JP3973300B2 - Non-aqueous secondary battery - Google Patents
Non-aqueous secondary battery Download PDFInfo
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- JP3973300B2 JP3973300B2 JP25707898A JP25707898A JP3973300B2 JP 3973300 B2 JP3973300 B2 JP 3973300B2 JP 25707898 A JP25707898 A JP 25707898A JP 25707898 A JP25707898 A JP 25707898A JP 3973300 B2 JP3973300 B2 JP 3973300B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、小型、軽量の電気機器や電気自動車の電源として好適な、非水系二次電池、特にリチウム二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、電子機器の小型化に伴い高容量の二次電池が求めれている。そのためニッケル・カドミウム電池、ニッケル・水素電池に比べ、よりエネルギー密度の高い非水系リチウム二次電池が注目されている。
【0003】
負極材料としては、最初、リチウム金属を用いることが試みられたが、充放電を繰り返すうちにデンドライト状のリチウムが析出し、セパレータを貫通して、正極にまで達し、短絡して発火事故を起こす可能性があることが判明した。
【0004】
また、特開昭57−208079には、リチウムを負極活物質とし、電極板として結晶化度が高い黒鉛を使用することが提案された。しかしながら、黒鉛は充放電の原理にリチウムイオンの黒鉛結晶中へのインターカレーションを利用するため、常温、常圧下では最大リチウム導入化合物のLiC6から算出される黒鉛の理論容量である372mAh/gを超える放電容量が得られないという問題があった。しかも、電解液との黒鉛材料の濡れ性の低さは、充放電初期のリチウム脱ドープ容量が、本来黒鉛材料が発現できるはずの350mAh/g以上の容量よりも低くなるという問題があった。
【0005】
そこで、黒鉛性炭素質物の表面を炭素化可能な有機物で被覆、焼成した炭素質物を用いることが知られているが、この材料は、充放電時の電位が、黒鉛のそれと同様リチウム金属の酸化還元電位に近く、しかも黒鉛性炭素質物より高容量を得られるという利点があるが、やはり黒鉛の理論容量である372mAh/gを超える容量は得られていない。
【0006】
更に、高容量を発現できる負極材料として、Al、Siなどリチウムのドープ、脱ドープが可能な金属を用いることが知られているが、この材料は電極表面での電解液の分解や、充放電サイクルに対する容量の低下に問題がある。
【0007】
これらの問題を解決するために、特開平1−298645、特開平1−255165などには、炭素質物で金属粉末を被覆した負極材料を用いたリチウム二次電池が開示されている。炭素質物で金属材料を被覆することにより、充放電に伴う金属部分の構造的劣化を抑制できる作用があるものと考えられる。また、特開平5−286763には、結晶性の異なる二種類の炭素質物と金属質物からなる電極材料が開示されており、一種類の炭素質物と金属質物をもう一種の炭素質物で被覆した材料の概念が提示されている。特開平10−3920には、炭素質物に混合する金属粒子の粒径を500nm以下とすることが開示されている。炭素質物中の金属粒子の粒径を小さくすることで、充放電時に生じる金属部分の大きな体積変化が抑制され、サイクル効率の向上に寄与することが考えられるが、炭素質物に金属微粒子を混合した後焼成しているため、金属の融解、凝集が起こり易く、制御が難しい。更に特開平8−241715には、金属酸化物などを炭素化又は黒鉛化可能な有機物を非酸化性雰囲気中で焼成した、炭素質物/金属複合負極材料が開示されているが、このときの焼成後の炭素質物に対する金属の割合は、40重量%以下に限られており、具体的に製造されたものは約20重量%以下のものである。更に、特開平9−213335には、無定型領域を持つ炭素質物と黒鉛構造領域を有す炭素質物中に、Mg、Al、Si、Ca、Snを含有させた負極を持つリチウム二次電池が提案されているが、金属質物の前駆体として、金属カーバイド、炭酸塩、蓚酸塩を用いている。金属カーバイドの中には高温でないと還元されにくい物が多く、また電極活物質中に残留すると容量の低下を引き起こす場合がある。また、炭酸塩、蓚酸塩は、マトリックスとなる炭素質物前駆体の炭素化が行われる以前に、低温で分解、金属に還元される物が多く、還元後金属同士が凝集、会合し大きな金属粒子に成長する場合がある。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、リチウムの充放電を行った場合に、従来の黒鉛系電極材料よりも高容量を発現でき、かつ負極活物質全重量に対する金属質物の含有率が大きいにも関わらず、従来の炭素質物/金属質物複合負極材料よりサイクル劣化が小さく、かつ高容量を発現できる負極を備えた非水系二次電池を提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、正極、負極及び非水系溶媒中に電解質を溶解した電解液からなる非水系二次電池であって、
正極又は負極活物質が、金属質物a、炭素質物b及び黒鉛質物cからなり、
(イ)金属質物aは、Ia族、IIa族、チタン、バナジウム、タンタル、VIa族、マンガン、VIII族、Ib族、IIb族、IIIb族、IVb族、ヒ素、アンチモン及びビスマスから選ばれる元素の酸化物、硫化物、窒化物、セレン化物、テルル化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、該化合物を主成分とする複合化合物、及びこれら化合物の混合物から選ばれる熱処理後には電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出することができるようになる化合物を熱処理したものであり、
(ロ)該化合物粒子の二次粒子の平均粒径が10μm以下か、又は一次粒子の平均粒径が500nm以下である、
非水系二次電池である。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
次に本発明の詳細を述べる。
【0011】
「金属質物a」
本発明の金属質物aは、
(イ)Ia族、IIa族、チタン、バナジウム、タンタル、VIa族、マンガン、VIII族、Ib族、IIb族、IIIb族、IVb族、ヒ素、アンチモン及びビスマスから選ばれる元素の酸化物、硫化物、窒化物、セレン化物、テルル化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、該化合物を主成分とする複合化合物、及びこれらの混合物から選ばれる、熱処理後には電気化学的にリチウムを吸蔵及び放出することができるようになる化合物を熱処理したものであり、
(ロ)該化合物粒子の二次粒子の平均粒径が10μm以下か、又は一次粒子の平均粒径が500nm以下のものを選択する。
【0012】
上記化合物としては、上記要件を満たす限り限定なく用いることができるが、具体的には、Ag2O、Al2O3、Bi2O3、CdO、CrO2、Cr2O3、Cu2O、Fe2O3、In2O3、IrO2、MgO、MnO2、Mn2O3、OsO2、OsO4、PbO、Pb3O4、PbO2、PdO、PtO、RuO2、SnO、SnO2、SiO、SiO2,TaO2、TiO、Ti2O3、TiO2、V2O3、V2O4、V2O5、VO2、V2O3、WO、WO2、WO3、ZnO等の金属酸化物;Bi2S3、CdS、In2S3、PbS、PtS、SnS、SnS2、TaS2、TiS2、V2S3、V2S2、WS2、ZnS等の金属硫化物;Bi2Te3、SnTe、SnTe2、WTe2、ZnTe等の金属テルル化物;Si3N4、TaSi2、TiSi2、V3Si、V2Si、WSi2等の金属ケイ化物;AlN、TaN、W2N、WN等の金属窒化物;これら前述の金属化合物から選択されるものの複合金属化合物;又はこれらとアルカリ金属の複合酸化物;アルカリ土類金属との複合酸化物;前述のいずれかの金属化合物同士の複合金属化合物である。更には、これらのものから選択された化合物の混合物である。
【0013】
該化合物粒子の二次粒子の平均粒径が10μm以下、特に10〜0.01μm、好ましくは7〜0.05μm、更に好ましくは5〜0.1μm、又は一次粒子の平均粒径が500〜1nm、好ましくは400〜1nm、更に好ましくは400〜3nmのものを用いることができる。平均粒径が該範囲より大きいと、(1)熱処理後においても完全に金属質物まで還元されにくい、(2)粒径が大きい物を全量還元できるような温度まで熱処理温度を引き上げるか、あるいは熱処理時間を長くする等の工程を行うと、絶縁性の炭素質物が多量に形成され、負極容量の低下につながる、(3)炭素質物前駆体と混合する場合には、不均一な混合形態となるおそれある、等の問題が生じる可能性がある。また、前述したような化合物の代わりに、金属そのものを炭素質物前駆体と混合し、熱処理すると、金属の融点が、炭素質物前駆体の炭素化が始まる温度以下の物質が多いため、金属同士の融着がおこり、熱処理後には炭素質物と分離したり、たとえ炭素質物中に取り込まれても大きく粒成長してしまい、負極としたときサイクルの維持率が悪くなる。
【0014】
本発明に使用される該化合物粒子は、例えば平均一次粒子の平均粒径10nmのシリカ超微粒子、アルミナシリカの超微粒子、酸化錫、又は酸化錫と酸化アンチモンの複合金属酸化物の一次粒子の平均粒径5nmの超微粒子が特に好ましい。またこれらの粒子を溶媒に分散させたゲル、更には酸化錫の表面を有機物で被覆した一次粒子の平均粒径10nmの酸化錫ゾル、これを溶媒に分散させたゲル等は特に好ましい。
【0015】
特に上記の化合物から、異なる金属種を含む二種類以上の化合物を選択し、加熱処理後、使用することで、負極活物質内で共融金属あるいは金属間化合物を作らせることも可能である。適当な金属種を選択すると、単一種の金属化合物を用いた場合よりも、充放電サイクルに伴う容量の維持や高容量の発現に対し好ましい影響を生じさせることができる。化合物の組み合わせについては、従来公知の組み合わせが可能であるが、該化合物の熱処理後の態様を、例えばBinary alloy phase diagrams, Ternary alloy phase diagramsに掲載されているような合金種を参考に選択することができる。具体的には錫、シリコン、アルミニウム、亜鉛、鉛、マグネシウム、カルシウム、ストロンチウム、金、銀、銅、ニッケル、白金、アンチモン、ヒ素を含む金属化合物から二種類以上の組み合わせとして用いることが好ましく、熱処理後、錫アンチモン、錫銅、錫ニッケル、錫シリコン、錫カルシウム、錫ストロンチウム、アルミニウムシリコン等となるような組み合わせは特に好ましい。
【0016】
「炭素質物bの前駆体」
本発明で述べる「炭素質物bの前駆体」とは、熱処理された後は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な性質を有する有機物である。
