JP5766419B2 - グルコース代謝障害を治療する方法および試薬 - Google Patents
グルコース代謝障害を治療する方法および試薬 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5766419B2 JP5766419B2 JP2010208097A JP2010208097A JP5766419B2 JP 5766419 B2 JP5766419 B2 JP 5766419B2 JP 2010208097 A JP2010208097 A JP 2010208097A JP 2010208097 A JP2010208097 A JP 2010208097A JP 5766419 B2 JP5766419 B2 JP 5766419B2
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Description
本発明は、グルコース代謝障害(例えば、グルコース不耐性、インスリン抵抗性、高血糖、高インスリン血症、及びII型糖尿病)を治療するための治療法に関する。該治療法は、PYYが、胎児及び成体の膵島におけるグルコース応答性を誘導するとの発見に基づく。
糖尿病は、米国で最も蔓延している慢性疾患であり、死因の筆頭であって、現在、世界中で4億人を越える糖尿病患者を苦しめている。1993年の国民保健面接調査(NHIS)に基づく推計は、糖尿病が、45歳未満の米国の人口の1%、45〜64歳のそれの6.2%、及び65歳以上のそれの10.4%で診断されたことを示している。1995年現在、米国の推定800万人が、この慢性的状態を有すると報告された。
本発明は、PYYが、胎児及び成体膵島におけるグルコース応答性を誘導かつ維持することができるとの発見に関する。例えば、胎児のラット膵からのグルコース非応答性e21膵島への、in vitroでのPYYの5日間の投与は、膵島の成熟を誘導し、次いで、これが、グルコースに対してインスリンを放出することによって応答することを、本発明者らは示す。また、グルコース感知は、成体膵島では、PYYの投与によって回復することができること、及びグルコース感知は、PYYを投与した成体膵島では、より長く維持できることも、本発明者らは示す。本発明以前は、膵島の成熟を刺激できる栄養又は成長因子は、従来から、当技術では特定されていなかった。
(i) 発明の全体像
胎児の発生の間に、膵臓のβ細胞の成熟(すなわち、グルコースに応答してインスリンを産生できる能力の獲得)に必要とされるホルモンのシグナル、及びホルモンによるシグナリングが生じる時点が、今では特定されている。膵島の発生は、不連続な遷移によって区切られた、胎児の妊娠の際の段階を通じて進行する。最初の時期は、原分化した状態であって、インスリン及びグルカゴンの発現によって示されるとおり、島細胞系譜への多能性幹細胞の傾倒を特徴とする。
便宜のために、本明細書、実施例、及び付記されたクレームに用いられる一定の用語を、ここに採集する。
PYYは、発生中のマウス及びラット膵では、膵臓ポリペプチドファミリーの支配的なホルモンである。それは、神経ペプチドY(NPY)及び膵臓ポリペプチド(PP)も包含する、タンパク質のPPファミリーの一員である。ヒトPYYに対する配列は、
YPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY(SEQ ID No:1)
で示される。
一態様では、本発明は、本発明の膵細胞培養の利用を伴う治療方法を提供する。例えば、本発明は、血糖レベルを変化させる方法であって、本発明によって生成された膵内分泌細胞の細胞培養体を動物に投与することを含む方法を提供する。血糖レベルを変化させるために用いられる細胞培養体は、膵内分泌細胞の初代細胞培養体、又はその継代培養体であってよい。培養された本発明の膵内分泌細胞は、グルコース濃度に応答してインスリンを分泌する、β細胞を包含する。
PYYまたはPYYアゴニストもしくはアンタゴニストあるいは細胞組成物は、純粋または実質的に純粋な化合物/組成物として投与することは可能ではあるが、医薬配合物または製剤として投与するのが好ましい。ヒト用かつ動物用に本発明に用いられる配合物としては、PYY、PYYアゴニストもしくはアンタゴニストまたは細胞組成物と共に、1種以上の医薬上許容し得る担体および場合により他の治療成分が含まれる。
非経口投与に適した本発明の医薬組成物は、PYY治療剤と組み合わせて、1種以上の医薬上許容し得る無菌等張水性もしくは非水性溶液、分散液、懸濁液またはエマルション、あるいは、使用直前に無菌注射可能な溶液もしくは分散液中に再構成し得、酸化防止剤、緩衝剤、静菌剤、配合物を目的受容者の血液と等張にする溶質または沈殿防止もしくは濃厚剤を含み得る無菌散剤を含んでなる。
本発明の別の態様は、1種以上の他の治療剤をPYY治療剤または細胞組成物と共に投与する併用療法を提供する。そのような併用療法は、個々の治療成分を同時、順次または別個に投与することにより達成し得る。
