaら、Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. 8巻(1998年)1537〜1540頁に開示されている)、TMC−2A/2B/2C、CD26阻害剤(inhibtors)、FE999011、P9310/K364、VIP0177、SDZ274−444、Ashworthら、Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett.、6巻、22号、1163〜1166頁および2745〜2748頁(1996年)によって開示されたような2−シアノピロリジドおよび4−シアノピロリジド、ならびに特許刊行物WO99/38501、WO99/46272、WO99/67279(Probiodrug)、WO99/67278(Probiodrug)、WO99/61431(Probiodrug)、WO02/083128、WO02/062764、WO03/000180、WO03/000181、WO03/000250、WO03/002530、WO03/002531、WO03/002553、WO03/002593、WO03/004498、WO03/004496,WO03/017936、WO03/024942、WO03/024965、WO03/033524、WO03/037327、およびEP1258476に開示された化合物など;成長ホルモン分泌促進物質受容体アゴニスト/アンタゴニスト、例えば、NN703、ヘキサレリン、MK−0677(Merck)、SM−130686、CP−424391(Pfizer)、LY444,711(Eli Lilly)、L−692,429、およびL−163,255など、ならびにUSSN09/662448、米国仮出願第60/203335号、US6358951、US2002049196、US2002/022637、WO01/56592、およびWO02/32888に開示されたものなど;H3(ヒスタミンH3)アンタゴニスト/逆アゴニスト、例えば、チオペラミド、3−(1H−イミダゾール−4−イル)プロピルN−(4−ペンテニル)カルバメート)、クロベンプロピット、ヨードフェンプロピット、イモプロキシファン、GT2394(Gliatech)、およびA331440、O−[3−(1H−イミダゾール−4−イル)プロパノール]カルバメート(Kiec−Kononowicz, K.ら、Pharmazie、55巻:349〜55頁(2000年))、ピペリジン含有ヒスタミンH3−受容体アンタゴニスト(Lazewska, D.ら、Pharmazie、56巻:927〜32頁(2001年)、ベンゾフェノン誘導体および関連化合物(Sasse, A.ら、Arch. Pharm.(Weinheim)334巻:45〜52頁(2001年))、置換N−フェニルカルバメート(Reidemeister, S.ら、Pharmazie、55巻:83〜6頁(2000年))、ならびにプロキシファン(proxifan)誘導体(Sasse, A.ら、J. Med. Chem.、43巻:3335〜43頁(2000年))、およびヒスタミンH3受容体モジュレーター、例えば、WO02/15905、WO03/024928、およびWO03/024929に開示されたものなど;レプチン誘導体、例えば、US5552524、US5552523、US5552522、US5521283、WO96/23513、WO96/23514、WO96/23515、WO96/23516、WO96/23517、WO96/23518、WO96/23519、およびWO96/23520に開示されたものなど;組換え型ヒトレプチン(PEG−OB、Hoffman La Roche)および組換え型メチオニルヒトレプチン(Amgen)を含めたレプチン;リパーゼ阻害剤、例えば、テトラヒドロリプスタチン(オーリスタット/Xenical(登録商標))、Triton WR1339、RHC80267、リプスタチン、テアサポニン、リン酸ジエチルウンベリフェリル、FL−386、WAY−121898、Bay−N−3176、バリラクトン、エステラシン、エベラクトンA、エベラクトンB、およびRHC80267、ならびに特許刊行物WO01/77094、US4598089、US4452813、USUS5512565、US5391571、US5602151、US4405644、US4189438、およびUS4242453に開示されたものなど;脂質代謝モジュレーター、例えば、マスリン酸、エリトロジオール、ウルソール酸、ウバオール、ベツリン酸、ベツリンなど、およびWO03/011267に開示された化合物など;Mc4r(メラノコルチン4受容体)アゴニスト、例えば、CHIR86036(Chiron)、ME−10142、ME−10145、およびHS−131(Melacure)、ならびにPCT公開第WO99/64002号、同第WO00/74679号、同第WO01/991752号、同第WO01/25192号、同第WO01/52880号、同第WO01/74844号、同第WO01/70708号、同第WO01/70337号、同第WO01/91752号、同第WO02/059095号、同第WO02/059107号、同第WO02/059108号、同第WO02/059117号、同第WO02/06276号、同第WO02/12166号、同第WO02/11715号、同第WO02/12178号、同第WO02/15909号、同第WO02/38544号、同第WO02/068387号、同第WO02/068388号、同第WO02/067869号、同第WO02/081430号、同第WO03/06604号、同第WO03/007949号、同第WO03/009847号、同第WO03/009850号、同第WO03/013509号、および同第WO03/031410号に開示されたものなど;Mc5r(メラノコルチン5受容体)モジュレーター、例えば、WO97/19952、WO00/15826、WO00/15790、US20030092041に開示されたものなど;メラニン凝集ホルモン1受容体(MCHR)アンタゴニスト、例えば、T−226296(Takeda)、SB568849、SNP−7941(Synaptic)、ならびに特許刊行物WO01/21169、WO01/82925、WO01/87834、WO02/051809、WO02/06245、WO02/076929、WO02/076947、WO02/04433、WO02/51809、WO02/083134、WO02/094799、WO03/004027、WO03/13574、WO03/15769、WO03/028641、WO03/035624、WO03/033476、WO03/033480、JP13226269、およびJP1437059などに開示されたものなど;mGluR5モジュレーター、例えば、WO03/029210、WO03/047581、WO03/048137、WO03/051315、WO03/051833、WO03/053922、WO03/059904などに開示さ