【0017】
具体的には、炭素化可能な有機物としては、液相で炭素化が進行する軟ピッチから硬ピッチまでのコールタールピッチや、乾留液化油などの石炭系重質油や、常圧残油、減圧残油等の直流系重質油、原油、ナフサなどの熱分解時に副生するエチレンタール等分解系重質油等の石油系重質油、あるいは以上のものを炭素化が進む以下の温度で蒸留、溶媒抽出等の手段を経て固化したもの;更にアセナフチレン、デカシクレン、アントラセンなどの芳香族炭化水素、フェナジンやアクリジンなどの窒素含有環状化合物、チオフェンなどの硫黄含有環状化合物;30MPa以上の加圧が必要となるがアダマンタンなどの脂環があげられる。炭素化可能な熱可塑性高分子としては、炭素化に至る過程で液相を経るビフェニルやテルフェニルなどのポリフェニレン;ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリビニルブチラールなどのポリビニルエステル類;ポリビニルアルコール等が挙げられる。また、以上に列挙した有機物や高分子に適量のリン酸、ホウ酸、塩酸等の酸類、水酸化ナトリウム等のアルカリ類を添加したものでもよい。更にこれらのものを100〜600℃、好ましくは200〜400℃で、酸素、硫黄、窒素及び/又はホウ素から選ばれる元素により、適度に架橋処理したものでもよい。適度な架橋構造を炭素質物又は炭素質物前駆体中に形成することにより、後述する金属質物を安定に系内に保持することができ、更に熱処理中に起こる金属質物の凝集を妨げる効果も生じる。
【0018】
これらの炭素質物の前駆体を熱処理した後の炭素質物の性質は、学振法によって規定されたX線広角回折法による(002)面の面間隔(d002)が3.38Å以上、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)が100Å以下のものを選択するとよい。
【0019】
「黒鉛質物c」
黒鉛質物である限り、限定なく用いることが可能であるが、炭素質物の前駆体を2,000℃以上の高熱で熱処理して得られた黒鉛質物、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、膨張黒鉛、キッシュ黒鉛、これらの高純度精製品、加熱処理品、薬液酸化品、気相酸化品、これら黒鉛質物を1,800〜3,200℃程度の高温で再加熱処理したもの、黒鉛の周りを炭素質物で覆った構造を持つ多相黒鉛品、あるいはこれらのものの混合物が好ましい。これらの黒鉛質物のうち、その平均粒径が1〜25μmのものは、初期サイクルでの効率及び充放電サイクルの維持に良好に寄与するので好ましい。特に該粒子径が2〜20μmのものは好ましく、2〜15μmのものは更に好ましい。黒鉛質物は、リチウムを充放電することにより負極容量の増加に寄与するが、前述した黒鉛質物の粒子径がこれ以上小さいと、黒鉛質物の比表面積が増大し、初回の不可逆容量の増加につながり、また、粉砕歪みから生じると思われる容量減少が生じる。粒子径がこれ以上であると長期の充放電サイクルの維持に対し、効果が小さくなる。
【0020】
また、学振法で定められたX線回折法から導かれる(d002)が3.45Å未満、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさである(Lc)が100Å以上であり、かつ波長5,143Åのアルゴンイオンレーザー光を用いたラマンスペクトルにおいて、1,580〜1,620cm-1の範囲に現れるピークの強度をIA;1,350〜1,370cm-1の範囲に現れるピークの強度をIBとしたときの;ピーク強度比R(=IB/IA)が0.5以下になるように、炭素質物前駆体を200℃以上の高温で熱処理して得られた黒鉛質物、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、膨張黒鉛、キッシュ黒鉛、これらの高純度精製品、あるいはこれらのものの混合物からなるものは好ましい。特に上述の(Lc)が1,000Å以上であるもの、上述のピーク強度比Rが0.25以下であるものは更に好ましい。
【0021】
金属質物aを生成する化合物、炭素質物bの前駆体である有機化合物、及び黒鉛質物cの混合方法としては、従来の方法を限定なく用いることが可能であるが、具体的な方法としては、例えば、先に金属質物aを生成する化合物及び炭素質物bの前駆体である有機化合物を混合し、熱処理したものに、黒鉛質物cの粉体を上記の範囲内で添加してもよいし、金属質物aを生成する化合物と黒鉛質物cを十分に混合し、最後に炭素質物bの前駆体を添加してから熱処理を行ってもよい。更には、最初から上述した三成分すべてを一度に混合し、熱処理を行ってもよい。これら混合過程では、手作業や、撹拌子とスターラー等を用いた単純な混合では、原材料を十分均質に混ぜることが難しい場合が生じるが、それぞれの原材料の状態(固体、液体も含め)に合わせ、「マイクロス」R分散機、アキシャルミキサー、ホモジェナイザー、ホモディスパーザー、ペイントシェーカー、加熱式二軸混練機、加熱式ブレードニーダー、メカノヒュージョン、ボールミル、ジェットミル、ハイブリダイゼーションマシン、レディゲミキサーあるいはVブレンダー等の混合機、粉砕機、あるいは分級機などを用いると、原材料を均質に混合することが可能となる場合があるので、使用することが好ましい。これらの混合方法は、適宜二種類以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。混合方法によっては、混合と同時に解砕や粉砕を行える装置もあり、それらを用いた場合には、混合前の金属質物aの原料化合物の一次粒子径又は二次粒子径、及び/又は黒鉛質物cの平均粒径が上記の範囲外にあっても、混合作業終了時に所定の粒径条件の範囲内に収まっていれば、これらも使用可能である。
【0022】
以上の原材料を熱処理する場合には、600〜2,000℃、より好ましくは700〜1,500℃、更に好ましくは800℃〜1,300℃で、好ましくは還元的雰囲気下で熱処理し、その後、解砕、あるいは粉砕を行い、平均粒径1〜100μm、好ましくは5〜50μmの平均粒径をもつ電極活物質として使用する。
【0023】
熱処理、解砕、粉砕等の工程を経て、最終調製された電極材料粉体において、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき、金属質物は、10〜65重量%、好ましくは20〜50重量%、更には30〜50重量%であると好ましい。なお、上記範囲は原料仕込み比ではなく、最終的な調製段階での含有量である。そのため、仕込み時には、最終段階での組成比を考慮して、原料の配合量を決定する必要がある。これより金属質物の含有量が少ないと、正極、セパレーター、電解液、その他電池部材とともにリチウム電池としたときに、実電池レベルでの大きな容量増加は見込めず、またこれ以上の含有量であると、金属質物を炭素質物で被覆することが難しく、これにより熱処理段階で金属質物同士が融解、凝集するなどして粒子径が大きく成長してしまうため、充放電サイクルに伴う容量の維持が難しくなる。
本発明の電極活物質は、負極活物質としての使用が好ましい。
【0024】
次に本発明の負極の製造方法について説明する。
本発明の負極の製造方法は、上記金属質物aを生成する化合物、炭素質物bの前駆体、及び黒鉛質物cを使用する限り、限定なく、従来公知の方法が採用可能である。例えば、有機化合物と、上記の粒径範囲にある金属酸化物とともに、上記範囲に平均粒径がある天然黒鉛を、加熱手段がある混合機で、最終組成が上記範囲内となる仕込み比で混合し、脱気・脱揮処理を行いつつ、600〜2,000℃で0.1〜12時間、好ましくは500〜1,500℃で0.5〜5時間ほど熱処理を行い、冷却後、この熱処理物を好ましくは1〜100μm、更に好ましくは平均粒径5〜50μmの範囲に、解砕又は粉砕して、活物質を得る。
【0025】
次に、この負極活物質を用いて電池を製造する方法について説明をする。
上記該電極粉体に結着剤、溶媒等を加えて、スラリー状とし、銅箔等の金属製の集電体の基板にスラリーを塗布・乾燥することで電極とする。また、該電極材料をそのままロール成形、圧縮成形等の方法で電極の形状に成形することもできる。
【0026】
上記の目的で使用できる結着剤としては、溶媒に対して安定な、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、芳香族ポリアミド、セルロース等の樹脂系高分子、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム等のゴム状高分子、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体、その水素添加物、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体、その水素添加物等の熱可塑性エラストマー状高分子、シンジオタクチック1,2−ポリブタジエン、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α−オレフィン(炭素数2〜12)共重合体等の軟質樹脂状高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子、アルカリ金属イオン、特にリチウムイオンのイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物が挙げられる。
【0027】
上記のイオン伝導性を有する高分子としては、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド等のポリエーテル系高分子化合物;ポリエーテル化合物の架橋体高分子、ポリエピクロルヒドリン、ポリホスファゼン、ポリシロキサン、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニリデンカーボネート、ポリアクリロニトリル等の高分子化合物に、リチウム塩、又はリチウムを主体とするアルカリ金属塩を複合させた系、あるいはこれにプロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン等の高い誘電率を有する有機化合物を配合した系を用いることができる。
【0028】
本発明に用いる該電極粉体と上記の結着剤との混合形態としては、各種の形態をとることができる。即ち、両者の粒子が混合した形態、繊維状の結着剤が電極粒子に絡み合う形で混合した形態、又は結着剤の層が粒子表面に付着した形態などが挙げられる。該電極粉体と上記結着剤との混合割合は、電極粉体100重量部に対し、好ましくは0.1〜30重量部、より好ましくは、0.5〜10重量部である。これ以上の量の結着剤を添加すると、電極の内部抵抗が大きくなり、好ましくなく、これ以下の量では集電体と電極粉体の結着性に劣る。
【0029】
こうして作製した負極板と以下に説明する電解液及び正極板を、その他の電池構成要素であるセパレータ、ガスケット、集電体、封口板、セルケース等と組み合わせて二次電池を構成する。作成可能な電池は筒型、角型、コイン型等特に限定されるものではないが、基本的にはセル床板上に集電体と負極材料を乗せ、その上に電解液とセパレータを、更に負極と対向するように正極を乗せ、ガスケット、封口板とともにかしめて二次電池とする。
【0030】
