JP5111729B2 - 肝成長及び肝保護のための組成物と方法 - Google Patents
肝成長及び肝保護のための組成物と方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、肝臓の成長を促進し、肝臓の病理状態を治療し、肝臓を障害から保護するためにVEGFRアゴニストを利用する方法を含む、VEGFR調節剤の診断及び治療用途に関する。
肝臓
肝臓は、その器官の機能単位として何千もの微細な小葉(肝小葉)を含む人体の主要な代謝調節器官である。肝臓組織は、2種の主要な識別できる細胞型、即ち、実質細胞(つまり、肝細胞)と非実質細胞を含んでいる。肝臓の複雑な機能は、大部分は肝細胞の作用による一方、クッパー細胞、伊東細胞、肝類洞内皮細胞(LSEC)などの非実質細胞は肝細胞を支持し肝細胞に補給物を提供する点において重要な役割を担っている。モチダら(Mochida et al.)著、1996年、「バイオケム・バイオフィ・リス・コム(Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm.)」、226、p. 176−179。
何種類かの成長因子及びサイトカインが肝臓の再生を導き得ることが示唆されており、その中で最も注目に値するのは、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、上皮成長因子(EGF)、トランスフォーミング成長因子−α(TGF−α)、インターロイキン−6(IL−6)、腫瘍壊死因子−α(TNF−α)、塩基性及び酸性線維芽細胞成長因子、CTGF、HB−EGF、及びノルエピネフリンである。フジワラら(Fujiwara et al.)著、1993年、「ヘパトル(Hepatol.)」、18、p. 1443−9;バルヒら(Baruch et al.)著、1995年、「ジェイ・ヘパトル(J. Hepatol.)」、23、p. 328−32;イトーら(Ito et al.)著、1994年、「バイオケム・バイオフィズ・リス・コミュン(Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.)」、198、p. 25−31;スズマら(Suzuma et al.)著、2000年、「ジェイ・バイオル・ケム(J. Biol. Chem.)」、275、p. 40725−31;前記のミカロポウロス(Michalopoulos)とドフランセス(DeFrances)、1997年。最も有効な肝臓有糸分裂促進因子の一つとして、HGFが最初に、培養肝細胞内でDNA合成を刺激できる因子であるとして同定されたが、現在では、HGFは様々な内皮細胞に対して多様の別個の機能を有していることが知られている。ナカムラら(Nakamura et al.)著、1984年、「バイオケム・バイオフィズ・リス・コム(Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.)」、122、p. 1450;ラッセルら(Russell et al.)著、1984年、「ジェイ・セル・フィジオル(J. Cell Physiol.)」、119、p. 183−192。ある細胞型の運動性や侵襲性を向上させる散乱因子(SF)がHGFと同じアミノ酸配列を有し、HGF/SFとして表されることが判明している。ストカー(Stoker)とペリーマン(Perryman)共著、1985年、「ジェイ・セル・サイ(J. Cell Sci.)」,77,p. 209−223;ゲラルディ(Gherardi)とストカー(Stoker)共著、1990年、「ネイチャー(Nature)」、346、p. 228。HGF/SFは単鎖の不活性酵素源として合成され、その酵素源は以後の開裂により、単一のジスルフィド結合を介して一体に保持された69−kDaのα−サブユニットと34−kDaのβ−サブユニットからなる活性な二量体糖タンパク質を産生する。ナカムラら(Nakamura et al.)著、1989年、「ネイチャー(Nature)」、342、p. 440−443;ルースら(Roos et al.)著、1995年、「アム・ジェイ・フィジオル(Am. J. Physiol.)」、268、p. G380−6。
血管新生とは、血管内皮細胞が増殖し、その不要部が除去され、再組織化することにより、先在の血管網から新生の血管が生成される重要な細胞性事象である。既存の有力な証拠によれば、血管の供給の進行は正常なまた病理学的な増殖過程にとって必須である(フォークマン(Folkman)とクラグスブルン(Klagsbrun)共著、1987年、「サイエンス(Science)」、235、p. 442−447)。酸素と栄養分を運搬し、代謝分解産物を除去することは、多細胞生物で起こる成長過程の大部分での律速段階を意味する。従って、血管の区画化は、たとえ十分でないにしろ、胚生成時の器官発生や分化のためには勿論のこと、成体の場合での創傷治癒機能や再生機能のためにも必要であると、一般に思われていた。しかし、最近の証拠が示唆しているところでは、少なくともマウス胎仔では、血管内皮は、血流樹立前でさえ肝臓に対して誘導効果を有し(マツモトら(Matsumoto et al.)著、2001年、「サイエンス(Science)」、294、p. 559−563)、また膵臓器官形成に対して誘導効果を有する(ラムマートら(Lammert et al.)著、2001年、「サイエンス(Science)」、294、p. 564−567)。このような誘導効果の機構は未だ知られていない。