本発明の別の態様は、糖尿病または他のグルコース代謝障害を発症する患者のリスクにアクセスし、かつ既にそのような障害があると診断を受けた患者の病理学を決定する診断アッセイに関する。好ましい実施態様において、II型糖尿病を発症する恐れのある患者を同定するために、PYYの調節をモニターする。
個体を糖尿病体質とするPYY対立遺伝子の存在を検出するために、血液試料または生検などの生物試料を調製し、PYY感受性対立遺伝子の有無について分析する。糖尿病の存在を検出するために、糖尿病への進行または予後の指標として、生物試料を調製し、PYY突然変異対立遺伝子の有無について分析する。これらの試験の結果および解釈情報を試験した個体に伝えるためにヘルスケアプロバイダーに返す。そのような診断は診断試験室で実施してもよいし、あるいは、診断キットを製造し、自己診断用にヘルスケアプロバイダーまたは個人に販売する。
実施例1: 膵島の単離および培養
PP、NPY、NPK、PYY、セクレチン、GLP−1およびホンベシンを含む腸由来ホルモンペプチドは、シグマ社(Sigma)から購入した。XI型コラゲナーゼは、ジブコ社(Gibco)から得た。抗インスリン抗体([125I]−RIAキット)を含むラジオイムノアッセイキットは、セントルイス所在のリンコ社(Linco,St.Louis)から購入した。
実施例1にしたがって、e21膵島を単離し、培養した。次いで、膵島を17mMグルコースまたは3mM(低)グルコース中1μM IBMXで処理した(図2)。非グルコース応答性e21膵島は、高グルコースを添加しても細胞内カルシウムインフラックスが増大しなかった。IBMXを添加するとカルシウムインフラックスが誘発され、これは、e21膵島のインスリン放出を刺激するIBMXのメカニズムもカルシウムチャンネルの活性化を利用することを示唆している。これはさらに、P0膵島で観測されたグルコース応答性の増加がカルシウムチャンネルの上流で発生することを示唆している。
実施例1のように胎児ラット膵島を単離した。e21胎児膵島を、5日間、200ng/mlのPYY、PPP、CCK、NPK、NPY、セクレチン、GLP−1またはボンベシンの存在下に培養した。次いで、各培養グループのグルコース刺激インスリン放出を測定した(図3Aおよび図3B)。PYYは、インスリン分泌により、膵島のグルコース応答能を著しく刺激した。約70%アミノ酸相同性を共有するPPPおよびNPYなどの関連ペプチドは、グルコース応答性の増加を刺激しなかった。
実施例1のように胎児ラット膵島を単離した。次いで、e21膵島を200ng/mlのPYYで2日、5日または7日間培養した。各培養グループでグルコース刺激インスリン放出を測定した(図4)。対照グループは、培養中で5日後に、インスリン放出で測定して、時間0および2日目の時間点(三角)に比べてわずかな応答性の増加を示した。5日間PYYを添加すると、対照に比べてグルコースに応答して放出されるインスリンの量がほぼ倍になった。この効果は1日目時間点で維持された。PYYインキュベーション2日後ではグルコース応答性の増加に及ぼすPYYの効果はなかった。
実施例1のように胎児ラット膵島を単離した。e21膵島に、5日間、50、100、200、500および1000ng/mlのPYYを添加した。次いで、各培養グループのグルコース刺激インスリン放出を測定した(図5)。PYYの最適効果は、インスリン放出により測定して、200ng/mlで観測された。500および1000ng/mlではPYYの効果は減少したが、これは、既に図5で認められる。
実施例1のように成体ラット膵島を単離し、16日間にわたり、対照培地または200ng/mlのPYYを含む培地で処理した。グルコース刺激インスリン放出を指定日に測定した(図6)。成体膵島では、培地を含む標準10%FBS中で培養して2日以内にグルコース刺激インスリン分泌がなくなった。しかし、PYYは、培養10日目以降でも応答性を守ることができた。
実施例1のように胎児ラット膵島を単離し、1μM IBMXを添加するかまたは添加せずに、200ng/mlのPYYで5日間処理し、最後の16時間の間に0.1μg/mlのアクチノマイシンDを添加した。次いで、各培養グループのグルコース刺激インスリン放出を測定した(図7)。アクチノマイシンDは、インスリン放出により測定して、PYYによって誘発される機能性の増加を完全に阻害することができた。これは、膵島に対する薬剤の非特異的毒性によるものではない。というのは、IBMXは依然としてアクチノマイシンDで処理した膵島でエキソサイトーシスを誘発し得るからである。
実施例1のように胎児ラット膵島を単離し、200ng/mlのpyyで5日間処理し、最後の16時間の間に0.1、0.2、0.5および1.0μg/mlのアクチノマイシンDを添加した。次いで、各培養グループのインスリン含量を測定した(図8)。表は、アクチノマイシンDの量を増大させても、膵島の全インスリン含量が有意に減少しなかったことを示している。
