JP4413020B2 - 排気ガス浄化装置及びその制御方法 - Google Patents
排気ガス浄化装置及びその制御方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4413020B2 JP4413020B2 JP2004013394A JP2004013394A JP4413020B2 JP 4413020 B2 JP4413020 B2 JP 4413020B2 JP 2004013394 A JP2004013394 A JP 2004013394A JP 2004013394 A JP2004013394 A JP 2004013394A JP 4413020 B2 JP4413020 B2 JP 4413020B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- exhaust
- nitrogen oxide
- adsorbent
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/9454—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific device
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/56—Nitrogen oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
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- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
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- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0878—Bypassing absorbents or adsorbents
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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- F01N3/0885—Regeneration of deteriorated absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. desulfurization of NOx traps
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- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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- F01N2240/14—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel burner
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- F01N2240/18—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an adsorber or absorber
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Description
本発明の目的は、主として空気過剰条件で運転する内燃機関又は燃焼機器において、排気ガス中の窒素酸化物、すす等の粒子状物質、一酸化炭素及び未燃炭化水素を除去でき、しかもその浄化能力を低下させることなく維持できる排気ガス浄化装置を提供することである。また、従来のように硫黄酸化物の被毒による触媒の劣化を少なくし、硫黄成分を多く含むような燃料でも性能が十分に発揮できるようにすることも目的としている。
図1は参考例1であり、単一の排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置の基本構成を示しており、内燃機関1又は燃焼機器の単一の排気通路2に、本発明に係る排気ガス浄化装置が配設されている。内燃機関1としては、ディーゼル機関、ガス機関、ガソリン機関又はガスタービン機関などがあり、燃焼機器としては産業用ボイラ等がある。排気通路2内には、排気上流側から順に、吸着物質脱離手段3、窒素酸化物吸着材(以下「NOx吸着材」と称する)4及び燃焼装置5が排気流れ方向に間隔を置いて配置されている。
図2は参考例2であり、前記図1に示す単一型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、燃焼装置5として、前記図1と同様に燃料ノズル6と点火装置7を備えると共に、これらに加え、燃料ノズル6の排気下流側に空気供給手段15を備え、これにより、空気供給手段15の排気上流側に燃料過濃燃焼領域X1を形成し、空気供給手段15の排気下流側に燃料希薄燃焼領域X2を形成している。前記両領域X1及びX2は、それぞれ排気通路2の流通断面全体に亘るように形成され、したがって燃焼装置5内を通過する排気ガスは、必ず燃料過濃燃焼領域X1と燃料希薄燃焼領域X2を順に通過するようになっている。
図3は参考例3であり、排気通路2を複数本に分岐した分岐型排気通に備えられた排気ガス浄化装置の基本構成を示しており、内燃機関1又は燃焼機器の排気通路2を、たとえば第1と第2の2本の分岐排気通路2a、2bに分岐し、上流側の分岐部に切替弁20を配置し、下流側端部で再度合流し、下流側排気通路2cに接続している。前記切替弁20を切り替えることにより、内燃機関1からの排気ガスを、分岐排気通路2a、2bの一方に選択的に排出できるようになっている。
図4は本発明の第1の実施の形態であり、図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、吸着物質脱離手段3として、燃料ノズル31と、空気供給手段33と、酸化触媒35を備えている。その他の構造は図3と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には、同じ符号を付してある。
