JP5413926B2 - 半導体実装用半田ボール及び電子部材 - Google Patents
半導体実装用半田ボール及び電子部材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5413926B2 JP5413926B2 JP2011547624A JP2011547624A JP5413926B2 JP 5413926 B2 JP5413926 B2 JP 5413926B2 JP 2011547624 A JP2011547624 A JP 2011547624A JP 2011547624 A JP2011547624 A JP 2011547624A JP 5413926 B2 JP5413926 B2 JP 5413926B2
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- Prior art keywords
- solder
- solder ball
- mass
- ball
- diameter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 222
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 29
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 18
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 12
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910000905 alloy phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000682 scanning probe acoustic microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017482 Cu 6 Sn 5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910020836 Sn-Ag Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910020988 Sn—Ag Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001036 glow-discharge mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017944 Ag—Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910025794 LaB6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
- B23K35/262—Sn as the principal constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C13/00—Alloys based on tin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
- H01L23/49811—Additional leads joined to the metallisation on the insulating substrate, e.g. pins, bumps, wires, flat leads
- H01L23/49816—Spherical bumps on the substrate for external connection, e.g. ball grid arrays [BGA]
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- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
- H01L23/49866—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers characterised by the materials
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- H01L24/10—Bump connectors ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/12—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L24/13—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual bump connector
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
- H05K3/32—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
- H05K3/34—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
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- H01L2224/05075—Plural internal layers
- H01L2224/0508—Plural internal layers being stacked
- H01L2224/05082—Two-layer arrangements
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- H01L2224/113—Manufacturing methods by local deposition of the material of the bump connector
- H01L2224/1133—Manufacturing methods by local deposition of the material of the bump connector in solid form
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- H01L2224/13099—Material
- H01L2224/131—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof
- H01L2224/13101—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of less than 400°C
- H01L2224/13111—Tin [Sn] as principal constituent
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Description
そこで、本発明では、半導体実装用の半田ボール及びそれらを有する電子部材に関して、250μm以下の直径の半田ボールであっても、充分な熱疲労特性が確保できる半導体実装用半田ボール及びこれを用いた電子部材を提供する。
請求項1に係る半導体実装用半田ボールは、Agを0.1〜2.5質量%、Cuを0.1〜1.5質量%ならびにMg、AlおよびZnの内の1種又は2種以上を総計で0.0001〜0.005質量%含有し、残部がSnである半田合金で形成される半導体実装用半田ボールであって、半田ボールの表面に、1〜50nmの厚さの非晶質相を有し、前記非晶質相は、Mg、AlおよびZnの内の1種又は2種以上、ならびに、OおよびSnを含有することを特徴とする。
(1)半田ボールの直径が300μm以上:
半田ボールの変形能を超えないので、破壊は半田ボール内で発生、
(2)半田ボールの直径が250μm以下:
