JP5714210B2 - 移植可能なワイヤ無し通信システム - Google Patents
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Description
米国特許法第119条(e)に従って、本出願は、米国仮特許出願第60/713,881号(2005年9月1日出願);米国仮特許出願第60/713,680号(2005年9月1日出願);および、米国仮特許出願第60/739,174号(2005年11月23日出願)の出願日に対する優先権を主張する。これらの出願の開示は、本明細書において、参考により援用される。
(発明の分野)
本発明は、医療装置および医療方法に関し、特に、患者等の有機体内において無線で情報を通信するための方法および装置に関する。
ペースメーカおよびその他の移植可能な医療機器は、現在の医療制度において広く使用されている。一般的なペースメーカは、心筋と接触して設置された刺激電極と、心筋の動きを検出するために設置された検出電極と、検出電極から受信された信号に基づいて刺激電極を動作させるための制御回路とを含む。したがって、ペースメーカは、異常な(例えば、不規則な)動きを検出し、正常な動きを回復させるため、心臓に電気パルスを送ることができる。
本発明は、便利な小型の、それにもかかわらず体内で互いに有効に通信する通信機器で構成され得る、移植可能なシステムを初めて可能にするものである。したがって、診断および治療用途の両方を含む多数の異なる用途に適応する、移植可能な通信プラットフォームが提供される。本発明の実施形態にしたがって、システムの個別コンポーネントのサイズが小型化したこと、および、当該コンポーネントの、体を通って無線で互いに有効に通信する能力によって、これまで不可能であった多数の異なる用途が可能となる。
上記で要約したように、本発明は、これまで不可能であった機器構成および用途を可能にする固有のフォーマットを使用して互いに(例えば、一方向または双方向)無線で通信する、移植可能なシステムを提供する。本発明の実施形態は、移植可能な医療機器と情報を交換するための通信装置および方法を提供する。いくつかの実施形態において、長波長/低周波電磁帯における準静電信号伝送を使用し、患者の体が導電媒体として作用して、2つの移植可能な機器が互いに通信する。一実施形態において、信号は、約100kHzの周波数、およそ300メートルの波長を有する。機器の1つは、従来のペン型スキャナ等の外部機器と通信するためのさらなるRF回路を装備していてよい。あるいは、機器の1つは、患者の皮膚を介して準静電信号を検出および/または生成することができる電極を含む外部機器であってもよい。
図1は、本発明の一実施形態による、医療診断および/または治療プラットフォーム100のブロック図である。プラットフォーム100は、動力源102と、遠隔機器104と、データコレクタ106と、外部記録装置108とを含む。動作中、遠隔機器104は、患者の体内に設置(例えば、摂取または移植)され、患者の体の内部または外部に位置付けられてよい動力源102から動力を受信する。
本願で使用する場合、「遠隔機器」という用語は、例えば移植または摂取によって患者の体内に入り、体内にある間に、診断的および/または治療的重要性を持ついくつかの作用を実行することができる、任意の電子、電気機械、または機械機器を含む。いくつかの実施形態において、遠隔機器は、体の内部または外部にある他の部分に位置付けられたその他任意の機器との有線接続を必要としない。
本願で使用する場合、「センサ」(または「センサユニット」)は、体の生理的機能に関連する特性を計測することができる遠隔機器の任意のコンポーネントを含む。(ここでは計測結果を「データ」と称する。)センサは、適切なデータコレクタにデータを送信してもよいし、データに基づいて、同じ遠隔機器内の関連するエフェクタユニットの動作を制御してもよいし、これらの両方を行ってもよい。センサユニットの例は、以下を含むがこれらに限定されるものではない。
本発明で用いられ得るセンサの一実施形態は流量センサであり、そのようなセンサは、生理液の流量のパラメータを計測する。概してセンサは、種々の異なる生理液のうちいずれかの流量のパラメータを決定するように構成されることができ、いくつかの実施形態において関心が持たれているのは、血流のパラメータを決定するように構成されたセンサである。したがって、説明を容易にするため、本発明の流量センサ実施形態を、主として血流センサの観点からさらに記述する。
