JP6290627B2 - メトホルミン治療に不適切な患者における糖尿病の治療 - Google Patents
メトホルミン治療に不適切な患者における糖尿病の治療 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6290627B2 JP6290627B2 JP2014000461A JP2014000461A JP6290627B2 JP 6290627 B2 JP6290627 B2 JP 6290627B2 JP 2014000461 A JP2014000461 A JP 2014000461A JP 2014000461 A JP2014000461 A JP 2014000461A JP 6290627 B2 JP6290627 B2 JP 6290627B2
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Description
腎機能障害が糖尿病をもつ人々に起こり得る理由は様々である。糖尿病の典型的な長期合併症の1つは、糖尿病性腎症であり、場合によっては腎不全に進行し得る。
高血糖症の集中治療が慢性損傷の発生率を低下させることができるが、従来の高血糖治療の長期有効性の制限、許容性及び投薬の不便さが部分的にあることから、多くの2型糖尿病患者は依然として治療が不充分なままである。
本発明の意味の範囲内で、不適当な或いは不充分な血糖コントロールは、特に、患者のHbA1cが、6.5%を超える、特に7.0%を超える、更により好ましくは7.5%を超える、特に8%を超える状態を意味する。不適当な或いは不充分な血糖コントロールをもつ患者の実施態様には、HbA1c値が7.5〜10%(又は、他の一実施態様において、7.5〜11%)の患者が含まれるが、これに限定されない。不適当に制御された患者の特別な下位実施態様は、HbA1c値が≧9%の患者を含むがこれに限定されない悪い血糖コントロールをもつ患者に関するものである。
- メトホルミン治療が禁忌である患者、例えば、分類表示に従ってメトホルミン治療に対して1つ以上の禁忌をもつ患者、例えば、以下より選ばれる少なくとも1つの禁忌をもつ患者:
腎疾患、腎機能障害又は腎機能不全(例えば、局所的に認可されたメトホルミンの製品情報によって指定されている)、
脱水症、
不安定又は急性の鬱血性心不全、
急性又は慢性代謝性アシドーシス、及び
遺伝性ガラクトース不耐性; 及び
- メトホルミンが原因の1つ以上の耐え難い副作用、特にメトホルミンと関連している胃腸の副作用を受けている患者、例えば、以下より選ばれる1つ以上の胃腸の副作用を受けている患者:
吐き気、
嘔吐、
下痢、
腸内ガス、
ひどい腹部の不快感。
- 以下の構造式Aを有するシタグリプチン(MK-0431)は、(3R)-3-アミノ-1-[3-(トリフルオロメチル)-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロ-5H-[1,2,4]トリアゾロ[4,3-a]ピラジン-7-イル]-4-(2,4,5-トリフルオロフェニル)ブタン-1-オンであり、(2R)-4-オキソ-4-[3-(トリフルオロメチル)-5,6-ジヒドロ[1,2,4]トリアゾロ[4,3-a]ピラジン-7(8H)-イル]-1-(2,4,5-トリフルオロフェニル)ブタン-2-アミンとも呼ばれる、
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
- 以下の構造式Bを有するビルダグリプチン(LAF-237)は、(2S)-{[(3-ヒドロキシアダマンタン-1-イル)アミノ]アセチル}ピロリジン-2-カルボニトリルであり、(S)-1-[(3-ヒドロキシ-1-アダマンチル)アミノ]アセチル-2-シアノ-ピロリジンとも呼ばれる
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
- 以下の構造式Cを有するサクサグリプチン(BMS-477118)は、(1S,3S,5S)-2-{(2S)-2-アミノ-2-(3-ヒドロキシアダマンタン-1-イル)アセチル}-2-アザビシクロ[3.1.0]ヘキサン-3-カルボニトリルであり、(S)-3-ヒドロキシアダマンチルグリシン-L-シス-4,5-メタノプロリンニトリルとも呼ばれる、
一実施態様において、サクサグリプチンは、WO 2004/052850に開示されるように、HCl塩又はモノベンゾエート塩の形である。実施態様において、更に、サクサグリプチンは遊離塩基の形である。実施態様において、なお更に、サクサグリプチンは、WO 2004/052850に開示されるように遊離塩基の一水和物の形である。サクサグリプチンのHCl塩及び遊離塩基の結晶形態は、WO 2008/131149に開示されている。サクサグリプチンの調製方法は、また、WO 2005/106011及びWO 2005/115982にも開示されている。サクサグリプチンは、WO 2005/117841に記載されるように錠剤に配合され得る。
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
(2S)-1-{[1,1,-ジメチル-3-(4-ピリジン-3-イルイミダゾール-1-イル)プロピルアミノ]アセチル}ピロリジン-2-カルボニトリル又はその医薬的に許容され得る塩:
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
