JP5763341B2 - 生物学的活性のあるヌクレアーゼの迅速なインビボ同定法 - Google Patents
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Description
適用されない
本発明の実施、ならびに本明細書に開示される組成物の調製および使用は、別途示されない限り、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および解析、コンピュータ化学、細胞培養、組換えDNA、ならびに当業者の能力の範囲内にある関連分野における従来の技術を利用する。これらの技術は、文献において十分に説明されている。例えば、Sambrook et al. MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 第2版, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989、および第3版, 2001;Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987および定期的更新版;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGYシリーズ, Academic Press, San Diego;Wolffe, CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, 第3版, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, 第304巻, 「Chromatin」 (P.M. Wassarman and A. P. Wolffe編), Academic Press, San Diego, 1999;ならびにMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 第119巻, 「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B. Becker編) Humana Press, Totowa, 1999を参照されたい。
用語「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」、および「オリゴヌクレオチド」は、互換的に用いられ、線状または環状の立体構造の、一本鎖または二本鎖のいずれかの形態の、デオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドのポリマーを指す。本開示の目的のために、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関して限定的であると見なされるべきではない。これらの用語は、天然のヌクレオチドの公知の類似体、ならびに塩基、糖、および/またはリン酸部分(例えば、ホスホロチオエート骨格)が修飾されているヌクレオチドを包含することができる。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドの類似体は、同じ塩基対形成特異性を有する。すなわち、Aの類似体はTと塩基対を形成する。
本明細書に記載されるのは、最も高い頻度でその標的部位を切断し、かつ宿主細胞にとって毒性のないヌクレアーゼを同定するための組成物および方法である。試験されるヌクレアーゼの標的部位を含むレポーターコンストラクトが、これらのレポーターコンストラクトを含む宿主細胞と同様に記載されている。本明細書に記載される方法において、レポーター株を作り出すために、ヌクレアーゼの標的部位を含むレポーターコンストラクトが宿主細胞(例えば、酵母細胞)に導入される。ヌクレアーゼが細胞で発現され、その標的部位で二本鎖切断(DSB)を誘導する(例えば、二本鎖切断を誘導する)とき、レポーター遺伝子は、宿主細胞の一本鎖アニーリング(SSA)機構によって再構成される。レポーター遺伝子の発現は、標準的な技術によって容易に決定され、レポーター遺伝子発現のレベルは、ヌクレアーゼが標的部位で切断する能力を反映する。さらに、宿主細胞は、細胞増殖に対するヌクレアーゼ発現の効果を決定するために、容易にアッセイすることができる。
本明細書に記載される方法およびシステムは、試験されるヌクレアーゼの標的配列を含む配列を含むレポーターコンストラクトを利用している。標的配列が切断され、レポーター遺伝子配列の一本鎖アニーリング(SSA)によってレポーターが再構成されたときにのみレポーター遺伝子が機能的であるように、レポーターコンストラクトは設計される。典型的には、レポーターコンストラクトは、任意のヌクレアーゼ標的配列が、例えば、ポリリンカーを介してレポーター遺伝子配列の真ん中に容易に挿入されることができるように作製される(図1および2を参照のこと)。