れたものなど;セロトニン作動剤、例えば、フェンフルラミン(Pondimin(登録商標)(ベンゼンエタンアミン、N−エチル−α−メチル−3−(トリフルオロメチル)−,塩酸塩)、Robbinsなど)、デクスフェンフルラミン(Redux(登録商標)(ベンゼンエタンアミン、N−エチル−α−メチル−3−(トリフルオロメチル)−,塩酸塩)、Interneuronなど)、ならびに光学的に純粋な異性体(+)および(−)としてのラセミ混合物を含めた、シブトラミン((Meridia(登録商標)、Knoll/Reductil(商標))、およびそのシブトラミンヒドロクロリド一水和物塩を含めた、その医薬として許容可能な塩、溶媒(solvents)、水和物、クラスレート、およびプロドラッグ、ならびにUS4746680、US4806570、およびUS5436272、US20020006964、WO01/27068、およびWO01/62341に開示された化合物など;NE(ノルエピネフリン)輸送阻害剤、例えば、GW320659、デシプラミン(despiramine)、タルスプラム、およびノミフェンシンなど;NPY1アンタゴニスト、例えば、BIBP3226、J−115814、BIBO3304、LY−357897、CP−671906、GI−264879A、ならびにUS6001836、WO96/14307、WO01/23387、WO99/51600、WO01/85690、WO01/85098、WO01/85173、およびWO01/89528に開示されたものなど;NPY5(神経ペプチドY Y5)アンタゴニスト、例えば、152,804、GW−569180A、GW−594884A、GW−587081X、GW−548118X、FR235208、FR226928、FR240662、FR252384、1229U91、GI−264879A、CGP71683A、LY−377897、LY−366377、PD−160170、SR−120562A、SR−120819A、JCF−104、およびH409/22、ならびに特許刊行物US6140354、US6191160、US6218408、US6258837、US6313298、US6326375、US6329395、US6335345、US6337332、US6329395、US6340683、EP01010691、EP−01044970、WO97/19682、WO97/20820、WO97/20821、WO97/20822、WO97/20823、WO98/27063、WO00/107409、WO00/185714、WO00/185730、WO00/64880、WO00/68197、WO00/69849、WO/0113917、WO01/09120、WO01/14376、WO01/85714、WO01/85730、WO01/07409、WO01/02379、WO01/23388、WO01/23389、WO01/44201、WO01/62737、WO01/62738、WO01/09120、WO02/20488、WO02/22592、WO02/48152、WO02/49648、WO02/051806、WO02/094789、WO03/009845、WO03/014083、WO03/022849、WO03/028726、およびNormanら、J. Med. Chem. 43巻:4288〜4312頁(2000年)に開示された化合物など;オピオイドアンタゴニスト、例えば、ナルメフェン(REVEX(登録商標))、3−メトキシナルトレキソン、メチルナルトレキソン、ナロキソン、およびナルトレキソン(例えば、PT901;Pain Therapeutics,Inc.)、ならびにUS20050004155、およびWO00/21509に開示されたものなど;オレキシンアンタゴニスト、例えば、SB−334867−A、ならびに特許刊行物WO01/96302、WO01/68609、WO02/44172、WO02/51232、WO02/51838、WO02/089800、WO02/090355、WO03/023561、WO03/032991、およびWO03/037847に開示されたものなど;PDE阻害剤(例えば、ホスホジエステラーゼを阻害することによって、環状AMP(cAMP)および/または環状GMP(cGMP)の分解を遅らせ、これによりcAMPおよびcGMPの細胞内濃度を相対的に増大させ得る化合物;可能なPDE阻害剤は主に、PDE3阻害剤からなるクラス、PDE4阻害剤からなるクラスおよび/またはPDE5阻害剤からなるクラスの中で番号付けされる物質、特に、PDE3/4阻害剤の混合型、またはPDE3/4/5阻害剤の混合型と呼ぶことができる物質である)、例えば、特許刊行物DE1470341、DE2108438、DE2123328、DE2305339、DE2305575、DE2315801、DE2402908、DE2413935、DE2451417、DE2459090、DE2646469、DE2727481、DE2825048、DE2837161、DE2845220、DE2847621、DE2934747、DE3021792、DE3038166、DE3044568、EP000718、EP0008408、EP0010759、EP0059948、EP0075436、EP0096517、EPOl 12987、EPOl 16948、EP0150937、EP0158380、EP0161632、EP0161918、EP0167121、EP0199127、EP0220044、EP0247725、EP0258191、EP0272910、EP0272914、EP0294647、EP0300726、EP0335386、EP0357788、EP0389282、EP0406958、EP0426180、EP0428302、EP0435811、EP0470805、EP0482208、EP0490823、EP0506194、EP0511865、EP0527117、EP0626939、EP0664289、EP0671389、EP0685474、EP0685475、EP0685479、JP92234389、JP94329652、JP95010875、US4963561、US5141931、WO9117991、WO9200968、WO9212961、WO9307146、WO9315044、WO9315045、WO9318024、WO9319068、WO9319720、WO9319747、WO9319749、WO9319751、WO9325517、WO9402465、WO9406423、WO9412461、WO9420455、WO9422852、WO9425437、WO9427947、WO9500516、WO9501980、WO9503794、WO9504045、WO9504046、WO9505386、WO9508534、WO9509623、WO9509624、WO9509627、WO9509836、WO9514667、WO9514680、WO9514681、WO9517392、WO9517399、WO9519362、WO9522520、WO9524381、WO9527692、WO9528926、WO9535281、WO9535282、WO9600218、WO9601825、WO9602541、WO9611917、DE3142982、DE1116676、DE2162096、EP0293063、EP0463756、EP0482208、EP0579496、EP0667345、US6331543、US20050004222(式I〜XIII、ならびに段落37〜39、85〜0545、および557〜577に開示されたものを含む)、WO9307124、EP0163965、EP0393500、EP0510562、EP0553174、WO9501338、およびWO9603399に開示されたもの、ならびにPDE5阻害剤(RX−RA−69、SCH−51866、KT−734、ベスナリノン、ザプリナスト、SKF−96231、ER−21355、BF/GP−385、NM−702、およびシルデナフィル(Viagra(商標)))、PDE4阻害剤(エタゾレート、ICI63197、RP73401、イマゾリジノン(imazolidinone)(RO−20−1724)、MEM1414(R1533/R1500;Pharmacia Roche)、デンブフィリン、ロリプラム、オキサグレレート、ニトラクアゾン、Y−590、DH−6471、SKF−94120、モタピゾン、リキサジノン、インドリダン、オルプリノン、アチゾラム、KS−506−G、ジパムフィリン(dipamfylline)、BMY−43351、アチゾラム、アロフィリン、フィルアミナスト(filaminast)、PDB−093、UCB−29646、CDP−840、SKF−107806、ピクラミラスト、RS−17597、RS−25344−000、SB−207499、TIBENELAST、SB−210667、SB−211572、SB−211600、SB−212066、SB−212179、GW−3600、CDP−840、モピダモール、アナグレリド、イブジラスト、アムリノン、ピモベンダン、シロスタゾール、クアジノン、およびN−(3,5−ジクロロピリド−4−イル)−3−シクロプロピルメトキシ4−ジフルオロメトキシベンズアミドなど)、PDE3阻害剤(ICI153、100、ベモランダン(bemorandane)(RWJ22867)、MCI−154、UD−CG212、スルマゾール、アンピゾン、シロスタミド、カルバゼラン、ピロキシモン、イマゾダン、CI−930、シグアゾダン、アジベンダン、サテリノン、SKF−95654、SDZ−MKS−492、349−U−85、エモラダン、EMD−53998、EMD−57033、NSP−306、NSP−307、レビジノン、NM−702、WIN−62582、およびWIN−63291、エノキシモン、およびミルリノンなど)、PDE3/4阻害剤(ベナフェントリン、トレキンシン、ORG−30029、ザルダベリン、L−686398、SDZ−ISQ−844、ORG−20241、EMD−54622、およびトラフェントリンなど)、ならびに他のPDE阻害剤(ビンポセチン(vinpocetin)、パパベリン、エンプロフィリン、シロミラスト、フェノキシモン、ペントキシフィリン、ロフルミラスト、タダラフィル(Cialis(登録商標))、テオフィリン、およびバルデナフィル(Levitra(登録商標))など);神経ペプチドY2(NPY2)アゴニストには、それだけに限らないが:ポリペプチドYY、ならびにその断片および変異体(例えば、YY3−36(PYY3−36)(N. Engl. J. Med. 