図5は、参考例4であり、前記図1に示す単一型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としているが、燃焼装置5としては、前記図2と同様に燃料ノズル6と点火装置7と空気供給手段15を備え、空気供給手段15の排気上流側に燃料過濃燃焼領域X1を形成し、空気供給手段15の排気下流側に燃料希薄燃焼領域X2を形成してある。また、吸着物質脱離手段3として、燃料ノズル31及び点火装置32を備えている。その他の構造は図1及び図2の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。
図6は参考例5であり、前記図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この基本構成に加え、各分岐排気通路2a.2bには、吸着物質脱離手段(燃焼装置)3と吸着材4の間にそれぞれ微粒子フィルター40を配置してある。その他の構造は図3の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。
図7は参考例6であり、前記図6に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置に、さらにSOx吸着材42を追加した構造となっている。SOx吸着材42は、各分岐排気通路2a、2b内において、微粒子フィルター40とNOx吸着材4の間にそれぞれ配置されている。その他の構造は図6(及び図3)の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。SOx吸着材42を微粒子フィルター40の上流側に配置しても問題なく作動する。
図8は参考例7であり、前記図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この基本構成において、燃焼装置5の空気供給手段15の下流側に、燃料希薄燃焼領域を形成する代わりに、酸化触媒47を配置した構成となっている。その他の構造は図3の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。
図9は本発明の第2の実施の形態であり、前記図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この基本構成に加え、切替弁20の上流側に、排気ガス冷却手段50と温度センサー50aを配置してある。温度センサー50aはECU12に接続し、検知した温度を入力するようになっている。その他の構造は図3の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。
図10は参考例8であり、前記図1に示す単一型排気通路を備えた排気ガス浄化装置を基本としているが、燃焼装置5として、前記図1と同様に燃料ノズル6と点火装置7を備えると共に、これに加え、図2と同様に、燃料ノズル6の排気下流側に空気供給手段15を備え、これにより、空気供給手段15の排気上流側に燃料過濃燃焼領域X1を形成し、空気供給手段15の排気下流側に燃料希薄燃焼領域X1を形成している。さらに、吸着物質脱離手段3として、前記図5と同様に、燃料ノズル31及び点火装置32を備えると共に、空気供給手段51及び保炎機構52を備えている。その他の構造は図1、図2及び図5の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。
図11は本発明の第3の実施の形態であり、前記図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この基本構成において、吸着物質脱離手段3として、空気供給手段33のみを備え、一方、燃焼装置5の希薄燃焼領域X2の下流側にそれぞれ熱交換器55を配置し、該熱交換器55を前記吸着物質脱離手段3の空気供給手段33に接続している。その他の構造は図3の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。
図12は参考例9であり、前記図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この基本構成に加え、分岐排気通路2a、2bの排気下流側集合部に出口側切替弁58を配置し、各燃焼装置5の下流側にそれぞれ大気開放通路(大気開放部)60を分岐形成し、各大気通路60に開閉弁61をそれぞれ設けてある。出口側切替弁58よりも下流の排気通路2cはたとえば排ガスボイラ63に接続し、排気ガスの廃熱を利用するようになっている。その他の構造は図3の構造と同様であり、同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。なお、NOx吸着材4としては、SOxも十分に吸着できる材質のものを利用してある。
図13は参考例10であり、前記図12に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置の変形例であり、図12のように各分岐排気通路2a、2bにそれぞれ大気開放通路60を形成する代わりに、排気下流側集合部の出口側切替弁58に、前記排ガスボイラ63に接続する排気通路2cと大気に連通する大気通路70を切替可能に設けた構造となっている。すなわち、第1、第2の分岐排気通路2a、2bのうち、内燃機関1に連通する通常運転側の分岐排気通路(図13では第2の分岐排気通路2b)が排ガスボイラ63に接続し、再生運転側の分岐排気通路(図13では第1の分岐排気通路2a)が大気通路70に連通している。この構造によると、図12のように各分岐排気通路2a,2bにそれぞれ大気開放通路60と開閉弁61を備える構造に比べ、構造が簡素化できる。作用は前記図12の場合と同様である。
図14は参考例11であり、前記図1の単一型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この単一排気通路型の基本構成に各種センサーを配置し、適切な制御をできるようにした構成を示してある。したがって、図1と同じ部品及び部分には同じ符号を付してある。この図14において、NOx吸着材4の下流側に吸着量検知(推定)センサー80を配置し、NOx吸着材4の上流側に温度センサー82を配置してあり、各センサー80,82はECU12に接続し、測定した各値をECU12に入力し、その入力値により次のように制御するようになっている。