電解液用に使用できる非水溶媒としては、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、γ−ブチロラクトン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、1,3−ジオキソラン等の有機溶媒の単独、又は二種類以上を混合したものを用いることができる。
【0031】
これらの溶媒に0.5〜2.0M程度のLiClO4、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiAsF6、LiCl、LiBr等の電解質を溶解して電解液とする。
【0032】
また、リチウムイオン等のアルカリ金属カチオンの導電体である高分子固体電解質を用いることもできる。
【0033】
正極体の材料は特に限定されないが、リチウムイオンなどのアルカリ金属カチオンを充放電時に吸蔵、放出できる金属カルコゲン化合物からなることが好ましい。そのような金属カルコゲン化合物としては、バナジウムの酸化物、バナジウムの硫化物、モリブデンの酸化物、モリブデンの硫化物、マンガンの酸化物、クロムの酸化物、チタンの酸化物、チタンの硫化物及びこれらの複合酸化物、複合硫化物等が挙げられる。好ましくは、Cr3O8、V2O5、V5O13、VO2、Cr2O5、MnO2、TiO2、MoV2O8、TiS2V2S5MoS2、MoS3VS2、Cr0.25V0.75S2,Cr0.5V0.5S2等である。また、LiMY2(Mは、Co、Ni,Fe等の遷移金属、YはO、S等のカルコゲン化合物)、LiM2Y4(MはMn、YはO)、あるいはこれらの酸化物の不定比化合物、WO3等の酸化物、CuS、Fe0.25V0.75S2、Na0.1CrS2等の硫化物、NiPS3、FePS3等のリン、硫黄化合物、VSe2、NbSe3等のセレン化合物等を用いることもできる。これらを負極体と同様、結着剤と混合して集電体の上に塗布して正極体とする。
【0034】
電解液を保持するセパレーターは、一般的に保液性に優れた材料であり、例えば、ポリオレフィン系樹脂の不織布や多孔性フィルムなどを使用して、上記電解液を含浸させる。
【0035】
【実施例】
次に実施例により本発明を更に詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらの例によってなんら限定されるものではない。
【0036】
電極材料の評価方法
評価は以下のように行った。結着剤を用いペレット状に成形した上記の負極体を、セパレーター、電解液と共に、対極をリチウム金属とした半電池とし、2016コインセル中に組み立て、充放電試験機で充放電容量を評価したが、正極体とともに組んだ全電池でも同様な効果が期待できる。
【0037】
(参考例1)
二次粒子の平均粒径0.6μm(一次粒子の平均粒径400nm)の酸化錫(IV)(SnO2;福井新素材(株)製)微粒子粉と、コールタールピッチを熱処理して得た揮発分(以下、VMと称す)が22.1%で、ガンマーレジン量が25.0%で、かつ原子比O/Cが0.009である原料(以下、ピッチAと称す)を、空気の存在下で機械的エネルギーを付与しながら、280℃で1時間処理して得られた固体を粉末化した。得られた粉体を、回分式加熱炉で不活性雰囲気下にて、900℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。不活性雰囲気下で放冷後、得られた粉体を解砕し、10〜25μmに整え、サンプル粉体とした。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.47Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)が23Åであった。また、元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき47重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物が観察された。
次いでこの粉体に、平均粒子径4.7μmの人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)を等量添加した。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき24重量%であった。
なお、揮発分(VM)は、JIS−M8812に従って求め、ガンマーレジン量は、JIS−K2425に従ってトルエン不溶分量を測定して求めた。
また、酸素含有量(原子比O/C)は、炭素及び酸素の重量含有率からそれぞれの原子量を用いて計算した。炭素の含有量は、全自動元素分析装置(パーキンエルマー社製「CHN計240C」)で測定した。酸素含有量は、酸素窒素分析装置(LECO社製「TC436」)を用い、試料10mgをニッケルカプセルに封入し、ヘリウム気流下において300Wで300秒、続いて5500Wで100秒加熱し、発生ガス中の二酸化炭素を赤外吸収より定量して求めた。
この電極材料サンプル2gに対し、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)のジメチルアセトアミド溶液を固形分換算で10重量%加えたものを撹拌し、スラリーを得た。このスラリーを銅箔上に塗布し、80℃で予備乾燥した。更に圧着したのち、直径12.5mmの円盤状に打ち抜き、110℃で減圧乾燥をして電極とした。
得られた電極に対し、電解液を含浸させたポリプロピレン製セパレーターをはさみ、リチウム金属電極に対向させたコイン型セルを作製し、充放電試験を行った。電解液には、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートを容量比1:1の比率で混合した溶媒に過塩素酸リチウムを1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させたものを用いた。
基準充放電試験は、電流密度0.16mA/cm2で極間電位差が0Vになるまでドープを行い、電流密度0.33mA/cm2で極間電位差が1.5Vになるまで脱ドープを行った。
容量値は、コイン型セル3個について各々充放電試験を行い、初回充放電時の脱ドープ容量の平均で評価した。また、サイクルの維持については、第4回目、第15回目、及び第30回目の脱ドープ容量を初回の脱ドープ容量で割った値の100分率で評価した。
【0038】
【数1】
【0039】
(n=4,30)
結果を表1に示す。
【0040】
【表1】
【0041】
(参考例2)
二次粒子の平均粒径2μmの酸化錫(IV)(SnO2;和光純薬試薬)粉を、石油系ピッチであるエチレンヘビーエンド(三菱化学製)とともに、室温で「マイクロス」R分散機により撹拌、均一混合した。得られたスラリー状の混合物を回分式加熱炉で窒素/酸素混合雰囲気下にて350℃で1時間熱処理し、その後1,100℃に保ち、更に1時間熱処理した。不活性雰囲気下で放冷後、得られた粉体を粉砕し、10〜25μmに整えサンプル粉体とした。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.46Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)が34Åであった。元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき83重量%であった。これを平均粒子径2.3μmの天然黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.19)と等量混合し評価した。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき42重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物が観察された。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0042】
(実施例1)
二次粒子の平均粒径10μmの一酸化ケイ素(SiO;高純度化学)粉と、石油系ピッチであるエチレンヘビーエンド(三菱化学製)を、常温でペイントシェーカーにより撹拌、均一混合した以外は、参考例1と同様に操作した。元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき55重量%であった。これを参考例1で用いた人造黒鉛粉体と等量混合し、評価した。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき28重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物が観察された。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0043】
(参考例3)
硫酸錫(II)(SnSO4;和光純薬試薬)19gを純水100gに溶解させ、これを界面活性剤であるポリプロピレンオキシド(平均分子量1,000)20g、及び石油系ピッチであるエチレンヘビーエンド(三菱化学製)、及び参考例1で用いた人造黒鉛を添加し、常温でペイントシェーカーによりに振とう、撹拌し、均一混合した。得られたスラリー状の混合物を回分式加熱炉で還元雰囲気下にて1,100℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。放冷後、得られた粉体を粉砕して10〜25μmに整え、サンプル粉体とした。熱処理後に元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき25重量%、黒鉛の含有量は51重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物及び黒鉛が観察された。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0044】
(参考例4)
酸化錫(IV)微粒子の表面を有機物で被覆した一次粒子の平均粒径5nmのものを、石油系ピッチであるエチレンヘビーエンド(三菱化学製)に添加し、室温で「マイクロス」R分散機により、均一混合した。得られたスラリーを、回分式加熱炉で不活性雰囲気下にて900℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。不活性雰囲気下で放冷後、得られた粉体を解砕し、10〜25μmに整え、サンプル粉体とした。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.46Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)は23Åであった。また、元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき62重量%であった。次いでこの粉体に、平均粒径4.7μmの人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)を等量添加した。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき31重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物が観察された。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0045】