349巻:941頁、2003年 IKPEAPGE DASPEELNRY YASLRHYLNL VTRQRY(配列番号:XXX))ならびにPYYアゴニスト、例えば、WO02/47712、WO03/026591、WO03/057235、およびWO03/027637に開示されたものなどが含まれる;セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤、例えば、パロキセチン、フルオキセチン(Prozac(商標))、フルボキサミン、セルトラリン、シタロプラム、およびイミプラミン、ならびにUS6162805、US6365633、WO03/00663、WO01/27060、およびWO01/162341に開示されたものなど;甲状腺ホルモンβアゴニスト、例えば、KB−2611(KaroBioBMS)、ならびにWO02/15845、WO97/21993、WO99/00353、GB98/284425、米国仮出願第60/183,223号、および日本国特許出願第JP2000256190号に開示されたものなど;UCP−I(脱共役タンパク質−1)、2、または3アクチベーター、例えば、フィタン酸、4−[(E)−2−
(5,6,7,8−テトラヒドロ−5,5,8,8−テトラメチル−2−ナフタレニル)−1−プロペニル]安息香酸(TTNPB)、レチノイン酸、およびWO99/00123に開示されたものなど;β3(βアドレナリン作用薬受容体3)アゴニスト、例えば、AJ9677/TAK677(Dainippon/Takeda)、L750355(Merck)、CP331648(Pfizer)、CL−316,243、SB418790、BRL−37344、L−796568、BMS−196085、BRL−35135A、CGP12177A、BTA−243、GW427353、トレカドリン、Zeneca D7114、N−5984(Nisshin Kyorin)、LY−377604(Lilly)、SR59119A、ならびにUS5541204、US5770615、US5491134、US5776983、US488064、US5705515、US5451677、WO94/18161、WO95/29159、WO97/46556、WO98/04526、およびWO98/32753、WO01/74782、WO02/32897、WO03/014113、WO03/016276、WO03/016307、WO03/024948、WO03/024953、およびWO03/037881に開示されたものなど;それだけに限らないが、ジエチルプロピオン(Tenuate(登録商標)(1−プロパノン、2−(ジエチルアミノ)−1−フェニル−,塩酸塩)、Merrellなど)、デキストロアンフェタミン(硫酸デキストロアンフェタミン、デキサンフェタミン、デキセドリン、デキサムペクス(Dexampex)、フェルンデクス(Ferndex)、オキシデス(Oxydess)II、ロベセ(Robese)、スパンキャップ #1としても公知)、マジンドール((または5−(p−クロロフェニル)−2,5−ジヒドロ−3H−イミダゾ[2,1−a]イソインドール−5−オール)、例えば、Sanorex(登録商標)、Novartis、またはMazanor(登録商標)、Wyeth Ayerstなど)、フェニルプロパノールアミン(またはベンゼンメタノール、α−(1−アミノエチル)−,塩酸塩)、フェンテルミン((またはフェノール,3−[[4,5−デュヒドロ(duhydro)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)エチル](4−メチルフェニル(methylpheny−l))アミノ],一塩酸塩)、例えば、Adipex−P(登録商標)、レモン(Lemmon)、FASTIN(登録商標)、Smith−Kline Beecham、およびIonamin(登録商標)、Medevaなど)、フェンジメトラジン((または(2S,3S)−3,4−ジメチル−2フェニルモルホリンL−(+)−酒石酸塩(1:1))例えば、Metra(登録商標)(Forest)、Plegine(登録商標)(Wyeth−Ayerst)、Prelu−2(登録商標)(Boehringer Ingelheim)、およびStatobex(登録商標)(Lemmon)、酒石酸フェンダミン(phendamine tartrate)(Thephorin(登録商標)(2,3,4,9−テトラヒドロ−2−メチル−9−フェニル−1H−インデノール[2,1−c]ピリジンL−(+)−酒石酸塩(1:1))、Hoffmann− LaRocheなど)、メタンフェタミン(Desoxyn(登録商標)、Abbot((S)−N、(α)−ジメチルベンゼンエタンアミン塩酸塩)など)、ならびに酒石酸フェンジメトラジン(Bontril(登録商標)緩徐放出カプセルなど)、アマリン(−3,4−ジメチル−2−フェニルモルホリン酒石酸塩)などを含めたノルアドレナリン作動薬;Famoxin(登録商標)(Genset)などの脂肪酸酸化アップレギュレーター/誘導物質;それだけに限らないが、ベフロキサトン、モクロベミド、ブロファロミン、フェノキサチン(phenoxathine)、エスプロン、ベフォール(befol)、トロキサトン、ピルリンドール(pirlindol)、アミフラミン、セルクロレミン、バジナプリン、ラザベミド、ミラセミド、カロキサゾン、およびWO01/12176によって開示されたような他のある特定の化合物を含めたモノアミン(monamine)酸化酵素阻害剤;ならびに他の抗肥満剤、例えば、5HT−2アゴニスト、WO03/072197に開示されたものなどのACC(アセチル−CoAカルボキシラーゼ)阻害剤、α−リポ酸(α−LA)、AOD9604、WO03/40107に開示されたものなどの食欲抑制剤、ATL−962(Alizyme PLC)、ベンゾカイン、塩酸ベンズフェタミン(ジドレックス(Didrex))、ブラダーラック(focus vesiculosus)、BRS3(ボンベシン受容体サブタイプ3)アゴニスト、ブプロピオン、カフェイン、CCKアゴニスト、キトサン、クロム、共役リノール酸、コルチコトロピン放出ホルモンアゴニスト、デヒドロエピアンドロステロン、DGAT1(ジアシルグリセロールアシルトランスフェラーゼ1)阻害剤、DGAT2(ジアシルグリセロールアシルトランスフェラーゼ2)阻害剤、ジカルボキシレートトランスポーター阻害剤、麻黄、エキセンジン−4(glp−1の阻害剤)FAS(脂肪酸合成酵素)阻害剤(セルレニンおよびC75など)、脂肪再吸収阻害剤(WO03/053451などにおけるものなど)、脂肪酸トランスポーター阻害剤、天然水溶性繊維(サイリウム、オオバコ、グアー、カラスムギ、ペクチンなど)、ガラニンアンタゴニスト、ガレガ(ゴーツルー、French Lilac)、garcinia cambogia、ゲルマンダー(teucrium