この化合物及びその調製方法は、WO 2005/116014及びUS 7291618に開示されている。
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
この化合物及びその調製方法は、WO 02/14271に開示されている。個々の塩は、WO 2006/088129及びWO 2006/118127(特に、塩酸塩、臭化水素酸塩を含む)に開示されている。この化合物を用いた併用療法は、WO 2006/129785に記載されている。詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
この化合物及びその調製方法は、WO 2005/047297、WO 2008/109681及びWO 2009/009751に開示されている。個々の塩は、WO 2008/027273(クエン酸塩、酒石酸塩をを含む)に開示されている。この化合物の配合物は、WO 2008/144730に記載されている。詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
この化合物及びその調製方法は、WO 2005/075421、US 2008/146818及びWO 2008/114857に開示されている。詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
- 2-({6-[(3R)-3-アミノ-3-メチルピペリジン-1-イル]-1,3-ジメチル-2,4-ジオキソ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-5H-ピロロ[3,2-d]ピリミジン-5-イル}メチル)-4-フルオロベンゾニトリル又はその医薬的に許容され得る塩、又は6-[(3R)-3-アミノピペリジン-1-イル]-5-(2-クロロ-5-フルオロベンジル)-1,3-ジメチル-1,5-ジヒドロ-ピロロ[3,2-d]ピリミジン-2,4-ジオン又はその医薬的に許容され得る塩:
これらの化合物及びその調製方法は、それぞれ、WO 2009/084497及びWO 2006/068163に開示されている。詳細には、例えば、この化合物又はその塩を製造、配合又は使用する方法については、これらの引例に述べられている。
疑いを避けるために、上で引用した上記の引例の各々の開示内容は、本願明細書に全体として詳細に含まれるものとする。
本発明は、更に、メトホルミンに対する不耐性又は禁忌のためにメトホルミン治療が不適切である患者において、代謝性疾患、特に2型糖尿病の治療及び/又は予防用の医薬組成物を製造するための本明細書に定義されるDPP-4阻害剤の使用を提供する。
本発明は、更に、メトホルミンに対する不耐性又は禁忌のためにメトホルミン治療が不適切である患者において、代謝性疾患、特に2型糖尿病の治療及び/又は予防に用いられる医薬組成物であって、本明細書に定義されるDPP-4阻害剤を含み、必要により1つ以上の医薬的に許容され得る担体及び/又は希釈剤を含んでもよい、前記医薬組成物を提供する。
本発明は、更に、メトホルミンに対する不耐性又は禁忌のためにメトホルミン治療が不適切である患者において、代謝性疾患、特に2型糖尿病の治療及び/又は予防用の医薬組成物を製造するための、1つ以上の他の活性物質、例えば、本明細書に挙げられるもののいずれかと組み合わせた本明細書に定義されるDPP-4阻害剤の使用を提供する。
本発明は、更に、メトホルミンに対する不耐性又は禁忌のためにメトホルミン治療が不適切である患者において、代謝性疾患、特に2型糖尿病の治療及び/又は予防に用いられる医薬組成物であって、本明細書に定義されるDPP-4阻害剤を含み、必要により1つ以上の他の活性物質、例えば、本明細書に挙げられるもののいずれかを含んでもよい、例えば、有効成分の個別、連続、同時、平行又は順番に交互の使用のための、前記医薬組成物を提供する。
- 代謝性疾患を予防する、進行を遅らせる、遅延させる又は治療する;
- 血糖コントロールを改善する及び/又は空腹時血漿グルコース、食後の血漿グルコース及び/又はグリコシル化ヘモグロビンHbA1cを低下させる;
- 糖尿病の合併症からなる群より選ばれる状態又は障害を予防する、進行を遅らせる、遅延させる又は治療する;
- 体重を減少させる又は体重の増加を防止する又は体重の減少を促進させる;
- 膵臓ベータ細胞の変性を予防又は治療する及び/又は膵臓ベータ細胞の機能を回復させる及び/又は改善する及び/又は膵臓インスリン分泌の機能を刺激及び/又は回復させる; 及び/又は
- インスリン感受性を維持及び/又は改善する及び/又は高インスリン血症及び/又はインスリン抵抗性を治療又は防止する。
本発明は、更に、特にメトホルミン治療がメトホルミンに対して不耐性又は禁忌のために不適切である患者及び/又は腎疾患、腎機能不全、又は腎機能の不全又は障害(慢性腎不全をもつ患者を含む)をもつ患者において、必要により、1つ以上の他の活性物質、例えば、本明細書に挙げられるもののいずれかと組み合わせて、以下の目的の1つ以上に対する薬剤の製造のための本明細書に定義されるDPP-4阻害剤の使用を提供する:
- 代謝性疾患又は代謝性障害、例えば、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、耐糖能障害(IGT)、空腹時血糖異常(IFG)、高血糖症、食後の高血糖症、太りすぎ、肥満症、異脂肪血症、高脂血症、高コレステロール血症、高血圧症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、内皮機能不全、骨粗鬆症、慢性全身性炎症、非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患(NAFLD)、網膜症、神経障害、腎症及び/又は代謝症候群を防止するか、進行を遅らせるか、遅延させるか又は治療する;
