JP5529824B2 - 電極活物質、それを含む電池用電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
電極活物質、それを含む電池用電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5529824B2 JP5529824B2 JP2011225158A JP2011225158A JP5529824B2 JP 5529824 B2 JP5529824 B2 JP 5529824B2 JP 2011225158 A JP2011225158 A JP 2011225158A JP 2011225158 A JP2011225158 A JP 2011225158A JP 5529824 B2 JP5529824 B2 JP 5529824B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- active material
- electrode
- lithium titanate
- electrode active
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 15
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 73
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 68
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 40
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 8
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- -1 lithium titanate Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZYXUQEDFWHDILZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni].[Mn].[Li] Chemical compound [Ni].[Mn].[Li] ZYXUQEDFWHDILZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FDPIMTJIUBPUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-one Chemical compound CCC(=O)CC FDPIMTJIUBPUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PTTPXKJBFFKCEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-4-heptanone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(=O)CC(C)C PTTPXKJBFFKCEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)propoxy]propan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(O)COC(C)COC(C)CO LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013043 Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013035 Li3PO4-Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012810 Li3PO4—Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012047 Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012075 Li4SiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012057 Li4SiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011945 Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NXPZICSHDHGMGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Mn].[Li] Chemical compound [Co].[Mn].[Li] NXPZICSHDHGMGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PFYQFCKUASLJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Ni].[Li] Chemical compound [Co].[Ni].