JP5130228B2 - 最小侵襲医療手技を実行するためのロボット手術システム - Google Patents
最小侵襲医療手技を実行するためのロボット手術システム Download PDFInfo
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Description
しかし、最小侵襲技術一般、および特に腹腔鏡手術は、手術を実行する外科医に対する要件がより厳格になっている。外科医は不自然で疲れる姿勢で、視野を制限され、運動の自由を低減され、触知感の乏しい状態で、手術を行なう。これらの問題の他に、外科医はしばしば、各々例えば30分から数時間続く介入を1日に数回立て続けに実行しなければならないという事実が加わる。これらの困難にもかかわらず、最小侵襲手技への傾向はおそらく、今後数年間、老齢人口および医療分野におけるコストの圧力のため、急増する。
これらのシステムは両方とも、形態解剖学的に一定であり、作業空間が小さく、従って限られた空間のみで正確な器具の動きおよび巧緻性が要求される心臓手術専用に設計されている。この限定された空間での到達性および巧緻性を高めるために、器具の先端部で1以上の追加自由度をもたらす広範囲の特殊専用器具が、これらのシステムの各々にそれぞれ使用するために設計されてきた。これらの専用の複雑な器具に関して、それらの高い購買コストおよび滅菌による短い寿命は、総維持費を増大させる。腹腔鏡手術の経験豊富な外科医によると、多関節器具は大部分の処置に不可欠ではなく、標準器具の使用は中でも特に維持コストの顕著な削減を意味する。
システムが最小限の個数の関節で要求される操縦性を、すなわちわずか6個の関節で6DOFをもたらすことは理解される。マニピュレータの運動のためにそれ以上の冗長な関節が設けられることはない。特に、多関節器具遠端を持つ特殊器具は必要とされない。さらに、全ての関節は作動される。すなわち、受動(非作動)または自由回転関節はロボットマニピュレータに存在せず、よってロボット制御が著しく改善される。公知のシステムで例えば套管針の応力を回避するために一般的に使用されている冗長な受動関節の排除は、本願ではとりわけ、第6関節と腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータとの間のインタフェースにセンサアセンブリを設けることによって達成される。センサアセンブリのこの配置は、器具の先端レベルのみならず、套管針のレベルでも力の測定および制約的制限を可能にする。別の特異性は、手首およびエフェクタユニット関節が全て回転すること、すなわち柱状関節がこれらの部分に設けられないことである。
多くの既存のシステムは、内視鏡用のマニピュレータの他に、外科手術用器具自体のためのマニピュレータを2つしか持たない。この結果、頻繁かつ複雑な器具の交換手順のため、介入時間が増加する。典型的な介入では、外科医は5〜7種類の異なる器具を使用し、それらを数十回交換する必要がある。通常、器具の交換は、外科医アシスタントの技量によって5秒から10秒かかり、これらの交換作業は全介入時間にかなり寄与する(約10〜20%)。多くの既存のロボットシステムは、3つまたは4つの器具アクセスポートを必要とする典型的な介入に簡単には適さない。他のシステムは時間的に通常短い(約20分)診断介入に制限され、しばしばロボットシステムのコストを正当化しない。理想的には、ロボット手術システムはモジュール式であり、かつ4つまでの器具アクセスポートおよび1つの内視鏡アクセスポートを管理する能力を有するべきである。適切なマニピュレータの設計に関係する重要な制約は、一部のアクセスポートが数センチメートルしか離すことができず、かつそれぞれの器具を相互に略平行にまたは上下に配置する必要があるかもしれないことである。加えて、マニピュレータは、患者の身体およびアクセスポートに対する外科医の視界を過度に制限しないことが望ましい。ロボット手術システムは、本書で下述する本質的に独創的と考えられる様々な他の特徴のおかげで、とりわけ後者の問題に対処する。
腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータが、座を配置されるアクセス面を持つハウジング、およびハウジングをセンサアセンブリに取り付けるインタフェースフランジを含む場合、それはさらにインタフェースフランジへのハウジングの取り付けの剛性を補強するためにアクセス面をインタフェースフランジ接続する漸進的補強リブを含むことが好ましい。それによって、腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータの断面がセンサ取付板の断面よりずっと小さい場合でも、トルクおよび力はより正確にセンサアセンブリに伝達される。
人間工学を高めるために、ハウジングは、好ましくは略平坦アクセス面の反対側に略半円筒面を有することによって、半円筒状である。半円筒面は直径が50〜135mm、好ましくは約90mmで第6関節の回転軸と同軸の円筒状エンベロープと一致することが好ましい。そのような実施形態では、ハウジング、フランジ、補強リブ、およびセンサアセンブリは、この円筒状エンベロープ内にぴったり収まるような寸法にすることがさらに好ましい。加えて、適応器具ステムは、マニピュレータに装着されたときに同じエンベロープ内にぴったり収まるように設計することが好ましい。
器具の横向きの着脱を可能にする別の単純かつ信頼できる実施形態では、座は、器具ステムアダプタ上に横方向に配置された連結手段を受容するために、半円筒状凹部を半径方向に深くする縦溝を含み、連結機構は、連結手段を係合するために縦溝内に配置された摺動自在の止め具を含む、掛止固締機構として構成される。この型の座および固締機構は対応するアダプタと協働して、機械的に単純で直観的かつ信頼できる速結接続を達成する。
把持用または解剖用の鉗子、鋏等のような被作動器具のために使用される作動機構は、エフェクタユニットに装着された器具ステムアダプタのスライダピンを係合受容し、かつ直線的に摺動かさせるように構成された、スライダキャリッジを含むことが好都合である。座が第6関節の回転軸に沿って細長い場合、スライダキャリッジは、座に対して横方向に、すなわち座の軸方向延長とは反対側に配置することが好ましい。それによって、エフェクタユニットの長さの低減を達成することができる。さらに作動機構は、スライダキャリッジを駆動手段に接続する力センサを含むことが有利である。そのような力センサは、スライダキャリッジによって働く力、またはスライダキャリッジに対して働く力を測定することが可能である。