- 血糖コントロールを改善し更に/又は空腹時血漿グルコース、食後の血漿グルコース及び/又はグリコシル化ヘモグロビンHbA1cを低下させる;
- 耐糖能障害(IGT)、空腹時血糖異常(IFG)、インスリン抵抗性及び/又は代謝症候群から2型糖尿病までを予防するか、遅らせるか、遅延させるか又は進行を後退させる;
- 糖尿病の合併症、例えば、微小血管疾患や大血管疾患、例えば、腎症、微量アルブミン尿、大量アルブミン尿、タンパク尿、網膜症、白内障、神経障害、学習障害、記憶障害、神経変性障害、認知障害、心血管障害、脳血管障害、組織虚血、糖尿病足、糖尿病潰瘍、アテローム性動脈硬化症、高血圧症、内皮機能不全、心筋梗塞、急性冠状動脈症候群、不安定狭心症、安定狭心症、末梢動脈閉塞性疾患、心筋症、心不全、心拍障害、血管再狭窄、及び/又は卒中予防するか、リスクを減少させるか、進行を遅らせるか、遅延させるか又は治療する;
- 体重を減少させるか又は体重の増加を予防するか又は体重の減少を促進させる;
- 膵臓ベータ細胞の変性及び/又は膵臓ベータ細胞の機能及びの低下を予防するか、遅らせるか、遅延させるか又は治療し更に/又は膵臓ベータ細胞の機能を改善させ更に/又は回復させ更に/又は膵臓インシュリン分泌の機能を刺激し更に/又は回復させる;
- 肝脂肪症、非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)及び/又は肝線維症を含む非アルコール脂肪肝疾患(NAFLD)を予防するか、遅らせるか、遅延させるか又は治療する;
- 従来の(経口)抗高血糖単独治療又は併用治療に対して一次無効又は二次無効による2型糖尿病を予防するか、進行を遅らせるか、遅延させるか又は治療する;
- 充分な治療効果に必要とされる従来の抗高血糖薬剤の投与量の減少を達成する;
- 従来の抗高血糖薬剤に伴う副作用のリスクを低下させる; 及び/又は
- インスリン感受性を維持し更に/又は改善させ更に/又は高インスリン血症及び/又はインスリン抵抗性を治療するか又は防止する。
本発明の他の態様は、上記及び以下の所見から、当業者に明らかである。
本発明の意味の範囲内のDPP-4阻害剤には、DPP-4阻害剤が上文及び下文に挙げられるもののいずれか、好ましくは経口的に有効なDPP-4阻害剤が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
本発明の他の特別な実施態様は、メトホルミン治療がメトホルミンに対して不耐性又は禁忌のために不適切である患者における(特に腎疾患、腎機能不全又は腎障害をもつ患者における)代謝性疾患(特に2型糖尿病)の治療及び/又は予防に用いられるDPP-4阻害剤であって、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、低投与量レベルで又は、有利には、正常な腎機能をもつ患者と同じ投与量レベルで前記患者に投与されるので、例えば、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、腎機能の低下のための下方投薬調整を必要としないことを特徴とする、前記DPP-4阻害剤に関するものである。
本発明の意味の範囲内で、本発明の治療が関係する患者の特別なサブグループは、(特に中等度、重度又は末期の)慢性腎不全又は障害をもつ患者に関するものである。
腎疾患、腎機能不全又は腎障害をもつ患者は、特に、個々の薬剤の種類と特性(例えば、薬物速度論、薬力学、代謝、排出経路)に及び腎障害の患者のグレードに基づき、薬剤及び投薬法の適切な選択のための注意深い評価を必要とする。
本発明のために(特に腎機能低下をもつ患者に対して)示すことができるDPP-4阻害剤は、活性代謝産物が、好ましくは比較的広い(例えば約>100倍)治療濃度域を有し更に/又は、特に、肝代謝又は胆汁中排泄によって主に排出されるような経口DPP-4阻害剤であってもよい。
- DPP-4阻害剤は、肝臓を介して実質的に又は大部分が排泄され(例えば、投与された経口量の>80%又は>90%もの)、更に/又は腎排泄は、ほとんどないか、又は非主要の排出経路でしかない(例えば、放射性標識炭素(14C)物質経口投与量の排出を追跡することにより測定された量は、例えば、測定した投与された経口投与量の<10%、好ましくは<7%である);
- DPP-4阻害剤は、親薬剤として大部分は変化せずに排泄され(例えば、放射性標識炭素(14C)物質の経口投薬後の尿及び大便中の排泄された放射能の平均>70%、又は>80%、又は、好ましくは90%による)、更に/又は代謝によってほとんど排出されず又は少量程度のみ除去される(例えば、<30%、又は<20%、又は、好ましくは10%);
- DPP-4阻害剤の1つ又は複数の(主要)代謝産物は、薬理的に不活性である。例えば、主な代謝産物は、標的酵素DPP-4の活性に結合しないか或いはこれを阻止せず、必要により、親化合物と比較して急速に排出される(例えば、消失半減期が15.9時間、≦20時間、又は、好ましくは、≦約16時間)。
