JP5778425B2 - 腎不全におけるゲルソリンの診断的および治療的使用 - Google Patents
腎不全におけるゲルソリンの診断的および治療的使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2008年1月25日に出願された米国仮出願第61/023,789号の35U.S.C.§119(e)に基づく利益を主張し、該出願の全内容を本明細書に援用する。
発明の分野
本発明は、ゲルソリンの診断的および治療的使用に関する。
慢性血液透析(HD)は、末期腎疾患(ESRD)の急性死亡率を劇的に低減した。しかし、HDを受ける慢性腎不全患者は、なお著しく早期に死亡する。この有害転帰は早期に現れ、死亡は、年齢が一致する対照集団においてよりもはるかに速く、透析を開始してから1年以内に訪れ、最も多い死因は、心血管イベントおよび急性感染症である1−3。慢性腎不全を有する患者は、びまん性組織損傷、慢性炎症、筋量の減少および低アルブミン血症、ならびに重篤な栄養障害の兆候を示し、この全てが有害転帰に強く関連づけられてきた4−8。これらの基礎症状の集合と早期の死亡との間の関係を媒介する病因は、ほとんど知られていない。したがって、早期死亡のリスクが高いESRDおよび/またはHD患者を容易に同定することができる新規のバイオマーカー、特に、治療の可能性と関連したバイオマーカーの検索は、この、さもなくば不運な集団の転帰を改善する上で、重要な臨床的影響を有し得る。
血漿ゲルソリン(pGSN)は、栄養状態、炎症および筋量に対して強い関連性を有し、かつ重要なことに、治療的有用性の可能性を有する、組織損傷の高感度マーカーである9−12。pGSNは、ヒト第9染色体上にコードされるタンパク質の細胞外バリアントであり、選択的mRNAスプライシングにより生じる細胞型(cellular)および分泌型(secreted)のアイソフォームを有する13。細胞型ゲルソリン(cGSN)は、その調節アクチンフィラメント結合機能を介する、広範に発現している細胞の形状変化および運動性のメディエーターである14。血漿ゲルソリンは、健常個体において250mg/Lの平均濃度で循環する豊富な血漿タンパク質である14。cGSNおよびpGSNは、pGSNがそのアミノ末端において25個のさらなるアミノ酸を含み、その分泌の原因となるプロセッシングされたシグナル配列を有することを除いて、一次構造においておよびin vitroでの生化学的機能に関して同一である13。多くの細胞種がpGSNを分泌するが、最も大きな身体器官としての横紋筋が殆どのpGSN産生の原因である。pGSNのアミノ酸配列は種間で高度に保存され、ヒト抗pGSN抗体は報告されていない15。
本発明のなお別の側面によれば、腎不全対象における治療の有効性を評価するための方法が提供される。本方法は、対象からのゲルソリンのレベルを予め決定された値と比較すること、および前記ゲルソリンのレベルが前記予め決定された値と同じであるかまたはそれより高いかを決定することを含み、前記決定は治療が有効であることを示す。
ゲルソリンは、血漿ゲルソリン(pGSN)、細胞質ゲルソリン(cGSN)、アドビリン(advillin)、ビリン、capG、フライトレスプロテイン(flightless protein)、フラグミン、セベリン、アドセベリン、プロトビリン(protovillin)、および/またはスーパービリン(supervillin)であってもよい。ゲルソリンは、経口、舌下、口腔内、鼻内、静脈内、筋肉内、髄腔内、腹腔内、または皮下投与してもよい。
ゲルソリンは、血漿ゲルソリン(pGSN)、細胞質ゲルソリン(cGSN)、アドビリン、ビリン、capG、フライトレスプロテイン、フラグミン、セベリン、アドセベリン、プロトビリン、および/またはスーパービリンであってもよい。ゲルソリンは、経口、舌下、口腔内、鼻内、静脈内、筋肉内、髄腔内、腹腔内、または皮下投与してもよい。
ゲルソリンは、血漿ゲルソリン(pGSN)、細胞質ゲルソリン(cGSN)、アドビリン、ビリン、capG、フライトレスプロテイン、フラグミン、セベリン、アドセベリン、プロトビリン、および/またはスーパービリンであってもよい。ゲルソリンは、経口、舌下、口腔内、鼻内、静脈内、筋肉内、髄腔内、腹腔内、または皮下投与してもよい。
ゲルソリンは、血漿ゲルソリン(pGSN)、細胞質ゲルソリン(cGSN)、アドビリン、ビリン、capG、フライトレスプロテイン、フラグミン、セベリン、アドセベリン、プロトビリン、および/またはスーパービリンであってもよい。ゲルソリンは、経口、舌下、口腔内、鼻内、静脈内、筋肉内、髄腔内、腹腔内、または皮下投与してもよい。
ゲルソリンまたはアクチンのレベルは、対象の体液中のものであり得る。体液の例として、血液、血漿、血清、尿、滑液、脳脊髄液または肺胞液が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。一部の重要な態様において、体液は血漿である。
グラム陽性細菌の例として、パスツレラ属種、スタフィロコッカス属種、ストレプトコッカス属種、バチルス・アントラシス、コリネバクテリウム属種、ジフテロイド(Diphtheroids)種、リステリア属種、エリシペロスリクス属種およびクロストリジウム属種が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