ヌクレアーゼが標的配列を切断する時に機能性レポーターを再構成する任意の宿主細胞を、本開示の実施で用いることができる。細胞種類は、細胞株または例えば、初代細胞のような天然の(例えば、単離された)細胞であることができる。細胞株は、例えば、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)から入手可能であるか、または例えば、Freshney et al., Culture of Animal Cells, A Manual of Basic Technique, 第3版, 1994、およびそこで引用されている参考文献に記載されているような、当技術分野で公知の方法によって作製することができる。同様に、細胞は、当技術分野で公知の方法によって単離することができる。細胞種類のその他の非限定的な例としては、病態を有するかまたは病態に陥りやすい細胞(例えば、癌性細胞および形質転換細胞)、病原体に感染した細胞、幹細胞、完全に分化した細胞、一部分化した細胞、不死化細胞などが挙げられる。原核(例えば、細菌)細胞または真核(例えば、酵母、植物、真菌、魚類、ならびに哺乳動物(例えば、ネコ、イヌ、マウス、ウシ、ブタ、およびヒト))細胞を用いることができ、真核細胞が好ましい。好適な哺乳動物細胞株としては、CHO(チャイニーズハムスター卵巣)細胞、HEP-G2細胞、BaF-3細胞、シュナイダー細胞、COS細胞(SV40 T抗原を発現するサル腎細胞)、CV-1細胞、HuTu80細胞、NTERA2細胞、NB4細胞、HL-60細胞およびHeLa細胞、293細胞(例えば、Graham et al. (1977) J. Gen. Virol. 36:59を参照のこと)、ならびにSP2またはNS0のようなミエローマ細胞(例えば、Galfre and Milstein (1981) Meth. Enzymol. 73(B):3 46)を参照のこと)が挙げられる。その他の真核細胞としては、例えば、昆虫(例えば、ヨトウガ(sp. frugiperda))、酵母(例えば、出芽酵母、分裂酵母(S. pombe)、ピキア・パトリス(P. pastoris)、クルイベルミセロ・ラクチス(K. lactis)、ハンセヌラ・ポリモルファ(H. polymorpha))を含む真菌細胞、および植物細胞が挙げられる(Fleer, R. (1992) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 3:486 496)。
本明細書に記載される方法および組成物は、広く適用可能であり、任意の関心のあるヌクレアーゼを含んでもよい。ヌクレアーゼの非限定的な例としては、メガヌクレアーゼおよびジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが挙げられる。ヌクレアーゼは、異種DNA結合ドメインおよび切断ドメイン(例えば、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ;異種切断ドメインを有するメガヌクレアーゼDNA結合ドメイン)を含んでもよく、またはあるいは、天然のヌクレアーゼのDNA結合ドメインは、選択された標的部位に結合するように改変されてもよい(例えば、コグネートな結合部位とは異なる部位に結合するように人工的に作り出されているメガヌクレアーゼ)。
本明細書に記載されているようなSSAレポーターコンストラクトを含む宿主細胞を用いて、特定の標的部位に結合するように人工的に作り出されたヌクレアーゼのパネルから最も活性が高くかつ最も毒性が少ないヌクレアーゼを同定することができる。本開示のシステムは、一本鎖アニーリング(SSA)と呼ばれる相同性指向性修復(HDR)の特定の経路を利用している。2つの隣接相同領域間で二本鎖切断(DSB)が生じる場合、切断された染色体の修復により、1コピーの反復配列を含む欠失が結果として生じる(Paques and Haber (1999) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:349-404)。標的配列で隔てられたレポーター遺伝子の2つの重複する非機能的な部分を含むレポーターコンストラクトを人工的に作り出すことによって、ヌクレアーゼ誘導性のDSBを容易に検出することができる。
実施例1:酵母レポーターコンストラクトの人工作製
以下のように、酵母組込みプラスミド(Yip)HO-poly-KanMX-HO(Voth et al. (2001) Nucleic Acids Res 29:E59-59)を用いて、HO遺伝子座に標的化されるSSAレポーターコンストラクト(図2参照)を作製した。(ATGに対して)MEL1遺伝子のヌクレオチド1〜750に対応する断片(Liljestrom (1985) Nucleic Acids Res 13:7257-7268)を、以下のプライマー:5'-aattgtcgacatgtttgctttctactttctcaccgc-3'(配列番号:1)5'-aattggatccccccattggagctgcc-3'(配列番号:2)を用いて、HO-poly-KanMX-HOのSalI部位およびBamHI部位にクローニングした。次に、ヌクレオチド299〜2100由来の断片を、以下のオリゴ:5'-aattgagctcagaccacctgcataataacagc-3'(配列番号:3)および5'-aattgaattcgggcaaaaattggtaccaatgc-3'(配列番号:4)を用いて、SacI部位およびEcoRI部位にクローニングした。最後に、PGK1プロモーターの1489塩基対の断片を、以下のオリゴ:5'-Aattcgtacgtctaactgatctatccaaaactg-3'(配列番号:5)および5'-Aattgtcgacttgatcttttggttttatatttgttg-3'(配列番号:6)を用いて、BsiWI部位およびSalI部位にクローニングした。