更に、本発明は、代謝性疾患(特に、メトホルミン治療がメトホルミンに対して不耐性又は禁忌のために不適切である患者における、特に腎疾患、腎機能不全又は腎障害をもつ患者における2型糖尿病)の治療及び/又は予防に用いられるDPP-4阻害剤であって、前記DPP-4阻害剤が実質的に又は大部分は肝臓を介して排泄される(例えば、放射性標識炭素(14C)物質経口投与量の排出を追跡することによって測定された)ことを特徴とする、前記DPP-4阻害剤に関する。
更に、本発明は、代謝性疾患(特に、メトホルミン治療がメトホルミンに対して不耐性又は禁忌のために不適切である患者における、特に腎疾患、腎機能不全又は腎障害をもつ患者における2型糖尿病)の治療及び/又は予防に用いられるDPP-4阻害剤であって、
前記DPP-4阻害剤が親薬剤として大部分は変化せずに排泄され(例えば、放射性標識炭素(14C)物質の経口投薬後の尿及び大便中に排泄された放射能が平均>70%、又は>80%、又は、好ましくは90%)、前記DPP-4阻害剤がほとんど除去されず或いは代謝によって少量程度のみ排出され、更に/又は前記DPP-4阻害剤の主要代謝産物が薬理的に不活性であるか又は比較的広い治療濃度域を有することを特徴とする、前記DPP-4阻害剤に関する。
下記式(I)
シタグリプチン、ビルダグリプチン、サキサグリプチン、アログリプチン、
(2S)-1-{[2-(5-メチル-2-フェニルオキサゾール-4-イル)エチルアミノ]アセチル}ピロリジン-2-カルボニトリル、
(2S)-1-{[1,1,-ジメチル-3-(4-ピリジン-3-イルイミダゾール-1-イル)プロピルアミノ]アセチル}ピロリジン-2-カルボニトリル、
(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-アミノ-9,10-ジメトキシ-1,3,4,6,7,11b-ヘキサヒドロ-2H-ピリド[2,1-a]イソキノリン-3-イル)-4-フルオロメチルピロリジン-2-オン、
(3,3-ジフルオロピロリジン-1-イル)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(ピリミジン-2-イル)ピペラジン-1-イル)ピロリジン-2-イル)メタノン、
(1((3S,4S)-4-アミノ-1-(4-(3,3-ジフルオロピロリジン-1-イル)-1,3,5-トリアジン-2-イル)ピロリジン-3-イル)-5,5-ジフルオロピペリジン-2-オン、
(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾル-1-イルメチル)シクロペンチルアミノ]アセチル}-4-フルオロピロリジン-2-カルボニトリル、
(R)-2-[6-(3-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)-3-メチル-2,4-ジオキソ-3,4-ジヒドロ-2H-ピリミジン-1-イルメチル]-4-フルオロベンゾニトリル、
5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-シアノピロリジン-1-イル)-2-オキソ-エチルアミノ]プロピル}-5-(1H-テトラゾール-5-イル)-10,11-ジヒドロ-5H-ジベンゾ[a,d]シクロヘプテン-2,8-ジカルボン酸ビスジメチルアミド、
3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-メチル-1-フェニル-1H-ピラゾール-5-イル)ピペラジン-1-イル]ピロリジン-2-イルカルボニル}チアゾリジン、
[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-ピロリジン-3-イルアミノ]アセチル}ピロリジン-2-イル]ボロン酸、
(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-エトキシカルボニルビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタ-1-イル)アミノ]アセチル]-4-フルオロピロリジン-2-カルボニトリル、
2-({6-[(3R)-3-アミノ-3-メチルピペリジン-1-イル]-1,3-ジメチル-2,4-ジオキソ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-5H-ピロロ[3,2-d]ピリミジン-5-イル}メチル)-4-フルオロベンゾニトリル、及び
6-[(3R)-3-アミノピペリジン-1-イル]-5-(2-クロロ-5-フルオロベンジル)-1,3-ジメチル-1,5-ジヒドロ-ピロロ[3,2-d]ピリミジン-2,4-ジオン、又は
その医薬的に許容され得る塩。
・1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチン(WO 2004/018468、実施例2(142)に匹敵する):
本発明の実施態様Aの上述のDPP-4阻害剤の中でより好ましいDPP-4阻害剤は、1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチン、特にその遊離塩基である(BI 1356としても知られる)。