好適な実施形態では、ロボット手術システムは、手動モードで操作するように構成され、その場合、腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータは、センサアセンブリの6DOFの力/トルクセンサによって読み取られた情報を使用して、ロボットマニピュレータによって位置決めし、かつ方向付けることができ、ロボット手術システムはさらに、システムをこの手動モードに切り替えるために、腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータに配置された切替手段を含む。
請求に係る発明の別の態様は、本書に記載する通り、いずれかの利用可能な手動腹腔鏡手術器具のステムをロボット手術システムのロボットマニピュレータに装着するための、上述した腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタに関する。このアダプタは、前端に配置されたステムコネクタを有する細長いケース、およびケースの側方に配置された連結部材または手段を含む。ステムコネクタは手動腹腔鏡手術器具のステムのソケットと協働し、それと着脱自在に接続するように構成される。連結手段は次に、ロボットマニピュレータの腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータの座と協働する。
ステムアダプタの好適な実施形態では、その連結手段は半円筒面を含み、または代替的に、ケース全体がおそらく、ステムコネクタとは反対側の端が丸みを帯びた略円筒形状を持つことができる。どちらの場合も、形状または表面は、ロボットマニピュレータの腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータの座の上述した半円筒状凹部と共形である。これは、第6関節の回転軸上の器具ステムアダプタのセンタリングを可能にする。
上述の誘導性有無センサを用いて器具の識別を可能にするために、アダプタは器具ステムに設けられた誘導的に識別可能なパターンを含むことができる。さらに、アダプタは、前記ステムコネクタに接続された器具に電力を伝達するために、前記連結手段の反対側に配置された電気コネクタを含むことができる。
上記態様のみならず、本開示の他の発明の態様および目的も、添付の図面に関連する非限定的実施形態の以下の説明からいっそう明瞭になる。
これらの図面において、同一参照番号は、全体を通して同一部分を識別するために使用される。
図5に示すように配置された2つの(P)関節および1つの(R)関節により、アーム26は略垂直軸を中心とする1回転DOFを有し、かつそれに関連して2つの直角軸に沿った2並進DOFを有する。従って、ロボットマニピュレータ14のアーム26は円筒状の形状を有し、すなわちマニピュレータ14の運動学的構成は、PRP(直動‐回転‐直動)型の円筒状ロボットのクラスに属する。より正確には、最初の3つの関節J1、J2、J3のうちの各関節はそれぞれ円筒座標(z, ,r)に対応する。zは高度(または高さ)座標であり、回転(またはアジマス)座標であり、rは径方向伸び(または半径)座標である。
・手術台の上のマニピュレータ構造によって占有される比較的小さい抑制された空間。
・(800mの水平部29の最小リンクオフセットのため)マニピュレータ基台が手術台から充分に離れているので、外科医の手術台へのアクセスおよび手術台へ/からの患者の移送が容易であるという事実。
・マニピュレータ間の衝突検出計算が容易かつ高速である。
これらおよび他の態様は以下の段落からいっそう明らかになる。ロボットマニピュレータアーム26の選ばれたPRP運動学的構成の結果得られる利点は、手術台12の周りに交差する作業空間をおいて配置された複数のマニピュレータ14間の衝突検出計算の簡素化である(図1および2)。円筒状構成のため、ロボットマニピュレータ14は、2次元(2D)水平面内の単純な平面幾何学的特徴により近似することができる。図6に最も良く示す通り、アーム26の機械的リンクは、(J3+L2+L3)およびJ2にそれぞれ対応する可変長および向きの矩形によって包囲することができ、矩形エンベロープの幅は、機械的リンクの形状に、例えば最大速度からロボットを制動して停止させるために必要な空間に依存するマージンと、安全性閾値を加えることによって与えられる。矩形エンベロープの各辺のマージンは、動きの方向および速度によって動的に決定することができ、例えばエンベロープ辺の方向の速度が高ければ高いほど、このエンベロープ辺の余裕は高くなる。手首28は、リンクL4の本体およびリンクL5の部分を包囲しかつ関節J4の現在の角度位置によって与えられる可変平面方位を持つ、矩形によって近似される。同様に、エフェクタユニット30は、2D水平面上のその突出を包囲する矩形によって近似することができ、ここで突出角度は関節J5の現在の角度位置と一致する。同じ原理が、エフェクタユニット30に接続された器具18のステムに適用される。そのような単純な幾何学的2次元特徴は、それらの線の交差に基づく衝突検出のための単純かつ効率的なアルゴリズムを確立することを可能にする。第1段階で、衝突検出方法は、2D水平突出における衝突を検査することから構成される。これらの2D図形のいずれかが、異なるロボットマニピュレータ14からの図形と衝突する場合にのみ、第3次元を含めることによって、実際の衝突の実効リスクが実質的に検証される。理解される通り、ロボットマニピュレータ14の関係部分の交差する辺に対してのみ、3D計算を実行する必要がある。この簡易3D計算では、例えば三角形に基づくモデルにより、関係部分が包囲される。その結果、高速交差検出アルゴリズム、例えばMollerによって「A Fast Triangle‐Triangle Intersection Test」(Journal of Graphics Tools、2(2)、1997)に提案されたアルゴリズムを容易に実現することができる。実際、器具18のステム間の衝突検出は、特に内視鏡を電動器具から保護することに関連する。
以下の段落では、図7〜15を参照しながら、ロボットマニピュレータ14の構造についてさらに詳述する。