本発明は、対象に対して有効量のVEGFR調節剤を投与する工程を含む、対象における肝成長を促進させるための方法を提供する。本発明に用いられるVEGFR調節剤とは、Flt−1アゴニストなどのVEGFレセプターの一つに対して特異的なアゴニストである。Flt−1アゴニストとしては、Flt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)、P1GF又はVEGF−BなどのFlt−1と結合してこれを活性化させる成長因子、抗Flt−1アゴニスト抗体、あるいは、小分子アゴニストであることが好ましい。一つの好ましい実施態様では、Flt−1アゴニストは、そのVEGF又はそのKDR選択的変異体と併用して投与される。
概要
本発明は、全身に送達されたVEGFR調節剤がパラ分泌の形で作用して、肝成長を促進させる協奏系を初めて提供するものである。本発明の協奏系は、特定の作用機序に拘束されることなく、VEGFレセプター活性化後に類洞内皮細胞から生じるシグナル事象の局部カスケードを形成し、このカスケードは、肝細胞増殖や肝成長を促進させる点で、肝臓の主な分裂促進因子であるHGFの全身性送達と比べて遥かに有効で有利である。脈管構造は、栄養物と酸素の運搬や分解物の除去を通して、増殖過程に対して十分ではないが必要であると長年に亘って考えられてきた。本発明により立証されたことは、適切な指示シグナル伝達後は、血管内皮が成長/生存過程を開始させ増幅させるのに十分であって、最終の器官サイズの目標点を打開し、実質を損傷から保護できることである。
本発明は、肝臓内でVEGFRの活性を調節することが可能な種々の薬剤を使用することに関する。本明細書中での「VEGFレセプター」又は「VEGFR」という用語は、VEGFのための細胞性レセプター、通常は、血管内皮細胞上に見出される細胞表面レセプター、並びに、VEGFを結合する能力を保持している当該レセプターの断片や変異体(細胞外ドメインの断片又は切断型)を意味する。VEGFRの数例を挙げると、文献中でFlt−1やKDR/Flk−1と呼ばれているタンパク質キナーゼレセプターがある。ドフリ−スら(DeVries et al.)著、「サイエンス(Science)」、255、p. 989、1992年;シブヤら(Shibuya et al.)著、「オンコジーン(Oncogene)」、5、p. 519、1990年;マシュウズら(Matthews et al.)著、「プロク・ナト・アカド・サイ(Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.)」、88、p. 9026、1991年;ターマンら(Terman et al.)著、「オンコジーン(Oncogene)」、6、p. 1677、1991年;並びに、ターマンら(Terman et al.)著、「バイオケム・バイオフィズ・リス・コミュン(Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.)」、187、p.1579、1992年。Flt−1(fms様チロシンキナーゼ)やKDR(キナーゼドメイン領域)のレセプターは、高い親和性でVEGFと結合する。KDRのマウスホモログのFlk−1(胎児肝キナーゼ−1)では、配列の85%がヒトKDRと同一である。フェラーラ(Ferrara)著、1999年、「キドニー・イント(Kidney Intl.)」、56、p. 794−814。Flt−1とKDR/Flk−1は、両方とも細胞外ドメイン(ECD)に7つの免疫グロブリン(Ig)様ドメインと、1つの膜貫通領域と、キナーゼ挿入ドメインにより遮断された1つのチロシンキナーゼ(TK)コンセンサス配列を有している。Flt−1はrhVEGF165に対して最も高い親和性を有し、そのKdは約10〜20pMである。KDRのVEGFに対する親和性は一層低く、そのKdは約75〜125pMである。
Flt−1レセプターやKDRレセプターは非内皮細胞中にも存在するが、主として血管内皮細胞の表面に結合レセプターとして存在する。また、数種の可溶型のVEGFRも見出されている。例えば、Flt−1の選択的スプライシング可溶型(sFlt−1)をコードするcDNAであって、7番目のIg様ドメインと、膜貫通配列と、細胞質ドメインとが欠如しているcDNAがヒトの臍静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)で同定されている。ケンダルら(Kendall et al.)著、1996年、「バイオケム・バイオフィズ・リス・コム(Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.)」、226、p. 324−328。
元の残基 例示的置換
Ala (A) gly; ser
Arg (R) lys
Asn (N) gln; his
Asp (D) glu
Cys (C) ser
Gln (Q) asn
Glu (E) asp
Gly (G) ala; pro
His (H) asn; gln
Ile (I) leu; val
Leu (L) ile; val