(参考例5)
参考例1で用いた二次粒子の平均粒径0.6μmの酸化錫(IV)微粒子粉と、前記ピッチA、及び平均粒径1.5μmの人造黒鉛(d002:3.36Å;Lc:970Å;ラマンR値:0.25)を加熱加圧式ニーダーにより250℃、大気中で撹拌、均一混合しつつ粉体化した。得られた粉体を、回分式加熱炉で不活性雰囲気下にて900℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。不活性雰囲気下で放冷後、得られた粉体を解砕して10〜25μmに整え、サンプル粉体とした。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.47Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)は23Åであった。また、熱処理後に元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき29重量%、黒鉛の含有量は51重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物及び黒鉛が観察された。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0046】
(参考例6)
参考例1における金属質物部分が、酸化錫(IV)・酸化アンチモン分子混合酸化物の微粒子の表面を有機物で被覆した一次粒子の平均粒径5nmのものを、熱処理後のアンチモンと錫の重量比がSn:Sb=9:1となるように調整し、熱処理後に元素分析から算出された炭素質物/金属質物複合粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量が、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき53重量%である以外は、同様に操作した。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.47Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)は23Åであった。次いでこの粉体に、参考例1で用いた平均粒径4.7μmの人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)を等量添加した。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき27重量%であった。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0047】
(参考例7)
一次粒子の平均粒径5nmの酸化錫(IV)・酸化アンチモンの分子状混合酸化物の微粒子を、アンモニア性水溶液(pH10.8)に分散したのものを、水溶性フェノールエマルジョン(群栄化学製)に添加し、ホモディスパーザーにより室温で撹拌した。得られたスラリー状の物を不活性ガス雰囲気下、100℃で3時間熱処理し、固化させた。これを軽く解砕し、得られた粉体を回分式加熱炉で不活性雰囲気下で900℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。熱処理後のアンチモンと錫の重量比がSn:Sb=93:7となるように調整した。熱処理後に元素分析から算出された炭素質物/金属質物複合粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき57重量%であった。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.49Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)は16Åであった。次いでこの粉体に、参考例1で用いた平均粒径4.7μmの人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)を等量添加し、Vブレンダーにより混合した。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき29重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物が観察された。電極製造方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0048】
(参考例8)
一次粒子径10nmのアルミノシリカケゲルと、石油系ピッチであるエチレンヘビーエンド(三菱化学製)を常温で「マイクロス」R分散機により撹拌、均一混合した。得られたロウ状スラリーを、加熱式二軸混練機により150℃で加熱しながら、平均粒径4.7μmの人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)と混合、均一撹拌した。得られた半固体状固形物を、回分式加熱炉で不活性雰囲気下にて1,300℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。不活性雰囲気下で放冷後、得られた粉体を解砕して10〜25μmに整え、サンプル粉体とした。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.46Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)は46Åであった。また、熱処理後の、元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき23重量%、黒鉛の含有量は53重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物及び黒鉛が観察された。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0049】
(比較例1)
二次粒子の平均粒径0.6μm(一次粒子の平均粒径400nm)の酸化錫(IV)(SnO2;福井新素材(株)製)微粒子粉と、前記ピッチAを、空気の存在下で機械的エネルギーを付与しながら、280℃で1時間処理して得られた固体を粉体化した。得られた粉体を、回分式加熱炉で不活性雰囲気下にて900℃に保ち、1時間熱処理した。不活性雰囲気下で放冷後、得られた粉体を解砕し、10〜25μmに整えサンプル粉体とした。該粒子の炭素質物部分の粉末X線による(002)面の面間隔(d002)は3.47Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)は23Åであった。また、元素分析から算出された該粉体内の金属質部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき47重量%であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、炭素質物により被覆された微分散された金属質物が観察された。しかし、いずれの黒鉛も一切添加しなかった。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0050】
(比較例2)
参考例1と同じ炭素質物前駆体を用い、金属質物部分が二次粒子の平均粒径20μmの酸化錫(IV)であり、元素分析から算出された熱処理後の炭素質物/金属質物複合粉体内の金属質物部分の含有量が、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき65重量%である以外は、添加した人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)の添加量も同様にした。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき22重量%であった。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0051】
(比較例3)
金属質物部分が、平均粒径10μmの錫金属である以外は、比較例1と同様に行った。得られた粉体を解砕しようとしたところ、錫粒子の大きな成長(最大500μm程度)がみられ、電極には成形できなかった。元素分析から算出された熱処理後の炭素質物/金属質物複合粉体内の、金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき50重量%であった。
【0052】
(比較例4)
参考例1で、炭素質物前駆体を熱処理した炭素質物の水素/炭素の原子比が0.02、学振法によって規定されたX線広角回折法による(002)面の面間隔(d002)が3.41Å、及びc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)が280Åであり、元素分析から算出された熱処理後の炭素質物/金属質物複合粉体内の、金属質物部分の含有量が、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき51重量%である以外は、参考例1と同様に行った。得られた粉体を解砕しようとしたところ、錫粒子の大きな成長(最大200μm程度)がみられ、電極には成形できなかった。
【0053】
(比較例5)
参考例1で、平均粒径4.7μmの人造黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.21)に換え、平均粒径40.7μmの天然黒鉛粉体(d002:3.35Å;Lc:1,000Å以上;ラマンR値:0.03)を等量添加した以外は、同様に行った。黒鉛混合後の金属質物部分の含有量は、粉体全体を100重量%としたとき24重量%であった。電極作成方法及び評価方法は、参考例1と同様に行った。結果を表1に示す。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous secondary battery, particularly a lithium secondary battery, which is suitable as a power source for small and lightweight electric devices and electric vehicles.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, a secondary battery having a high capacity has been demanded as electronic devices have been downsized. Therefore, non-aqueous lithium secondary batteries with higher energy density are attracting attention as compared to nickel / cadmium batteries and nickel / hydrogen batteries.