本発明の一実施形態は、体内のある位置における圧力または圧力の変化を検出することができる圧力センサに関するものである。圧力センサは、例えば、当該技術分野では既知であるように、変形させると電荷を生成する圧電性結晶を使用して実装され得る。電荷は、収集および計測され得る。いくつかの実施形態において、圧力センサは、基板上に載置された可撓性部材(例えば、プレーナ構造)を含む。可撓性部材は2つの露出面を有し、当該露出面の1つには、ひずみ変換器(例えば、圧電変換器であってもよい)が載置されているかまたは間接的に取り付けられている。当該変換器は、圧力変化に起因する可撓性部材の変形を受けて、電気信号を生成する。これらの実施形態において、圧力センサは、長期間にわたって安定した読み出しを提供できるよう、低ドリフトで実装され得る。本発明の実施形態において使用され得る圧力センサの例は、米国特許第7,073,387号、第7,066,031号、第7,028,550号、第7,013,734号、および第7,007,551号に記載されているものを含むがこれらに限定されず、これらの開示は参照することにより本願に組み込まれる。その他の種類の圧力センサを使用してもよい。
本発明のさらなる実施形態は、体内にある物質(例えば、血液、胃液等)の化学的特性および/または組成を検出するように設計されたセンサに関するものである。化学センサの1つのカテゴリは、pH等の一般的な化学的特性に関するものである。化学センサのその他のカテゴリは、特定の物質の有無または濃度を検出することに関するものである。例えば、酸素、二酸化炭素、グルコース、酵素、血液中の凝固因子、抗体、バクテリア、癌マーカー等はすべて、適切に構成されたセンサを使用して検出され得る。一実施形態において、抗体は、抗体用の受容体分子が取り付けられたナノチューブを持つナノスケールセンサを設計することによって検出され得る。当該センサは、抗体が受容体分子に結合した際に、電流がナノチューブ内を流れ、検出されるように配列される。そのようなセンサの例は当該技術分野において既知であり、本発明の実施形態に用いられ得る。
本発明の別の実施形態は、伝導率、抵抗、電位等の電気的特性に関するものである。いくつかの場合において、これらの特性は生理的パラメータの間接計測として使用され、例えば、血液の抵抗を使用して上述したように流速を決定することができる。その他の実施形態において、電気的特性は、体内における心臓またはその他の構造体の場所および/または変位を計測する「電気的断層撮影」に使用され得る。そのようなシステム1つにおいて、3つ(またはそれ以上)の電極が使用され、少なくとも1つは心臓内にあり(すなわち、心臓内に移植される)、その他(「電界電極」)は比較的静止した(すなわち、心臓とともに動かない)エリアに置かれる。電界電極間に電場が生成され、心臓内電極が電場の振幅を検知する。心臓の収縮により心臓内電極が電界電極に対して移動すると、検知電極は電場内を移動し、検知される電位が変動する。これらの変動から、収縮の大きさおよびタイミングを含む心臓機能に関する情報を導き出し、診断的および/または治療的目的のために使用することができる。電気的断層撮影システムおよび方法を含む連続場の例は、WO2006/042039として公開された係属中の出願番号PCT/US2005/036035号において記述されており、その優先権出願を含むこれらの開示は、参照することにより組み込まれる。
本発明のさらに別の実施形態は、温度、熱伝導率等の熱的特性に関するものである。当該技術分野において既知の技術を使用してマイクロスケールまたはより小型の熱電素子を作り、体内の種々の部位に移植することができる。温度変化または絶対温度計測を使用して、何らかの組織、臓器、またはシステムにおける生理作用の増大を識別することができる(例えば、血流ひいては胃腸管内の温度は、概して消化中に上昇する)。創傷部位または手術部位において、局所的な温度上昇を検出し、感染可能性の徴候として認識することもできる。
別の実施形態は、何らかの組織における放射線被曝を検知することに関するものである。放射線センサは、放射線治療中、腫瘍部位および/または周囲組織に移植されることができ、当該センサからの読み出し結果は、放射線が意図された標的または健康な組織のいずれに送達されているかについてのリアルタイム情報を提供することができ、送達システムの調整を可能にする。
本願で使用する場合「エフェクタ」(または「エフェクタユニット」)という用語は、制御信号を受けて、患者の生理的機能における何らかの性状に影響を及ぼすアクションを実行することができる遠隔機器の任意のコンポーネントを含む。いくつかの実施形態において、制御信号は、同じ遠隔機器上にあるセンサユニットによって生成される。例えば、図3は、センサ302および制御論理304を(例えば、回路/ハードウェアおよび/またはソフトウェア実装の形で)含む遠隔機器300と、この場合は、患者の組織(図示せず)に電気刺激(例えば、電流または電圧パルス)を送ることができるよう、当該組織に接触して設置された電極308を含むエフェクタ306と、を示す。エフェクタは電気刺激以外の機能(いくつかの例を以下に記述する)を実行することが可能であり、したがってすべてのエフェクタが図3に示すような刺激電極を含むわけではないことを理解すべきである。