温血脊椎動物、特にヒトの医薬適用には、本発明の化合物は、通常は0.001〜100mg/kg体重、好ましくは0.1-15mg/kgの用量で、いずれの場合においても1〜4回/日用いられる。このための化合物は、必要により他の活性物質と組み合わせられてもよく、素錠、被覆錠剤、カプセル剤、散剤、懸濁液剤又は坐剤のような従来のガレヌス製剤に1つ以上の従来の不活性の担体及び/又は希釈剤、例えば、コーンスターチ、ラクトース、グルコース、ミクロクリスタリンセルロース、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ポリビニルピロリドン、クエン酸、酒石酸、水、水/エタノール、水/グリセロール、水/ソルビトール、水/ポリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、セチルステアリルアルコール、カルボキシメチルセルロース又は脂肪物質、例えば固い脂肪又はその適切な混合物と一緒に組み込まれてもよい。
実施態様Aの化合物に適切な希釈剤の例としては、セルロース粉末、リン酸水素カルシウム、エリトリトール、低置換ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、マンニトール、アルファ化でんぷん又はキシリトールが挙げられる。これらの希釈剤の中で、マンニトール、低置換ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース及びアルファ化でんぷんが強調されるべきである。
実施態様Aの化合物に適切な結合剤の例としては、コポビドン(ビニルピロリドンと他のビニル誘導体の共重合体)、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(HPMC)、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース(HPC)、ポリビニルピロリドン(ポビドン)、アルファ化でんぷん、又は低置換ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース(L-HPC)が挙げられる。これらの結合剤の中で、コポビドン及びアルファ化でんぷんが強調されるべきである。
本発明の実施態様AのDPP-4阻害剤の医薬製剤を調製する適切な方法は、
・適切な打錠用賦形剤を有する粉末混合物中の活性物質を直接打錠するか;
・適切な賦形剤と造粒し、次に適切な賦形剤と混合し、次に打錠及びフィルムコーティングするか; 又は
・粉末混合物又は顆粒をカプセルに装填する。
適切な造粒法は、
・インテンシブミキサにおいて湿式造粒し、続いて流動床乾燥するか;
・ワンポット造粒するか;
・流動床造粒するか; 又は
・適切な賦形剤と乾燥造粒(例えば、ローラー圧縮)し、次に打錠するか又はカプセルに装填する。
本発明のDPP-4阻害剤の剤形、製剤及び投与の詳細については、科学文献及び/又は公開された特許文献に、特に本明細書に引用されたものに述べられている。
DPP-4阻害剤ビルダグリプチンの用量範囲は、通常は1日10〜150mg、特に1日25〜150mg、25〜100mg又は25〜50mg又は50〜100mgである。1日の経口用量の具体的な例は、25、30、35、45、50、55、60、80、100又は150mgである。より具体的な態様において、ビルダグリプチンの1日の投与は、25〜150mg又は50〜100mgであってもよい。他のより具体的な態様において、ビルダグリプチンの1日の投与は、50又は100mgであってもよい。有効成分の適用は、1日3回まで、好ましくは1日1又は2回行うことができる。具体的な用量は、50mg又は100mgのビルダグリプチンである。ビルダグリプチン/メトホルミンの二剤併用の典型的な用量は、50/850mg及び50/1000mgである。
ロシグリタゾンは、通常は4〜8mg1日1回(又は2回に分けられる)の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、2、4及び8mgである)。
グリベンクラミド(グリブリド)は、通常は、2.5-5〜20mg1日1回(又は2回に分けられる)の用量で(典型的な用量は、1.25、2.5及び5mgである)、又は微粉化グリベンクラミドは、0.75-3〜12mg1日1回(又は2回に分けられる)の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、1.5、3、4.5及び6mgである)。
グリピジドは、通常は、2.5〜10-20mg1日1回(40mgまで2回に分けられる)の用量で(典型的な用量は、5〜10mgである)、又は徐放性グリピジドは、5〜10mg(20mgまで)1日1回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、2.5、5及び10mgである)。
グリメピリドは、通常は1-2〜4mg(8mgまで)1日1回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、1、2及び4mgである)。
グリベンクラミド/メトホルミンの二剤併用は、通常は1.25/250mg1日1回〜10/1000mg1日2回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、1.25/250、2.5/500及び5/500mgである)。
グリピジド/メトホルミンの二剤併用は、通常は2.5/250〜10/1000mg1日2回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、2.5/250、2.5/500及び5/500mgである)。
グリメピリド/メトホルミンの二剤併用は、通常は1/250〜4/1000mg1日2回の用量で投与される。
