JP6147277B2 - グラフェンのトップ及びボトム電極を備えたナノワイヤーデバイス及びそのようなデバイスの製造方法 - Google Patents
グラフェンのトップ及びボトム電極を備えたナノワイヤーデバイス及びそのようなデバイスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6147277B2 JP6147277B2 JP2014551616A JP2014551616A JP6147277B2 JP 6147277 B2 JP6147277 B2 JP 6147277B2 JP 2014551616 A JP2014551616 A JP 2014551616A JP 2014551616 A JP2014551616 A JP 2014551616A JP 6147277 B2 JP6147277 B2 JP 6147277B2
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
- C30B25/005—Growth of whiskers or needles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/42—Gallium arsenide
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Description
前記ナノワイヤーが、少なくとも1つのIII−V族化合物又は少なくとも1つのII−VI族化合物を含むか少なくとも1つの非炭素IV族元素を含み;且つ
グラファイト層が前記ナノワイヤーの上の触媒堆積物の少なくともいくつかと接触している、
組成物を提供する。
(I)II−VI族元素、III−V族元素、又は少なくとも1つの非炭素IV族元素を基板の表面に好ましくは分子線により供給すること;
(II)触媒堆積物が前記ナノワイヤーの少なくともいくつかの上に残るように金属触媒の存在下で基板の表面から複数のナノワイヤーをエピタキシャルに成長させること;
(III)グラファイト層が前記ナノワイヤーの上の触媒堆積物の少なくともいくつかと接触するように前記金属触媒堆積物をグラファイト層に接触させること
を含むプロセスを提供する。
III−V族化合物とは、III族の少なくとも1つのイオン及びV族の少なくとも1つのイオンを含むものを意味する。同様に、II−VI族化合物とは、少なくとも1つのII族イオン及び少なくとも1つのVI族イオンを含むものである。本願中、(II)族という用語は、古典的な(IIa)族及び(IIb)族、すなわちアルカリ土類系列及びZn系列の元素の両方を包含する。IV族元素はSi及びGeを含む。IV族元素という用語は単一のIV族元素及び結合してSiC又はSiGe等の化合物を形成し得る2つのそのような元素の存在の両方を包含すると理解される。各群からの2つ以上のイオンが存在し得る(例えばInGaAs等)。非炭素IV族ナノワイヤーとは少なくとも1つの非炭素IV族元素だけを含むもの、例えばSiナノワイヤー又はSiCナノワイヤーである。
本発明のナノワイヤーの成長に用いられる基板は、半導体基板等の任意の従来の基板であり得る。ナノワイヤーのエピタキシャル且つ垂直な成長に用いられる半導体基板は、ナノワイヤーのベースと同じ種類の結晶構造及び結晶配向並びに近い格子整合性を有し得る。これらは、基板に直角な[111](立方晶構造の場合)又は[0001](六方晶構造の場合)方向にナノワイヤーが成長できる(111)配向表面を有するようなシリコン又はGaAs基板であり得る。GaAs(111)及びSi(111)が特に好ましい基板である。
商業的に重要なナノワイヤーを製造するためには、これらが基板上でエピタキシャルに成長することが必須である。また、成長が基板に直角に且つしたがって理想的には[111](立方晶構造の場合)又は[0001](六方晶構造の場合)方向に起これば理想的である。これは、適切にカットした基板を用意することにより、成長するナノワイヤーと同じ材料から形成された基板を用いることで実現できると上記した。
本発明のナノワイヤーは触媒の存在下で成長される。触媒は、ナノワイヤーを構成する元素の1つ(いわゆる自己触媒)であってもよく、ナノワイヤーを構成する元素のいずれとも異なっていてもよい。
触媒存在下で基板上にナノワイヤーを成長させた後、ナノワイヤーのいくつかがナノワイヤーの上に触媒堆積物を有することが想定される。理想的には、ナノワイヤーの大部分がそのような堆積物を有し、好ましくは実質的に全てのナノワイヤーがこの堆積物を含む。
2量体と4量体の比率を固定することが可能なGaデュアルフィラメントセル、InSUMOデュアルフィラメントセル、及びAsバルブドクラッカーセルを備えたVarian Gen II Modular分子線エピタキシー(MBE)システム中でナノワイヤーを成長させた。本研究では、ヒ素の主な分子種はAs4とした。ナノワイヤーの成長はキッシュグラファイトフレーク上で又は酸化シリコンウェーハ上に堆積させたNi又はPt上に化学蒸着(CVD)技術により直接成長させたグラフェン膜(1〜7単分子層厚)上で行う。2つの異なる方法で試料を作製した。第1の方法では、試料をイソプロパノールで清浄化した後、窒素を用いてブロードライし、次いでシリコンウェーハにIn結合させた。第2の方法では、電子ビーム蒸着装置チャンバー中で、第1の方法を用いて作製した試料上に約30nm厚のSiO2層を堆積させ、その後、電子ビームリソグラフィ及びプラズマエッチングを用いてSiO2に直径約100nmの孔を作った。