エフェクタの一実施形態は、薬物(すなわち、任意の薬理的活性物質)を充填したチャンバと、制御信号を受けて、当該薬物をチャンバから患者の体内へ放出または噴出するための機構とを含む。薬物は、制御された用量サイズで放出されることができ、エフェクタは複数用量を搭載し得る。例えば、エフェクタをインスリンで充填し、血液中のグルコースレベルを計測するセンサに結合してよい。グルコースレベルがある閾値を超えて上がると、エフェクタが作動し、一回分のインスリンを送達する。その他の材料(例えば、化学的および/または神経学的溶出材料)も同様に、移植可能な遠隔エフェクタを介して送達され得る。
エフェクタの別の実施形態は、制御信号を受けて体内の望ましい点に電気刺激(電流および/または電圧)を送るために、制御可能に荷電され得る電極を含む。そのような電気刺激は、例えば、筋肉の収縮を開始またはそれに対抗するため、心臓細動除去の治療または診断目的で(例えば、特定のエリアまたは神経における神経損傷を防止または検出するために)神経を刺激するため等に使用され得る。
エフェクタの別の実施形態は、望ましいエリアに機械的刺激または圧力を印加することができる変形可能または移動可能な部品を含む。例えば、電流が印加されると変形する圧電性結晶を使用して、種々の臓器を操作する等のために血管または筋肉に圧力を印加することができる。また、マイクロスケールまたはナノスケールロボットシステムといった未来技術を、本発明の範囲内のエフェクタとして用いることができる。
エフェクタの別の実施形態は、電流または電圧が印加されると熱を生成することができる熱源(例えば、抵抗素子)を含む。そのようなエフェクタは、例えば治癒を促進するために、損傷した筋肉に直接的に熱を印加する際等に使用することができる。
エフェクタの別の実施形態は、初めは空であるがエフェクタの作用によって材料を充填することができるチャンバを含む。例えば、エフェクタは、患者の消化管に摂取され、いくつかの適切な条件下でそのチャンバを開くように作動されてもよく、患者の胃または腸の内容物の試料を当該チャンバに充填することを可能にする。エフェクタは、その位置で内容物を分析するセンサと対にされてもよいし、エフェクタは、消化管を通過し、体を出た後で分析のために回収されるカプセル内にあってもよい。
エフェクタの別の実施形態は、遮蔽された放射線源と、制御信号を受けて当該遮蔽物の少なくとも一部を除去および置換するための機構とを含む。そのようなエフェクタを使用して、診断的または治療的目的のための放射線を提供することができる。
本願で使用する場合、遠隔機器内の「送信器」(または送信器ユニット)は、体の導電性組織との直接的または近接場電気的結合を使用し、体内を通って無線で信号を送信するコンポーネントである。信号は、若干の情報を担持する。情報の例は、機器が動作可能であることを示すプレゼンスインジケータ(例えば、識別コード)、遠隔機器内のセンサユニットから生成される計測値、遠隔機器内のエフェクタユニットの作用の発現および/または作用のレベルを示す信号、体内の他の部分にある遠隔機器内に位置付けられたエフェクタを制御する制御信号等を含むがこれらに限定されない。遠隔機器の状態または動作に関するあらゆる情報は、信号に形成され、送信器ユニットによって送信されることができる。
当該技術分野で知られているように(例えば、J.D.Jackson、Classical Electrodynamics、第二版、394〜396ページ(1975年)を参照)、角周波数ωおよび対応する波数k(ここで、k=ω/cであり、cは適切な媒質中における光の速度である)を持つ振動電気双極子アンテナの放射線の電場(E)および磁場(B)が、方程式:
いくつかの実施形態において、信号を送信するために、電気双極子または電気単極子アンテナを使用する。図5(上述)は、双極子アンテナを図示している。発振器504は、電極ドライバ506に駆動信号(φおよび本願において/φとして表示される反転信号)を提供する。図6は、従来のCMOSドライバ回路を使用して実装される双極子電極ドライバ600の詳細を示す回路図である。電極602は、駆動信号φを受けてトランジスタ604、606によって電位E0まで駆動され、一方、電極608は、反転駆動信号/φを受けて、トランジスタ610、612によって電位E1まで駆動される。駆動信号φおよび/φは逆位相で振動するため、電位E0およびE1も逆位相で振動する。ドライバ600および本願に記載されているその他すべての電子回路は、当該技術分野において既知であるサブミクロンCMOS処理技術を使用して実装され得るため、回路のサイズは遠隔機器のサイズの制限要因ではないことが十分理解されるであろう。
図5を再度参照すると、いくつかの実施形態において、発振器504は一定の周波数で動作する。一定周波数信号の受信自体が、例えば遠隔機器が存在し、動作可能であるといった有用な情報を提供し得る。いくつかの実施形態において、発振器504は、追加情報を符号化するようにその信号を変調する。