Lys (K) arg; gln; glu
Met (M) leu; tyr; ile
Phe (F) met; leu; tyr
Ser (S) thr
Thr (T) ser
Trp (W) tyr
Tyr (Y) trp; phe
Val (V) ile; leu
一態様では、本発明は、肝作用の調節に重要な因子の遺伝子発現を上方制御するために、VEGFRアゴニストを使用する方法を提供する。一つの好ましい実施態様では、非実質細胞中でのHGFの発現が上方制御される。標的細胞/組織中でのmRNA発現やタンパク質発現のレベルを検出するための方法及び技術は、当業者には既知である。例えば、HGF遺伝子発現レベルは、ハイブリダイゼーションと、その後に続く検出と測定に適した条件の下で、HGFポリヌクレオチドにハイブリダイズし得るプローブを使用し、既知の核酸ハイブリダイゼーションアッセイ法により検出することができる。HGF遺伝子発現の検出に使用される方法としては、限定はされないが、サザンハイブリダイゼーション(サザン(Southern)著、1975年、「ジェイ・モル・バイオル(J. Mol. Biol.)」、98、p. 503−517)、ノーザンハイブリダイゼーション(例えば、フリーマンら(Freeman et al.)著、1983年、「プロク・ナトル・アカド・サイ・ユーエスエー(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA)」、80、p. 4094-4098を参照)、制限エンドヌクレアーゼマッピング(サムブルークら(Sambrook et al.)、1989年、「モレキュラー・クローニング・ア・ラボラトリ・マニュアル(Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual)」、2版、コールド・スプリング・ハーバー・ラボラトリー・プレス、ニューヨーク出版(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York)、RNアーゼ保護アッセイ法(カレント・プロトコルス・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー(Current Protocols in Molecular Biology)、ジョン・ウィリー・アンド・サンズ・ニューヨーク出版(John Wiley and Sons,New York)、1997年)、DNA配列分析、並びに、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応増幅(ピーシーアール(PCR);米国特許第4683202号、第4683195号及び第4889818号;ギィレンスタインら(Gyllenstein et al.)著、1988年、「プロク・ナトル・アカド・サイ・ユーエスエー(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA)」、85、p. 7652-7657;オーキマンら(Ochman et al.)著、1988年、「ジェネティックス(Genetics)」、120、p. 621-623;ローら(Loh et al.)著、1989年、「サイエンス(Science)」、243、p. 217−220)で、引き続いて、様々な細胞型中で、HGF遺伝子に対して特異的なプローブを使用してのサザンハイブリダイゼーションを行う方法が挙げられる。また、当該分野で一般に知られているその他の増幅法を用いてもよい。ノーザン又はサザンブロット分析のためのハイブリダイゼーション条件のストリンジェンシーは、使用する特異的プローブに対して所望の度合いの関連性を持つ核酸を確実に検出することができるように操作できる。加えて、例えば、(カレント・プロトコルス・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー(Current Protocols in Molecular Biology)、ジョン・ウィリー・アンド・サンズ・ニューヨーク出版(John Wiley and Sons,New York)、1997年)に基づくインサイツハイブリダイゼーション技術を用い、細胞又は組織試料中でのHGFの発現を検出して定量することもできる。
一実施態様によると、本発明は、対象体の病的肝臓状態を治療する方法を提供する。ここで使用されるところの「治療」は、治療されている個体又は細胞の天然の過程を改変するための臨床的介入を意味し、予防のため又は臨床的病理の過程中に実施することができる。治療の望ましい効果には、疾病の発生又は再発の防止、症状の軽減、疾病の任意の直接的又は間接的病理的結果の低減、転移の防止、疾病の進行速度の低減、疾病状態の回復又は緩和、及び寛解又は改善された予後が含まれる。
一態様では、本発明は、肝臓障害を引き起こす状態又は要因に曝露され易い対象において肝臓を障害から保護する方法を提供する。ここでは、「肝臓障害」という語句は広義に用いられ、内的又は外的因子、あるいはその組み合わせから直接的又は間接的に生じる構造上又は機能的な肝臓損傷を示す。肝臓障害は、限定はされないが、肝毒性化合物への暴露、放射線暴露、機械的肝臓損傷、遺伝的素因、ウイルス感染、自己免疫慢性肝炎などの自己免疫疾患を含む様々な要因によって、またアクチビンやTGF−βのようなタンパク質のインビボでのレベルの上昇による結果として誘発される。