GaAs(111)B基板上でAu触媒GaAsナノワイヤーを成長させるために、基板表面を最初に620℃で脱酸素し、次いで、MBEシステム中で原始的に平坦な表面が生じる成長条件下で60nm厚のGaAs膜を成長させた。これを電子ビーム蒸着装置に移してAu薄膜を堆積させた。次いで、ナノワイヤー成長のために試料を再度MBEシステムにローディングした。As4をAsソースの主な分子種として用いた。6×10-6TorrのAs4フラックス下で、基板温度をGaAsナノワイヤー成長のために540℃に上げた。この段階で、Au薄膜はAu粒子に変わり、基板からのGaと合金化してAu−Ga液体粒子を形成した。Ga蒸発セルのシャッターを開けることによりGaAsナノワイヤー成長を開始させた。Ga蒸発セルの温度は、GaAsの公称面成長速度が0.7MLs-1となるようにプリセットした。GaAsナノワイヤーの成長は常にGa及びAsフラックスをシャットダウンすることにより終わらせ、すぐに基板を一定の速度で室温へと下げた。
Cuホイル上で成長させたグラファイト層(<5層)を用いた。CVD成長中にCuホイルの両側にグラファイト層が形成されるので、一方の側に形成されたグラファイト層を酸素プラズマにより除去してCuをエッチングに露出させた。次いで、これを希釈硝酸鉄(Fe(NO3)3)溶液(<5%)に浸漬してCuをエッチングで完全に除去した。一晩(>8時間)エッチングした後、グラファイト層をエッチング液に浮かべ、これを脱イオン水に交換した。脱イオン水で更に複数回すすいだ後、グラファイト層を脱イオン水と共にナノワイヤーアレイ上に移した。N2ブローを用いずにクリーンルーム内で脱イオン水を自然に乾燥させた。
Claims (25)
- グラファイト基板上に複数のナノワイヤーを含む組成物であって、前記ナノワイヤーが、触媒堆積物が前記ナノワイヤーの少なくともいくつかの上に配置されるように金属触媒の存在下で前記基板上にエピタキシャルに成長したものであり、
前記ナノワイヤーが、少なくとも1つのIII−V族化合物又は少なくとも1つのII−VI族化合物を含むか少なくとも1つの非炭素IV族元素を含み;且つ
グラファイト層が前記ナノワイヤーの上の前記触媒堆積物の少なくともいくつかと接触している、
組成物。 - 前記ナノワイヤーが、[111]又は[0001]方向に成長している、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノワイヤーが、III−V族化合物を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノワイヤーが、AlAs、ZnO、GaSb、GaP、GaN、GaAs、InP、InN、InGaAs、InAs、又はAlGaAsを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記グラファイト基板が、グラフェン、グラファン、又は酸化グラフェンである、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記グラファイト基板が、グラフェン、グラファン、又は酸化グラフェンであり、前記グラフェン、グラファン、又は酸化グラフェンが、10以下の原子層を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記グラファイト基板及び/又はグラファイト層が、金属性の膜又はホイル上のキッシュグラファイト、高配向熱分解グラファイト(HOPG)、CVD成長グラフェン層から剥離された積層基板である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記グラファイト基板及び/又は前記グラファイト層が、フレキシブル且つ透明である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記基板の表面及び/又は前記グラファイト層が、酸素、水素、NO2、又はこれらの組合せのガスを用いたプラズマ処理により改質されている、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記基板の表面及び/又は前記グラファイト層が、ドーピングにより改質されている、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記基板の表面及び/又は前記グラファイト層が、有機又は無機分子の吸着によりドープされている、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記基板の表面及び/又は前記グラファイト層が、その成長中に置換ドーピング法によりドープされてドーパントが導入されている