より一般的には、いかなる数の遠隔機器を設けてもよく、各遠隔機器は、1つ以上のユニットを(センサおよび/またはエフェクタおよび/または送信器を任意の組み合わせで)含んでもよい。送信器は、中央データコレクタおよび/または1つ以上のその他の遠隔機器に信号を送信することができ、いくつかの実施形態においては、そこから信号を受信することもできる。いくつかの場合において、遠隔機器上の異なるユニットは、中央コレクタによって何らかの手法で識別可能となるであろう。例えば、単一の遠隔機器の異なるセンサまたはエフェクタユニットは、アドレス指定可能なものであってよく、異なる周波数を使用して異なる時刻に信号を送信する等ができ、異なる送信器からの伝送は、当該伝送が関係するセンサ、エフェクタ、または送信器を識別する識別コードを含み得る。外部のデジタルまたはその他のコントローラまたは回路が、ユニットの動作を選択的に動力供給、作動、または開始することを可能にするために、デジタルまたはその他のスイッチング回路がユニットに設けられたいくつかの例においては、少なくともアドレス指定可能なユニット、特にアドレス指定可能なエフェクタが好ましい。
第II節において説明したような種類の遠隔機器は、いくつかの実施形態において、その中に含まれ得る任意のセンサユニット、エフェクタユニット、または送信器ユニットを動作させるために動力を必要とする。本発明は特定の動力源を使用することに限定されるものではなく、特定の用途に適したあらゆる動力源が用いられ得る。
一実施形態において、準静電結合を使用して無線で動力が送られる。当該動作は、第II節Cの1に記載された信号伝送と略同様である。この事例における受信器は、受信された電流によって動力供給される回路を含む。いくつかの実施形態において、受信器は、受信された電流によって充電され、後に有用な作業(例えば、検知、実効化、および/または送信)を抽出するために放電されるストレージデバイス(例えば、コンデンサ、化学電池等)も含む。
別の部類の動力源は、胃液、血液、またはその他の体液および何らかの組織等のイオン溶液中における逆電気分解を活用するものである。当該技術分野においては、異なる金属から作られ、いくらか距離を離して設置された、イオン溶液中の2つの電極は、当該溶液中のイオン性材料が再結合する際に電位差を生じることがよく知られている(これは、例えば水素燃料電池の背後にある動作原理である)。
遠隔機器1000は、2つの異なる金属からできていて互いに電気的に絶縁された、金属電極1002および1004と電気的に接続されている。当該技術分野において既知であるように、金属電極1002および1004がイオン溶液1006中に浸されると、それらの間に電位差が生じる。例えば、電極1000は高電位V+に上昇し、一方、電極1004は低電位V−に下降する。この電位差は、遠隔機器1000内の回路に動力供給するために使用され得る。
上述したものに加えて、またはその代わりに、遠隔機器内外にあるその他のソースを用いてもよい。例えば、適切なフォームファクタを持つ化学電池または同位体電池を、いくつかの遠隔機器に動力供給するために使用することができる。血液をエネルギー源として使用する、最近開発された燃料電池は、小型化され、低電力マイクロチップに電気エネルギーを提供するために使用され得る。機械エネルギー(例えば、圧縮)を電気エネルギーに変換する圧電性結晶は、心臓、胃、関節、または、体のその他の可動部分の中またはその周囲等、適切な機械力が発揮され得る場所に配置された遠隔機器に用いられ得る。例えば、参照することによりその開示が本願に組み込まれる、係属中の米国特許出願第11/385,986号を参照されたい。また、事実上、血液が遠隔機器に「栄養を与える」ように、血液中のATPから動力が抽出される、細胞エネルギー工場をモデルにした動力源が用いられ得る。その他の実施形態において、音響エネルギー(例えば、超音波)は、圧電または同様のコンバータを介して、遠隔装置に結合され得る。
図1を再度参照すると、プラットフォーム100はデータコレクタ106も提供する。本願で使用する場合、「データコレクタ」は、上述したような送信器によって体内に作成された電位差を検出するための受信アンテナを装備し、それによって送信された情報を受信する、任意の機器である。データコレクタは、受信されたデータを種々の手法で取り扱うことができる。いくつかの実施形態において、コレクタは、単にデータを外部機器に(例えば、従来のRF通信を使用して)再送信する。その他の実施形態において、データコレクタは、その制御下にあるエフェクタを動作させる、可視または可聴警報を活性化する、体内のどこかに位置付けられたエフェクタに制御信号を送信する等、何らかのアクションを取るか否かを判断するために、受信されたデータを処理する。また他の実施形態において、データコレクタは、後に外部機器に再送信するため、または、順次データの処理(例えば、あるパラメータの変化を経時的に検出する)において使用するために、受信されたデータを格納する。さらに他の実施形態において、データコレクタは、データを別の内部機器へ送信することができ、次いで当該内部機器が必要に応じてその情報をさらに別の機器へリレーし、例えばここでは複数のそのような機器が患者の体全体に分布しており、複数のそのような機器が、1つの位置から別の位置へ情報をリレーする役割を果たす。データコレクタは受信されたデータを使用して、これらのおよび/またはその他の動作のいかなる組み合わせも実行することができることを理解されたい。