ガラクトースとICGのクレアランス測定による肝血流に関するグループIIの評価と、
アミノピリン吸気試験とカフェインクレアランス試験による肝ミクロソーム機能に関するグループIIIの評価。例えば、血清ビリルビンを測定することで、実質肝臓疾患に見られるような黄疸の存否と重症度を確認し、高ビリルビン血症の程度を決定する。アミノトランスフェラーゼ(トランスアミラーゼ)の上昇は活性な肝細胞障害の重症度を示す一方、アルカリホスファターゼの上昇は胆汁鬱滞と肝浸潤物について見出される(ケイ・イッセルバッハー(K. Isselbacher)とディー・ポドルスキー(D. Podolsky)共著、「ハーティンソンズ・プリンシプルス・オブ・インターナル・メディシン(Hartinson’s Principles of Internal Medicine)」、12版、ウイルソンら(Wilson et al.)編、2、p. 1301−1308、1991年)。血清酵素分析を実施する方法は当該分野で知られており、例えば、前記のコダバンチら(Kodavanti et al.)に記載されている。
本発明の方法によるインビボ用途のために、本発明の治療化合物は当該分野で知られ特定の用途に適した方法及び技術を使用して患者に投与される。好適な実施態様では、化合物は医薬的に許容可能な用量で医薬組成物の形態で投与される。
特定のVEGFレセプター(KDR又はFlt−1など)に選択的に結合して、それを活性化するVEGF変異体の生成と特徴付けは、当該分野で既知であり、例えばLi et al.,(2000), Journal of Biological Chemistry,275:29823と、Gille et al.,(2001),Journal of Biological Chemistry 276:3222−3230と、PCT公報第WO00/63380号とPCT公報第WO97/08313号と米国特許第6057428号に記載されており、その開示内容は、本明細書に出典明示によりここに取り込む。
方法と材料
ヒトVEGF165をコード化する完全長cDNA(Leung et al.(1989),Science,246:1306−9)を、バイシストロン性ジヒドロ葉酸レダクターゼ(DHFR)イントロン発現ベクターSV.DI(Lucas et al.(1996),Nucleic Acids Researches,24:1774−9)に挿入し、SV.DI.VEGF165.H8のコンストラクトを得た。挿入物としてハカタ抗原(HAg)をコード化するcDNAを使用して、対照コンストラクトSV.DI.HAg.H8を同様にして構築した。HAgは、全身性狼蒼紅斑患者における自己抗原として最近になって判明した血清糖タンパク質である。Sugimotoetal.(1998),Journal of Biological Chemistry,273:20721−7。このタンパク質は、Tie−2レセプターと相互作用を起こすことはないが、アンジオポエチンファミリーと構造的な相同性を有している。
CHO−VEGF細胞の移植がインビボ肝成長を誘引する
マウスでのVEGFタンパク質の持続レベルの効果を検討するために、CHO−VEGF細胞を3〜4週齢、6〜8週齢、12〜14週齢のベージュのヌードマウスの両脚部に筋肉内注射した。対照動物に、同数のCHO−DHFR細胞、CHO−HAg細胞、又はCHO−HGF細胞を注射した。2週間後の、CHO−VEGF動物体内でのヒトVEGFの血清濃度は3.3±1.7ng/ml(0.8〜5.4ng/mlの範囲)であった。hVEGFは、CHO−DHFRやCHO−HAgの対照動物での血清中では検出不可能であった。CHO−HGF動物について、血清中でのHGFのレベルは1.25±0.87ng/ml(0.50〜2.00の範囲)であった。
上記の効果は、徐放製剤とした高精製ヒト組換えVEGF165タンパク質の注射によって再現された。マウスの足にVEGF−PLGAミクロスフェアを、1日目,7日目,および10日目に筋肉内注射した。放出型VEGFタンパク質の投与量は、約4.5mg/kg/個体であった。CHO−VEGF処理したマウスで認められたように、VEGF−PLGAを注射されたマウスにおける肝/脳の比(4.057±0.274,n=3)は、対照群(3.396±0.302,n=4)に比べ、有意(p<0.05)に増大した(図1E)。ここで認められた肝成長の増強は、CHO−VEGF細胞移植において得られたものほど顕著なものではなかった。しかしながら、VEGF−PLGA処置した動物の血清中のヒトVEGF濃度は、屠殺時において、200pg/mlであった。この知見から、精製した組換えVEGFも肝成長を促進しうることが示された。
CHO−VEGF注射を施した動物の肝臓の標準組織分析を行ったところ、BrdU免疫組織化学分析において認められたものと同様に、多数の肝細胞が有糸分裂像を示したことが判明した。有糸分裂活動は、CHO−VEGF処置した肝臓の、実質細胞および非実質細胞の両方で認められた。CHO−DHFR対照群の動物の肝臓においては、ただ1つの有糸分裂肝細胞が、合計10箇所の高倍率(40倍)顕微鏡検査によって、5個体中1個体にのみ認められただけであった。それに対し、CHO−VEGF群においては、100%の肝臓で、10箇所の高倍率鏡検あたり少なくとも5個(5〜11個の範囲)の有糸分裂像が認められた。さらに、増殖中の肝細胞の区画は、BrdU注射したCHO−VEGFマウスから単離した肝細胞をFACS分析によって定量したところ、6.44±0.96%を占めた(CHO−DHFRでは1.02±0.74%,およびCHO−HGFでは1.55±1.48%)。