実施例1のようにe21およびP14ラット膵島を単離し、200ng/mlのPYYで処理した。次いで、膵島を洗浄し、インスリン放出により測定して、グルコース応答性について検定した。次いで、アッセイ緩衝液(クレブス・リンゲルホスフェート)にPYYを添加して、PYYの存在が実際に基底または刺激インスリン分泌速度に影響を与えるかどうかを確認した。次いで、各培養グループのグルコース刺激インスリン放出を測定した(図8)。アッセイ緩衝液中へのPYY添加の効果は無視できる程度であり、これは、PYYの主要効果がPYYが存在する培養期間中に及ぼされることを示している。新たに単離したP14膵島を正の対照として含めた。
実施例1のように成体ラット膵島を単離し、10%FBS中で7日間培養し、その間の図10に指示されている日に、培地に200ng/mlのPYYを添加した。7日培養した膵島だけはグルコース応答性を失ったが、アッセイ終了前の最後の2〜3日の間にPYYを添加すると、膵島はグルコース応答を回復した。培地中にPYYが5日以上存在すると、膵島はその回復機能を失ってしまうようであり、これは、ペプチドシグナル分解の可能性を示唆している。
等価物
当業者には、本明細書に記載されている本発明の特定の実施態様に対する多くの等価物が認識されるであろうし、それらは、ただ日常実験を用いるだけで確認することができるであろう。そのような等価物は以下の特許請求の範囲に包含されるものとする。
Claims (22)
- 欠陥があるグルコース代謝に関連する疾患を治療するために使用されるPYY治療剤を含む組成物であり、前記PYY治療剤は、ペプチドYY(PYY)を含み、前記PYYペプチドはYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY、またはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも85%同一の配列
であるアミノ酸配列を含み、
前記PYYペプチドが、PYY受容体に結合し、グルコースに応答してインスリンの産生及び/又は分泌をアップレギュレートし、
前記疾患は、血液中のグルコースレベルの上昇に応答してインスリンの産生及び/又は分泌をできないことを特徴とする疾患である該組成物。 - 前記疾患が、被験者のインスリン抵抗性、グルコース不耐性またはグルコース非応答性、高血糖症、肥満症、高脂質血症および高リポタンパク血症からなる群から選択される症状に関連する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患がII型糖尿病(NIDD)である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 膵島または膵臓細胞に有効量の作用物質を接触させ、前記作用物質存在下での膵島または膵臓細胞のグルコース応答を前記作用物質非存在下での膵島または膵臓細胞のグルコース応答と比較することを含む、PYYアゴニスト、PYYアンタゴニストまたはPYYアンタゴニストアンタゴニストを同定するインビトロでの方法であり、
前記作用物質がPYY受容体に結合し、又はPYYが該PYY受容体へ結合することを前記作用物質が強化して、グルコース非応答性の膵島又は膵臓β細胞を刺激して、グルコースに応答してインスリンを産生する場合には、前記作用物質はPYYアゴニストであるとし、
PYYが該PYY受容体へ結合することを前記作用物質がブロックして、グルコース非応答性の膵島又は膵臓β細胞がグルコースに応答してインスリンを産生することを阻害する場合には、前記作用物質はPYYアンタゴニストであるとし、
前記作用物質がPYYアンタゴニストを阻害する場合には、前記作用物質はPYYアンタゴニストアンタゴニストとする該方法。 - PYYアゴニスト、PYYアンタゴニストまたはPYYアンタゴニストアンタゴニストの存在についてDNAライブラリーをスクリーニングする方法であり:
前記PYYアゴニストは、PYY受容体に結合し、又はPYYが該PYY受容体へ結合することを強化して、グルコース非応答性の膵島又は膵臓β細胞を刺激して、グルコースに応答してインスリンを産生し、
前記PYYアンタゴニストは、PYYが該PYY受容体へ結合することをブロックして、グルコース非応答性の膵島又は膵臓β細胞がグルコースに応答してインスリンを産生することを阻害し、及び、
前記PYYアンタゴニストアンタゴニストは、PYYアンタゴニストを阻害する該方法。 - 膵島または膵臓細胞に、ある作用物質を接触させ、その作用物質で処理していない細胞と比べてグルコース応答性を決定することを含む、PYYアンタゴニストを同定するインビトロでの方法であり、PYYが該PYY受容体へ結合することを前記作用物質がブロックして、グルコース非応答性の膵島又は膵臓β細胞がグルコースに応答してインスリンを産生することを阻害する場合には、前記作用物質はPYYアンタゴニストであるとする該方法。
- 培養膵島または膵臓細胞にPYY治療剤を接触させることを含む、成体膵島のグルコース応答を維持するインビトロでの方法であり、