ピオグリタゾン/グリメピリドの二剤併用は、通常は30/2〜30/4mg1日1回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、30/4及び45/4mgである)。
ロシグリタゾン/メトホルミンの二剤併用は、通常は1/500〜4/1000mg1日2回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、1/500、2/500、4/500、2/1000及び4/1000mgである)。
ピオグリタゾン/メトホルミンの二剤併用は、通常は15/500mg1日1又は2回〜15/850mg1日3回の用量で投与される(典型的な用量は、15/500及び15/850mgである)。
非スルホニル尿素インスリン分泌促進物質ナテグリニドは、通常は60〜120mgの用量で食事時に投与され(360mg/日まで、典型的な用量は、60〜120mgである); レパグリニドは、通常は0.5〜4mgの用量で食事時に投与される(16mg/日まで、典型的な用量は、0.5、1及び2mgである)。レパグリニド/メトホルミンの二剤併用は、1/500及び2/850mgの用量で利用可能である。
アカルボースは、通常は25〜100mgの用量で食事時に投与される(300mg/日まで、典型的な用量は、25、50及び100mgである)。ミグリトールは、通常は25〜100mgの用量で食事時に投与される(300mg/日まで、典型的な用量は、25、50及び100mgである)。
単一の又は二剤或いは三剤(追加又は最初の)併用療法に典型的に用いられる従来の抗糖尿病薬や高血糖治療薬には、メトホルミン、スルホニル尿素、チアゾリジンジオン、グリニド、アルファ-グルコシダーゼ遮断薬、GLP-1、GLP-1類似体、インスリン、及びインスリン類似体、例えば、一例として本明細書に示される薬剤、その組み合わせを含むものが挙げられてもよいが、これらに限定されない。
血中の脂質レベルを低下させる組み合わせパートナーの例は、シムバスタチン、アトルバスタチン、ロバスタチン、フルバスタチン、プラバスタチン、ピタバスタチン及びロスバスタチン; フィブレート、例えば、ベザフィブレート、フェノフィブレート、クロフィブレート、ゲムフィブロジル、エトフィブレート及びエトフィリンクロフィブレート; ニコチン酸及びその誘導体、例えば、アシピモックス; PPARアルファ作動薬; PPARデルタ作動薬; アシル補酵素 A阻害剤:コレステロールトランスフェラーゼ(ACAT; EC 2.3.1.26)、例えば、アバシミベ; コレステロール吸収阻害剤、例えば、エゼチミブ; 胆汁酸に結合する物質、例えば、コレスチラミン、コレスチポール、コレセベラム; 胆汁酸輸送阻害剤; HDLモジュレーティング活性物質、例えば、D4F、リバースD4F、LXRモジュレーティング活性物質、FXRモジュレーティング活性物質; CETP阻害剤、例えば、トルセトラピブ、JTT-705(ダルセトラピブ)又はWO 2007/005572からの化合物12(アナセトラピブ); LDL受容体モジュレーター; ApoB100アンチセンスRNAである。
パートナー薬剤アトルバスタチンの用量は、通常は1mg〜40mg又は10mg〜80mg1を日1回である。
典型的な血圧低下パートナー薬剤には、ACE阻害薬(ACEi)(例えば、ラミプリル、リシノプリル、キナプリル、カプトプリル、エナラプリル、ベナゼプリル、ペリンドプリル、トランドラプリル、フォシノプリル又はモエキシプリル)、ARB(例えば、テルミサルタン、カンデサルタン、バルサルタン、ロサルタン、イルベサルタン、オルメサルタン又はエポロサルタン)、カルシウムチャネル遮断薬(CCB)(例えば、非ジヒドロピリジンCCB、例えば、ジルチアゼム又はベラパミル、又はジヒドロピリジンCCB、例えば、アムロジピン、フェロジピン、ニソルジピン又はニフェジピン)、チアジド型利尿剤(例えば、ヒドロクロロチアジド又はクロルチアリドン)、アルファ遮断薬やベータ遮断薬(例えば、アテノロール、カルベジロール又はメトプロロール)、また、これらの組み合わせ(例えば、ACEi/ARB、ACEi/ベータ遮断薬、ARB/ベータ遮断薬、ACEi/利尿剤、ARB/利尿剤、ACEi/CCB又はARB/CCB組み合わせ)が含まれてもよいが、これらに限定されない。
血中のHDLレベルを増加させる組み合わせパートナーの例は、コレステリルエステル転送タンパク質(CETP)阻害剤; 内皮リパーゼ阻害剤; ABC1レギュレーター; LXRアルファ拮抗薬; LXRベータ作動薬; PPARデルタ作動薬; LXRアルファ/ベータレギュレーター、アポリポタンパク質A-Iの発現及び/又は血漿濃度を増加させる物質である。
腎疾患、腎機能障害又は腎不全をもつ患者における本明細書に挙げた薬剤の使用のために、場合によっては−個々の薬剤(例えば、薬物動態、薬力学、代謝、排出経路)や腎臓障害の患者のグレードによっては−患者の腎機能の低下ために投与量を調整するか又は減少させることが必要とされ得る。
本発明は、本明細書に記載される個々の実施態様によって範囲が制限されるべきでない。本明細書に記載されるものに加えて本発明の種々の変更が本開示から当業者に明らかになり得る。このような変更は、添付の特許請求の範囲内に包含することを意味する。
本明細書に引用されるすべての特許出願は、本願明細書に全体として含まれるものとする。本発明の実施態様、特徴及び利点は、更に、以下の実施例から明らかになり得る。以下の実施例は、一例として、本発明を制限することなく本発明の原理を示すのに役に立つものである。