肝細胞の有糸分裂活動の亢進、類洞細胞の過形成、および骨髄外造血活性の亢進が、CHO−VEGF細胞を注入した全ての動物において認められた。しかしながら、血管腫の形跡や他の異常な血管増殖が認められた例は無かった。CHO−DHFR、CHO−HAgおよびCHO−HGFが注入された動物の肝臓は、正常範囲内であった。末端肝細静脈の回りのFlk−1を調べる免疫組織化学分析では、CHO−DHFR動物の肝臓において、類洞内皮についても非類洞内皮細胞についても正常な染色パターンが得られた。CHO−VEGF動物の肝臓においては、類洞は、より複雑な分岐構造を有しているようであり、内皮染色において著明な増幅が認められた。
方法
過去に記載された手法により、肝臓の逆方向潅流を施したヌードマウスから、肝細胞を分離した。ハーマンら(Harman et al.)著、1987年、「ジャーナル オブ ファーマコロジカル メソッズ(J.Phamacol.Methods)」、17、p.157−63。下大静脈に、22ゲージのアボカテTカテーテル〔アボット ラボ(Abbott Lab)社製〕を挿入し、門脈を切断した。肝臓をインサイツにて、0.1%コラゲナーゼ、2mMCaCl2を含むPBS溶液を用いて、3ml/分の流速で、10〜15分間潅流した。肝細胞は、24ウェルプレートに、10%の熱不活化したウシ胎児血清(GIBCO BRL社製),1μg/mlのインシュリン,10μg/mlのトランスフェリン,1μg/mlのアプロチニン(Sigma社製),2mMのl−グルタミン,100U/mlペニシリン,および100μg/mlのストレプトマイシンを補填したウィリアムのE培養液(GIBCO BRL社製)中で、5×104個/ウェルの密度となるように播種し、一晩吸着させた。次に、培養液を注意深く各ウェルから除去し、成長因子(ネズミEGF,ネズミHGF,組換えヒトVEGF,ネズミPlGF,VEGF−E,KDRselもしくはFltsel)を含有する培養液を加えた。24時間インキュベーションした後、細胞を1μCi/ウェルのメチル−3H−チミジン(47Ci/mmol,Amersham Pharmacia Biotech社製)でパルスし、一晩インキュベーションした。翌日、プレートは、冷却PBS中でリンスし、続いて15分間冷却10%TCAでインキュベーションして回収した。次に、ウェルを水で洗い流し、200μlの0.2N NaOH溶液を加えた。それから、これをシンチレーション液に加え、Beckman社製液体シンチレーションシステムによって分析した。
VEGFは肝細胞の分裂促進因子ではない
VEGFは、その標的選択性が血管内皮細胞に強く限定される分裂促進因子として特徴づけられてきた〔コンら(Conn et al.)、1990年、フェラーラとヘンツェル(Ferrara and Henzel)、1989年、プロウエトら(Plouet et al.)1989年〕。しかしながら、最近の研究では、VEGFの有糸分裂作用はある種の非内皮細胞にも認められることが報告されており、そのような細胞には、網膜色素細胞や〔グエリンら(Guerrin et al.)、1995年〕シュワン細胞〔ソンデルら(Sondell et al.)、1999年〕が含まれる。従って、VEGFが肝細胞に何らかの直接的な分裂促進的作用を有するかどうかを試験することは重要であった。図2Aに示す通り、新鮮な単離マウス肝細胞においては、VEGFを広範な濃度範囲について検査したが、何ら3H−チミジンの取り込み増強を誘導することはなかった。同様に、VEGFR選択的VEGF変異体であるFltselおよびKDRselや、天然のVEGFR選択的アゴニストPlGF(VEGFR−1に作用)及びVEGF−E(VEGFR−2に作用)は、いずれも肝細胞の増殖を誘発しなかった。これに対して、HGFは、用量依存性の刺激を誘発し、〜50ng/mlで最大の増強を示した。EGFも、10ng/mlの濃度での試験において、3H−チミジン取り込みの有意な増強を誘発した。このことは、インサイツでのリガンド結合の研究結果と合致しており、それらの研究では、肝臓部においては、VEGF結合部位は、肝細胞ではなく内皮細胞に局在していることが示されている。ジェイクマンら(Jakeman et al.)著、1992年、「ジャーナル オブ クリニカル インベスティゲーション(J.Clin.Invest.)」、89、p.244。従って、VEGFの肝細胞増殖促進作用は、内皮細胞由来のパラ分泌メディエータ活性を必要としている。
肝細胞の有糸分裂の分子メカニズムをさらに探究するために、肝細胞および類洞内皮細胞(LSEC)の初代培養を、単離で、もしくはトランスウェル方式による共培養系で確立させた。