前節では、例えば、互いに通信することができる1つ以上の移植可能な機器を使用する、患者の医療診断および/または治療用の汎用プラットフォームについて説明した。そのようなプラットフォームについて、種々のコンポーネントおよび使用法の多数の例を既に説明しており、当業者は、本教示を利用して、コンポーネントおよび使用法のその他の例を容易に開発するであろうことが考慮される。
一実施形態において、図1の遠隔機器104は、送信器ユニットを含有する摂取可能な丸薬を備える。丸薬が消化されると、送信器が活性化されて信号を送信し、データ収集ユニット102によって丸薬の摂取を検出および報告させる。そのような丸薬の例は、係属中のPCT出願番号PCT/US2006/016370号に記載されており、その開示およびその優先権出願は、参照することにより本願に組み込まれる。いくつかの実施形態において、丸薬は、プラットフォーム100の一実施形態を表す送信器を実装する集積回路チップを含む。当該チップは、有利には、患者が飲み込むことができる丸薬の内側に完全に適合するほど十分コンパクトである。
本発明の実施形態は、多様な条件下において種々の生理的パラメータの計測に使用され得る流量センサ、例えば血流センサを提供する。以下の説明においては血流の評定が強調されているが、その他多くの生理液の流れは、本願において教示する体内電磁式流量センサによって測定され得ることを理解すべきである。例えば、数ある中でも、脳脊髄液、リンパ液、胸腔内の流体、涙腺流、緑内障の場合の眼液、腎臓からの尿の流れを評定することができる。
いくつかの実施形態において、センサは、血液の抵抗が流速とともに直接的に、且つ、ヘマトクリット値、すなわち、血液全体のうち赤血球で構成される容量パーセントとは逆に変動するという、既知の特性を活用する(例えば、Hoetnikら、IEEE Trans.Biomed.Engr.51:.7、1251(2004年);Sigmanら、Amer.J.Physiol.、118、708(1937年)を参照)。
図24Cは、電極2306と2307との間の電圧差を出力する増幅器2321の出力における、図23に示す機器によって計測された電圧信号を表す理論的データを示す。この波形2413は、図24Aの波形2401を作成したものと同じ細胞の群が電極2306と2307との間の空間を通過する際に予測され得るものである。当該波形は、時間t2だけ遅延していることを除き、波形2401とまさに同様である。波形2413を、図24Aの波形2401、図24Bの波形2411のいずれかと、または両方と比較するために、相関技術が使用される。これは、t2を計算するために使用されることになる。以下の公式を使用して、電極2305と2306との間のエリアおよび電極2306と2307との間のエリアからの、血液の大まかな瞬間速度vを計算することができる。
あるいは、以下の公式を使用して、図23に示す機器から電極2304と2305との間の空間、および、電極2306と2307との間の空間からの距離2dにわたる、血液の平均速度vを計算することができる。
本発明のこの技術は、センサの長さに沿ったすべての電極対における、およびその間の、ヘマトクリット値および血流速度を計算するために使用され得る。異なる電極対を使用して、2つのデータポイント間の間隔を、望ましい情報に応じて変動させることができる。各連続する隣接対を使用して、センサの長さ全体にわたる血流の変化を追跡することができる。あるいは、センサの長さ全体にわたる平均血流の計測のために、さらに間隔を空けた2つの電極対を使用してもよい。
上述したように、本発明の実施形態によって提供される別の種類の流量センサは、体内電磁式流量センサである。本発明の体内電磁式血流センサは、内液流、例えば血流の正確な測定を初めて電磁的に可能にするものである。この革新により、心臓の一回拍出量等、臨床的に有用な生理的パラメータの計算が可能になる。
ここで、
Eは、求められる起電力(単位:ボルト)であり、
Hは、磁場強度(単位:エルステッド)であり、
Lは、運動の方向および力の磁力線の方向に対して直角な導体の長さ(単位:センチメートル)であり、
vは、磁力の線に対して直角な方向における導体の運動の速度(単位:cm/秒)である。
電極が流動液体に浸されている場合、物理長Lは有効長になるように修正され、電極間隔と必ずしも等しくはない。