chamaedrys)、グレリン抗体、およびグレリンアンタゴニスト(WO01/87335、およびWO02/08250に開示されたものなど)、島細胞分泌に影響を及ぼすポリペプチドホルモンおよびその変異体、例えば、セクレチン/胃抑制ポリペプチド(GIP)/血管作用性腸ポリペプチド(VIP)/脳下垂体アデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化ポリペプチド(PACAP)/グルカゴン様ポリペプチドII(GLP−II)/グリセンチン/グルカゴン遺伝子ファミリーおよび/またはGLP−1(グルカゴン様ポリペプチド1)アゴニストを含めたアドレノメデュリン/アミリン/カルシトニン遺伝子関連ポリペプチド(CGRP)遺伝子ファミリーのもの(例えば、(1)エキセンジン−4、(2)US20050130891に記載されたGLP−1分子で、これらにはそのC−末端でカルボキシル化もしくはアミド化された形態での、またはUS20050130891の段落17〜44に記載されたものを含めた修飾GLP−1ポリペプチドおよびその修飾物としてのGLP−1(7−34)、GLP−1(7−35)、GLP−1(7−36)、またはGLP−1(7−37)、ならびにGLP−1−(7−34)COOHに由来し、以下の一般式:R−NH−HAEGTFTSDVSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVK−CONH2(式中、R=Hもしくは1〜10個の炭素原子を有する有機化合物である。Rは、カルボン酸の残基であることが好ましい。特に好適なのは以下のカルボン酸残基である:ホルミル、アセチル、プロピオニル、イソプロピオニル、メチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、n−ブチル、sec−ブチル、tert−ブチル。)を有する対応する酸性アミドが使用される誘導体が含まれる)、ならびにglp−1(グルカゴン様ポリペプチド−1)のホルモンなど、糖質コルチコイドアンタゴニスト、グルコーストランスポーター阻害剤、成長ホルモン分泌促進物質(US5536716に開示され、具体的に記載されたものなど)、インターロイキン−6(IL−6)およびそのモジュレーター(WO03/057237におけるようなものなど)、L−カルニチン、Mc3r(メラノコルチン3受容体)アゴニスト、MCH2R(メラニン凝集ホルモン2R)アゴニスト/アンタゴニスト、メラニン凝集ホルモンアンタゴニスト、メラノコルチンアゴニスト(メラノタンIIまたはWO99/64002およびWO00/74679に記載されたものなど)、nomame herba、リン酸トランスポーター阻害剤、フィトファルム(phytopharm)化合物57(CP644,673)、ピルビン酸、SCD−I(ステアロイル−CoAデサチュラーゼ−1)阻害剤、T71(Tularik,Inc.、Boulder CO)、トピラメート(Topimax(登録商標)、体重減少を増大させることを示した抗痙攣薬として指示された)、転写因子モジュレーター(WO03/026576に開示されたものなど)、β−ヒドロキシステロイド脱水素酵素−1阻害剤(β−HSD−I)、β−ヒドロキシ−β−メチルブチレート、p57(Pfizer)、ゾニサミド(Zonegran(商標)、体重減少に導くと示された抗てんかん薬として指示された)、ならびにUS20030119428の段落20〜26に開示された薬剤が挙げられる。
ある特定の実施形態では、併用療法のレジメンは、1つまたは複数のホスホジエステラーゼ(「PDE」)阻害剤の投与を含む。PDE阻害剤は、ホスホジエステラーゼを阻害することによって、環状AMP(cAMP)および/または環状GMP(cGMP)の分解を遅らせ、これによりcAMPおよび/またはcGMPの細胞内濃度を相対的に増大させ得る。本発明のGCCアゴニストと併用して使用することができるPDE阻害剤の非限定例には、PDE3阻害剤、PDE4阻害剤、および/またはPDE5阻害剤、特に、PDE3/4阻害剤の混合型、またはPDE3/4/5阻害剤の混合型と呼ぶことができる物質が含まれる。そのようなPDE阻害剤の非限定例は、以下の特許出願および特許に記載されている:DE1470341、DE2108438、DE2123328、DE2305339、DE2305575、DE2315801、DE2402908、DE2413935、DE2451417、DE2459090、DE2646469、DE2727481、DE2825048、DE2837161、DE2845220、DE2847621、DE2934747、DE3021792、DE3038166、DE3044568、EP000718、EP0008408、EP0010759、EP0059948、EP0075436、EP0096517、EPOl12987、EPOl16948、EP0150937、EP0158380、EP0161632、EP0161918、EP0167121、EP0199127、EP0220044、EP0247725、EP0258191、EP0272910、EP0272914、EP0294647、EP0300726、EP0335386、EP0357788、EP0389282、EP0406958、EP0426180、EP0428302、EP0435811、EP0470805、EP0482208、EP0490823、EP0506194、EP0511865、EP0527117、EP0626939、EP0664289、EP0671389、EP0685474、EP0685475、EP0685479、JP92234389、JP94329652、JP95010875、米国特許第4,963,561号、同第5,141,931号、WO9117991、WO9200968、WO9212961、WO9307146、WO9315044、WO9315045、WO9318024、WO9319068、WO9319720、WO9319747、WO9319749、WO9319751、WO9325517、WO9402465、WO9406423、WO9412461、WO9420455、WO9422852、WO9425437、WO9427947、WO9500516、WO9501980、WO9503794、WO9504045、WO9504046、WO9505386、WO9508534、WO9509623、WO9509624、WO9509627、WO9509836、WO9514667、WO9514680、WO9514681、WO9517392、WO9517399、WO9519362、WO9522520、WO9524381、WO9527692、WO9528926、WO9535281、WO9535282、WO9600218、WO9601825、WO9602541、WO9611917、DE3142982、DE1116676、DE2162096、EP0293063、EP0463756、EP0482208、EP0579496、EP0667345、US6331543、US20050004222(式I〜XIIIならびに段落37〜39、85〜0545、および557〜577に開示されたものを含む))、およびWO9307124、EP0163965、EP0393500、EP0510562、EP0553174、WO9501338、およびWO9603399。例として述べることができるPDE5阻害剤は、RX−RA−69、SCH−51866、KT−734、ベスナリノン、ザプリナスト、SKF−96231、ER−21355、BF/GP−385、NM−702、およびシルデナフィル(Viagra(登録商標))である。例として述べることができるPDE4阻害剤は、RO−20−1724、MEM1414(R1533/R1500;Pharmacia Roche)、デンブフィリン、ロリプラム、オキサグレレート、ニトラクアゾン、Y−590、DH−6471、SKF−94120、モタピゾン、リキサジノン、インドリダン、オルプリノン、アチゾラム、KS−506−G、ジパムフィリン(dipamfylline)、BMY−43351、アチゾラム、アロフィリン、フィルアミナスト(filaminast)、PDB−093、UCB−29646、CDP−840、SKF−107806、ピクラミラスト、RS−17597、RS−25344−000、SB−207499、チベネラスト、SB−210667、SB−211572、SB−211600、SB−212066、SB−212179、GW−3600、CDP−840、モピダモール、アナグレリド、イブジラスト、アムリノン、ピモベンダン、シロスタゾール、クアジノン、およびN−(3,5−ジクロロピリド−4−イル)−3−シクロプロピルメトキシ4−ジフルオロメトキシベンズアミドである。