例えば、無作為二重盲検平行グループ試験において、本発明のDPP-4阻害剤の安全性と有効性(例えば、5mgのBI 1356が1日1回経口投与される)を、メトホルミンに対して不耐性又は禁忌のためにメトホルミン治療に不適格である2型糖尿病及び不充分な血糖コントロール(例えばHbA1c 7%〜10%)をもつ患者における18週間の治療期間、次に34週間二重盲検延長拡張期間にわたってプラセボと比較する(プラセボはグリメピリドに変える)。
以下のように定義されるメトホルミン治療に不適格な患者:
分類表示によるメトホルミン治療に対する禁忌、例えば:
腎疾患又は腎機能不全(例えば、局所的に認可されたメトホルミンの製品情報によって指定されている)、
研究者の臨床判断による脱水症、
不安定又は急性の鬱血性心不全、急性又は慢性代謝性アシドーシス(患者の履歴における状態を示す)、
遺伝性ガラクトース不耐性; 又は
メトホルミンに起因する確認された耐えられない副作用、例えば:
吐き気、
嘔吐、
下痢、
腸内ガス、
ひどい腹部の不快感。
最初の値と及び/又はプラセボグループの値とを比較することにより、HbA1c値を決定することによって治療の成功を試験する。最初の値及び/又はプラセボ値と比較したHbA1c値の著しい変化は、治療のためのDPP-4阻害剤の有効性を示す。また、最初の値及び/又はプラセボグループの値とを比較することにより、空腹時血漿グルコース値を決定することによって治療の成功を試験することができる。空腹時血糖値の著しい低下は、治療の有効性を示す。また、標的応答に対する治療の存在(即ち、治療によるHbA1c<7%又は<6.5%)は、治療の有効性を示す。
他の実施例として、無作為二重盲検平行グループ試験において、本発明のDPP-4阻害剤(例えば、5mgのBI 1356)の安全性、有効性及び許容性をインスリン及び/又はスルホニル尿素バックグラウンド薬剤による患者を含む重度の慢性腎障害(GFR<30ml/分、慢性透析の状態にない)をもつ2型糖尿病性男性と女性患者において52週間の治療期間にわたってプラセボと比較する。
患者の状態を評価することによって治療の安全性と許容性を調べる。有効性は、12週間治療後のHbA1cにおけるベースラインからの変化によって、空腹時血漿グルコースパラメーターの変化によって、又はベースラインと経時比較した52週間におけるインスリン及び/又はスルホニル尿素用量の変化によって調べることができる。
経口投与用放射性標識(例えば、[14C]標識) DPP-4阻害剤を用いて、例えば、本発明のために適切であると決定された化合物について以下の通り、ヒト被検者における本発明のDPP-4阻害剤の排泄経路、質量平衡及び代謝を調べることができる:
10mg[14C]BI 1356/被検者(例えば、健康な男性志願者)の経口投与後、合計放射能は、主に、大便によって排出され、投与量の平均83.8%が16日以内に排泄される。腎排泄は、投与9日後に投与量の6.6%とみなされる。合計放射能の回収は、投与量の86.1%-95.1%(平均: 90.4%)の範囲にある。
[14C]BI 1356の経口投与後、親化合物は、調べたすべてのマトリックスにおいて最も多量の放射性物質である。血漿中の親化合物[14C]BI 1356は、経口投与後試料放射能の平均74%を占める(試料プール:1.5+3+6時間)。プールされた試料中16.9%の試料放射能を有する血漿において不活性の主要代謝産物が確認される。親化合物[14C]BI 1356は、尿と大便中に変化せずに排泄され、経口投薬後の排泄された放射能は平均90%である。主要代謝産物を含む代謝産物は、個別に排泄物の<10%を占める。
Claims (24)
- メトホルミン治療がメトホルミンに対して禁忌のために不適切であり、中等度又は重度の腎障害又は末期腎疾患をもつ患者において2型糖尿病を治療及び/又は予防するための経口投与用のDPP-4阻害剤を含む薬剤であって、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩であり、前記DPP-4阻害剤が前記患者に一日当たり5mgの経口投与量で投与されることを特徴とする、上記薬剤。
- 前記患者が、メトホルミンに対して禁忌のためにメトホルミン治療が不適格な患者である、請求項1に記載の薬剤。
- 末期腎疾患、又は中等度又は重度の腎障害をもつ患者において2型糖尿病の治療に用いるための請求項1または2に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤が、1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンである、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記薬剤中のDPP-4阻害剤が、正常な腎機能をもつ患者と同じ投与量で前記患者に用いられる、末期腎疾患、又は中等度又は重度の腎障害をもつ患者において2型糖尿病の治療に用いるための、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤及び1つ又は複数のその主要活性代謝産物が比較的広い治療濃度域を有し更に/又は主に肝代謝又は胆汁中排泄を経て排出される、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤が、主に肝臓を介して排泄される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤の腎臓を経た排泄が、非主要(マイナー)排出経路である