抗酸菌は、マイコバクテリウム属種であり得る。スピロヘータは、トレポネーマ属種、ボレリア属種またはレプトスピラ属種であり得る。
寄生虫の例として、プラスモジウム属種、トキソプラズマ属種、バベシア属種、リューシュマニア属種およびトリパノソーマ属種が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
一部の態様において、対象は透析を受けている。透析は、血液透析または腹膜透析であり得る。一部の態様において、対象は末期腎疾患(ESRD)を有する。
本願において同定される全ての書類は、その全体を本明細書に援用する。
本発明は、部分的に、慢性透析対象において、基線の血漿ゲルソリンレベルが低く、ゲルソリンレベルが死亡率(例えば感染性または心臓性の原因からの死亡率)に対して逆相関するという知見に基づく。本発明はまた、部分的に、慢性透析対象において、血漿アクチンレベルの上昇が死亡率に直接的に関連するという知見に基づく。したがって、ゲルソリンの枯渇および/または過剰なアクチンは、腎不全対象(例えば慢性透析対象)における死亡率を予測する。ゲルソリンは、腎不全対象(例えば慢性透析対象)において死亡率を低下させるためにおよび/または感染症のリスクを低減するために用い得ると考えられる。
本明細書において用いる場合、用語「ゲルソリン」とは、野生型ゲルソリン(GenBankアクセッション番号:X04412)、ゲルソリンのアイソフォーム、アナログ、バリアント、フラグメントまたは機能的誘導体を包含する。
本発明の処置方法に対する応答は、例えば、血漿もしくは血液中のゲルソリンおよび/または血漿もしくは血液中のアクチンを測定し、処置の結果として血漿もしくは血液中ののゲルソリンレベルが増加したかおよび/または血漿もしくは血液中のアクチンレベルが減少したか否かを決定することにより、決定することができる。血漿または血液中のゲルソリンおよび/またはアクチンを測定するため、およびかかる試験の結果を解釈するための試験および方法は、当業者に公知である。
本発明のある方法を実施する上で、対象のアクチンのレベルを得ることが必要である。このレベルは、次いで、予め決定された値と比較され、ここで、予め決定された値と比較されたアクチンのレベルは、対象が継続治療から利益を得るであろう可能性の指標である。対象は、次いで、治療の変更から得る可能性がある正味の利益により特徴づけることができる。
処置の量は、例えば、ゲルソリンまたは薬理作用剤または治療用組成物の量を増大または減少させることにより、投与する治療用組成物を変更することにより、投与の経路を変更することにより、投与のタイミングを変更することなどにより、変化させることができる。有効量は、処置されている状態、処置されている対象の年齢および身体条件、状態の重篤度、処置の期間、併用療法の性質(もしあれば)、具体的な投与の経路により変化し、同様の要因は、医師の知識および専門知識の範囲内である。例えば、有効量は、対象が腎不全を有している期間に依存し得る。
ゲルソリンおよび任意の他の治療剤は、それ自体で、または薬学的に許容し得る塩の形態で投与することができる。
経口投与のために好適な組成物は、各々が予め決定された量の活性化合物(例えばゲルソリン)を含む、カプセル、錠剤、丸剤、ロゼンジなどの別々の単位として提示することができる。他の組成物として、シロップ、エリキシル剤、乳液またはゲルなどの、水性の液体または非水性の液体中の懸濁液が挙げられる。
治療剤は、約1mmの粒子サイズの顆粒またはペレットの形態における微細な多数の粒子として、製剤中に含めてもよい。カプセル投与のための材料の製剤はまた、粉末であっても、軽く圧縮されたプラグであっても、または錠剤ですらあってもよい。治療剤は、圧縮により製造することができる。
治療剤の容積を、不活性材料で希釈または増大させてもよい。これらの希釈剤として、炭水化物、特にマンニトール、ラクトース、無水ラクトース、セルロース、スクロース、修飾デキストランおよびデンプンを挙げることができる。ある無機塩もまた、充填剤として用いることができ、三リン酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウムおよび塩化ナトリウムを含む。幾つかの市販の希釈剤は、Fast-Flo、Emdex、STA-Rx 1500、EmcompressおよびAvicellである。
製剤化の間の薬物の流動特性を改善し得、圧縮の間の再構成を助けるための流動促進剤を添加してもよい。流動促進剤として、デンプン、タルク、発熱性シリカおよび水和シリコアルミナートを挙げることができる。
口腔内投与のために、組成物は、従来の様式において製剤化された錠剤またはロゼンジの形態をとることができる。
本発明の実施のために好適な市販のデバイスのいくつかの具体例は、Mallinckrodt, Inc.(St. Louis、Missouri)製のUltraventネブライザー;Marquest Medical Products(Englewood、Colorado)製のAcorn IIネブライザー;Glaxo Inc.(Research Triangle Park、North Carolina)製のVentolin定量吸入器;およびFisons Corp.(Bedford、Massachusetts)製のSpinhaler粉末吸入器である。