例として述べることができるPDE3阻害剤は、スルマゾール、アンピゾン、シロスタミド、カルバゼラン、ピロキシモン、イマゾダン、CI−930、シグアゾダン、アジベンダン、サテリノン、SKF−95654、SDZ−MKS−492、349−U−85、エモラダン、EMD−53998、EMD−57033、NSP−306、NSP−307、レビジノン、NM−702、WIN−62582およびWIN−63291、エノキシモン、およびミルリノンである。例として述べることができるPDE3/4阻害剤は、ベナフェントリン、トレキンシン、ORG−30029、ザルダベリン、L−686398、SDZ−ISQ−844、ORG−20241、EMD−54622、およびトラフェントリンである。他のPDE阻害剤として、シロミラスト、ペントキシフィリン、ロフルミラスト、タダラフィル(Cialis(登録商標))、テオフィリン、およびバルデナフィル(Levitra(登録商標))、ザプリナスト(PDE5特異的)が挙げられる。GCCアゴニスト
1.3.1.8 鎮痛剤
ある特定の実施形態では、併用療法のレジメンは、1つまたは複数の鎮痛剤、例えば、鎮痛性化合物または鎮痛性ポリペプチドの投与を含む。いくつかの実施形態では、GCCアゴニスト製剤は、1つまたは複数の鎮痛剤と同時に、または順次投与される。他の実施形態では、GCCアゴニストは、鎮痛剤に共有結合的に結合または付着されることによって、治療コンジュゲートを作り出す。使用することができる鎮痛剤の非限定例として、カルシウムチャネル遮断薬、5HT受容体アンタゴニスト(例えば、5HT3、5HT4、および5HT1受容体アンタゴニスト)、オピオイド受容体アゴニスト(ロペラミド、フェドトジン、およびフェンタニル)、NK1受容体アンタゴニスト、CCK受容体アゴニスト(例えば、ロキシグルミド)、NK1受容体アンタゴニスト、NK3受容体アンタゴニスト、ノルエピネフリン−セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤(NSRI)、バニロイドおよびカンナビノイド(cannabanoid)受容体アゴニスト、ならびにシアロルフィンが挙げられる。様々なクラスにおける鎮痛剤のさらなる例は、当技術分野で公知である。
Drugs 6巻:758頁を参照)など;NK−2受容体アンタゴニスト、例えば、ネパズタント(Menarini Ricerche SpA)、サレズタント(Sanofi−Synthelabo)、GW597599(Glaxo Smith Kline)、SR−144190(Sanofi−Synthelabo)、およびUK−290795(Pfizer Inc)など;NK3受容体アンタゴニスト、例えば、オサネタント(SR−142801;Sanofi−Synthelabo)、SSR−241586、タルネタント、および例えば、WO02/094187A2、EP876347A1、WO97/21680A1、US6,277,862、WO98/11090、WO95/28418、WO97/19927、およびBodenら(J Med Chem. 39巻:1664〜75頁、1996年)に記載された関連化合物など;ノルエピネフリン−セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤(NSRI)、例えば、ミルナシプラン、およびWO03/077897に記載された関連化合物など;ならびにバニロイド受容体アンタゴニスト、例えば、アルバニル、およびWO01/64212A1に記載された関連化合物(compouds)などが挙げられる。
GCCアゴニストペプチドの合成および精製
GCCアゴニストペプチドは、固相ペプチド合成についての標準的な方法を使用して合成した。Boc/BzlまたはFmoc/tBu保護基ストラテジーを、生成されるペプチドの規模に応じて選択した。より少ない量の場合では、Fmoc/tBuプロトコールを使用して所望の生成物を得ることが可能であるが、より大きい量(1g以上)については、Boc/Bzlが優れている。
各合成サイクルは、DMF中の20%のピペリジンを用いた脱保護で構成した。樹脂の洗浄は、DMFおよびIpOHを交互にして、それぞれ樹脂を膨潤および収縮させて実現した。ペプチド合成により、鎖をC末端からN末端に伸長した。各アミノ酸についての活性化化学反応は、45分間4倍過剰でHBTU/DIEAを用いてであった。自動化化学反応では、カップリング効率を最大にするために、各アミノ酸を2倍カップリングさせた。ジスルフィド結合の正確な位置を保証するために、Cys残基を、位置15および7にCys(Acm)として導入した。Cys(Trt)は、Cys4およびCys12に配置した。この保護基ストラテジーにより、支配的な生成物として正常なトポイソマーが得られる(75:25)。(エンテロトキシン類似体については、第3のジスルフィド結合保護基(Mob)を利用した)。
ペプチド合成は、C末端アミドとして生成されるペプチドについて、Merrifield樹脂もしくはPamをプレロードした樹脂上、またはmBHAを用いて開始される。各合成サイクルは、MeCL2中、50%のTFAを用いた脱保護ステップからなる。樹脂を、MeCl2およびMeOHを用いて繰り返し洗浄する。形成したTFA塩は、MeCl2中、10%のTEAで塩基洗浄して中和する。MeCl2およびMeOHを用いて、最後にDMFを用いて樹脂を洗浄した後、カップリングステップを行う。脱保護を保証するために、比色試験を行う。各カップリングは、HOBTとともにジイソプロピルカルボジイミドを用いて媒介されることによって、活性なエステルが形成される。各カップリングは、室温で2時間、またはカップリングが困難である際は一晩継続させる。遊離一級アミンについての比色試験が陰性になるまで、ウロニウムまたはホスホニウム試薬を用いて再カップリングを行う。次いで樹脂を、DMF、MeCl2、およびMeOHで洗浄し、次の固相ステップを準備する。Cys保護は、位置7および15でCys(Acm)を、Cys4およびCys12でCys(MeB)を利用する。
人工胃液(SGF)中でインキュベートした後のSP−304のインビトロでの生物学的および化学的安定性
人工胃液(SGF)の存在下でのSP−304の安定性を、生物活性測定およびHPLC分析によって求めた(図1A&1B)。SP−304(8.5mg/mlの最終濃度)は、SGF(プロテオースペプトン(8.3g/リットル;Difco)、D−グルコース(3.5g/リットル;Sigma)、NaCl(2.05g/リットル;Sigma)、KH2PO4(0.6g/リットル;Sigma)、CaCl2(0.11g/リットル)、KCl(0.37g/リットル;Sigma)、PBS中のブタ胆汁(最終的な1×濃度0.05g/リットル;Sigma)、PBS中のリゾチーム(最終的な1×濃度0.10g/リットル;Sigma)、PBS中のペプシン(最終的な1×濃度0.0133g/リットル;Sigma))中でインキュベートした。SGFは実験日に作製し、必要に応じてHClまたはNaOHを使用してpHを2.0±0.1に調整した。pHを調整した後、SGFを、0.22μmの膜フィルターを用いて滅菌濾過する。SP−304(8.5mg/mlの最終濃度)を、3通りのアリコートで、SGF中、37℃でそれぞれ0、15、30、45、60、および120分間インキュベートした。インキュベートした後、試料をドライアイスで急速凍結させ、これらを二通りにアッセイするまで、−80℃のフリーザー内で貯蔵した。
人工腸液(SIF)中でインキュベーションした後のSP−304のインビトロでの生物学的および化学的安定性