69-1B株(S288Cバックグラウンド;MATα his3Δ200 lys2-128δleu2Δ1)へのレポーターコンストラクトの組込みは、記載されている通りに行なった(Voth et al. (2001) Nucleic Acids Res 29:E59-59)。正確な組込みは、以下のオリゴ:HO-L: 5'-TATTAGGTGTGAAACCACGAAAAGT-3'(配列番号:7);5'-ACTGTCATTGGGAATGTCTTATGAT-3'(配列番号:8);HO-R: 5'-attacgctcgtcatcaaaatca-3'(配列番号:9);および5'-CATGTCTTCTCGTTAAGACTGCAT-3'(配列番号:10)を用いたコロニーPCRによって確認した。
レポーターコンストラクトの標的部位における切断によってMEL1活性が回復することを示すために、以下の実験を行なった。SSAレポーターコンストラクトを、HOエンドヌクレアーゼの認識部位を含むように、上記のように人工的に作り出し、上記のように宿主細胞に組み込んだ。その後、細胞にHOエンドヌクレアーゼをコードする発現ベクターをトランスフェクトし、細胞をガラクトースの存在下または非存在下で培養した。
NME内の配列を認識するようにZFNを設計し、これらの設計されたNME ZFNをコードする配列を含むプラスミドを、本質的にUrnov et al. (2005) Nature 435(7042):646-651に記載の通りに構築した。このZFNをインビトロアッセイ(ELISA)で試験した。図3は、NME結合性ZFNおよびインビトロでのそのDNA結合特性に関する情報を示す。
NME1標的化ZFN対をコードする発現コンストラクトを、Gietz and Woods, (2006) Methods Mol Biol 313:107-120に記載の通りに深いウェルブロック中でレポーター株に形質転換した。ペトリ皿の面倒な操作をなくすために、形質転換体のプールを液体培地中で選択した。簡潔に述べると、細胞を1mlのSC His-Leu培地に再懸濁し、30℃で48時間インキュベートした。形質転換体をさらに濃縮するために、1:10希釈のプールを新鮮培地中でさらに24時間インキュベートした。
様々なZFNの毒性を評価するために、ラフィノース培養物を、2%ガラクトースを含む1mlのSC His-Leu培地中に1:100で希釈することにより、ZFN発現を誘導した。その後、細胞を様々な時間(典型的には24〜30時間)インキュベートした。その後、この集団の増殖を、分光光度法により600nmで読み取ることによって決定した。
その後、レポーター活性アッセイ(図4A)で同定された様々な活性のあるZFN対をヒトK562細胞に形質転換し、Miller et al. (2007) Nat Biotechnol. 25(7):778-85に記載の通りに、それらがNME1遺伝子座での突然変異を誘導する能力を試験した。
ZFNをヒトPD1遺伝子に対して組み立て、Miller et al. (2007) Nat. Biotechnol. 25:778-785および米国特許公開第20050064474号および国際特許公開WO2005/014791に記載されているようなELISAおよびCEL1アッセイによって試験した。
ZFNのパネルを、ゼブラフィッシュSLC24A5(「ゴールデン」)遺伝子およびノーテイル(「NTL」)遺伝子に対して組み立て、適当な標的配列を有するSSAレポーターコンストラクトを含む酵母宿主細胞における活性をスクリーニングした。本明細書と同日に出願された米国特許第________、「Genomic Editing in Zebrafish Using Zinc Finger Nucleases」も参照されたい。
以下のように、陽性選択および陰性選択レポーター酵母株を用いて、活性のあるZFN変異体を選択した。レポーターコンストラクト(図8)を作製した。これは、十分に特徴解析されたZFN(8266)のホモ二量体認識部位を含んでいた。8266の認識ヘリックスおよび標的配列については米国特許公開第20080159996号の表1を参照されたい。このコンストラクトは、実施例4に記載されているような中断されるMEL1遺伝子の間に対抗選択遺伝子(URA3)も含んでいた。このレポーターを含む酵母細胞では、活性のないZFNを含む細胞は5-FOAの存在下で殺傷され、この集団での活性のあるZFN変異体を含む細胞の選択的拡大を可能にする。同様に、活性のあるZFNを含む細胞は、ウラシルの非存在下で増殖することができない。
Claims (19)
- 細胞のゲノムにレポーターコンストラクトを組み込んだ後に1対のジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼによる標的配列の二本鎖切断を検出するためのレポーターコンストラクトであって、該レポーターコンストラクトが、