化合物はまた、例えばカカオバターまたは他のグリセリドなどの従来の坐剤基剤を含む、坐剤または保持浣腸などの、直腸または膣用組成物に製剤化してもよい。
医薬組成物はまた、好適な固相またはゲル相のキャリアまたは賦形剤を含んでもよい。かかるキャリアまたは賦形剤の例として、炭酸カルシウム、リン酸カルシウム、多様な糖、デンプン、セルロース誘導体、ゼラチンおよびポリエチレングリコールなどのポリマーが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
概要:
Accelerated Mortality on Renal Replacement(ArMORR)は、北米のFresenius Medical Care(FMC、Lexington、Massachusetts)により実施されている、合衆国の透析センターで慢性血液透析を開始した患者の国内の典型的な前向き(prospective)コホート研究である。前向きに収集された情報は、患者の人口統計、血液透析の開始時における合併症、臨床検査(Spectra East(Rockland、NJ)により実施されたもの)、静脈内治療、および臨床転帰を含んだ。データは、治療の時点において医師および看護師により中央データベースに入力され、FMCにより義務づけられている厳密な品質保証/品質管理の監査を受けた22、23。この研究は、マサチューセッツ総合病院(Massachusetts General Hospital)の施設内治験審査委員会(Institutional Review Board)により承認された。
2004年7月1日から2005年6月30日の間に、1056の合衆国透析ユニットを代表する10,044人の偶発的な血液透析患者を、ArMORRに前向きに登録した。合衆国をベースとするFreseniusユニットにおいて治療を開始した全ての偶発的な血液透析患者は、ArMORRコホート研究に含めることについて適格であった。血漿のゲルソリンおよびアクチンならびに血清の高感度C反応性タンパク質についての基線(慢性血液透析を開始して14日以内に収集された)血液サンプルが利用可能な150人の患者の無作為サンプルを、研究に含めた。これらの150人の対象のうち、41人(27%)は、透析を開始して365日間以内に死亡し、109人は、少なくとも365日間生存した。
一次暴露は基線pGSNレベルであり、一次転帰は全体的な1年死亡率である。pGSNを、連続型および二項式の(無作為な中央値レベルに基づく)変量として試験し、本発明者らは、pGSNを三分位分析において試験した。全体的な死亡率に加えて、本発明者らはまた、慢性HDを開始して1年以内の、心血管性(例えば、循環器系の疾患、ICD-9 390-459.9;高血圧疾患、401-405;虚血性心疾患、410-414;急性心筋梗塞、410;および脳血管性疾患、430-438による死亡)、ならびに感染性の死因(例えば、細菌性、真菌性およびウイルス性肺炎、ICD-9 480.0-487.8;膿胸、510.0;肺膿瘍、513.0;敗血症、重症敗血症および敗血症性ショック、038、995-996、785)による転帰を定義した。死亡は、個々の透析センターからの退院時診断報告により確認した。
pGSNを、先に記載したように24、そのアクチン核形成を刺激する能力により測定した。この機能的アッセイは、再現性が高く、pGSNの合計レベルを、pGSNがアクチンまたは他のpGSNリガンドと複合体化しているか否かに拘わらず検出する。簡単に述べると、基線の血漿を、0.1M KCl、0.2mM MgCl2、1mM EGTA、0.5mM ATP、0.5mM β−メルカプトエタノール、および10mM Tris−HCl緩衝液、pH7.4(緩衝液B)中で1:5倍に希釈した。希釈した血漿サンプルのうち5μlを、6×50mmのホウケイ酸培養チューブ中の、1.5mM CaCl2および0.4μMファラシジン(Phallacidin)を添加した280μlの緩衝液Bに添加した。0.5mM ATP、5mM β−メルカプトエタノール、0.2mM CaCl2、0.2mM Tris−HCl緩衝液、pH7.4(緩衝液A)中、15μlの20μMのピレンアクチン25を添加することにより、アクチン重合反応を開始させた。分光蛍光光度計においてそれぞれ366および386nmの励起および発光波長で、重合を200秒間モニタリングした。pGSNの濃度を、E. coliにおいて合成された精製組み換えヒトpGSNを用いて標準曲線から推定した。全ての測定は、転帰について知らされていない検査技師により行った。