SP−304の安定性を、その生物活性の測定およびHPLC分析によって、人工腸液(SIF)でインキュベーションした後も評価した(図2Aおよび2B)。SIF溶液は、United States Pharmacopoeia、24版、2236頁に記載された方法によって調製した。SIF溶液を調整するためのレシピは、以下に記載した通りであった。SIF溶液は、NaCl(2.05g/リットル;Sigma)、KH2PO4(0.6g/リットル;Sigma)、CaCl2(0.11g/リットル)、KCl(0.37g/リットル;Sigma)、およびパンクレアチン(Pacreatin)10mg/mlを含有した。pHは6に調整し、溶液を濾過滅菌した。SP−304(8.5mg/ml)の溶液を、3通りのアリコートで、SGF中、37℃でそれぞれ0、30、60、90、120、150、および300分間インキュベートした。インキュベートした後、試料を取り出し、ドライアイスを用いて急速凍結させ、これらを二通りにアッセイするまで、−80℃のフリーザー内で貯蔵した。図2Aは、指定した時間についてSIF中でインキュベートした後のSP−304が、T84細胞内のcGMP合成を刺激する能力を示す棒グラフである。0分でのcGMP刺激活性を100%として採用した。データは、3つの三通りの平均±標準偏差である。データは、SP−304の生物活性は、300分間、SIF中でインキュベートした後に、約30%低減されることを示した。
環状GMPの刺激アッセイ
GCCアゴニストペプチドが腸のGC−C受容体に結合し、これを活性化する能力を、T84ヒト結腸癌細胞株を使用して試験した。ヒトT84結腸癌細胞は、American Type Culture Collectionから入手した。10%のウシ胎児血清、100Uのペニシリン/ml、および100μg/mlのストレプトマイシンを補充した、ハムF−12培地とダルベッコ変法イーグル培地(DMEM)の1:1混合物中で細胞を成長させた。細胞に新鮮培地を3日毎に供給し、約80%のコンフルエンスで分割した。
Chemical、Ann Arbor、Mich.)を使用してcGMPを測定するために、上澄を直接使用した。
ペグ化(Peggylated)ペプチド
ペプチドを、消化プロテアーゼによる消化に対してより耐性にする追加のストラテジーは、N末端およびC末端でペグ化する(peggylate)ことである。ペプチドSP−333を、C末端(SP−347)もしくはN末端(SP−350)または両末端(SP−343)でアミノエチルオキシ−エチルオキシ−酢酸(Aeea)基を用いてペグ化した。T84細胞中の環状GMP合成を、上述した方法によって測定した。
グアニル酸シクラーゼ受容体アゴニストとホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤の組合せ
環状ヌクレオチド(すなわち、cAMPおよびcGMP)の細胞内濃度の調節、およびしたがって、これらの第2のメッセンジャーを介するシグナル伝達は、細胞内の環状ヌクレオチドの産生速度対その破壊速度によって支配されていると一般に考えられている。したがって、組織および臓器中のcGMPレベルは、一般に癌および炎症疾患において過剰発現されるcGMP特異的ホスホジエステラーゼ(cGMP−PDE)の発現レベルによっても調節することができる。したがって、cGMP−PDEの阻害剤とともに、GC−Cのアゴニストからなる組合せは、標的組織および臓器中のcGMPレベルに対して相乗効果を生じることができる。
カニクイザルにおけるSP−304の繰り返し経口投与毒性試験
この実験の主要な目的は、カニクイザルにおけるSP−304の繰り返し経口投与の毒性および薬物動態を評価することであった。SP−304の一日量250mgを用いた14連続日にわたる処置は、サルのすべてによって良好な耐容性が示されたが、この処置は、一貫して液状の糞便および水様性の下痢を生じた(図14)。サルは、SP−304を最後に投与して24〜48後以内に正常な便の硬さに戻った。
SP−304処置は、大腸炎のTNBS誘導性マウスモデルにおいて、便の硬さを改善し、TNBS誘導性腸閉塞を一掃する。
健康な成人ヒト男性および女性志願者における、SP−304の無作為化二重盲検プラセボ対照の単回用量、漸増用量、経口用量安全性、耐容性、および薬物動態学的試験
この試験の目的は、健康な被験体におけるSP−304の単回経口投与の安全性および薬物動態を評価することであった。これは、絶食した健康な男性および女性被験体における、SP−304の第1相単一部位無作為化二重盲検プラセボ対照の単回用量、漸増用量、経口用量、逐次用量エスカレーション試験であった。1コホート当たり8被験体(6人のSP−304;2人のプラセボ)を利用する合計9コホートを利用し、合計して71志願者に薬物を投与した(一人の志願者が棄権した)。各コホートに単回、経口用量を投与し、または10倍希釈したリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)(240mL)でマッチングプラセボを投与した。被験体は、試験処置の一用量のみが投与され、後続のコホートに登録することができなかった。9つのコホートの用量は、0.1、0.3、0.9、2.7、5.4、8.1、16.2、24.3mg、および48.6mgのSP−304を含んでいた。
0.1mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
0.3mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
0.9mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
2.7mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
5.4mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
8.1mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
16.2mg(5人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
24.3mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
48.6mg(6人の活性、2人のプラセボ)
次のコホートに進むための決定は、コホートからの事前にブラインドにした、安全性情報を精査した後、治験依頼者および治験責任医師によって行われた。投薬後の48時間を通じて収集したすべての安全性データを精査することによって、用量レベルの耐容性を評価した。各用量レベルでの安全性および耐容性を判定するのに、最低3人の評価可能な被験体を必要とした。
・ 1型:木の実のような分離した硬い塊(通過するのが困難)
・ 2型:ソーセージ形状であるが、でこぼこである
・ 3型:ソーセージのようであるが、その表面上にひびを有する
・ 4型:ソーセージまたは蛇のようであり、滑らかで軟らかい
・ 5型:境界鮮明な軟らかい小塊(容易に通過した)
・ 6型:縁部が不ぞろいの綿毛状断片、泥状の便
・ 7型:完全に液体
1型および2型は、便秘を示し、3および4、特に後者は、通過するのが最も容易であるので「理想的な便」であり、5〜7のスコアは、下痢または緊急性にさらに向かっていることを示す。
SP−304は、BDF−1マウスにおいて、DSS誘導性大腸炎の炎症を回復させる。
1.DSS曝露なし−PBS強制飼養(無DSS対照)
2.5%のDSS+PBS(ビヒクル対照)
3.5%のDSS+80mg/kgのスルファサラジン(陽性対照)
4.5%のDSS+0.005mg/kgのSP−304
5.5%のDSS+0.05mg/kgのSP−304
6.5%のDSS+0.5mg/kgのSP−304
7.5%のDSS+2.5mg/kgのSP−304
8.5%DSS+50mg/kgのSP−304
すべての用量は、体重10g当たり0.1mlの用量を使用して、経口強制飼養によって投与した。ケージ間変化を回避するために、異なる処置群を同じケージ内に収容し、動物は、識別目的のために耳に穴を開けた。7日目に、最後に投薬して4〜6時間後にマウスを屠殺した。動物は、任意の肉眼での異常について、主要な臓器の内部検査にもかけた。大腸の遠位切片(病理組織学的検査に十分な)を取り出し、カルノア液中に固定し、パラフィン中に埋め込んだ。スライド1枚当たり2つの連続しない切片を切断し、H&E染色して視覚的な重症度スコア分析を行った。すべてのスライドに盲検様式でスコアをつけた。