過去に記載されたようにおそらくパラ分泌作用に寄与している内皮細胞内で誘発される因子をさらに特定するために、多くのサイトカインやレセプターについて、RNA転写レベルを、初代培養LSECを用いて調べた。集密の初代内皮細胞培養物を、トリプシン処理して解離し、6ウェルプレートに、2.5%FBSを含み成長因子を含まないCSC培養液中に2×106個/ウェルの密度となるように播種した。10−12時間後、培養液を交換し、細胞を24時間、rhVEGF,KDRsel,Fltsel,mPlGFおよびVEGF−Eをそれぞれ10ng/mlの濃度で含む組換え因子を加えてインキュベーションした。細胞を、氷冷PBSで2度洗浄し、RNeasyキット(Qiagen社製)を用い、製造会社の使用説明書に準拠して、全RNAを分離した。1反応当り50ngの全RNAをPerkin−Elmer社のRT−PCRキットを用い、製造会社(PE Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)の使用説明書に則って分析した。反応は、96ウェルプレートを用い、モデル7700シークエンス検出器(PE Applied Biosystems社製)において実行し、反応生成物を、シークエンス検出ソフト(PE Applied Biosystems社製)を用いて分析した。RT−PCRの条件は、48℃30分,95℃10分と、95℃30秒と58℃90秒を40サイクルであった。データは、GAPDHレベルについて標準化し、全肝RNAを全ての検量線を得るために用いた。各試料につき2重に分析を行い、実験は、遺伝子のフルセットついては2回、HGFについては5回行った。
肝成長に及ぼすVEGFの効果がVEGFの産生様式及び/又は部位に依存しないことを確認するため、また、VEGF活性のメカニズムをさらに探究するため、アデノウィルスベクターが、wt−VEGF(Av−VEGF)やレセプター選択的アゴニスト(Av−KDRselもしくはAv−Fltsel)を導入するために使用された〔ジルら(Gille et al.)、2001年〕。肝臓は、アデノウィルスの血中からの除去を担う主要な器官であり、経IV投与による感染の自然な部位でもある。
初めの肝保護実験として、成体ヌードマウスに上述の方法でCHO−DHFRもしくはCHO−VEGF細胞を移植した。10日後、動物に与えられた物質に基づいて、両群をさらに2つのサブグループ(n=7)に分けた:すなわち、ビヒクル(オリブオイル)もしくは強力な肝毒性剤である四塩化炭素CCl4である。ビヒクルやCCl4は共に、経口胃管投与(gauvage)により4ml/kg与えられた。48時間後、動物を殺処分し、血液を集め、組織を回収して上述の方法で固定した。5μmパラフィン切片を、CCl4処置CHO−DHFR群(n=7)及びCHO−VEGF群(n=7)の動物のホルマリン固定肝臓から得た。切片は、ギルのヘマトキシリンのみで染色し、盲検分析を行うまでかぶせガラスを施した。ニコン社製Eclipse TE300顕微鏡に取り付けた浜松ホトニクス社製デジタルカメラで明視野像を撮影し、各試料の全組織面積と壊死面積を、MetaMorph画像診断ソフト(Universal Imaging社製,West Chester,PA)により測定した。全組織面積は、分析した切片の合計面積から静脈洞面積を差し引いたものと定義され、分析に供した各試料において、おおよそ20mm2であった。データは、全組織面積に対する壊死面積の比+/−SEで表した。
a:%減少度は、対照群に対する各実験の割合である。Iでは、CHO−DHFRを対照とし、IIやIIIではAv−LacZを対照群とした。
b:アデノウィルスは、IIにおいてはCCl4処置の4日前に投与し、IIIでは、CCl4の8日前に投与した。各グループとも、少なくとも6匹のマウスからなる。
Claims (64)
- 対象体の肝成長を促進させるための薬剤であって、PlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤を含有してなり、これによって対象体の肝質量を増大させる薬剤。
- Flt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)が、野生型VEGFに対して次のアミノ酸置換:I43A、I46A、Q79A及びI83Aを含む請求項1に記載の薬剤。
- 肝臓内での非実質細胞の増殖を促進させるために有効な量の血管新生剤を更に含む請求項1に記載の薬剤。
- 血管新生剤が、KDRアゴニストである請求項3に記載の薬剤。
- KDRアゴニストが、VEGF、KDR選択的VEGF変異体(KDR−sel)、拮抗的抗KDR抗体又は小分子である請求項4に記載の薬剤。
- 全身送達系を通じて対象体に投与される請求項1に記載の薬剤。
- 全身送達系が、遺伝子組換えVEGFR調節剤を発現する哺乳類細胞を含む細胞製剤を含む請求項6に記載の薬剤。
- 哺乳類細胞がCHO細胞である請求項7に記載の薬剤。
- 全身送達系が、精製VEGFR調節剤及びポリマーマトリックスを含有する徐放性製剤を含む請求項6に記載の薬剤。
- ポリマーマトリックスが、リポソーム、ミクロスフェア、マイクロエマルジョン、ナノ粒子及びナノカプセルからなる群から選ばれたマイクロカプセルである請求項9に記載の薬剤。