・内視鏡マニピュレータはそのアクセスポートを中心に360゜回転する必要があるので(通常、探査を目的として)、関節J3の行程は内視鏡マニピュレータの方が長い(約750mm)。
・内視鏡マニピュレータはそのアクセスポートを中心に360゜回転する必要があるので、内視鏡マニピュレータの場合、関節J4の行程は無限である。これは、J4軸上の信号コレクタを使用することによって可能になる。
・関節J6は内視鏡マニピュレータには不要である。すなわち、内視鏡は関節J5に直接取り付けることができる。
・内視鏡マニピュレータのエフェクタユニット30は通常は内視鏡、および余分な力を検出する力/トルクセンサから構成される。
・内視鏡マニピュレータは内視鏡だけの位置決め能力を必要とするので、全ての関節に対する速度/加速度要件は、内視鏡マニピュレータの方が最小限60%低い。
これらの相違を考慮に入れて、第2型のロボットマニピュレータ14の方がより厳格な設計要件を有するので、本発明の説明は、第2型のロボットマニピュレータ14に重点を置く。
関連するリニアアクチュエータとして、アーム上昇用の(P)関節J1はボールねじ直線軸50(例えばドイツ国オッフェンブルクおよび英国プールのParker Hannifin社、電子機械部門によって生産されたETシリーズの適切なモデル)を含む。ボールねじ直線軸50は、インクリメンタルモータ位置エンコーダおよびブレーキを具備した、ブラシレスサーボモータ51によって駆動される。直線軸50はさらに、出力段における追加の絶対リニア位置センサ(図示せず)、リミットスイッチ、および機械的行程端緩衝器(図示せず)を具備する。軸の直線性およびねじり剛性を確実にするために、垂直リニアガイド52が直線軸50と連動する。アーム26を基台24に装着するために、直線軸50はブラケット53に取り付けられる。信号線および電力線は関節J1のカバー内部の垂直ケーブルチャネル(図示せず)内を案内される。図3に最も良く示す通り、外部カバー54は柱状(P)関節J1のコンポーネントを収容する。関節J1のアクチュエータアセンブリに関して、モータ/負荷縮小比は、モータブレーキが解放されているとき、またはサーボモータ51が付勢されないときにも、水平部29の望ましくない落下を防止するように設定されることに気付かれるかもしれない。加えて、緊急の場合に全てのロボット関節の動きを停止させるように働く、緊急停止ボタン(図示せず)が外部カバー54に配置される。図9に示す通り、マニピュレータアーム26の上述したコンポーネントは、その略垂直部27を構成する。
図11〜13に示す(R)関節J4の機械的および作動設計は、ブラシレスサーボモータ81が垂直に装着される支持板80を含む。サーボモータ81は位置エンコーダ82およびホールセンサをモータシャフト上に具備する。サーボモータ81として、例えばスイス国ザクセンのMAXON MOTOR A.G.製のECモータシリーズの適切な型式が使用される。(R)関節J4はさらに、接続フランジ87に連結された負荷軸プーリ86を駆動するように、サーボモータ81に連結されたギア83を介し、かつ伝動ベルト84およびプーリ85システムを介する伝動機構を含む。追加の絶対シングルターンセンサ88が、同じく伝動ベルト84によって駆動されるプーリ89に接続され、支持板80の底面に取り付けられる。ケーブルを関節J5から関節J4まで容易に通すために、負荷軸プーリ86および接続フランジ87を含むアセンブリは中空シャフトと、接続フランジ87上の側方窓とを有する。支持板80は、2つの取付板90によってビーム72に堅固に取り付けられる。図14に示す通り、カバー92は関節J4の部品を保護するのに役立つ。カバー内部では、保守のために手首28が取外し可能にするように、エフェクタユニット30から、関節J5およびJ4からのケーブルにコネクタが設けられる。緊急停止ボタンが関節J4のカバー92に設けられる。サーボモータ81のシャフトにフェイルセーフブレーキを設けることが好ましい。マルチロボット構成における制限因子を構成し得る側方偏位O1を低減するために、モータはまた負荷軸プーリ86およびセンサ88の軸とも整列させることができる。この場合、支持板80は負荷軸プーリ86の周囲に丸みを帯びた縁を持つことが好ましい。
理解される通り、関節J4、J5、およびJ6の回転軸は、本実施形態では空間の同一点で交差する。よって、リンクL5によって生じる潜在的な偏位が排除される。
手首28およびエフェクタユニット30に使用される伝道装置およびモータの前述した構成に関しては、例えばケーブルおよびプーリを伝動手段として使用し、または小型ギア‐モータ‐ブレーキアセンブリをトルクモータと共に使用する、他の構成も可能である。しかし、伝動装置としてのケーブルおよびプーリは実行および保全が困難である一方、トルクモータに基づくアセンブリは一般的に小型ではない。記載したシステムの安全性のために、緊急停止の場合にモータ51、61、71、81、101、141を停止させるように、「ダイナミックブレーキ」機能を有するサーボドライブが選択された。ロボットマニピュレータ14の外部カバーは、適切な洗浄可能なプラスチック材料およびおそらく部分的にアルミニウムから作られるが、全ての外側導電部は電気接地に接続される。全ての内部コンポーネントは、受信および放射に関しEMIから遮蔽される。手術室の滅菌に関しては、ロボットマニピュレータ14を完全に、すなわちエフェクタユニット30から基台24まで覆うために、無菌プラスチックバッグが通常使用される。
作動に関しては、上述したロボットマニピュレータ14の設計は、2つのさらなる利点をもたらす。第一に、関節J1は高い静止摩擦および逆慣性を呈するので、それを除き、ロボットマニピュレータ14の関節を手動で作動させることができる。換言すると、全てのブレーキが解除されたときに、手首28のフランジ32に取り付けられたエフェクタユニット30は、5kg未満の(水平方向の)押す力しか必要としない、関節J2、J3、J4、J5、およびJ6の手動による作動を通して、手動で動かすことができる。第二に、システムの安全性は感覚的冗長性によって向上する。上述の通り、関節J1〜J6の各々が、モータシャフト上の位置エンコーダ、およびそれぞれの関節の実効運動出力を測定する追加の位置センサ(例えば65、88、108、148)の両方を有する。実際、この感覚的冗長性は(例えばモータワイヤ、ベルト、またはサーボドライブの)故障を検出するために使用される。