0 正常
1 すべての陰窩は残っているが異常に見え、すべての筋肉は無傷である
2 90%未満の陰窩が残っており、すべての筋肉は無傷である
3 75%未満の陰窩が残っており、大部分の筋肉は無傷である
4 10%未満の陰窩が残っており、ほとんどの筋肉が劣化している
5 陰窩がまったく残っておらず、筋肉が劣化している
病理組織学的採点のために組織の5つの異なる切片を検査し、スコアを各マウスについて平均した。図17中の組織検査スコアは、6匹のマウスの平均として表されている。図17に示したように、データは、マウスをDSSで処置することにより、大腸内に軽度の炎症を生じたことを示す。予期されたように、炎症の重症度は、スルファサラジンで処置したマウスにおいて相当に低減された。同様に、体重1kg当たり0.005〜5mgの範囲のSP−304の用量で処置したマウスも、結腸組織において炎症の低減を示した。これらの結果は、SP−304を用いた経口投与により、結腸組織におけるDSS誘導性炎症が回復したことを示す。SP−304を用いた処置により、結腸重量はそれほど変化しなかった。
SP−304は、BDF−1マウスにおいて、TNBS誘導性大腸炎の炎症を回復させる
TNBSの肛門投与は、マウスおよびラットの結腸において炎症を誘導するのに広く使用される。TNBS誘導性潰瘍性大腸炎は、ヒトにおけるIBDを治療するのに使用される薬物を評価するための、マウスにおける実験的大腸炎についての一般に使用されるモデルである。GCCアゴニストSP−304の抗炎症作用を評価するために、90匹のBDF−1マウスを、以下のように、それぞれ10匹の9つの群に無作為に分けた。
1.TNBS曝露なし−PBS強制飼養(無TNBS対照)
2.TNBS+PBS(ビヒクル対照)
3.TNBS+80mg/kgのスルファサラジン(陽性対照)
4.TNBS+0.0005mg/kgのSP−304
5.TNBS+0.005mg/kgのSP−304
6.TNBS+0.05mg/kgのSP−304
7.TNBS+0.5mg/kgのSP−304
8.TNBS+2.5mg/kgのSP−304
9.TNBS+50mg/kgのSP−304
0日目に、群2〜9に、ゴムカテーテルを使用して肛門経路を通じて、50%のエタノール中TNBS2.5mgを投与した。マウスに、7日にわたって毎日午前9時に、単回用量のSP−304を投与した。試験の最後に、マウスを頸椎脱臼によって屠殺した。遠位大腸を取り出し、カルノア固定液中で固定した。試料をパラフィンに埋め込み、試料1つ当たり2つの連続しない切片を切断し、スライド上に取り付けた後、H&Eで染色した。腸組織のスライドを採点した。ブラインドにした組織切片を顕微鏡で観察し、図8に記載した採点システムにより、0〜5の重症度スコアを割り当てた。マウス毎に、5つの大腸の断面範囲を評価した。結果を平均として表す。図18に示したように、体重1kg当たり0.05gという低い用量でSP−304を用いて処置することにより、結腸の炎症が著しく低減した。興味深いことに、SP−304の効力は、0.05mg.kgという低い濃度でさえ、体重1kg当たり80mg/kgの用量で投与したスルファサラジンと同等であった。
SP−304の一日量を繰り返すことにより、カニクイザルにおいて重篤な下痢を生じた
オス(n=4)およびメス(n=4)のサルに、一日量(体重1kg当たり1mgまたは10mgまたは75mg)のSP−304を28日間繰り返して投与した。便の硬さに対する処置の効果を1日3回記録した。図19に示したように、SP−304で経口処置することにより、両方の性において下痢/水様性便が生じた。しかし、メスのサルは、より顕著な効果を示した。メスにおいて、体重1kg当たり10mgの用量により、一貫して重篤な下痢が生じた。したがって、後続の実験において体重1kg当たり10mgでSP−304を使用した。同様の結果が、SP−333で得られた。
SP−304の投与を繰り返すことにより、マウスにおいて近位腸中の重篤な膨満が生じた
この実験の目的は、胃腸管内で水分泌を刺激するSP−304の能力に関して、経口投与されたSP−304についての主要な作用部位を求めることであった。正常な生理的環境下で、水分泌は、十二指腸内で主に起こり、次いで分泌された水は、回腸で再吸収される。マウス(メス、n=6;オス、n=6)に、経口強制飼養によって単回用量のSP−304を投与し、30分後に屠殺した。水の過剰な分泌を示す膨満の徴候について、胃腸管を検査した。表VIIIに示したように、SP−304は、胃内および近位腸(十二指腸および空腸)内でのみ膨満(bloting)を生じさせたが、盲腸または遠位腸(回腸および結腸)内で生じさせなかった。これらの結果は、経口投与されたSP−304は、十二指腸/空腸内で水分泌を引き起こすことを実証した。したがって、SP−304の作用部位は主に、胃腸管の十二指腸および空腸部分においてである。
様々なGI疾患のためのSP−304の製剤
表VIII中のデータによって示したように、経口投与されたSP−304は、胃腸管の近位部分(十二指腸、空腸)内で作用することによって、水分泌を刺激する。したがって、この領域にSP−304を送達するための製剤は、慢性便秘、IBS−C、および近位腸の他の疾患を治療するための効力の改善を実証するはずである。これは、そのような製剤が、これらの状態を罹患している患者において、水の分泌をより有効に刺激し、排便の正常化を促進するためである。さらに、1.0mg/mlから起こり、酸性条件によって促進されるSP−304の凝集は、より高いpHで放出するように設計されたpH依存性放出製剤中で最小限にされる。したがって、Eudragitポリマーを含むSP−304のpH依存性放出製剤を、十二指腸への放出を標的にする、5.5超のpHでの放出の効力について検査した。図20に示したように、5.5超のpHで溶解させるためにEudragitポリマーをコーティングしたゼラチンカプセルは崩壊せず、SP−304は、pH1または2.5での酸性条件下で放出されなかった。予期されたように、pH5.7でカプセルをインキュベートすると、20分以内にSP−304が放出され、60分以内に、ペプチドのほとんどが放出された。放出されたSP−304は、T84細胞バイオアッセイにおいて求めた場合、生物学的に活性であった(図21を参照)。
pH7以上で送達するために、Eudragitポリマーコーティングで製剤化されたSP−304およびSP−333は、カニクイザルにおいて下痢を最小限にした
図22に示したように、Eudragitポリマーでコーティングされたゼラチンカプセルで製剤化されたSP−304(7超のpHで溶解させるため)は、同じ用量のSP−304(体重1kg当たり10mg)を含有するコーティングされていないカプセルと比較した場合、下痢の発生を相当に低下させた。これらの結果は、GCCアゴニストを遠位腸に送達することにより、さもなければアゴニストの経口投与から予期される下痢の発生が低減されることを実証する。したがって、そのような製剤は、IBD、大腸癌、および遠位腸の他の疾患を治療するのに好適となるであろう。
Claims (20)
- (1)少なくとも1つのGCCアゴニストペプチドを含有するコアと、
(2)4.5〜5.5のpH範囲、または5.5〜6.5のpH範囲で分解するpH依存性ポリマーであって、製剤が十二指腸または空腸にGCCアゴニストペプチドを送達するために最適化されている、pH依存性ポリマー、または
6.5〜7.5のpH範囲で分解するpH依存性ポリマーであって、製剤が回腸、末端回腸、または上行結腸にGCCアゴニストペプチドを送達するために最適化されているpH依存性ポリマーと、
を含むGCCアゴニスト製剤であって、