- 対象体の肝成長を促進させるための薬剤であって、PlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤をコード化する核酸を含有する肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターを含有してなり、これによって対象体の肝質量を増大させる薬剤。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、レトロウイルスベクター、アデノウイルスベクター、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター又はレンチウイルスベクターである請求項11に記載の薬剤。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、カチオン性リポソームを含有する非ウイルスベクターである請求項11に記載の薬剤。
- 対象体の病的肝状態を治療するための医薬であって、病的肝状態の軽減に有効な形のPlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤を含んでなる医薬。
- 病的肝状態が、肝不全、肝炎、肝硬変、中毒性肝臓障害、薬物性肝臓障害、肝性脳症、肝性昏睡又は肝性壊死である請求項14に記載の医薬。
- Flt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)が、野生型VEGFに対して次のアミノ酸置換:I43A、I46A、Q79A及びI83Aを含む請求項14に記載の医薬。
- 肝臓内において非実質細胞の増殖を促進させるために有効な量の血管新生剤を更に含む請求項14に記載の医薬。
- 血管新生剤がKDRアゴニストである請求項17に記載の医薬。
- KDRアゴニストが、VEGF、KDR選択的VEGF変異体(KDR−sel)、拮抗的抗KDR抗体又は小分子である請求項18に記載の医薬。
- 全身送達系を通じて対象体に投与される請求項14に記載の医薬。
- 全身送達系が、遺伝子組換えVEGFR調節剤を発現する哺乳類細胞を含有する細胞製剤を含む請求項20に記載の医薬。
- 哺乳類細胞がCHO細胞である請求項21に記載の医薬。
- 全身送達系が、精製VEGFR調節剤及びポリマーマトリックスを含有する徐放性製剤を含む請求項20に記載の医薬。
- ポリマーマトリックスが、リポソーム、ミクロスフェア、マイクロエマルジョン、ナノ粒子及びナノカプセルからなる群から選ばれたマイクロカプセルである請求項23に記載の医薬。
- 対象体の病的肝状態を治療するための医薬であって、病的肝状態の軽減に有効な形のPlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤をコード化する核酸を含有する肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターを含んでなる医薬。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、レトロウイルスベクター、アデノウィルスベクター、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター又はレンチウイルスベクターである請求項25に記載の医薬。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、カチオン性リポソームを含有する非ウイルスベクターである請求項25に記載の医薬。
- 対象体の肝臓内での肝細胞増殖を促進させるための薬剤であって、肝細胞の増殖を促進するのに効果的な形のPlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤を含んでなる薬剤。
- Flt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)が、野生型VEGFに対して次のアミノ酸置換:I43A、I46A、Q79A及びI83Aを含む請求項28に記載の薬剤。
- 肝臓の非実質細胞へ送達される請求項28に記載の薬剤。
- 非実質細胞が、類洞の内皮細胞である請求項30に記載の薬剤。
- 全身送達系を通じて対象体に投与される請求項28に記載の薬剤。
- 全身送達系が、遺伝子組換えFlt−1アゴニストを発現する哺乳類細胞を含有する細胞製剤を含む請求項32に記載の薬剤。
- 哺乳類細胞がCHO細胞である請求項33に記載の薬剤。
- 全身送達系が、精製Flt−1アゴニスト及びポリマーマトリックスを含有する徐放性製剤を含む請求項32に記載の薬剤。
- ポリマーマトリックスが、リポソーム、ミクロスフェア、マイクロエマルジョン、ナノ粒子及びナノカプセルからなる群から選ばれたマイクロカプセルである請求項35に記載の薬剤。
- 対象体の肝臓内での肝細胞増殖を促進させるための薬剤であって、肝細胞の増殖を促進するのに効果的な形のPlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤をコード化する核酸を含有する肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターを含んでなる薬剤。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、レトロウイルスベクター、アデノウィルスベクター、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター又はレンチウイルスベクターである請求項37に記載の薬剤。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、カチオン性リポソームを含有する非ウイルスベクターである請求項37に記載の薬剤。