さらに、該設計は、関節J1〜J6の各々における行程端状態を回避する。行程端は、関節がその運動範囲を使い果たしたときに発生し、特に遠隔操作ロボット手術では、器具18を患者Pの体内に挿入した状態で、外科医Sが復旧を達成することは困難かつ煩雑であるため、危機的な状態である。行程端状態を回避するために、アーム26の柱状関節J1、J3は充分な行程を持つように設計され、エフェクタユニット30のロール関節J6は、無限回転するように設計される。その結果、行程端状態を回避するために必要なことは、特定の予め定められた初期構成およびセットアップ状態を考慮するだけである。
以下の最大力およびトルク範囲は、変形腹腔鏡手術器具のハンドルに配置された6DOFの力/トルクセンサで実験的に記録されたものである(J.Rosenらによる「Surgeon‐Tool Force/Torque Signatures−Evaluation of Surgical Skills in Minimally Invasive Surgery」、Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality、MMVR−7、IOS Press、カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコ、1999年1月を参照されたい)。
・力: Fx,Fy=±10N; Fz=±30N;
・モーメント Mx,My=±1Nm; Mz=±0.1Nm.
ここで、Fiは対応する軸i=x、y、またはzに沿った力を表わし、Miは、図16におけるFRFの対応する軸i=x、y、またはzを中心とするモーメントを表わす。FTAS122の力トルクセンサの動作範囲は、これらの値に加えて、LIA120の重量、運動力学負荷、ならびに套管針200に働く枢動および穿通抵抗を考慮に入れるものとする。実際には、FTAS122の力トルクセンサは、FTAS122をジョイスティックとして使用してエフェクタユニット30を手動で駆動するため、かつエフェクタユニット30に接続された器具18と相互作用する力/トルク、例えば器具18の先端または図4の枢支点206における力/トルクを監視するために、力/トルクの反射、すなわち外科医Sによって操作される触覚インタフェースへの力/トルクのフィードバックに使用される。FTAS122の直線および径方向加速度計は、力トルクセンサ情報に対する重力および加速度の影響を補償するために使用される。FTAS122の加速度計および力トルクセンサの測定軸は幾何学的に一致する。
特に力の反射を含む遠隔操作ロボット手術における別の関連態様は、マニピュレータ14の精度要件である。充分な精度は套管針切開部における応力の低減に寄与し、精密な力/トルク補償を実行することを可能にする。
選ばれた設計では、エフェクタユニット30への接続部、すなわちツールフランジ32(図4参照)におけるマニピュレータ14の静的精度は、位置が±2mmより優れ、向きがFRFで±0.1゜より優れているものとする(図16参照)。ここで、接続された腹腔鏡手術器具18の先端で、1.5kgの外部負荷を想定し、FRFを(R)関節J5の軸から280mmの距離と想定する。動的精度は、位置が±4mmより優れ、向きがFRFで±0.5゜より優れているものとする。これらの特徴は、中でも特に構造部品の精密な機械加工、リンクL1〜L6および関節J1〜J6の剛性、位置センサの充分な分解能、PIDモータ制御ループの適切なチューニング、マニピュレータの運動学的較正等を通して得られる。
・関節を作動させることなく、ロボットマニピュレータ14の関節J1〜J6をホーミング(homing)する。これは、モータを制御するために使用するインクリメンタルセンサの初期値が、絶対センサによって提供されることを意味する。絶対センサが利用できない場合、ホーミング手順は、全ての関節を所与の方向に移動させて、基準信号を探すことで実現することができる。始動時のホーミングのための自動的移動は、高速のセットアップ手順および安全性の向上を確実にするものではない。
・エフェクタユニット30の位置および向きの実時間決定により、伝動機構によって生じる関節弾性誤差が回避される。
・ロボットマニピュレータ14のFRFからの偏位を監視する。
・各関節J1〜J6に設けられたそれぞれのモータエンコーダによって示された位置を用いてデータの無矛盾性を監視することにより、関節伝動障害(例えばベルトの破断)または他のハードウェア故障を検出する。
以下の段落で、腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(LIA)120についてさらに詳細に説明する。
図14〜15および図18〜22に示すLIA120は、片側をハンドルに、反対側をステムに分割することのできる、いずれかの標準的腹腔鏡手術器具と共に使用するように適応される。本書でステムは、その先端に例えば鉗子/鋏ジョーインサート、吸引/灌水手段、ナイフまたは電気焼灼/切断装置のような基本的ツールを有する比較的細長い管として定義される。先端と反対側の端は、ステムを外科医用のハンドルに接続するように設計されたソケットを含む。
ロボットマニピュレータ14と標準器具との適合性は、LIA120の設計、および以下で頭字語ISAと称され、その1例が図17に示された、対応器具ステムアダプタの設計によって達成される。
図18に示す通り、ハウジング154の外面は平滑な縁を有する。それは容易に洗浄可能で軽量かつ非導電性の材料から作られる。さらに、LIA120は、ISA300を用いて装着される適応器具18のステム302に対して、部分的に回転自在に対称な設計を有する。ISA300がLIA120に適切に接続されたときに、ステム302の軸は関節J6のロール軸およびFTAS122の法線軸と一致する。
図19に示す通り、作動機構400は、下述するように直線運動をLIA120のスライダキャリッジ430に伝達する。好適な実施形態では、次のパラメータが作動機構400に対して選択された。
・スライダキャリッジ430の最大限の機械的行程:7mm(標準器具には通常5mmで充分であるが、同種の幾つかのステムは、最高2mm変動する行程長を持つことがあることが明らかになっている)。
・行程速度範囲:1mm/秒から20mm/秒まで
・最大作動力:200N