血漿を、リン酸緩衝化食塩水(PBS)中で1:10倍に希釈し、次いで、E-PAGE 48 8%ゲルシステムにより、製造者の説明書(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)に従って分析した。各サンプルを、70℃で10分間、サンプル緩衝液を含むβ−メルカプトエタノール中で加熱し、その後E-PAGE 48ゲルにロードし、次いでニトロセルロース膜へトランスファーした。0.05%のTween 20を加えたTris緩衝化食塩水(TBS)中5%の無脂粉乳中で膜をブロッキングした後、一次抗βアクチン抗体(AC-15、Sigma, St. Louis, MO)を1:2000倍希釈で添加し、室温で1時間インキュベートした。結合した一次抗体を、1:2000倍希釈のHRP結合抗ウサギIgG(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA)でプローブした。HRPの化学発光を、Super Signal West Pico Kit(Pierce, Rockford, IL)で現像した。アクチンの存在を、ブロット上の、精製ウサギ骨格筋アクチン(Cytoskeleton, Denver, CO)と共に移動する分離したバンドの出現として定義した。ウェスタンブロット上のアクチンの特異性を、10個の無作為に選択したサンプルを質量分析(Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Mass Spectrometry Core Facility)に供することにより確認した。全ての測定は、転帰について知らされていない検査技師により行われた。
本発明者らは、死亡した患者と死亡しなかった患者の間での、人口学的および実験的特徴ならびに透析開始時のpGSNおよびアクチンのレベルおよび存在を比較するために、2標本t検定およびフィッシャーの直接確率検定を用いた。慣用的な臨床検査がpGSNレベルと関連しているか否かを試験するために、本発明者らは、Spearman相関係数を用いた。本発明者らは、線形回帰モデルを用いて、pGSNと他の共変量との間の独立した関係を試験した。生存率の一変量分析を、最初の150人の無作為抽出において、Kaplan-Meier曲線と、pGSNの基線値を二分位または三分位値に分割した後でのログランク試験とを用いて行った。腎機能の回復、腎臓移植、またはFMCでないセンターに治療が移されたことによる追跡の喪失により打ち切られた対象の合計数は、8%未満であった。
基線の特徴:最初の150人のESRD対象は、合衆国全体の148の別々の透析センターを代表した。これらの対象の基線の特徴は表1に示され、これは慢性血液透析の開始時におけるESRD対象のより大きな集団の基線の特徴に類似する26。基線のpGSNレベルの分布を表1に示す。平均pGSNレベルは、140±42mg/Lであり、2人(1%)の対象のみが、健常志願者において報告された平均レベルである250mg/L(表1および表5における破線)またはそれより高い基線レベルを示した14、27。血漿ゲルソリンレベルは、年齢(r=−0.18、p<0.01)、ならびに筋量および栄養の基線の測定値、例えば血清クレアチニン(r=0.26、p<0.01)およびアルブミンレベル(r=0.34、p<0.01)と逆相関していた。pGSNと肥満度指数との間の相関は、0.02(p>0.05)であった。基線hs−CRPレベルを三分位値において試験した場合、hs−CRPの最低レベルを有するものは、pGSNの最高レベルを示した:三分位値1、hs−CRP<12mg/L、pGSN 145±39mg/L;三分位値2&3、hs−CRP>12mg/L、pGSN 131±53mg/L、P=0.048)。線形回帰分析により、p値が0.1の閾値に達する表1中の連続型変数の間で、血清アルブミンのみがpGSNレベルと独立して相関したことを確認した(p<0.01)。
pGSNは、慢性腎疾患を有する透析を受けていない対象における推定腎糸球体ろ過速度と直接相関する(r=0.39、P=0.003)(表5)。男性(153±43mg/L)は、女性(136±52mg/L、p=0.09)より高いレベルのpGSNを有する傾向があった。腎疾患の末期におけるレベル(例えばステージ3および4)は、慢性血液透析の開始時に見出されるものに匹敵した。しかし、これらのレベルは、ステージ1および2から得られたサンプルにおけるものよりも有意により低かった(P=0.002)(図6)。循環アクチンの頻度は、透析コホートにおける69%と比較して、この透析前コホートにおいて11%であった(P<0.001)。
血液透析を開始している患者は、健常対照において見出されるより平均30〜50%低くまで低下したpGSNレベルを有する。pGSNは、進行性の腎疾患と共に低下し、このことは、pGSNの低下が慢性透析開始の上流の機序に起因することを示唆する。慢性血液透析の開始の後で、pGSNは、有害転帰を伴う段階的な逆方向の関係を示す−レベルが低いほど、1年死亡率についてのリスクは高い。
前述の書面による明細書は、当業者が本発明を実施することを可能にするために十分であるものとみなされる。本発明は、提供される例によりその範囲において限定されるべきものではない。なぜならば、例は、本発明の1または2以上の側面の単なる説明として意図されるものであるからである。他の機能的に等価な態様は、本発明の範囲内としてみなされる。本明細書において示され記載されるものに加えて、本発明の多様な改変が、前述の記載から当業者に明らかとなるであろう。本発明の限定の各々は、本発明の多様な態様を包含することができる。したがって、任意の1要素または要素の組み合わせを含む本発明の限定の各々が本発明の各側面において含まれ得ることが理解される。本発明は、その出願において、図面において記載または説明された構造および成分の配置の詳細に限定されない。本発明は、他の態様が可能であり、多様な方法により実施され、実行されることができる。
本願において引用される全ての参考文献、特許および特許出願は、本明細書においてその全体が援用される。
Claims (11)
