JP5047186B2 - 太陽電池素子とその製造方法 - Google Patents
太陽電池素子とその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ILAHWRKJUDSMFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron tribromide Chemical compound BrB(Br)Br ILAHWRKJUDSMFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001638 boron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004017 vitrification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/22—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities
- H01L21/225—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities using diffusion into or out of a solid from or into a solid phase, e.g. a doped oxide layer
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- H01L21/22—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities
- H01L21/225—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities using diffusion into or out of a solid from or into a solid phase, e.g. a doped oxide layer
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Description
≪太陽電池素子の製造方法≫
(第1の実施の形態)
本発明の第1の実施の形態を図3と図4を用いて説明する。図3は、第1の実施の形態の太陽電池素子の製造工程を説明する概略断面図である。まず、第1の導電型を有する半導体基板1を、第2の導電型を有するドーパントを第1のドーパント濃度で含有する第1の雰囲気中で加熱する。次に、第1のドーパント濃度よりも低い第2のドーパント濃度を有する第2の雰囲気中で半導体基板1を加熱する。その後、半導体基板1を、第2のドーパント濃度よりも高い第3のドーパント濃度を有する第3の雰囲気中で加熱する。
本実施の形態に用いられる半導体基板1は、例えば、ボロン(B)などの半導体不純物を含有する単結晶シリコンまたは多結晶シリコンなどからなる。半導体基板1として多結晶シリコン基板が用いられる場合、大量生産が可能である。このような半導体基板1は、引き上げ法や鋳造法によって形成されたインゴットが10cm×10cm〜25cm×25cm程度の大きさに切断され、500μm以下、より好ましくは250μm以下の厚みにスライスされ製造される。半導体基板1の切断面は、NaOHやKOHあるいは、フッ酸やフッ硝酸などでごく微量エッチングされて清浄される。
次に、半導体基板1の受光面側に第2の導電型層2を形成し、バルク領域との間にpn接合部を形成する。第1の導電型がp型である場合、第2の導電型層2は、n型の層2となる。n型化ドーピング元素は、例えば、リン(P)などの5属元素が挙げられ、シート抵抗が30〜300Ω/□程度のn+型とされる。また、第1の導電型がn型である場合、第2の導電型層2は、p型の層2となる。p型化ドーピング元素は、例えば、ホウ素(B)などの3属元素が挙げられる。なお、p+及びn+は、不純物濃度が高いことを意味している。
第一工程では、図3(a)に示されるように、第2の導電型のドーパントを含有する雰囲気で、半導体基板1に対して熱処理を行う。
第二工程では、図3(b)に示されるように、第一工程よりもドーパントのドーパント濃度が低い雰囲気で、半導体基板1に対して熱処理を行う。
第三工程では、図3(c)に示されるように、第二工程よりもドーパント濃度が高い雰囲気で、半導体基板1に対して熱処理を行う。
一次イオン種:Cs+
一次イオン加速電圧:14.5kV
一次イオン電流:120nA
ラスター領域:125μm
分析領域:30μmφ
測定真空度:1E−7
なお、SIMS分析には、デプスプロファイル分析モードとバルク分析モードとがある。不純物のデプスプロファイル(濃度の深さ方向分布)を得るには当然前者のモードで行うが、単に基板中の平均不純物濃度を得たい場合には、いずれの分析モードでも測定可能である。ただし、不純物の濃度が非常に低い場合等、分析感度を上げる必要がある場合には、特にバルク分析モードとするのが望ましい。また、測定においては別途、分析用素子を準備してもよく、例えば、フッ酸と硝酸の混合液でミラーエッチングを行った単結晶シリコン基板を同条件で拡散し、SIMS測定を実施してもよい。