ステッパモータは、FTAS122に対するかなりの騒音源になる振動を発生するので、LIA120では避けることが好ましい。従って、シャフト位置エンコーダを具備する小型ブラシレスモータ411を使用する。そのようなモータは例えばドイツ国SchoenaichのFaulhaber GmbHから入手可能である。しかし、ケーブル駆動伝動装置のような他の非振動直線運動機構の使用は排除されない。
止め具450の設計は図22に最も良く示される。ばね454の弾性は止め具405をFTAS122の方向に圧迫する。ISA300を取り外すときに、止め具450を連結部材308から手動で解除するために、直線案内ノブ456は、直線案内止め具450に結合された枢軸458を回転させる。止め具450の突端452は、ISA300を押すだけで挿入することができるように斜切される。LIA120を被覆するために使用される無菌プラスチックシートの損傷を制限するために、突端452および突起316の係合部は対合プロファイルに従って丸みを付けられる。掛止機構と置換するために、例えばLIAに設置された永久磁石を、ISAに装着された金属板およびカムベースのレバーと共に使用して、他の同等の連結または固締機構を使用することもできることは理解される。固定機構、例えば固締機構406および連結部材308は、ISA300がLIA120に装着されるときに、LIA120から切り離すことなく、次の力およびモーメントに抵抗することができることを確実にするように設計されることが好ましい。
・100Nの牽引力および圧縮力。
・器具先端における15Nの径方向の力に対応するねじりモーメント。
・5Nmまでの曲げモーメント。
LIA120および各協働ISA(例えば300)が、適応腹腔鏡手術器具18、すなわち外科医アシスタントAによってISA(例えば300)と組み立てられるステム(例えば302)の迅速かつ容易な手動着脱のために設計されることは理解される。ISA300の略円筒状外形、その連結部材308、座130、溝402、および固締機構406は上述の通り、ISA300のLIA120への案内挿入、および単純接続手順をもたらす。該設計は、ISAが挿入されたときに要求される剛性、およびわずかな手作業の動きによる簡単な抜去手順を確実にする。この設計によって、適応器具18(すなわちステムおよびISA)の挿入および抜去は、アシスタントが従来の器具を外科医のために約6〜9秒で交換する手動外科手術と基本的に同じ速さで実行することができる。
ISA(例えば300)およびステム(例えば302)を含む適応器具18の挿入または取外しは、器具が患者Pの体外にあるとき、または器具が患者Pの体内に挿入されているとき、どちらの場合も安全に行なうことができることに注目されたい。また、スライダピン314を駆動しながら、取外しを実行することも可能である。
図14に最も良く示す通り、ISA(例えば300)およびステム(例えば302)を含む適応腹腔鏡手術器具18の挿入手順は、ISA(例えば300)をその座130に配置すること、および連結部材308を固締機構406と係合させるようにISAを同じ方向に沿って軽く押すことから構成される、矢印460に従った1回の単純な手作業による動きのみによって実行することができる。有無検出器404は、連結部材308が溝402に正しく設置されているときに、肯定的な出力をもたらす。この挿入手順中に、上記条件が満たされる場合、さらなる手段の必要無く、スライダキャリッジ430はスライダピン314と係合する。
上記挿入および取外し手順から明らかな通り、LIA120およびISA(例えば300)の設計は、適応器具18のステム(例えば302)が套管針200を通してまだ部分的に患者Pの体内に挿入されているときでも、器具の挿入または抜去を可能にする(図16参照)。理解される通り、抜去に必要な動きは、座130の長手軸に対し直角な枢動およびその後の抜去の動きから構成されるので、患者Pに対して穿通方向ではない。さらに、所与の枢動方向の動きが患者を傷つけるおそれがある場合、関節J6を介してLIA120を手動で回転させることによってこの方向を変えることができる。加えて、停電が発生した場合、ISA(例えば300)はそのステム(例えば302)と共に手動で解除し、かつ抜去することができる。
・直線作動機構400を用いて、器具ツール先端、例えば器具のジョー(あご部)の「開閉」作動を行なう。
・全ての型の器具の所要「開閉」行程長を適応させる。
・ロボットマニピュレータ14の動作を通してナイフのような非作動器具を取り扱う。
さらに、LIA120は、幾つかの因子のため、ロボット腹腔鏡手術の有利な費用対効果を可能にする。第一に、器具および関連アクチュエータが単一のユニットとして単一の筐体内に組み立てられるので、1マニピュレータにつき幾つかのアクチュエータを必要とする先行技術の装置とは対照的に、各マニピュレータ14に対し1つのLIA120が必要なだけである。これは、とりわけアクチュエータコストの節約を可能にする。第二に、器具のコストは、標準腹腔鏡手術器具のステム(例えば302)および単純な構造の対応する器具ステムアダプタ(例えば300)を使用することによって、低減される。従って、LIA120と共に使用される適応器具18のコストは、標準手動腹腔鏡手術器具(すなわちハンドルを含む)のコストとほぼ同一である。第三に、ISA(例えば300)の設計が滅菌サイクルに対して頑健であるため、器具の維持費が標準腹腔鏡手術器具のそれと略同一である。
図25に示すLIA1120は、ISAのLIA1120への装着および取外しを容易にするために、上部略平坦アクセス面1401を有する半円筒ハウジング1154を有する。ハウジング1154の反対側の表面1155は、J6の回転軸と同軸の円筒状エンベロープと一致する半円筒形である。半円筒面1155の直径は、特に上述した手動モードでロボットマニピュレータ14に命令するために、人間のオペレータによって取り扱うことができるように人間工学的に、例えば50〜135mmの範囲内で、好ましくは約90mmに選択される。半円筒ハウジングは、LIA1120をFTAS122に取り付けるためのインタフェースフランジ156より実質的に小さい断面を有するので、ハウジング1154はさらに漸進的補強リブ1157を含む。補強リブは、アクセス面1401からインタフェースフランジ156の上縁まで徐々に、すなわち円滑に増大する形状を有する。補強リブ1157はさらに、半円筒面1155の円筒状エンベロープと一致するように湾曲する。補強リブ1157はアクセス面1401をインタフェースフランジ156に接続し、それによってハウジング1154のインタフェースフランジ156への取付けの剛性を補強し、高める。それによって補強リブ1157は、ISAからLIA1120を介してFTAS122への力およびトルクのより正確な伝達を確実にする。同様の補強リブは、図14のLIA120にも設けられることに留意されたい。