[Li] PFYQFCKUASLJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical class OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium titanium Chemical compound [Li].[Ti] SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004682 monohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002822 niobium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000404 tripotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019798 tripotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/003—Titanates
- C01G23/005—Alkali titanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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Description
非特許文献1、2の技術ではゾルゲル法が、非特許文献3の技術では原料にアルコキシドが用いられており、微量元素を均一に固溶するのに有利な湿式法による製造法が採用されている。
本発明の別の態様によれば、上記電極活物質を含有する電池用正極又は電池用負極が提供される。
さらに別の態様によれば、これらの正極又は負極を有するリチウムイオン二次電池もまた提供される。
本発明によれば、セラミック材料については、その形態は特に限定されず、典型的には微粒子状であり、その他の形状・形態、例えば、樹脂(バインダ)と混合したペーストに含まれる無機成分であったり、そのようなペーストを乾燥してなる成形体であったりしてもよい。
固相法の場合、上記原料を秤量したのち、混合し、焼成を行う。混合工程は湿式混合であってもよいし、乾式混合であってもよい。湿式混合は、水やエタノールなどの分散媒を用い、ボールミル、遊星ボールミル、ビーズミル、湿式ジェットミルなどを用いる手法である。乾式混合は、分散媒を用いずボールミル、遊星ボールミル、ビーズミル、ジェットミル、流動式混合機、また、圧縮力やせん断力を与えて精密混合やメカノケミカル効果を効率良く付与できるノビルタ(ホソカワミクロン)、ミラーロ(奈良機械製作所)などによる手法である。
Li4Ti5O12(111)面のピーク強度比=a/(a+b+c+d+e)×100
(a:Li4Ti5O12の(111)面(2θ=18.331)のピーク強度
b:Li2TiO3の(−133)面(2θ=48.583)のピーク強度
c:ルチルTiO2の(110)面(2θ=27.447)のピーク強度
d:KTi8O16の(310)面(2θ=27.610)のピーク強度
e:Li27.84Ti36.816Nb1.344O90の(018)面(2θ=22.628)のピーク強度)
Li4Ti5O12(111)面のピーク強度比を90%以上、好ましくは95%以上とすることによって初期放電容量を高くすることができる。また粒子径として1次粒子の最大径を2μm以下とすることによって、電極形成時のシート平滑性を好適にすることができる。また比表面積は3〜11m2/gとなるよう、焼成温度と焼成時間を適宜調整することが好ましく、比表面積をこのような範囲にすることで二次電池として高いレート特性を発現することができる。
負極活物質、導電剤及び結着剤の配合比は、負極活物質80〜98質量%、導電剤0〜20質量%、結着剤2〜7質量%の範囲にすることが好ましい。
集電体は、好ましくは、厚さ20μm以下のアルミニウム箔またはアルミニウム合金箔である。
リチウム塩としては,例えば、過塩素酸リチウム(LiClO4)、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4)、六フッ化砒素リチウム(LiAsF6)、トリフルオロメタスルホン酸リチウム(LiCF3SO3)、ビストリフルオロメチルスルホニルイミドリチウム[LiN(CF3SO2)2]などが挙げられる。使用するリチウム塩の種類は、1種類または2種類以上にすることができる。有機溶媒としては、例えば、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ビニレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネートや、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)等の鎖状カーボネートや、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン(2MeTHF)、ジオキソラン(DOX)等の環状エーテルや、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジエトエタン(DEE)等の鎖状エーテルや、γ−ブチロラクトン(GBL)、アセトニトリル(AN)、スルホラン(SL)等の単独若しくは混合溶媒を挙げることができる。
セパレータとしては、ポリエチレン微多孔膜を使用する。セパレータは正電極及び負電極間の接触が生じないように両極間に介在させるように配設する。