硬いボールでは半田ボールの変形能を超えるために接合界面破壊が発生、柔らかいボールでは半田ボールの変形能を超えないので破壊は半田ボール内で発生、となることに起因している。つまり、(1)のケースでは、硬い半田ボールでも柔らかい半田ボールでも熱歪量が半田の変形能の範囲内であるため、硬い半田ボールを用いた方が半田ボールをより一層変形し難い状態にでき、その結果、変位量そのものが小さくなるので、半田ボールの内部に進展する亀裂の進行を遅くでき、熱疲労特性が勝るのに対し、(2)の半田ボールの直径が250μm以下というような場合には、硬い半田ボールを用いると熱歪量が半田の変形能の範囲を超えてしまうので、熱歪量に対して半田ボールが充分には変形しきれない状態となってしまい、そのため、変形の不足分を接合界面が担うこととなり、亀裂は半田ボールの内部ではなく、接合界面を進展することになる。この時、接合界面には脆性な金属間化合物が厚く成長しているので、亀裂が接合界面を進展するケースでは、亀裂は(例えばガラスを破壊する時のように)急速に進展してしまい、熱疲労特性は劣悪となってしまうのである。
(3)本発明者らは鋭意検討した結果、半田ボールの直径が250μm以下というように大きな熱歪量が生じる環境下では、従来までの考え方とは異なり、半田合金中のAgの濃度を2.5質量%以下とすれば、半田ボールが軟質化することで、半田ボールの小径化に伴って急増する熱歪量を半田ボール自身が変形することで吸収し、せん断応力が接合界面にも作用することを回避でき、300μm以上の直径の場合と同様に半田ボールの内部を亀裂が進展する破断モードを確保できることを見出した。このように、熱歪量が半田の変形能の範囲を超えると亀裂が接合界面を進展するために熱疲労特性は劣悪となってしまうのであるが、熱歪量が半田の変形能の範囲を超えない範囲であれば硬い半田であるほど半田ボールを変形し難い状態にでき、半田ボールの内部に進展する亀裂の進行が遅くなり、熱疲労特性が勝ることになる。つまり、半田ボールの直径が250μm以下というように大きな熱歪量が生じる環境下で熱疲労特性を高めるポイントは、熱歪量が半田の変形能の範囲を超えない範囲の中で半田中のAg濃度を高めて半田を硬くすることと言える。
Agの濃度が0.1質量%未満では、半田ボールの融点がSnの融点並みの232℃近傍まで高まってしまい、そのため、製造条件のひとつであるリフロー温度を高めに設定せざるを得なくなり、生産コストの増加を招き、工業上、好ましくない。
つまり、適切なAg濃度は、直径が250μm以下のケースでは0.1〜2.5質量%である。より好ましくは、直径が250μm以下のケースでは、Agの濃度が0.5〜2.5質量%であると、工業的には低めのリフロー温度を適用できるので良く、更に好ましくは、Agの濃度が0.9〜2.2質量%であると、良好な熱疲労特性と低めのリフロー温度での操業という両利点がバランス良く同時に得られる。
つまり、前記課題を解決するには、半田ボールの直径が250μm以下の場合は、Snを主体とし、0.1〜2.5質量%のAgと、0.1〜1.5質量%のCuと、Mg、Al、およびZnの内の1種又は2種以上を総計で0.0001〜0.005質量%含有する半田合金からなる半田ボールであって、半田ボールの表面に、1〜50nmの厚さの非晶質相を有し、前記非晶質層は、Mg、Al、およびZnの内の1種又は2種以上、ならびに、OおよびSnを含有することを特徴とする半導体実装用半田ボールを用いれば良い。
1点目の課題は多数回のリフローに関する課題である。半田の強度は母相であるSnよりもむしろ半田中に析出する粒状合金相の寄与が大きく、細かな粒状合金相が多数存在すると強度は高くなる。しかしながらこの粒状合金相は熱に弱く、例えば多数回のリフローを実施すると、溶融温度を超える高温環境に幾度もさらされることで、粒状合金相は粗大化し、数も減少してしまう。半田ボールの直径が300μm程度の際には特に問題視されてこなかったが、半田ボールの直径が250μm以下では、多数回のリフローを実施すると、前述の理由で半田は必要な強度が確保できず、応力が付加されると半田は過剰に変形し、最悪のケースではショートしたり断線したりしてしまう。
また、プル試験後の剥離界面を光学顕微鏡で50点観察し、電極材質や下地が5点以上観察されたら×を、4点以下の観察であれば使用上特に問題の無いレベルと見なして△を、まったく観察されなければ○を、表6中の「剥離界面」欄にあわせて記載した。
また、表2に示すように、本実施形態によれば、直径180μmという小径の半田ボールであっても、300回以上という良好な熱疲労特性が得られた。
また、表3に示すように、本実施形態によれば、直径250μmという小径の半田ボールであっても、675回以上という良好な熱疲労特性が得られた。
同様に、表4に示すように、本実施形態によれば、直径250μmという小径の半田ボールであっても、90回以上という良好な耐落下性が併せて得られた。
また、表5に示すように、本実施形態によれば、直径180μmという小径の半田ボールであっても、90回以上という良好な耐落下性が併せて得られた。
そして、表6に示すように、NiとMgを同時に添加するという本実施形態によれば、多数回リフロー試験を行っても、良好なプル強度と剥離界面が得られた。
Claims (6)
- Agを0.1〜2.5質量%、
Cuを0.1〜1.5質量%ならびに
Mg、AlおよびZnの内の1種又は2種以上を総計で0.0001〜0.005質量%
含有し、残部がSnである半田合金で形成される半導体実装用半田ボールであって、
該半田ボールの表面に、1〜50nmの厚さの非晶質相を有し、
前記非晶質相は、Mg、AlおよびZnの内の1種又は2種以上、
ならびに、OおよびSnを含有する
ことを特徴とする半導体実装用半田ボール。 - Agを0.1〜1.9質量%、
Cuを0.1〜1.0質量%ならびに
Mg、AlおよびZnの内の1種又は2種以上を総計で0.0001〜0.005質量%
含有し、残部がSnである半田合金で形成される半導体実装用半田ボールであって、
該半田ボールの表面に、1〜50nmの厚さの非晶質相を有し、
前記非晶質相は、Mg、AlおよびZnの内の1種又は2種以上、
ならびに、OおよびSnを含有する
ことを特徴とする半導体実装用半田ボール。 - 前記半田合金のAg濃度が0.5〜1.9%であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の半導体実装用半田ボール。
- 前記半田合金が、更にBiを0.01〜5質量%含有することを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の半導体実装用半田ボール。
- 前記半田合金が、更に、Ni、P、Sb、Ce、La、Co、FeおよびInの内の1種又は2種以上を総計で0.0005〜0.5質量%含有することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の半導体実装用半田ボール。
- 半田接合部を有する電子部材であって、該半田接合部の少なくとも一部に請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体実装用半田ボールを用いたことを特徴とする電子部材。
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JP7057997B2 (ja) * | 2017-11-01 | 2022-04-21 | 株式会社日本スペリア社 | 鉛フリーはんだ合金及びはんだ継手 |
US11577343B2 (en) * | 2017-11-09 | 2023-02-14 | Alpha Assembly Solutions Inc. | Low-silver alternative to standard SAC alloys for high reliability applications |
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US9024442B2 (en) | 2015-05-05 |
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US20120223430A1 (en) | 2012-09-06 |
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