図25で係合部材1433は分離して示される。係合部材1433はスライダキャリッジ1430を含む作動機構の一部であり、ISAのスライダピン314を係合するためのスリット内に入る斜切捕捉面1434を有する。斜切面1434はISAのスライダピン314の挿入を促進する。理解される通り、係合部材1433はスライダキャリッジ1430から取外し可能であり、滅菌適合性材料から作られる。係合部材はそれによって、無菌ラップでLIA1120を被覆した後でなければ、キャリッジ1430に設置することができない。キャリッジ1430の動きの範囲は限定されるので、無菌ラップの損傷は発生し得ない。
図25および26から明らかである通り、設計は、ハウジング1154、フランジ156、補強リブ1157、FTAS122センサアセンブリを含めLIA1120の全てのコンポーネント、およびレバー1301を含め装着されたISA1300の全ての部品が、半円筒面1155によって画定される円筒状エンベロープ内に配置されるように行なわれる。これは、LIA1120がJ6によって回転するときに衝突および破損の危険性を軽減するためである。
・ロボットマニピュレータ14はそれらの設計のおかげで、外科医Sが手術台12にアクセスすることができ、かつ放射線器具を設置することができるように、容易かつ迅速に後退させることができる。
・ロボットマニピュレータ14は、それらの設計のおかげで、かつ外部センサからの情報を使用して、介入時間を著しく増大することなく、患者の(アンチ)トレンデレンブルグ(−/+20〜35度)または横臥位に対する介入中の手術台12の角度変化に容易に適応することができる。
・ロボットマニピュレータ14は、それらの設計のおかげで、かつ外部センサからの情報を使用して、腹腔内圧の変化による套管針の位置変化を容易に管理することができる。
・ロボット手術システム10は、全介入時間を最小化するために、短時間の器具交換を可能にし、LIA120、1120およびロボットマニピュレータ14の設計は、内視鏡に使用する場合に、器具交換時間を基本的に手動腹腔鏡手術手技(6秒から9秒の範囲)の場合と同程度に短くすることを可能にし、ロボットマニピュレータ14の設計はまた、例えば光学系を洗浄するために迅速な内視鏡の抜去および再挿入をも可能にする。
・ロボット手術システム10は、手術台12を中心とする複数のロボットマニピュレータ14の構成を含め、システムの迅速かつ単純なセットアップを可能にする。
・ロボットマニピュレータ14は、最小侵襲外科手術、整形外科、生検、経皮的治療、皮膚採取、超音波診断等のように多種多様な用途に適合させるために、汎用的に設計される。
本特許出願は原則的に、本明細書に付属する特許請求の範囲に記載する発明に関するが、本特許出願が、例えば本願の補正請求項の対象物として、または分割出願および/もしくは継続出願の請求項の対象物として請求することのできる、他の発明を定義するための裏付けを含むことを当業熟練者は容易に理解される。そのような対象物は、本書で開示した任意の特徴または特徴の組合せによって定義することができる。
Claims (22)
- 腹腔鏡手術器具(18)のロボット支援ハンドリングのためのロボットマニピュレータ(14)であって、マニピュレータアーム(26)を有する前記ロボットマニピュレータと、前記マニピュレータアームによって支持されるマニピュレータ手首(28)と、前記マニピュレータ手首によって支持されるエフェクタユニット(30)とを備えた、最小侵襲医療手技を実行するためのロボット手術システムにおいて、
前記マニピュレータアーム(26)が、前記手首をロボット的に位置決めするために各々が関連アクチュエータ(51、61、71)を有する第1関節(J1)、第2関節(J2)、および第3関節(J3)によって3自由度をもたらし、
前記マニピュレータ手首(28)が第4関節(J4)および第5関節(J5)によって2自由度をもたらし、前記第4および第5関節が回転関節であって、前記エフェクタユニットのヨー角およびピッチ角をそれぞれロボット的に設定するための関連アクチュエータ(81、101)を有し、
前記エフェクタユニット(30)が腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)を含み、前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータのロール角をロボット的に設定するための関連アクチュエータ(141)を有する回転第6関節(J6)によって1自由度をもたらし、
前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータが、器具ステムアダプタ(300;1300)を前記エフェクタユニットに装着するための関連連結機構(406;1423)付きの座(130;1130)と、前記アダプタに接続された腹腔鏡手術器具を作動させるために前記器具ステムアダプタと協働する作動機構(400;1400)とを含み、
前記エフェクタ(30)ユニットは、前記回転第6関節(J6)の回転軸が、前記器具ステムアダプタによって前記エフェクタユニットに装着されたときの腹腔鏡手術器具の長手軸と一致するように構成され、
前記エフェクタユニットが6自由度の力/トルクセンサおよび6自由度の加速度計を含むセンサアセンブリ(122)を含み、前記センサアセンブリ(122)が前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)を前記第6回転関節(J6)に接続する、