[0003]
At first, the use of lithium metal as an anode material was attempted, but dendritic lithium precipitated during repeated charge and discharge, penetrated the separator, reached the cathode, and shorted to cause a fire accident. It turns out that there is a possibility.
[0004]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 57-208079 proposed using lithium as a negative electrode active material and graphite having a high crystallinity as an electrode plate. However, since graphite uses intercalation of lithium ions into graphite crystals for charge / discharge principle, it is 372 mAh / g, which is the theoretical capacity of graphite calculated from LiC 6 which is the maximum lithium introduced compound at room temperature and normal pressure. There has been a problem that a discharge capacity exceeding 1 can not be obtained. In addition, the low wettability of the graphite material with the electrolytic solution has a problem that the lithium dedoping capacity at the initial stage of charge / discharge is lower than the capacity of 350 mAh / g or more that the graphite material should be originally developed.
[0005]
Therefore, it is known to use a carbonaceous material obtained by coating the surface of a graphitic carbonaceous material with an organic material that can be carbonized and calcining, but this material has the same potential for lithium metal oxidation as that of graphite. Although there is an advantage that the capacity is close to the reduction potential and higher than that of the graphitic carbonaceous material, the capacity exceeding the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh / g is not obtained.
[0006]
Furthermore, it is known to use a metal capable of doping and undoping lithium, such as Al and Si, as a negative electrode material capable of developing a high capacity. There is a problem in capacity reduction with respect to the cycle.
[0007]
In order to solve these problems, JP-A-1-298645, JP-A-1-255165, and the like disclose lithium secondary batteries using a negative electrode material in which a metal powder is coated with a carbonaceous material. By covering the metal material with a carbonaceous material, it is considered that there is an action capable of suppressing the structural deterioration of the metal part due to charge / discharge. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-286863 discloses an electrode material composed of two types of carbonaceous materials and metallic materials having different crystallinity, and is a material in which one type of carbonaceous material and metallic material are coated with another type of carbonaceous material. The concept of is presented. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-3920 discloses that the particle size of the metal particles mixed with the carbonaceous material is 500 nm or less. By reducing the particle size of the metal particles in the carbonaceous material, it is conceivable that a large volume change of the metal part that occurs during charging and discharging is suppressed, which contributes to improving the cycle efficiency. Since it is post-fired, metal melting and aggregation are likely to occur and control is difficult. Further, JP-A-8-241715 discloses a carbonaceous material / metal composite negative electrode material obtained by firing an organic substance capable of carbonizing or graphitizing a metal oxide or the like in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. The ratio of the metal to the subsequent carbonaceous material is limited to 40% by weight or less, and specifically produced is about 20% by weight or less. Further, JP-A-9-213335 discloses a lithium secondary battery having a negative electrode containing Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Sn in a carbonaceous material having an amorphous region and a carbonaceous material having a graphite structure region. Although proposed, metal carbides, carbonates, and oxalates are used as precursors of metallic substances. Many metal carbides are difficult to reduce unless the temperature is high, and if they remain in the electrode active material, the capacity may be reduced. In addition, carbonates and oxalates are often decomposed and reduced to metals at low temperatures before carbonization of the matrix carbonaceous precursor, and after reduction, the metals aggregate and associate to form large metal particles. May grow into.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The purpose of the present invention is that when lithium charge / discharge is performed, a higher capacity than that of a conventional graphite-based electrode material can be expressed, and the content of the metal material relative to the total weight of the negative electrode active material is large, It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-aqueous secondary battery including a negative electrode that is less cycle-degraded than that of the carbonaceous / metal composite negative electrode material and can exhibit a high capacity.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention is a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising an electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous solvent,
The positive electrode or negative electrode active material is composed of a metallic material a, a carbonaceous material b, and a graphite material c,
(I) Metallic material a is an element selected from Group Ia, Group IIa, Titanium, Vanadium, Tantalum, Group VIa, Manganese, Group VIII, Group Ib, Group IIb, Group IIIb, Group IVb, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth. After heat treatment selected from oxides, sulfides, nitrides, selenides, tellurides, nitrates, sulfates, complex compounds based on these compounds, and mixtures of these compounds, the lithium ions are electrochemically occluded and It is a heat-treated compound that can be released,
(B) The average particle size of secondary particles of the compound particles is 10 μm or less, or the average particle size of primary particles is 500 nm or less.
It is a non-aqueous secondary battery.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, details of the present invention will be described.
[0011]
"Metallic material a"
Metallic material a of the present invention is
(A) Oxides and sulfides of elements selected from Group Ia, Group IIa, Titanium, Vanadium, Tantalum, Group VIa, Manganese, Group VIII, Group Ib, Group IIb, Group IIIb, Group IVb, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth , Nitrides, selenides, tellurides, nitrates, sulfates, complex compounds based on these compounds, and mixtures thereof, so that lithium can be electrochemically occluded and released after heat treatment. Is a heat-treated compound,
(B) The average particle diameter of secondary particles of the compound particles is 10 μm or less, or the average particle diameter of primary particles is 500 nm or less.
[0012]
The above compound can be used without limitation as long as it satisfies the above requirements. Specifically, Ag 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , CdO, CrO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Cu 2 O can be used. Fe 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , IrO 2 , MgO, MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , OsO 2 , OsO 4 , PbO, Pb 3 O 4 , PbO 2 , PdO, PtO, RuO 2 , SnO, SnO 2 , SiO, SiO 2 , TaO 2 , TiO, Ti 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 4 , V 2 O 5 , VO 2 , V 2 O 3 , WO, WO 2 , WO 3 Metal oxides such as ZnO; Bi 2 S 3 , CdS, In 2 S 3 , PbS, PtS, SnS, SnS 2 , TaS 2 , TiS 2 , V 2 S 3 , V 2 S 2 , WS 2 , ZnS, etc. metal sulfides; Bi 2 Te 3, SnTe, SnTe 2, WTe 2, ZnTe and the like of the metal ether Iodide; Si 3 N 4, TaSi 2 , TiSi 2, V 3 Si, V 2 Si, a metal silicide such as WSi 2; AlN, TaN, W 2 N, metal nitrides such as WN; these aforementioned metal compounds Or a composite oxide of these and an alkali metal; a composite oxide of an alkaline earth metal; or a composite metal compound of any of the aforementioned metal compounds. Furthermore, it is a mixture of compounds selected from these.
[0013]
The average particle size of secondary particles of the compound particles is 10 μm or less, particularly 10 to 0.01 μm, preferably 7 to 0.05 μm, more preferably 5 to 0.1 μm, or the average particle size of primary particles is 500 to 1 nm. Preferably, 400 to 1 nm, more preferably 400 to 3 nm can be used. When the average particle size is larger than the above range, (1) it is difficult to completely reduce the metallic material even after the heat treatment, (2) the heat treatment temperature is raised to a temperature at which the entire product having a large particle size can be reduced, or the heat treatment is performed. If a process such as increasing the time is performed, a large amount of insulating carbonaceous material is formed, leading to a decrease in negative electrode capacity. (3) When mixed with a carbonaceous material precursor, a non-uniform mixed form is formed. There is a possibility of problems such as fear. In addition, instead of the compound as described above, when the metal itself is mixed with the carbonaceous precursor and heat-treated, the melting point of the metal is often less than the temperature at which carbonization of the carbonaceous precursor starts, so Fusion occurs, and after the heat treatment, it separates from the carbonaceous material, or even if it is taken into the carbonaceous material, it grows large grains, and when it is used as a negative electrode, the cycle maintenance rate becomes worse.
[0014]
The compound particles used in the present invention include, for example, an average of primary particles of silica particles having an average primary particle size of 10 nm, an ultrafine particle of alumina silica, tin oxide, or a composite metal oxide of tin oxide and antimony oxide. Ultrafine particles having a particle diameter of 5 nm are particularly preferred. Further, a gel in which these particles are dispersed in a solvent, a tin oxide sol having an average particle diameter of 10 nm, in which the surface of tin oxide is coated with an organic substance, a gel in which this is dispersed in a solvent, and the like are particularly preferable.
[0015]
In particular, by selecting two or more kinds of compounds containing different metal species from the above compounds and using them after heat treatment, it is possible to make eutectic metal or intermetallic compound in the negative electrode active material. When an appropriate metal species is selected, it is possible to have a positive effect on the maintenance of capacity and the development of high capacity accompanying the charge / discharge cycle, compared to the case where a single metal compound is used. As for the combination of compounds, conventionally known combinations are possible, but the mode after heat treatment of the compounds should be selected with reference to, for example, alloy types as listed in Binary alloy phase diagrams and Ternary alloy phase diagrams. Can do. Specifically, it is preferably used as a combination of two or more of metal compounds including tin, silicon, aluminum, zinc, lead, magnesium, calcium, strontium, gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, antimony, and arsenic, and heat treatment A combination such as tin antimony, tin copper, tin nickel, tin silicon, tin calcium, tin strontium, aluminum silicon and the like is particularly preferable.