本願に記載するセンサ実施形態は例示的なものであり、変形形態および修正形態が可能であることを理解されたい。さらに、種々の異なる位置における局所的な血流パラメータを、例えば連続的にまたは同時に計測するために、患者の循環系内の異なる位置に複数のセンサを移植することができる。すべてのセンサは、当該センサが用いられるシステムの構成に応じ、上述したような無線信号通信を使用して、または、多重リード内の導電部材によって、中央データ収集機器(例えば、ペースメーカ制御缶)にデータを直接送信することができる。中央収集ポイントから、データは、処理される、および/または、処理のための外部機器へ転送されることができる。データ収集機器は、必要に応じて、内部にあっても外部にあってもよく、例えば収集機器は、患者が当該機器を身に着けている間、患者の皮膚に接触する電極を持つ時計またはベルトとして実装され得る。外部機器は、警報、計測データ等を含む可聴および/または可視情報を、患者または臨床医に提供することができる。そのような機器は、当該機器によって回収されたデータの転送先となり得るコンピュータに当該機器がそれを介して接続され得る、通信ポートを含んでもよい。
上記の血流センサ機器により、本願に記載した種類のセンサによって報告された計測結果(例えば、血液抵抗率、誘導EMF)から多数の生理的パラメータを導き出すことができる。これらのパラメータを使用して、患者の病気を診断し、治療計画を決定し、応答に基づいて、センサの連続使用から判断されたように当該治療計画を修正することができる。
いくつかの実施形態において、システムは、例えば、当該システムの機器の1つ以上が薬物送達機器として作用する、薬物送達機能を含む。例えば、当該機器の1つは、「Personal Implantable Paramedic」と題され、2006年8月31日に出願された、米国仮特許出願第60/824,119号に記載されているような移植可能薬物送達機器であってよく、その開示は参照することにより本願に組み込まれる。したがって、システムの機器の1つ以上が移植可能医療機器を含んでよく、そのうちの1つ以上が患者の体内に移植され、体内への生理活性物質の制御放出を可能にすることができる。機器は、薬物を充填した1つ以上の容器と、投与機構と、電池および/またはエネルギー捕捉回路と、マイクロチップとを備えてよい。さらに、機器は、体内の状態を計測し、診断を実行する制御ユニットに情報を送信する、センサを備えてよい。薬物を投与すべきであると制御ユニットが判断した場合には、当該センサは特定の薬物を放出するために、1つ以上の薬物容器に対して信号を送信することができる。機器は、除細動パルス等のソースから周囲電気エネルギーを採取することにより、容器および/またはセンサにエネルギーを与えることができる。その他の実施形態において、容器および/またはセンサは、電池または放射性同位体等の内在動力源によって動力供給されることができる。
血栓溶解剤は、ウロキナーゼ・プラスミノーゲン活性化因子、ウロキナーゼ、ストレプトキナーゼ、α2−プラスミン阻害剤の阻害剤およびプラスミノーゲン活性化因子阻害剤−1の阻害剤、アンジオテンシン変換酵素(Angiotensin Converting Enzyme;ACE)阻害剤、スピロノラクトン、組織プラスミノーゲン活性化因子(tissue Plasminogen Activator;tPA)、インターロイキン1β変換酵素の阻害剤、ならびにアンチトロンビンIIIを含むがこれらに限定されない。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明の通信システムは、例えば、2006年7月7日に出願され、「Smart Parenteral Delivery System」と題された、係属中の米国仮出願番号第60/819,750号に記載されているようなスマート非経口送達システムにおいて用いられ、その開示は参照することにより本願に組み込まれる。これらの実施形態における本発明のスマート非経口送達システムは、非経口の有益な剤、またはその他の方法によって、例えば注射器、吸入器、もしくは医薬を投与するその他の機器の使用によって体内に服用される有益な剤の、特異的な識別および検出を提供する。スマート非経口送達システムは、チップを有する有益な剤を含み得る。チップは、患者に投与される有益な剤の種類に関する情報を含有することができる。保持容器、例えばバイアルから有益な剤を抽出すると、当該バイアルから注射器内のチップへ信号が送られ得る。ブロードキャスト信号は、バイアルから抽出された有益な剤の種類を示すことができる。患者への注射時、情報は注射器から、患者の体内、体表面上、またはその付近に位置付けられた情報管理データベースへ送られることができる。