- 腎不全対象の死亡リスクを特徴づけるための方法であって、
前記対象からの血漿ゲルソリン(pGSN)のレベルを予め決定された値と比較すること、および
前記予め決定された値と比較したゲルソリンのレベルに基づいて前記対象の死亡リスクを特徴づけること(ここで、前記予め決定された値より低いゲルソリンのレベルは、前記対象が増加した死亡リスクを有することを示す)
を含む、前記方法。 - 予め決定された値が190ナノグラム/マイクロリットル(ng/μl)血漿である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 予め決定された値が150ng/μl血漿である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 予め決定された値が120ng/μl血漿である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 対象からのゲルソリンのレベルを得ることをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 死亡が感染症により引き起こされる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 腎不全対象の死亡リスクを特徴づけるための方法であって、
前記対象からの血漿中のアクチンのレベルを予め決定された値と比較すること、および
前記予め決定された値と比較したアクチンのレベルに基づいて前記対象の死亡リスクを特徴づけること(ここで、前記予め決定された値よりも高いアクチンのレベルは、前記対象が増大した死亡リスクを有することを示す)
を含む、前記方法。 - 予め決定された値が0.01μg/ml血漿である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 予め決定された値が0.1μg/ml血漿である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 対象からの血漿中のアクチンのレベルを得ることをさらに含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 腎不全対象を処置するための医薬組成物の調製方法であって、
該方法が請求項1に記載の方法により該腎不全対象の死亡リスクを特徴づけることを含み、および
該医薬組成物が該腎不全対象におけるゲルソリンのレベルを予め決定された値より高く上昇させるための該死亡リスクに基づくゲルソリンの有効量を含む、前記方法。
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DK2250280T3 (en) | 2015-03-09 |
EP2250280A4 (en) | 2011-02-16 |
US9575072B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 |
EP2708603A1 (en) | 2014-03-19 |
JP6042915B2 (ja) | 2016-12-14 |
WO2009094194A2 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
CA2749985C (en) | 2020-07-07 |
PT2250280E (pt) | 2015-03-04 |
CA2749985A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
US20170189483A1 (en) | 2017-07-06 |
EP2708603B1 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
DK2708603T3 (en) | 2017-08-14 |
US20090258830A1 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
WO2009094194A3 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
PT2708603T (pt) | 2017-07-20 |
EP2250280A2 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
ES2531827T3 (es) | 2015-03-20 |
CA3080273C (en) | 2022-11-22 |
HUE032875T2 (en) | 2017-11-28 |
CA3080273A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
EP2250280B1 (en) | 2014-12-03 |
JP2011510327A (ja) | 2011-03-31 |
US10272136B2 (en) | 2019-04-30 |
JP2015121550A (ja) | 2015-07-02 |
ES2634263T3 (es) | 2017-09-27 |
PL2250280T3 (pl) | 2015-06-30 |
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