図15は参考例12であり、前記図3に示す分岐型排気通路に備えられる排気ガス浄化装置を基本としており、この基本構成に、各所の温度や圧力を測定するセンサーを配置し、適切な制御をできるようにした構成である。NOx吸着材4の下流側に吸着量推定センサー80を配置し、NOx吸着材4の上流側に圧力センサー81及び温度センサー82を配置した例である。各センサー80,81,82はECU12に接続し、測定した各値をECU12に入力するようになっている。
(1)内燃機関自体が希薄燃焼用内燃機関であって、たとえば過給機を備えている場合には、過給機の圧縮機の空気を、図2〜図15の各空気供給手段に利用することができる。
2 排気通路
2a,2b 分岐排気通路
2c 下流側排気通路
3 吸着物質脱離手段
4 NOx吸着材
5 燃焼装置
6 燃料ノズル(燃料供給手段)
7 点火装置(着火手段)
10 燃料調量装置
11 燃料タンク
12 ECU(電子制御ユニット)
15 空気供給手段
16 空気調量装置
17 給気供給装置
20 切替弁
31 燃料ノズル(燃料供給手段)
32 点火装置
33 空気供給手段
35 酸化触媒
40 微粒子フィルター
42 SOx吸着材
47 酸化触媒
50 熱交換器
51 空気供給手段
52 保炎機構
55 熱交換器
58 出口側切替バルブ
60 大気開放通路
61 大気開放用の開閉弁
80 吸着量検知センサー(吸着量検知手段)
81 圧力センサー(圧力検知手段)
82 温度センサー(温度検知手段)
X1 燃料過濃燃焼領域
X2 燃料希薄燃焼領域
Claims (8)
- 内燃機関又は燃焼機器の排気通路に設置される排気ガス浄化装置において、
窒素酸化物を一時的に吸着し、該吸着した窒素酸化物を昇温又は還元雰囲気で脱離する窒素酸化物吸着材(4)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気上流側に配置され、排気を昇温又は還元雰囲気にする吸着物質脱離手段(3)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気下流側に配置され、燃料供給手段(6)及び着火手段(7)から構成される燃焼装置(5)とを、前記排気通路(2)に備え、
前記吸着物質脱離手段(3)は、吸着物質脱離用燃料供給手段(31)と該吸着物質脱離用燃料供給手段(31)より排気下流側に配置された酸化用の触媒(35)を有している、ことを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 請求項1記載の排気ガス浄化装置において、
前記燃焼装置(5)は、
前記燃料供給手段(6)から供給される燃料と前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)からの排気ガスによって燃料過剰条件で燃焼する燃料過濃燃焼領域(X1)と、
該燃料過濃燃焼領域(X1)の排気下流側に位置すると共に、前記燃料過濃燃焼領域からの排気ガスと空気供給手段(15)からの空気により空気過剰条件で燃焼する希薄燃焼領域(X2)とを、
有していることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の排気ガス浄化装置において、
前記排気通路(2)を複数の分岐排気通路(2a、2b)に分岐しており、
各分岐排気通路(2a、2b)の排気入口には排気ガスを遮断可能な排気ガス遮断手段(20)を設け、
各分岐排気通路(2a、2b)内には、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気上流側に配置され、空気供給手段(33)を有すると共に、該空気供給手段(33)から供給される空気を昇温又は還元雰囲気にする前記吸着物質脱離手段(3)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気下流側に配置された前記燃焼装置(5)とを、それぞれ備えていることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一つに記載の排気ガス浄化装置において、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)は、排気ガスに含まれる粒子状物質を捕獲可能な形状に形成されていることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一つに記載の排気ガス浄化装置において、
前記各空気供給手段は、排気通路が接続する内燃機関の過給機の圧縮機の出口部分に接続し、該圧縮機から吐出される圧縮空気を利用するようにしてあることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 内燃機関又は燃焼機器の排気通路に設置される排気ガス浄化装置において、
窒素酸化物を一時的に吸着し、該吸着した窒素酸化物を昇温又は還元雰囲気で脱離する窒素酸化物吸着材(4)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気上流側に配置され、排気を昇温又は還元雰囲気にする吸着物質脱離手段(3)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気下流側に配置され、燃料供給手段(6)及び着火手段(7)から構成される燃焼装置(5)とを、前記排気通路(2)に備え、
前記吸着物質脱離手段(3)の排気上流側に、排気ガス冷却手段(50)を配置すると共に、該排気ガス冷却手段(50)から出てくる排気ガスの温度を測定する温度センサー(50a)を設けてあることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 内燃機関又は燃焼機器の排気通路に設置される排気ガス浄化装置において、