該GCCアゴニストペプチドは、配列番号1〜44および99〜107からなる群から選択され、かつ、被験体への投与に基づいて、前記製剤は、胃腸管の部分への送達のために最適化されていない製剤と比べて、より少ない不要な副作用を生ずる、GCCアゴニスト製剤。 - 前記GCCアゴニストペプチドが、配列番号1、8、および9からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記GCCアゴニストペプチドが、配列番号1および9からなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 経口投与経路用である、請求項1に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記pH依存性ポリマーが、メタクリル酸コポリマー、ポリビニル酢酸フタレート、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースフタレート、酢酸セルローストリメリエテート、酢酸フタル酸セルロース、またはヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースアセテートスクシネートからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記pH依存性ポリマーが、メタクリル酸コポリマーである、請求項5に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記メタクリル酸コポリマーが、ポリ(メタ)アクリレートポリマーの中から選択される、請求項6に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記ポリ(メタ)アクリレートポリマーが、ポリ(メタクリル酸−コ−メチルメタクリレート)1:1、ポリ(メタクリル酸−コ−エチルアクリレート)1:1、ポリ(メタクリル酸−コ−メチルメタクリレート)1:2、ポリ(メチルアクリレート−コ−メチルメタクリレート−コ−メタクリル酸)7:3:1、およびポリ(メタクリル酸−コ−エチルアクリレート)1:1、ならびにこれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項7に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 1つまたは複数のpH依存性ポリマーおよび膨潤性ポリマーを含む、請求項1に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記製剤が、6.5〜7.5のpH範囲内で分解する2つのpH依存性ポリマーを含み、前記膨潤性ポリマーが2つのpH依存性ポリマーの間で層を形成する、請求項9に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記膨潤性ポリマーが、アクリル樹脂コポリマー、ポリビニルアセテート、およびセルロース誘導体からなる群から選択される、請求項9に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記膨潤性ポリマーが、ポリ(エチルアクリレート−コ−メチルメタクリレート−コ−トリメチルアンモニオエチルメタクリレートクロライド)1:2:0.2、ポリ(エチルアクリレート−コ−メチルメタクリレート−コ−トリメチルアンモニオエチルメタクリレートクロライド)1:2:0.1、およびポリ(エチルアクリレート−コ−メチルメタクリレート)2:1からなる群から選択されるアクリル樹脂コポリマーである、請求項11に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 孔形成剤をさらに含む、請求項9に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記孔形成剤が、サッカロース、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウム、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリエチレングリコール、水溶性有機酸、糖、および糖アルコールからなる群から選択される、請求項13に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 分解性組成物を含む、請求項1に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記分解性組成物が、アミラーゼ、キトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、シクロデキストリン、デキストラン、グアーガム、ペクチン、およびキシランからなる群から選択される、請求項15に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 酢酸フタル酸セルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースアセテートスクシネート、ポリ(メタクリル酸−コ−メチルメタクリレート)1:1、およびポリ(メタクリル酸−コ−エチルアクリレート)1:1からなる群から選択される物質をさらに含み、該物質が前記分解性組成物の上に外側コーティングを形成する、請求項16に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記分解性組成物が、共有結合によってGCCアゴニストに結合された担体分子であり、前記共有結合が、胃および小腸内で安定であるが、下部胃腸管、特に結腸内で不安定である、請求項15に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記共有結合が、アゾ結合またはグリコシド結合である、請求項18に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
- 前記担体分子が、グルクロニド、シクロデキストリン、デキストランエステル、または極性アミノ酸からなる群から選択される、請求項18に記載のGCCアゴニスト製剤。
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CA2745694C (en) | 2018-03-27 |
AU2009322285B2 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
EP2373296A2 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
JP5964589B2 (ja) | 2016-08-03 |
US20100221329A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
US20200009063A1 (en) | 2020-01-09 |
JP6342977B2 (ja) | 2018-06-13 |
WO2010065751A3 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
JP2015038070A (ja) | 2015-02-26 |
JP2018154637A (ja) | 2018-10-04 |
US10034836B2 (en) | 2018-07-31 |
EP2373296B1 (en) | 2016-08-03 |
JP2012510527A (ja) | 2012-05-10 |
CA2745694A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
CA2994066A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
JP2017048245A (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
ES2608050T3 (es) | 2017-04-05 |
WO2010065751A2 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
US20150359749A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 |
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