[0016]
“Precursor of carbonaceous material b”
The “precursor of carbonaceous material b” described in the present invention is an organic material having a property capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions after heat treatment.
[0017]
Specifically, as carbonizable organic substances, coal tar pitch from soft pitch to hard pitch where carbonization proceeds in a liquid phase, coal-based heavy oil such as dry distillation liquefied oil, atmospheric residual oil, DC heavy oil such as vacuum residue, petroleum heavy oil such as ethylene tar by-product generated during thermal decomposition of crude oil, naphtha, etc. Solidified by means of distillation, solvent extraction, etc .; further aromatic hydrocarbons such as acenaphthylene, decacyclene, anthracene, nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds such as phenazine and acridine, sulfur-containing cyclic compounds such as thiophene; pressurization of 30 MPa or more Is required, but alicyclic rings such as adamantane are listed. Examples of the carbonizable thermoplastic polymer include polyphenylenes such as biphenyl and terphenyl that undergo a liquid phase in the process of carbonization; polyvinyl esters such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl butyral; polyvinyl alcohol, and the like. It is done. In addition, organic substances and polymers listed above may be added with an appropriate amount of acids such as phosphoric acid, boric acid and hydrochloric acid, and alkalis such as sodium hydroxide. Further, these may be appropriately crosslinked at 100 to 600 ° C., preferably 200 to 400 ° C., with an element selected from oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and / or boron. By forming an appropriate cross-linked structure in the carbonaceous material or the carbonaceous material precursor, the metallic material described later can be stably held in the system, and further, an effect of preventing the aggregation of the metallic material that occurs during the heat treatment also occurs.
[0018]
The properties of the carbonaceous material after heat-treating these carbonaceous material precursors are such that the (002) plane spacing (d 002 ) by the X-ray wide angle diffraction method specified by the Gakushin method is 3.38 mm or more, and c It is preferable to select one having a crystallite size (Lc) in the axial direction of 100 mm or less.
[0019]
"Graphitic substance c"
As long as it is a graphite material, it can be used without limitation, but a graphite material obtained by heat-treating a carbonaceous material precursor at a high heat of 2,000 ° C. or higher, natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, quiche graphite , These high-purity refined products, heat-treated products, chemical-oxidized products, gas-phase oxidized products, those obtained by reheating these graphite materials at a high temperature of about 1,800 to 3,200 ° C., and carbonaceous materials around the graphite A multiphase graphite product having a covered structure or a mixture of these is preferred. Among these graphite materials, those having an average particle diameter of 1 to 25 μm are preferable because they contribute well to the efficiency in the initial cycle and the maintenance of the charge / discharge cycle. In particular, those having a particle size of 2 to 20 μm are preferred, and those having a particle size of 2 to 15 μm are more preferred. Graphite materials contribute to an increase in negative electrode capacity by charging and discharging lithium. However, if the particle size of the graphite material described above is smaller than this, the specific surface area of the graphite material increases, leading to an increase in the first irreversible capacity. Also, there is a volume reduction that appears to result from crushing distortion. When the particle size is larger than this, the effect is small for maintaining a long-term charge / discharge cycle.
[0020]
Further, (d 002 ) derived from the X-ray diffraction method defined by the Gakushin method is less than 3.45 mm, the crystallite size in the c-axis direction (Lc) is 100 mm or more, and a wavelength of 5 , in the Raman spectrum using argon ion laser light 143A, the intensity of the peak appearing in the range of 1,580~1,620cm -1 IA; the intensity of a peak appearing in the range of 1,350~1,370Cm -1 IB; graphitic material obtained by heat treating a carbonaceous material precursor at a high temperature of 200 ° C. or higher so that the peak intensity ratio R (= IB / IA) is 0.5 or less, natural graphite, artificial Preference is given to those made of graphite, expanded graphite, quiche graphite, high purity purified products thereof, or mixtures thereof. In particular, it is more preferable that the above (Lc) is 1,000 or more and that the above peak intensity ratio R is 0.25 or less.
[0021]
As a method for mixing the compound that forms the metal material a, the organic compound that is the precursor of the carbon material b, and the graphite material c, a conventional method can be used without limitation, but as a specific method, For example, the powder of the graphite material c may be added within the above range to the mixture of the compound that forms the metal material a and the organic compound that is the precursor of the carbon material b, and heat-treated. The compound that forms the metal material a and the graphite material c may be sufficiently mixed, and finally the precursor of the carbon material b may be added before heat treatment. Furthermore, all the above-mentioned three components may be mixed at a time from the beginning, and heat treatment may be performed. In these mixing processes, it may be difficult to mix the raw materials sufficiently homogeneously by manual work or simple mixing using a stir bar and stirrer, etc., but depending on the state of each raw material (including solids and liquids) , "Micros" R disperser, axial mixer, homogenizer, homodisperser, paint shaker, heated twin-screw kneader, heated blade kneader, mechanofusion, ball mill, jet mill, hybridization machine, Redige mixer Alternatively, when a mixer such as a V blender, a pulverizer, a classifier or the like is used, it may be possible to mix the raw materials homogeneously. You may use these mixing methods in combination of 2 or more types suitably. Depending on the mixing method, there are also devices that can be crushed and pulverized simultaneously with mixing. When these are used, the primary or secondary particle size of the raw material compound of the metallic material a before mixing and / or the graphite material Even if the average particle size of c is outside the above range, it can be used as long as it is within the range of the predetermined particle size condition at the end of the mixing operation.
[0022]
When heat-treating the above raw materials, heat treatment is performed at 600 to 2,000 ° C., more preferably 700 to 1,500 ° C., further preferably 800 ° C. to 1,300 ° C., preferably in a reducing atmosphere. , Crushing, or pulverization, and used as an electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 1 to 100 μm, preferably 5 to 50 μm.
[0023]
In the electrode material powder finally prepared through steps such as heat treatment, pulverization, and pulverization, when the total powder is 100% by weight, the metal substance is 10 to 65% by weight, preferably 20 to 50% by weight. Further, it is preferably 30 to 50% by weight. The above range is not the raw material charge ratio but the content at the final preparation stage. Therefore, at the time of preparation, it is necessary to determine the blending amount of the raw material in consideration of the composition ratio at the final stage. If the content of the metallic material is less than this, when it is made into a lithium battery together with the positive electrode, separator, electrolyte, and other battery members, a large increase in capacity at the actual battery level cannot be expected, and the content is more than this In addition, it is difficult to coat the metallic material with the carbonaceous material, and this causes the metal material to melt and aggregate in the heat treatment stage, resulting in a large particle diameter, making it difficult to maintain the capacity associated with the charge / discharge cycle. .
The electrode active material of the present invention is preferably used as a negative electrode active material.
[0024]
Next, the manufacturing method of the negative electrode of this invention is demonstrated.
The method for producing the negative electrode of the present invention is not limited as long as the compound that forms the metal material a, the precursor of the carbon material b, and the graphite material c are used, and any conventionally known method can be employed. For example, an organic compound and a metal oxide in the above particle size range and natural graphite having an average particle size in the above range are mixed in a mixing machine with a heating means at a charging ratio that makes the final composition within the above range. Then, heat treatment is performed at 600 to 2,000 ° C. for 0.1 to 12 hours, preferably at 500 to 1,500 ° C. for 0.5 to 5 hours, and after cooling, The heat-treated product is preferably pulverized or pulverized in the range of 1 to 100 μm, more preferably an average particle size of 5 to 50 μm, to obtain an active material.
[0025]
Next, a method for manufacturing a battery using this negative electrode active material will be described.
A binder, a solvent, and the like are added to the electrode powder to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to a substrate of a metal current collector such as a copper foil and dried to obtain an electrode. Further, the electrode material can be directly formed into the shape of an electrode by a method such as roll molding or compression molding.
[0026]
Binders that can be used for the above purpose include resin-based polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, aromatic polyamide, and cellulose, styrene / butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene, which are stable to solvents.・ Rubber polymers such as propylene rubber, styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymers, hydrogenated products thereof, styrene / ethylene / butadiene / styrene copolymers, styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymers, and hydrogenated products thereof Such as thermoplastic elastomeric polymers such as syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, propylene / α-olefin (2 to 12 carbon atoms) copolymer, Vinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene The fluoropolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, an alkali metal ion, the polymeric composition may be mentioned in particular has an ionic conductivity of lithium ions.