窒素酸化物を一時的に吸着し、該吸着した窒素酸化物を昇温又は還元雰囲気で脱離する窒素酸化物吸着材(4)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気上流側に配置され、排気を昇温又は還元雰囲気にする吸着物質脱離手段(3)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気下流側に配置され、燃料供給手段(6)及び着火手段(7)から構成される燃焼装置(5)とを、前記排気通路に備え、
前記燃焼装置(5)は、
前記燃料供給手段(6)から供給される燃料と前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)からの排気ガスによって燃料過剰条件で燃焼する燃料過濃燃焼領域(X1)と、
該燃料過濃燃焼領域(X1)の排気下流側に位置すると共に、前記燃料過濃燃焼領域(X1)からの排気ガスと空気供給手段(15)からの空気により空気過剰条件で燃焼する希薄燃焼領域(X2)とを、有し、
前記排気通路(2)を複数の分岐排気通路(2a、2b)に分岐しており、
各分岐排気通路(2a、2b)の排気入口には排気ガスを遮断可能な排気ガス遮断手段(20)を設け、
各分岐排気通路内(2a、2b)には、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気上流側に配置され、空気供給手段(33)を有すると共に、該空気供給手段(33)から供給される空気を昇温又は還元雰囲気にする前記吸着物質脱離手段(3)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気下流側に配置された前記燃焼装置(5)とを、
それぞれ備え、
前記希薄燃焼領域(X2)の下流側に熱交換器(55)を配置し、前記希薄燃焼領域(X2)からの排気ガスと熱交換されて昇温した空気を、前記吸着物質脱離手段(3)の空気供給手段(33)に用いるように構成したことを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 内燃機関又は燃焼機器の排気通路に設置される排気ガス浄化装置であって、
窒素酸化物を一時的に吸着し、該吸着した窒素酸化物を昇温又は還元雰囲気で脱離する窒素酸化物吸着材(4)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気上流側に配置され、排気を昇温又は還元雰囲気にする吸着物質脱離手段(3)と、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)より排気下流側に配置され、燃料供給手段(6)及び着火手段(7)から構成される燃焼装置(5)とを、前記排気通路(2)に備えた排気ガス浄化装置、の制御方法において、
前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)の排気上流側に温度検知手段(82)及び圧力検知手段(81)を配置し、前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)の排気下流側に窒素酸化物吸着材(4)による吸着量を検出する吸着量検知手段(80)を配置し、
通常運転時における前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)の排気上流側の排気ガス圧力を圧力検知手段(81)により検知すると共に、前記窒素酸化物吸着材(4)による吸着量を前記吸着量検知手段(80)により検知し、
排気通路(2)の排気ガス圧力が所定値以上に達した時又は吸着量が所定量に達した時のいずれか早い時に前記吸着物質脱離手段(3)を作動させ、同時にあるいは早めるかもしくは遅らせて燃焼装置(5)を作動させるように制御することを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置の制御方法。
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JP2004013394A JP4413020B2 (ja) | 2004-01-21 | 2004-01-21 | 排気ガス浄化装置及びその制御方法 |
KR1020067013639A KR100816189B1 (ko) | 2004-01-21 | 2005-01-18 | 배기가스 정화장치 및 그 제어방법 |
DK05703758.2T DK1710409T3 (da) | 2004-01-21 | 2005-01-18 | Udstødningsgasrenser og fremgangsmåde til styring deraf |
US10/586,689 US7784276B2 (en) | 2004-01-21 | 2005-01-18 | Exhaust gas purifier and method of control therefor |
PCT/JP2005/000521 WO2005071236A1 (ja) | 2004-01-21 | 2005-01-18 | 排気ガス浄化装置及びその制御方法 |
EP05703758A EP1710409B1 (en) | 2004-01-21 | 2005-01-18 | Exhaust gas purifier and method of control therefor |
CNB2005800029028A CN100516473C (zh) | 2004-01-21 | 2005-01-18 | 排气气体净化装置及其控制方法 |
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DK1710409T3 (da) | 2013-01-02 |
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JP2005207281A (ja) | 2005-08-04 |
WO2005071236A1 (ja) | 2005-08-04 |
EP1710409A1 (en) | 2006-10-11 |
EP1710409A4 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
CN1910352A (zh) | 2007-02-07 |
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