、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤が、大部分は変化せずに排泄される、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤の代謝による排出が、非主要(マイナー)排出経路である、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤が、肝臓を経て親薬剤として主に排出される、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記DPP-4阻害剤の主な代謝産物が、薬理的に不活性であるか又は比較的広い治療濃度域を有する、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 重度の腎障害をもつ患者に用いられる、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- 抗糖尿病薬より選ばれる活性物質、血糖値を低下させる活性物質、血中の脂質レベルを低下させる活性物質、血中のHDLレベルを上昇させる活性物質、血圧を低下させる活性物質、アテローム性動脈硬化症の治療に必要とされる活性物質、及び肥満症の治療に必要とされる活性物質、の1つ以上と更に組み合わせて用いられる、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- スルホニル尿素、チアゾリジンジオン、グリニド、アルファ-グルコシダーゼ遮断薬、GLP-1、GLP-1類似体、インスリン、及びインスリン類似体より選ばれる1つ以上の活性物質と更に組み合わせて用いられる、請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- レパグリニド、ピオグリタゾン、インスリン、及びインスリン類似体より選ばれる1つ以上の活性物質と更に組み合わせて用いられる、請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- ピオグリタゾンと組み合わせて用いられる、請求項1〜16のいずれか1項に記載の薬剤。
- メトホルミン治療がメトホルミンに対して禁忌のために不適切である、重度の腎障害をもつ患者において2型糖尿病を治療及び/又は予防するための経口投与用の、1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンであるDPP-4阻害剤を含む医薬組成物であって、スルホニル尿素、チアゾリジンジオン、グリニド、アルファ-グルコシダーゼ遮断薬、GLP-1、GLP-1類似体、インスリン、及びインスリン類似体より選ばれる1つ以上の活性物質と更に組み合わせて使用するための医薬組成物であり、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、前記患者に一日5mgの経口投与量で投与されることを特徴とする上記医薬組成物。
- 重度の腎障害をもつ患者において2型糖尿病を治療及び/又は予防するための、1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンであるDPP-4阻害剤を含む医薬組成物であって、レパグリニド、ピオグリタゾン、インスリン、及びインスリン類似体より選ばれる1つ以上の活性物質と更に組み合わせて使用するための経口投与用の医薬組成物であり、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、前記患者に一日5mgの経口投与量で投与されることを特徴とする上記医薬組成物。
- 1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンであるDPP-4阻害剤を含む、重度の腎障害をもつ患者において2型糖尿病の治療及び/又は予防に用いるための薬剤であって
前記DPP-4阻害剤が、前記患者に一日5mgの経口投与量で投与されることを特徴とする上記薬剤。 - 1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンであるDPP-4阻害剤を含む、中等度又は重度の腎障害又は末期腎疾患をもつ患者において2型糖尿病の治療に用いるための経口投与用薬剤であって、前記薬剤中のDPP-4阻害剤が、正常な腎機能を有する患者に対する投与量と同じ量において使用され、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、前記患者に一日5mgの経口投与量で投与されることを特徴とする上記薬剤。
- 患者が、重度の腎障害をもつ患者である、請求項21に記載の薬剤。
- 1-[(4-メチルキナゾリン-2-イル)メチル]-3-メチル-7-(2-ブチン-1-イル)-8-(3-(R)-アミノピペリジン-1-イル)キサンチンであるDPP-4阻害剤を含む経口投与用薬剤であって、中等度、重度又は末期の慢性腎不全又は腎障害をもつ患者における2型糖尿病の治療及び/又は予防に用いるための薬剤であり、前記DPP-4阻害剤が、前記患者に一日5mgの経口投与量で投与されることを特徴とする上記薬剤。
- 薬剤中の前記DPP-4インヒビターが、前記患者に5mgの投与量で一日一回、前記患者に経口投与される、請求項1〜17または20〜23のいずれか一項に記載の薬剤。
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