セラミック材料の試料を酸により分解した後、原子吸光分析またはICP発光分光分析測定によって含有元素の定量分析を行った。セラミック材料の重量を100%とした時のカリウム、リン、ニオブの元素としての存在割合(%)を算出した。
粉末XRD(リガク製、Ultima IV、ターゲットCu、加速電圧40KV、放電電流40mA、発散スリット幅1°、発散縦スリット幅10mm)にて測定を行った。各化合物のピーク強度比はLi4Ti5O12の(111)面(2θ=18.331)のピーク強度を100としたときの化合物それぞれのピーク強度をもってあらわす。検出される化合物として具体的には、Li2TiO3の(−133)面(2θ=48.583)のピーク強度、ルチルTiO2の(110)面(2θ=27.447)のピーク強度、KTi8O16の(310)面(2θ=27.610)のピーク強度、Li27.84Ti36.816Nb1.344O90の(018)面(2θ=22.628)のピーク強度を算出した。2θの値はそれぞれJCPDSカードより引用した。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM、日立製S4800)の3万倍の写真を用いてチタン酸リチウム粒子の最大1次径を計測した。画面サイズ7.3cm×9.5cmで上記写真を撮影し、写真上の粒子全数についてFeret径を計測し、最大値を最大1次径とした。計測粒子数が300粒子に満たない場合は、別視野のSEM写真を複数枚撮影し、300粒子以上になるように計測した。尚、Feret径とは、粒子を挟む2本の平行接線間の距離で定義される定方向接線径である(粉体工学会編「粒子計測技術」日刊工業新聞社,
P7 (1994))。
図1はハーフセルの模式断面図である。このセルでは、リチウム金属を対極としているため、電極電位は対極に比して貴となる。このため、充放電の方向は、チタン酸リチウムを負極として用いたときと反対になる。ここで、混乱を避けるため、リチウムイオンがチタン酸リチウム電極に挿入される方向を充電、脱離する方向を放電という呼称で統一することにする。チタン酸リチウムを活物質として電極合剤を作製した。活物質として得られたチタン酸リチウム90重量部と、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック5重量部と、結着剤としてフッ素樹脂5重量部を、溶剤としてn−メチル−2−ピロリドンを用い混合した。上記電極合剤5をドクターブレード法で目付け量が0.003g/cm2となるようにアルミ箔4へ塗布した。130℃で真空乾燥後、ロールプレスした。その後、10cm2の面積で打ち抜き、電池の作用極とした。対極としては、金属Li板6をNiメッシュ7に貼り付けたものを用いた。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとを体積比1:2にて混合した溶媒に1mol/LのLiPF6を溶解したものを用いた。セパレータ9としては、セルロース多孔膜を使用した。その他、図示するように、Alリード1、8を熱圧着テープ2で固定し、Alリード1と作用極とをカプトンテープ3で固定した。以上のようにして、アルミラミネートセル10を作製した。この電池を用いて初期放電容量を測定した。電流密度0.105mA/cm2(0.2C)の定電流で1.0Vまで充電し、その後、3.0Vまで放電し、このサイクルを3回繰り返し、3サイクル目の放電容量を、初期放電容量の値とした。初期放電容量は155mAh/g以上が好ましい。続いてレート特性を測定した。電流密度を0.525mA/cm2の定電流で1.0Vまで充電し、その後、3.0Vまで放電するサイクルを2回繰り返し、同様の測定を電流密度を1.05mA/cm2、1.575mA/cm2、2.625mA/cm2、5.25、8mA/cm2と、段階的に上げながら測定を行った。電流密度8mA/cm2の時の2サイクル目の放電容量と、初期放電容量値の比率をレート特性(%)として示した。レート特性は、60%以上であることが好ましい。
図2はフルセルの模式断面図である。得られたチタン酸リチウムを活物質として負極電極合剤15を作製した。具体的には、上述したハーフセルにおける作用極の製造と同じようにして、活物質として得られたチタン酸リチウムを用いた負極を製造した。正極用電極剤16は、活物質としての90重量部のコバルト酸リチウム(D50%=10μm)と、導電助剤としての5重量部のアセチレンブラックと、結着剤としての5重量部のフッ素樹脂とを、溶剤としてのn−メチル−2−ピロリドンとともに混合して得た。この電極合剤をドクターブレード法で目付け量が0.0042g/cm2となるようにアルミ箔へ塗布した。130℃で真空乾燥後、ロールプレスして正極を得た。電解液とセパレータ9は、上述のハーフセルの場合と同様にした。以上のようにして、アルミラミネートセルを作製した。この電池を用いて初期放電容量を測定した。電流密度0.105mA/cm2(0.2C)の定電流で2.8Vまで充電し、その後、1.5Vまで放電し、このサイクルを3回繰り返し、3サイクル目の放電容量を、初期放電容量の値とした。続いてレート特性を測定した。電流密度を0.525mA/cm2の定電流で1.5Vまで充電し、その後、2.8Vまで放電するサイクルを2回繰り返し、同様の測定を電流密度を1.05mA/cm2、1.575mA/cm2、2.625mA/cm2、5.25、8mA/cm2と、段階的に上げながら測定を行った。電流密度8mA/cm2の時の2サイクル目の放電容量と、初期放電容量値の比率をレート特性(%)として示した。