ロボット手術システム。 - 前記6DOFの力/トルクセンサ(122)の1つのセンサ軸および前記前記6DOFの加速度計(122)の1つのセンサ軸が前記第6関節の回転軸と一致するように、前記エフェクタユニット(30)が構成される、請求項1に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)が、前記座(130;1130)を配置されるアクセス面(401;1401)を持つハウジング(154;1154)、前記ハウジングを前記センサアセンブリ(122)に取り付けるインタフェースフランジ(156)、および前記ハウジングの前記インタフェースフランジへの取付けの剛性を補強するために前記アクセス面を前記インタフェースフランジに接続する漸進的補強リブ(1157)を含む、請求項1または2に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記ハウジング(1154)が、前記アクセス面(1401)の反対側に略半円筒面(1155)を有する半円筒形であり、前記半円筒面が直径50〜135mm、好ましくは約90mmの円筒状エンベロープと一致し、かつ前記第6関節(J6)の回転軸と同軸である、請求項3に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記ハウジング(1154)、前記フランジ(156)、前記補強リブ(1157)、および前記センサアセンブリ(122)が、前記円筒状エンベロープ内にぴったり収まるような寸法である、請求項4に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記座が、前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)のアクセス面(401;1401)内に前記第6関節(J6)の回転軸と略同軸に配置された細長い略半円筒状凹部(130;1130)を含み、前記座および前記連結機構が、前記第6関節(J6)の回転軸に対して直角の動きによって器具ステムアダプタ(300;1300)を着脱するように構成された、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記連結機構が、器具ステムアダプタ(1130)を磁力によって前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータに固定するために前記半円筒状凹部(1130)の両側にそれぞれ配置された少なくとも1つの磁気装置(1423)を含む、請求項6に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記磁気装置(1423)が永久磁石および電磁石の少なくともいずれか一方を含む、請求項7に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記作動機構(400;1400)が、前記エフェクタユニットに装着された器具ステムアダプタ(300;1300)のスライダピン(314)を係合受容し、かつ直線的に摺動かさせるように構成されたスライダキャリッジ(430;1430)を含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記座(130;1130)が前記第6関節の回転軸に沿って細長く、かつ前記スライダキャリッジ(430;1430)が前記座に横方向に配置される、請求項9に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記作動機構(400;1400)が、前記スライダキャリッジによって働く力、またはそれに対して働く力を測定するために、前記スライダキャリッジ(430;1430)を駆動手段に接続する力センサ(1427)を含む、請求項9または10に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記スライダキャリッジ(1430)が、前記スライダキャリッジから取外し可能であって前記スライダピン(314)を係合するために斜切捕捉面(1434)を有する係合部材(1433)を含む、請求項9、10、または11に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 器具ステムアダプタ(300;1300)が前記エフェクタユニットに正しく装着されているか否かを検出するための有無検出器(404;1431)が、前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)に含まれる、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(1120)が、器具ステムアダプタに設けられた誘導的に識別可能なパターン(1313)によって、前記エフェクタユニット(30)に装着された器具を識別するための複数の誘導性有無センサ(1431)を含む、請求項13に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 前記システムが手動モードで動作するように構成され、その場合、前記ロボットマニピュレータが、前記6DOF力/トルクセンサによって読み取られた情報を使用して、前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータを位置決めし、かつ方向付けることができ、前記システムがさらに、前記システムを手動モードに切り替えるために前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)に配置された切替手段(408)をさらに含む、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載のロボット手術システム。
- 請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載のロボット手術システムで、手動腹腔鏡手術器具のステム(302)をロボットマニピュレータ(14)で使用するために前記ロボットマニピュレータ(14)に装着される腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ(130;1130)であって、前端に配置されたステムコネクタ(304;1304)を有する細長いケース(303;1303)、および前記ケースの側方に配置された連結手段(308;1311)を含み、前記ステムコネクタ(304;1304)が手動腹腔鏡手術器具ステム(302)に着脱自在に接続するように構成され、前記連結手段(308;1311)が前記ロボットマニピュレータの腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ上の連結機構(406;1423)と協働する、腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