前記PYY治療剤は、ペプチドYY(PYY)を含み、前記PYYペプチドはYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY、またはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも85%同一の配列
であるアミノ酸配列を含み、
前記PYYペプチドが、PYY受容体に結合し、グルコースに応答してインスリンの産生及び/又は分泌をアップレギュレートする該方法。 - 前記膵島が不全β細胞を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- グルコース非応答性の膵島または膵臓細胞成熟させるために使用されるPYYペプチドを含む組成物であり、前記PYYペプチドはYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY、またはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも85%同一の配列
であるアミノ酸配列を含み、
前記PYYペプチドが、PYY受容体に結合し、グルコースに応答してインスリンの産生及び/又は分泌をアップレギュレートする該組成物。 - 前記細胞が膵臓β細胞である、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記細胞または島がヒトの細胞または島である、請求項4、6及び7いずれか1項に記載のインビトロでの方法。
- グルコース非応答性の膵島又は膵臓β細胞を刺激して、グルコースに応答してインスリンを産生するために使用されるPYY治療剤を含む組成物であり、
前記PYY治療剤は、ペプチドYY(PYY)を含み、前記PYYペプチドはYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY、またはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも85%同一の配列
であるアミノ酸配列を含み、
前記PYYペプチドが、PYY受容体に結合し、グルコースに応答してインスリンの産生及び/又は分泌をアップレギュレートする該組成物。 - 前記膵島又は膵臓β細胞がヒトの膵島又は膵臓β細胞である、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記PYYペプチドがYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYまたはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも90%同一である、請求項1または13に記載の組成物。
- 前記PYYペプチドがYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYまたはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも95%同一である、請求項1または13に記載の組成物。
- 前記PYYペプチドがYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYまたはIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと同一である、請求項1または13に記載の組成物。
- 前記PYYペプチドがYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと同一である、請求項1または13に記載の組成物。
- 前記PYY治療剤がPYYペプチドであり、前記PYY治療剤が、PYY受容体に結合し、膵臓細胞のグルコース応答を誘導する、請求項1または12に記載の組成物。
- ジペプチジルペプチダーゼIV阻害剤とともに併用投与するための、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患が、肥満症である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 医薬組成物である請求項1、9および12のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記PYYペプチドがYPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRYと少なくとも85%同一である、請求項4または7に記載の方法。
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US7396809B1 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
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