- 対象体において肝毒性剤への曝露による障害から肝臓を保護するための医薬であって、PlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤を含んでなり、肝臓を障害から有効に保護する医薬。
- Flt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)が、野生型VEGFに対して次のアミノ酸置換:I43A、I46A、Q79A及びI83Aを含む請求項40に記載の医薬。
- 血管新生因子と併用して投与される請求項40に記載の医薬。
- 血管新生因子がKDRアゴニストである請求項42に記載の医薬。
- KDRアゴニストが、VEGF、KDR選択的VEGF変異体(KDR−sel)、拮抗性抗KDR抗体又は小分子である請求項43に記載の医薬。
- 対象体が肝毒性剤に曝露される前に、又は曝露と同時に投与される請求項40に記載の医薬。
- 肝毒性剤が、疾病の治療に有効な治療剤である請求項45に記載の医薬。
- 治療剤が、癌治療用の化学療法薬である請求項46に記載の医薬。
- 治療剤が、癌治療用の放射線治療薬である請求項46に記載の医薬。
- 対象体が肝毒性剤に曝露された後であって対象体内で検知可能な肝障害が生じる前に投与される請求項40に記載の医薬。
- 前記対象体が、前記肝毒性剤に偶発的に曝露される請求項49に記載の医薬。
- 偶発的な曝露後の10〜20時間以内に投与される請求項50に記載の医薬。
- 肝臓内において非実質細胞の増殖を促進するために有効な量の血管新生剤を更に含む請求項40に記載の医薬。
- 前記血管新生剤がKDRアゴニストである請求項52に記載の医薬。
- 前記KDRアゴニストが、VEGF、KDR選択的VEGF変異体(KDR−sel)、拮抗的抗KDR抗体又は小分子である請求項53に記載の医薬。
- 全身送達系を通じて対象体に投与される請求項40に記載の医薬。
- 全身送達系が、遺伝子組換えVEGFR調節剤を発現する哺乳類細胞を含有する細胞製剤を含む請求項55に記載の医薬。
- 哺乳類細胞がCHO細胞である請求項56に記載の医薬。
- 全身送達系が、精製VEGFR調節剤及びポリマーマトリックスを含有する徐放性製剤を含む請求項55に記載の医薬。
- ポリマーマトリックスが、リポソーム、ミクロスフェア、マイクロエマルジョン、ナノ粒子及びナノカプセルからなる群から選ばれたマイクロカプセルである請求項58に記載の医薬。
- 対象体において肝毒性剤への曝露による障害から肝臓を保護するための医薬であって、PlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤をコード化する核酸を含有する肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターを含んでなり、肝臓を障害から有効に保護する医薬。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、レトロウイルスベクター、アデノウィルスベクター、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター又はレンチウイルスベクターである請求項60に記載の医薬。
- 肝標的遺伝子運搬ベクターが、カチオン性リポソームを含有する非ウイルスベクターである請求項60に記載の医薬。
- a)容器と、
b)その容器内に収容された組成物と、
c)肝成長を促進するための前記組成物の使用法を指図する、前記容器上のラベルと
を含む製造品であって、前記組成物が、PlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤を肝成長促進に有効な量で含有する製造品。 - a)第1の容器と、該第1の容器上のラベルと、該第1の容器内に収容された組成物であって、PlGF、VEGF−B、およびFlt−1に選択的に結合するFlt−1選択的VEGF変異体(Flt−sel)からなる群から選択されるVEGFR調節剤を肝成長促進に有効な量で含有する組成物と、
b)医薬的に許容されるバッファーを含む第2の容器と、
c)肝成長促進用キットの使用を説明する取扱説明書と
を具備してなるキット。
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US20040170613A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
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US7709455B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 |
US7700571B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 |
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