特定の実施形態に関して本発明を説明したが、当業者であれば、多数の修正形態およびその他の実施形態が可能であることを認識するであろう。ほぼすべての病状を検出または治療するために、準静電領域において無線で通信している、センサ、データコレクタ、およびエフェクタを任意の組み合わせで含む、数限りないネットワークが作成および調整され得る。例は上述のとおりである。より一般的には、動力源(または動力受信器)、センサ、エフェクタ、および/または送信器を含む小型自律チップを体内の事実上どこにでも設置できることが十分に理解されるであろう。チップはデータ収集または制御システムにワイヤで接続される必要がないため、全く新しい診断および治療モデルを開発することができる。種々のパラメータを計測するために、体全体にセンサを配置することができ、データは体を通って無線で中央コレクタへ送信される。収集されたデータを使用して、治療活動(例えば、薬物の放出、電気的または機械的刺激等)を自動的に開始または一時停止することができ、また当該データを、後で臨床医に報告するために格納してもよいし、患者が兆候を経験する前であっても、病気が発現しつつある患者に勧告するリアルタイムの警報を生成するために使用してもよい。
本発明の態様は、例えば、それぞれ準静電プロトコルを(上述のように)使用して無線で通信する遠隔機器(流量センサ、例えば抵抗流量センサ、電磁式流量センサ)等、本発明の機器を含む移植可能な医療機器およびシステムを含む、システムを含む。当該システムは、診断的応用、治療的応用等を含むがこれらに限定されない、多数の異なる機能を実行することができる。
例えば上述したようなシステムの1つ以上のコンポーネントを含むキットも提供される。例えば、キットは、(i)患者の体との準静電結合を介して信号を送信すること、および(ii)患者の体との準静電結合を介して、送信された信号を受信すること、のうち少なくとも1つを行うように構成される、例えば移植可能なまたは摂取可能な機器を含み得る。いくつかの実施形態において、キットは、そのような機器を2つ以上含み得る。いくつかの実施形態において、キットは、例えばリード上にまたは遠隔移植可能な機器として存在する、上述したような流量センサを含み得る。
実施例:大静脈内の血流
本願で説明した種類の血流センサを使用して実験を実行した。実験の設定および結果は本発明の一実施形態の効能を説明する目的で提示するものであり、この説明は請求項の範囲を限定することを意図するものではない。
Claims (10)
- 動物の体内で情報を通信するためのシステムであって、前記システムは、
(a)信号を送信するように構成された送信器(500)を含む第1の医療機器(204、205、206)であって、前記第1の医療機器は、摂取可能な機器である、第1の医療機器と、
(b)前記送信された信号を受信するように構成された受信器を含む第2の機器(204、205、206)であって、前記信号は、前記第1の医療機器によって生成されたデータを含み、もしくは、前記信号は、前記第1の医療機器の識別子を含む、第2の機器と
を含み、
前記送信器は、30MHz以下のオーダーの周波数を有する電界内での患者の体への前記送信器の準静電近接場結合を介して準静電信号を送信するように構成されており、前記受信器は、前記送信された準静電信号を前記患者の前記体への前記準静電近接場結合を介して受信するように構成されており、前記第1の医療機器は、丸薬(1102)内に配置された集積回路を含み、前記集積回路の裏面は、第一の金属(1103)で部分的に被覆され、前記集積回路の前面の一部は、第二の金属(1104)と、前記集積回路を囲む少なくとも1つの外層とで被覆され、前記外層は、胃液中で溶解し、その結果、前記外層の溶解は、逆電気分解に対して前記第一の金属と前記第二の金属とを暴露し、前記集積回路に動力を生成し、前記第1の医療機器の識別子を前記第2の機器に送信することを特徴とする、システム。 - 前記第2の機器は、移植可能な機器である、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記第1の医療機器は、
(a)電源(102)と、
(b)前記電源に結合され、前記信号を生成するように構成された信号生成回路であって、前記信号生成回路は、アンテナに結合された発振器(504)を含む、信号生成回路と、
(c)前記信号生成回路に結合され、前記体への前記準静電近接場結合を介して前記信号を送信するように構成されたアンテナ(508)であって、前記アンテナは、間隙によって隔てられた一対の電極を含む、アンテナ(508)と
を含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記電源は、電池を含む、請求項3に記載のシステム。
- 前記電源は、
(i)エネルギー源からのエネルギーを前記体への準静電近接場結合を介して受信するようにさらに構成されたアンテナ(508)と、
(ii)前記受信されたエネルギーを電力に変換するように構成された変換回路と
を含む、請求項3に記載のシステム。 - 前記発振器(504)は、約10MHz以下の周波数で動作するように構成されている、請求項5に記載のシステム。