- 前記連結手段(308;1311)が半円筒面を含み、前記面が、前記第6関節の回転軸上で器具ステムアダプタ(300;1300)をセンタリングするための前記ロボットマニピュレータの腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ(120;1120)の座(130;1130)の半円筒状凹部に一致する、請求項16に記載の腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
- 手動腹腔鏡手術器具のピストン(310;1310)用のガイド(312;1303)として内部円筒状中空、および前記ピストンに横方向にとりつけられかつ前記ピストンを操作するために前記ケースから突出するスライダピン(314)用の貫通穴(1315)を含み、前記ピストンは前記ガイド内を摺動するように構成することができる、請求項16または17に記載の腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
- 前記連結手段が、前記ケース(1303)の両側に配置された少なくとも1つの強磁性要素(1311)を含み、前記強磁性要素は、前記器具ステムアダプタを磁力によって前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータに固定するために、前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータ上の連結機構の対応する磁気装置(1423)とそれぞれ協働する、請求項16〜18のいずれか一項に記載の腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
- 前記アダプタ(1300)を前記腹腔鏡手術器具アクチュエータから切り離すためのレバー(1301)をさらに含む、請求項19に記載の腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
- 前記アダプタに装着された器具を識別するために、器具ステムアダプタに設けられた誘導的に識別可能なパターン(1313)をさらに含む、請求項16〜20の一項に記載の腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
- 前記ステムコネクタに接続された器具に電力を伝達するために、前記連結手段の反対側に配置された電気コネクタ(308;1308)をさらに含む、請求項16〜21の一項に記載の腹腔鏡手術器具ステムアダプタ。
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- 2007-02-02 ES ES07704334T patent/ES2365359T3/es active Active
- 2007-02-02 CN CN2007800117390A patent/CN101443162B/zh active Active
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- 2007-02-02 RU RU2008135241/02A patent/RU2412800C2/ru active
- 2007-02-02 CA CA2635136A patent/CA2635136C/en active Active
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015001602A1 (ja) * | 2013-07-01 | 2015-01-08 | 株式会社安川電機 | ロボット、ロボットのアーム構造および駆動装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE602007014322D1 (de) | 2011-06-16 |
CN101443162B (zh) | 2011-09-07 |
CA2635136A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
RU2412800C2 (ru) | 2011-02-27 |
US20090024142A1 (en) | 2009-01-22 |
BRPI0707443B1 (pt) | 2019-08-06 |
PT1979136E (pt) | 2011-07-21 |
CA2635136C (en) | 2014-09-16 |
RU2008135241A (ru) | 2010-03-10 |
MX2008010058A (es) | 2008-11-12 |
BRPI0707443B8 (pt) | 2019-08-27 |
WO2007088208A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
US8506555B2 (en) | 2013-08-13 |
DK1979136T3 (da) | 2011-06-27 |
BRPI0707443A2 (pt) | 2011-05-03 |
CY1111710T1 (el) | 2015-10-07 |
PL1979136T3 (pl) | 2011-10-31 |
EP1979136B1 (en) | 2011-05-04 |
EP1979136A1 (en) | 2008-10-15 |
KR101375206B1 (ko) | 2014-03-17 |
JP2009525098A (ja) | 2009-07-09 |
EP1815950A1 (en) | 2007-08-08 |
ES2365359T3 (es) | 2011-09-30 |
KR20080100212A (ko) | 2008-11-14 |
ATE507942T1 (de) | 2011-05-15 |
CN101443162A (zh) | 2009-05-27 |
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