上記電池製造の際のロールプレス後の電極シートをAFMにて表面粗さRa(JIS 2001)を計測した。Raの値は、好ましくは300nm以下であればよい。Raの値をこのような範囲にすることで電極表面の平滑性が良好で、塗布した電極材が剥離しにくく、均質な電極シートを得ることができる。
焼成後に得られる生成物のLi:Tiモル比が4:5となるように以下のように製造した。Li源は炭酸リチウム(純度99%の高純度市販試薬)とし、酸化チタンは純度99.9%の高純度品で比表面積が10±1m2/gのものを用いた。表1記載の質量の炭酸リチウムおよび酸化チタンを、分散媒の純水1000gと混合した。分散剤のポリアクリル酸アンモニウムを、重量比で、分散剤:酸化チタン=1:130となるよう加えた。この投入混合比率の決定の際には、Liが揮発したり器壁ロスなどで微量に減少する場合があることを考慮しており、このため、仕込み時のモル比をLi:Ti=4.05:5とした。微量添加物として、表1記載の量の水酸化カリウム、リン酸二水素アンモニウム、酸化ニオブ(それぞれ高純度市販試薬)を加えてスラリーを得た。このスラリーを1.5mmZrO2ビーズを用いたビーズミルで攪拌混合したのち、噴霧乾燥機にて分散媒を除去し、大気中820℃で3時間熱処理してセラミック材料(チタン酸リチウム)を得た。焼成後に得られる生成物におけるLiとTiとのモル比は元素分析の結果、Li:Ti=4:5だった。
この実施例については後述する表2記載の各データに加えて、フルセルの電池評価も行った。その結果、初期放電容量は159mAh/gであり、レート特性は62%であり、ハーフセルと同等な値であった。
Li:Tiモル比は焼成後生成物の比が4:5となるようにした。実施例1と同じ炭酸リチウムおよび酸化チタンを表1記載の質量で混合し、さらに、水酸化カリウム、リン酸二水素アンモニウム、酸化ニオブについても表1の量にて、直径10mmのZrO2ボールを用いて2時間遊星ボールミルにて乾式混合し、大気中850℃で3時間熱処理してセラミック材料(チタン酸リチウム)を得た。(Liが揮発したり器壁ロスなどで減少する場合があるため、仕込み時のモル比をLi:Ti=4.05:5とした)焼成後に得られる生成物のLi:Tiモル比は元素分析の結果、4:5だった。
混合工程にて混合助剤としてエタノールを粉体総重量の0.5質量%添加したことの他は、実施例2と同様にサンプルを作製した。焼成後に得られる生成物におけるLiとTiとのモル比は元素分析の結果、Li:Ti=4:5だった。
原料の使用量を表1記載のとおりにしたことの他は実施例2と同様にしてセラミック材料(チタン酸リチウム)を得た。これらの実施例について、焼成後に得られる生成物におけるLiとTiとのモル比は元素分析の結果、Li:Ti=4:5だった。
水酸化カリウム、リン酸二水素アンモニウム、酸化ニオブを添加しないことの他は実施例2と同様にしてセラミック材料(チタン酸リチウム)を得た。
この比較例については後述する表2記載の各データに加えて、フルセルの電池評価も行った。その結果、初期放電容量は148mAh/gであり、レート特性は55%であり、ハーフセルと同等な値であった
原料の使用量を表1記載のとおりにしたことの他は実施例2と同様にしてセラミック材料(チタン酸リチウム)を得た。
表2において、「初期放電容量」および「レート特性」の欄は、上述したハーフセルにおける測定結果である。「シート平滑性」の欄は、Raが300nmより大きい場合は×、250〜300nmである場合は○、250nmより小さい場合は◎にした。「総合評価」の欄は、初期放電容量が155mAh/gに満たないか、レート特性が60%に満たないか、Raが300nmより大きければ×にした。初期放電容量が160mAh/g以上かつレート特性が65%以上かつRaが250nm未満であれば◎にした。×でもなく◎でも無い場合は○にした。
2 熱圧着テープ
3 カプトンテープ
4 アルミ箔
5、15、16 電極合剤
6 金属Li板
7 Niメッシュ
8 Niリード
9 セパレータ
10 アルミラミネート
Claims (6)
- スピネル構造を有するチタン酸リチウムを主成分とし、0.004〜0.249質量%のカリウムと、0.013〜0.240質量%のリンと、0.021〜1.049質量%のニオブとを含むセラミック材料からなる二次電池の電極活物質。
- 前記セラミック材料の粉末X線回折測定にて、Li27.84Ti36.816Nb1.344O90の(018)面のピークの強度が、Li4Ti5O12の(111)面のピーク強度の3/100以下である請求項1記載の電極活物質。
- 前記セラミック材料の1次粒子の最大径が2μm以下である請求項1又は2記載の電極活物質。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の電極活物質を正極活物質として含有する電池用正極。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の電極活物質を負極活物質として含有する電池用負極。
- 請求項4記載の正極又は請求項5に記載の負極を有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
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