[0027]
Examples of the polymer having ion conductivity include polyether polymer compounds such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide; crosslinked polymers of polyether compounds, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, polysiloxane, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylidene carbonate, A compound in which a polymer compound such as polyacrylonitrile is combined with a lithium salt or an alkali metal salt mainly composed of lithium, or an organic compound having a high dielectric constant such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, or γ-butyrolactone is blended with this. System can be used.
[0028]
The mixed form of the electrode powder and the binder used in the present invention can take various forms. That is, a form in which both particles are mixed, a form in which a fibrous binder is entangled with electrode particles, or a form in which a binder layer adheres to the particle surface. The mixing ratio of the electrode powder and the binder is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the electrode powder. Addition of a binder in an amount larger than this increases the internal resistance of the electrode, which is not preferred. If the amount is less than this, the binding property between the current collector and the electrode powder is poor.
[0029]
The negative electrode plate thus prepared, the electrolyte solution and the positive electrode plate described below are combined with other battery components such as a separator, a gasket, a current collector, a sealing plate, and a cell case to constitute a secondary battery. The battery that can be made is not particularly limited, such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, etc. Basically, a current collector and a negative electrode material are placed on a cell floor plate, and an electrolytic solution and a separator are further placed thereon. A positive electrode is placed so as to face the negative electrode and caulked together with a gasket and a sealing plate to obtain a secondary battery.
[0030]
Nonaqueous solvents that can be used for the electrolyte include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, 1, A single organic solvent such as 3-dioxolane, or a mixture of two or more organic solvents can be used.
[0031]
An electrolyte such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiCl, LiBr or the like is dissolved in these solvents to obtain an electrolytic solution.
[0032]
A polymer solid electrolyte that is a conductor of an alkali metal cation such as lithium ion can also be used.
[0033]
The material of the positive electrode body is not particularly limited, but is preferably made of a metal chalcogen compound that can occlude and release alkali metal cations such as lithium ions during charge and discharge. Examples of such metal chalcogen compounds include vanadium oxide, vanadium sulfide, molybdenum oxide, molybdenum sulfide, manganese oxide, chromium oxide, titanium oxide, titanium sulfide, and the like. And composite oxides and sulfides. Preferably, Cr 3 O 8 , V 2 O 5 , V 5 O 13 , VO 2 , Cr 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , TiO 2 , MoV 2 O 8 , TiS 2 V 2 S 5 MoS 2 , MoS 3 VS 2 Cr 0.25 V 0.75 S 2 , Cr 0.5 V 0.5 S 2, etc. In addition, LiMY 2 (M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Fe, etc., Y is a chalcogen compound such as O, S, etc.), LiM 2 Y 4 (M is Mn, Y is O), or these oxides are indefinite. Specific compounds, oxides such as WO 3 , sulfides such as CuS, Fe 0.25 V 0.75 S 2 , Na 0.1 CrS 2 , phosphorus such as NiPS 3 and FePS 3 , sulfur compounds, selenium compounds such as VSe 2 and NbSe 3 , etc. Can also be used. As with the negative electrode body, these are mixed with a binder and applied onto the current collector to form a positive electrode body.
[0034]
The separator that holds the electrolytic solution is generally a material that has excellent liquid retaining properties. For example, a non-woven polyolefin resin or a porous film is used to impregnate the electrolytic solution.
[0035]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Next, although an Example demonstrates this invention further in detail, this invention is not limited at all by these examples.
[0036]
The evaluation method of the electrode material was evaluated as follows. The negative electrode body formed into a pellet shape using a binder was made into a half battery with a separator and an electrolyte and a counter electrode made of lithium metal, assembled in a 2016 coin cell, and the charge / discharge capacity was evaluated with a charge / discharge tester. The same effect can be expected with all batteries assembled together with the positive electrode body.
[0037]
( Reference Example 1)
Obtained by heat-treating tin (IV) oxide (SnO 2 ; manufactured by Fukui Shin Material Co., Ltd.) fine particle powder having an average secondary particle diameter of 0.6 μm (average primary particle diameter of 400 nm) and coal tar pitch. A raw material (hereinafter referred to as pitch A) having a volatile content (hereinafter referred to as VM) of 22.1%, a gamma resin amount of 25.0%, and an atomic ratio O / C of 0.009 is air. The solid obtained by treating at 280 ° C. for 1 hour was pulverized while applying mechanical energy in the presence of. The obtained powder was heat-treated in a batch heating furnace at 900 ° C. in an inert atmosphere for 1 hour. After cooling in an inert atmosphere, the obtained powder was crushed and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The distance (d 002 ) between the (002) planes of the carbonaceous material portion of the particles by powder X-ray was 3.47 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 23 mm. The content of the metal part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis was 47% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic material coated with a carbonaceous material was observed.
Next, an equivalent amount of artificial graphite powder having an average particle size of 4.7 μm (d 002 : 3.35 kg; Lc: 1,000 kg or more; Raman R value: 0.21) was added to this powder. The content of the metal part after the graphite mixing was 24% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight.
The volatile content (VM) was determined according to JIS-M8812, and the amount of gamma resin was determined by measuring the amount of toluene insolubles according to JIS-K2425.
The oxygen content (atomic ratio O / C) was calculated from the weight content of carbon and oxygen using the respective atomic weights. The carbon content was measured with a fully automatic elemental analyzer ("CHN meter 240C" manufactured by PerkinElmer). The oxygen content was measured using an oxygen-nitrogen analyzer ("TC 436" manufactured by LECO). A 10 mg sample was sealed in a nickel capsule and heated in a helium stream at 300 W for 300 seconds, followed by 5500 W for 100 seconds. The carbon dioxide was quantitatively determined by infrared absorption.
To 2 g of this electrode material sample, 10% by weight of a dimethylacetamide solution of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) added in terms of solid content was stirred to obtain a slurry. This slurry was applied onto a copper foil and pre-dried at 80 ° C. After further pressure bonding, it was punched into a disk shape having a diameter of 12.5 mm and dried under reduced pressure at 110 ° C. to obtain an electrode.
The obtained electrode was sandwiched with a polypropylene separator impregnated with an electrolytic solution to produce a coin cell facing the lithium metal electrode, and a charge / discharge test was performed. As the electrolyte, a solution in which lithium perchlorate was dissolved at a rate of 1.0 mol / L in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
Reference charge and discharge test was performed to dope at a current density of 0.16 mA / cm 2 until the interelectrode potential difference becomes to 0V, and subjected to undoping at a current density of 0.33 mA / cm 2 until the interelectrode potential difference becomes 1.5V It was.
The capacity value was evaluated by the average of the dedoping capacity at the time of the first charge / discharge by conducting a charge / discharge test for each of three coin-type cells. Further, the maintenance of the cycle was evaluated at 100% of the value obtained by dividing the fourth, fifteenth and thirtieth undoping capacity by the first dedoping capacity.
[0038]
[Expression 1]
[0039]
(N = 4, 30)
The results are shown in Table 1.