(i)少なくとも2種のジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼによって認識される複数の標的配列で隔てられたレポーター遺伝子の重複する非機能的な配列、及び
(ii)重複する非機能的なレポーター遺伝子配列に隣接するゲノムに対する相同領域を含み、
該標的配列が該対のジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼによって開裂される時に、該レポーター遺伝子が再構築される、レポーターコンストラクト。 - 前記レポーター遺伝子が、プロモーター配列に機能的に連結されている、請求項1記載のレポーターコンストラクト。
- 前記プロモーターが構成的である、請求項2記載のレポーターコンストラクト。
- 前記プロモーターが、誘導性プロモーターである、請求項2記載のレポーターコンストラクト。
- 前記レポーター遺伝子が酵素をコードする、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のレポーターコンストラクト。
- 選択マーカーをコードする配列をさらに含む、請求項5記載のレポーターコンストラクト。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のレポーターコンストラクトを含む宿主細胞。
- 前記細胞が真核細胞である、請求項7記載の宿主細胞。
- 前記細胞が酵母細胞である、請求項8記載の宿主細胞。
- 前記レポーターコンストラクトが前記宿主細胞で一過性に発現される、請求項7〜9のいずれか一項に記載の宿主細胞。
- 前記レポーターコンストラクトが前記宿主細胞に安定に組み込まれる、請求項7〜9のいずれか一項に記載の宿主細胞。
- 特異的標的部位での切断を誘導するヌクレアーゼを同定する方法であって、
前記レポーターコンストラクトが前記ヌクレアーゼによって認識される標的配列を含む、前記ヌクレアーゼを発現する1つまたは複数の発現コンストラクトを、請求項7〜11のいずれか一項に記載の宿主細胞に導入する工程;
前記ヌクレアーゼが発現されるような条件下で前記細胞をインキュベートする工程;および
レポーター遺伝子発現のレベルの増大が、前記標的配列のヌクレアーゼ誘導性切断の増大と相関する、前記細胞内でのレポーター遺伝子発現のレベルを測定する工程、を含む方法。 - 特異的標的部位での切断を誘導する際のそれらの活性についてヌクレアーゼのパネルを順位付けする方法であって、
前記宿主細胞内の前記レポーターコンストラクトが、前記ヌクレアーゼによって認識される標的配列を含む、前記パネルのヌクレアーゼをコードする1つまたは複数の発現コンストラクトを、請求項7〜11のいずれか一項に記載の別々の宿主細胞に導入する工程;
前記ヌクレアーゼが発現されるような条件下で前記細胞をインキュベートする工程;
前記細胞内のレポーター遺伝子発現のレベルを測定する工程;および
前記宿主細胞内で誘導されるレポーター遺伝子活性のレベルに従って前記ヌクレアーゼを順位付けする工程、を含む方法。 - ヌクレアーゼのインビボでの切断活性を予測する方法であって、
前記レポーターコンストラクトが、前記ヌクレアーゼによって認識される標的配列を含む、前記ヌクレアーゼをコードする発現コンストラクトを、請求項7〜11のいずれか一項に記載の宿主細胞に導入する工程;
前記ヌクレアーゼが発現されるような条件下で前記細胞をインキュベートする工程;および
より高いレベルまたはレポーター遺伝子発現がインビボで活性のあるヌクレアーゼを予測する、前記細胞内のレポーター遺伝子発現のレベルを測定する工程、を含む方法。 - 生物学的活性のあるヌクレアーゼを選択する方法であって、
請求項12記載の、特異的標的部位でのヌクレアーゼ切断を同定する工程;および
前記ヌクレアーゼをコードする発現コンストラクトを宿主細胞に導入する工程;
前記ヌクレアーゼが発現されるような条件下で前記細胞をインキュベートする工程;
前記細胞を一定期間培養する工程;ならびに
切断活性および低毒性を示す生物学的活性のあるヌクレアーゼが選択される、培養中の細胞の増殖を様々な時間間隔で測定する工程、を含む方法。 - 前記細胞の増殖が分光光度法によって決定される、請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記宿主細胞が、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のレポーターコンストラクトを含む、請求項15又は16に記載の方法。
- 前記ヌクレアーゼがホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼを含む、請求項12〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 人工ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼまたは人工ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼの対を含む、請求項12〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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