次に、半導体基板1の第2の導電型層2の表面に反射防止膜3を形成する。反射防止膜3は、SiNx膜(Si3N4ストイキオメトリを中心にして成分比(x)には幅がある)、TiO2膜、SiO2膜、MgO膜、ITO膜、SnO2膜、ZnO膜などが用いられる。半導体基板1が例えばシリコン基板である場合、反射防止膜3の屈折率は1.8〜2.3程度、厚みは500〜1200Å程度とすることで光反射を効果的に低減できる。このような反射防止膜3は、PECVD法、蒸着法、スパッタ法などにより形成される。なお、反射防止膜3は、表面電極5が後述するファイヤースルー法により形成されない場合は、表面電極5を形成するために所定のパターンでパターニングしておく。パターニング法としてはレジストなどマスクを用いたエッチング法(ウェットあるいはドライ)や、反射防止膜3形成時にマスクを予め形成しておき、反射防止膜3形成後にこれを除去する方法が挙げられる。一方、反射防止膜3の上に表面電極5の電極ペーストを直接塗布し焼き付けることによって表面電極5と第2の導電型層2を電気的に接触させるいわゆるファイヤースルー法を用いる場合はパターニングの必要はない。
次に、第2の導電型層を形成する工程の第2の実施形態について、図5を用いて説明する。なお、第1の実施形態と異なる部分を中心に説明する。
まず、図5(a)に示されるように、ドーパントを含有する塗布材料7を半導体基板1に塗布する。塗布材料7は例えば、酸化リン、リン酸等のリン系塩や酸化ホウ素、ホウ酸等のホウ素塩からなるドーパント、並びに、ケイ酸エチル、ポリシラザン等のケイ素化合物を、エチルアルコール、イソプロピルアルコールやブチルアルコール等の溶剤に混合したものであり、必要に応じて、メチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、ニトロセルロース、メチルメタクレートやポリエチレングリコールなどの樹脂を混合させる。
次に、図5(b)に示されるように、アルゴンや窒素等の不活性ガス雰囲気中または酸素等を含む酸化雰囲気中で、第1の加熱手段を用いて塗布材料7が塗布された半導体基板1を熱処理する。これにより、塗布材料7がガラス化してドーパントを含むガラス層8が形成されるとともに、ガラス層8中のドーパントが半導体基板1の表面および内部に拡散されて、シリコン基板1内に低濃度ドーパント層2aが形成される。
次に、図5(c)に示されるように、不活性ガス雰囲気中で、ピーク波長が第1の加熱手段のピーク波長より短い第2の加熱手段を用いて半導体基板を加熱する。
なお、塗布工程を行う前に、半導体基板1表面の塗布材料7に対する濡れ性を高める親水化工程を設けることが好ましい。親水化工程は、半導体基板と塗布材料との接触角を小さくして、濡れ性を向上させるものである。濡れ性を向上させることによってドーパントを含む塗布材料7を半導体基板1表面に均一に塗布することができ、第2の導電型層2を半導体基板1の面内において均一に形成できることができる。親水化処理の方法としては、アンモニア・過酸化水素水含有水溶液、塩酸・過酸化水素水含有水、オゾン含有水溶液等に半導体基板を浸漬処理したり、乾燥酸素雰囲気(窒素による希釈雰囲気も可)中に半導体基板を設置し熱酸化処理を行えばよい。
第1の実施形態に係る太陽電池素子の製造方法の実施例を説明する。
第2の実施の形態に係る太陽電池素子の製造方法の実施例を説明する。なお、以下において、上記実施例1と異なる点である第2の導電型層2の形成工程について詳細に説明する。
2・・・第2の導電型層
2a・・低濃度ドーパント層
2b・・高濃度ドーパント層
Claims (8)
- 第1の導電型を有する半導体基板を、第2の導電型を有するドーパントを第1のドーパント濃度で含有する第1の雰囲気中で加熱する工程と、
前記第1の雰囲気中で加熱された前記半導体基板を、前記第1のドーパント濃度よりも低い第2のドーパント濃度を有する第2の雰囲気中で加熱する工程と、
前記第2の雰囲気中で加熱された前記半導体基板を、前記第2のドーパント濃度よりも高い第3のドーパント濃度を有する第3の雰囲気中で加熱する工程と、を有する太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
前記第1の雰囲気および前記第3の雰囲気は、拡散ガスと不活性ガスの流量比を1:2〜1:20としたことを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 前記第2の雰囲気は、前記第2の導電型のドーパントを含有しないことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法。
- 前記半導体基板を前記第3の雰囲気中で760℃以上で加熱することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の太陽電池の製造方法。
- 第3のドーパント濃度よりも低い第4のドーパント濃度を有する第4の雰囲気中で、前記半導体基板を加熱する工程をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法。
- 前記半導体基板が前記第4の雰囲気中で加熱される温度は、前記半導体基板が前記第3の雰囲気中で加熱される温度より低いことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法。
- 前記半導体基板の表面を粗面化する工程をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法。
- 前記粗面化された半導体基板の表面に反射防止膜を形成する工程をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法。
- 前記半導体基板の表面を洗浄した後、前記半導体基板を前記第1の雰囲気中で加熱することを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法。
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