- 前記第2の機器は、前記受信された信号を前記患者の外部にある二次的な受信器に再送信するようにさらに構成されており、前記二次的な受信器は、RF受信器であり、かつ、無線周波数(RF)送信器を含み、前記第2の機器は、前記受信された情報を前記二次的な受信器に再送信するように構成された経皮ワイヤを含み、前記二次的な受信器は、前記患者の内部にあり、前記第2の機器は、ペースメーカーである、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムは、
(i)前記患者の前記体への前記準静電近接場結合を介して信号を送信すること
(ii)前記送信された信号を前記患者の前記体への前記準静電近接場結合を介して受信すること
のうちの少なくとも一方を行うように構成された第3の機器を少なくとも含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記第1の機器は、センサを含み、前記センサは、血流センサであり、前記血流センサは、抵抗センサを含み、前記血流センサは、電磁式血流センサを含み、前記第1の機器は、エフェクタを含み、前記エフェクタは、電極を含む、請求項1〜8のうちのいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記信号生成回路は、
(i)前記アンテナ上で時変電位を駆動するように結合されたドライバ(506)であって、前記発振器は、該ドライバに結合された出力を有する、ドライバ(506)と、
(ii)前記発振器の出力の周波数を変調することにより、前記情報を符号化するように構成された変調器、もしくは、前記発振器の出力の位相を変調することにより、前記情報を符号化するように構成された変調器、もしくは、前記発振器の出力の振幅を変調することにより、前記情報を符号化するように構成された変調器と
をさらに含む、請求項4に記載のシステム。
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JP (6) | JP5714210B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007028035A2 (ja) |
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2006
- 2006-09-01 JP JP2008529315A patent/JP5714210B2/ja active Active
- 2006-09-01 EP EP06802827A patent/EP1920418A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-09-01 WO PCT/US2006/034258 patent/WO2007028035A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-09-01 US US12/063,095 patent/US8547248B2/en active Active
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- 2013-04-30 US US13/874,242 patent/US20140051965A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP1920418A4 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
JP2014176753A (ja) | 2014-09-25 |
JP2009506838A (ja) | 2009-02-19 |
JP2021065729A (ja) | 2021-04-30 |
JP2020195818A (ja) | 2020-12-10 |
WO2007028035A3 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
JP2019111406A (ja) | 2019-07-11 |
US8547248B2 (en) | 2013-10-01 |
JP2016144696A (ja) | 2016-08-12 |
WO2007028035A2 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
US20140051965A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
US20080306359A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
EP1920418A2 (en) | 2008-05-14 |
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