、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノワイヤーが、直径が500nm以下であり、長さが最大5ミクロンである、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記基板が、複数のナノワイヤーを含み、前記ナノワイヤーが、実質的に平行である、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記触媒がAu、Agであるか、前記ナノワイヤーが自己触媒される、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記グラファイト層がグラフェンである、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記グラファイト層が、前記ナノワイヤーと同じドーピングイオンでドープされている、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- (I)グラファイト基板の表面にII−VI族元素、III−V族元素、又は少なくとも1つの非炭素IV族元素を供給すること;
(II)前記ナノワイヤーの少なくともいくつかの上に触媒堆積物が残るように、金属触媒の存在下で前記基板の表面から複数のナノワイヤーをエピタキシャルに成長させること;
(III)グラファイト層が前記ナノワイヤーの上の前記触媒堆積物の少なくともいくつかと接触するように、前記金属触媒堆積物をグラファイト層と接触させること
を含む、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の組成物の製造プロセス。 - 前記基板が、孔がパターニングされたマスクでコーティングされる、請求項18に記載のプロセス。
- 前記基板が、孔がパターニングされたマスクでコーティングされ、前記触媒が、孔パターンを介して露出した基板表面に導入される、請求項18又は19に記載のプロセス。
- 前記孔がパターニングされたマスクが、電子ビーム蒸着法、CVD、PE−CVD、スパッタリング、又はALDにより堆積された、少なくとも1つの絶縁性材料を含む、請求項19または20に記載のプロセス。
- 前記孔がパターニングされたマスクでコーティングされた前記基板の、孔パターンを介して露出されている表面が、酸素、水素、NO2、又はこれらの組合せのガスを用いたプラズマ処理により改質される、請求項19〜21のいずれか一項に記載のプロセス。
- 前記グラファイト層が、ポストアニール処理に供される、請求項18〜22のいずれか一項に記載のプロセス。
- 請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む光学又は電子デバイス。
- 請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む太陽電池。
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KR102025548B1 (ko) | 2019-11-04 |
MY167410A (en) | 2018-08-21 |
CN104145340A (zh) | 2014-11-12 |
KR20140112061A (ko) | 2014-09-22 |
SG11201403972VA (en) | 2014-08-28 |
EA201491232A1 (ru) | 2014-12-30 |
CA2863071A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
EP2803091A1 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
CN104145340B (zh) | 2018-03-16 |
US10243104B2 (en) | 2019-03-26 |
IN2014DN06095A (ja) | 2015-08-14 |
GB201200355D0 (en) | 2012-02-22 |
AU2013208988B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 |
EP2803091B1 (en) | 2020-12-09 |
US20150076450A1 (en) | 2015-03-19 |
JP2015503852A (ja) | 2015-02-02 |
AU2013208988A1 (en) | 2014-08-21 |
BR112014016868A8 (pt) | 2017-07-04 |
BR112014016868A2 (pt) | 2017-06-13 |
EA027006B1 (ru) | 2017-06-30 |
WO2013104723A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
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