[0040]
[Table 1]
[0041]
( Reference Example 2)
"Micros" R disperser at room temperature with tin oxide (IV) (SnO 2 ; Wako Pure Chemical Reagents) powder with an average secondary particle size of 2 µm, together with petroleum heavy pitch ethylene heavy end (Mitsubishi Chemical) The mixture was stirred and uniformly mixed. The obtained slurry-like mixture was heat-treated in a batch heating furnace at 350 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen / oxygen mixed atmosphere, and then kept at 1,100 ° C. and further heat-treated for 1 hour. After cooling in an inert atmosphere, the obtained powder was pulverized and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane by powder X-ray of the carbonaceous part of the particles was 3.46 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 34 mm. The content of the metal part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis was 83% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. This was mixed with an equal amount of natural graphite powder having an average particle size of 2.3 μm (d 002 : 3.35 Å; Lc: 1,000 Å or more; Raman R value: 0.19) and evaluated. The content of the metal part after mixing the graphite was 42% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic material coated with a carbonaceous material was observed. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0042]
(Example 1 )
Except that silicon monoxide (SiO; high-purity chemical) powder with an average secondary particle size of 10 μm and ethylene heavy end (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical), which is a petroleum pitch, are stirred and uniformly mixed by a paint shaker at room temperature. The same operation as in Reference Example 1 was performed. The content of the metal part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis was 55% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. This was mixed with the artificial graphite powder used in Reference Example 1 in an equal amount and evaluated. The content of the metal part after the graphite mixing was 28% by weight when the total powder was 100% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic material coated with a carbonaceous material was observed. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0043]
( Reference Example 3 )
19 g of tin (II) sulfate (SnSO 4 ; Wako Pure Chemical Reagent) was dissolved in 100 g of pure water, 20 g of polypropylene oxide (average molecular weight 1,000) as a surfactant, and ethylene heavy end as a petroleum pitch. (Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd.) and the artificial graphite used in Reference Example 1 were added, and the mixture was shaken with a paint shaker at room temperature, stirred, and uniformly mixed. The obtained slurry-like mixture was heat-treated for 1 hour in a batch heating furnace at 1,100 ° C. in a reducing atmosphere. After allowing to cool, the obtained powder was pulverized and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The content of the metal part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis after the heat treatment was 25% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight, and the content of graphite was 51% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic substance and graphite coated with a carbonaceous substance were observed. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0044]
( Reference Example 4 )
"Micros" R disperser is added at room temperature to the particles of tin oxide (IV), whose primary particles are coated with organic matter and have an average particle size of 5nm, and are added to ethylene heavy end (Mitsubishi Chemical), which is a petroleum pitch. Were mixed uniformly. The resulting slurry was heat treated for 1 hour in a batch heating furnace at 900 ° C. in an inert atmosphere. After cooling in an inert atmosphere, the obtained powder was crushed and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane by powder X-ray of the carbonaceous part of the particles was 3.46 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 23 mm. The content of the metal part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis was 62% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. Next, an equivalent amount of artificial graphite powder having an average particle size of 4.7 μm (d 002 : 3.35 Å; Lc: 1,000 Å or more; Raman R value: 0.21) was added to this powder. The content of the metal part after mixing the graphite was 31% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic material coated with a carbonaceous material was observed. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0045]
( Reference Example 5 )
Tin oxide (IV) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.6 μm and secondary graphite used in Reference Example 1, the pitch A, and artificial graphite having an average particle diameter of 1.5 μm (d 002 : 3.36 Å; Lc: 970 Å; Raman R value: 0.25) was pulverized with stirring and uniform mixing at 250 ° C. in the air using a heat and pressure kneader. The obtained powder was heat-treated for 1 hour at 900 ° C. in an inert atmosphere in a batch heating furnace. After cooling in an inert atmosphere, the obtained powder was crushed and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The surface spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane of the carbonaceous material portion of the particles by powder X-ray was 3.47 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 23 mm. Further, the content of the metal part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis after the heat treatment was 29% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight, and the content of graphite was 51% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic substance and graphite coated with a carbonaceous substance were observed. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0046]
( Reference Example 6 )
The weight ratio of antimony and tin after heat treatment is that the metallic substance part in Reference Example 1 has an average particle diameter of 5 nm of primary particles obtained by coating the surface of fine particles of tin (IV) oxide / antimony oxide molecular mixed oxide with an organic substance. Is adjusted so that Sn: Sb = 9: 1, and the content of the metallic substance in the carbonaceous / metallic composite powder calculated from elemental analysis after the heat treatment is 100% by weight of the entire powder The same operation was performed except that the amount was 53% by weight. The surface spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane of the carbonaceous material portion of the particles by powder X-ray was 3.47 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 23 mm. Next, an equivalent amount of artificial graphite powder having an average particle size of 4.7 μm (d 002 : 3.35; Lc: 1,000 L or more; Raman R value: 0.21) used in Reference Example 1 was added to this powder. did. The content of the metal part after mixing the graphite was 27% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0047]
( Reference Example 7 )
A water-soluble phenol emulsion (manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.) obtained by dispersing fine particles of a molecular mixed oxide of tin (IV) oxide and antimony oxide with an average primary particle size of 5 nm in an aqueous ammonia solution (pH 10.8). And stirred at room temperature with a homodisperser. The obtained slurry was heat-treated at 100 ° C. for 3 hours in an inert gas atmosphere to be solidified. This was lightly crushed, and the obtained powder was heat-treated for 1 hour in a batch heating furnace at 900 ° C. in an inert atmosphere. The weight ratio of antimony and tin after heat treatment was adjusted to be Sn: Sb = 93: 7. The content of the metal part in the carbonaceous / metal composite composite powder calculated from elemental analysis after the heat treatment was 57% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. The surface spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane of the carbonaceous part of the particles by powder X-ray was 3.49 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 16 mm. Next, an equivalent amount of artificial graphite powder having an average particle size of 4.7 μm (d 002 : 3.35; Lc: 1,000 L or more; Raman R value: 0.21) used in Reference Example 1 was added to this powder. And mixed with a V blender. The content of the metal part after mixing the graphite was 29% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic material coated with a carbonaceous material was observed. The electrode manufacturing method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0048]
( Reference Example 8 )
Aluminosilica kegel with a primary particle size of 10 nm and petroleum heavy pitch ethylene heavy end (Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd.) were stirred and uniformly mixed at room temperature with a "Micros" R disperser. While the obtained waxy slurry was heated at 150 ° C. with a heating type biaxial kneader, artificial graphite powder having an average particle size of 4.7 μm (d 002 : 3.35 Å; Lc: 1,000 Å or more; Raman R Value: 0.21) was mixed and stirred uniformly. The obtained semi-solid solid was heat-treated for 1 hour in a batch heating furnace at 1,300 ° C. in an inert atmosphere. After cooling in an inert atmosphere, the obtained powder was crushed and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The distance (d 002 ) between the (002) planes of the carbonaceous material portion of the particles by powder X-rays was 3.46 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 46 mm. Further, the content of the metallic part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis after the heat treatment was 23% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight, and the content of graphite was 53% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic substance and graphite coated with a carbonaceous substance were observed. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0049]
(Comparative Example 1)
Tin (IV) oxide (SnO 2 ; manufactured by Fukui Shin Material Co., Ltd.) fine particle powder having an average secondary particle diameter of 0.6 μm (average primary particle diameter of 400 nm) and the pitch A in the presence of air The solid obtained by treating at 280 ° C. for 1 hour was pulverized while applying mechanical energy. The obtained powder was heat-treated for 1 hour at 900 ° C. in an inert atmosphere in a batch heating furnace. After cooling in an inert atmosphere, the obtained powder was crushed and adjusted to 10 to 25 μm to obtain a sample powder. The surface spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane of the carbonaceous material portion of the particles by powder X-ray was 3.47 mm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction was 23 mm. The content of the metallic part in the powder calculated from elemental analysis was 47% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, a finely dispersed metallic material coated with a carbonaceous material was observed. However, no graphite was added at all. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0050]
(Comparative Example 2)
The same carbonaceous material precursor as in Reference Example 1 was used, and the metallic material part was tin (IV) oxide having an average particle size of 20 μm as secondary particles, and inside the carbonaceous material / metallic material composite powder after heat treatment calculated from elemental analysis. The artificial graphite powder added (d 002 : 3.35 Å; Lc: 1,000 Å or more; Raman R) except that the content of the metallic material portion of the powder is 65 wt% when the entire powder is 100 wt% The amount added was 0.21). The content of the metal part after the graphite mixing was 22% by weight when the whole powder was 100% by weight. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0051]
(Comparative Example 3)
The same procedure as in Comparative Example 1 was carried out except that the metal part was tin metal having an average particle diameter of 10 μm. When the obtained powder was crushed, a large growth of tin particles (about 500 μm at the maximum) was observed, and the electrode could not be molded. The content of the metallic substance portion in the carbonaceous substance / metallic substance composite powder after heat treatment calculated from elemental analysis was 50% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight.
[0052]
(Comparative Example 4)
In Reference Example 1, the hydrogen / carbon atomic ratio of the carbonaceous material obtained by heat-treating the carbonaceous material precursor is 0.02, and the interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane by the X-ray wide angle diffraction method defined by the Gakushin method Is 3.41 Å and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction is 280 、, and the content of the metal material portion in the carbonaceous material / metal material composite powder after heat treatment calculated from elemental analysis is as follows: The same procedure as in Reference Example 1 was performed except that the powder was 51% by weight with respect to 100% by weight. When the obtained powder was crushed, a large growth of tin particles (up to about 200 μm) was observed, and the electrode could not be molded.
[0053]
(Comparative Example 5)
In Reference Example 1, natural graphite powder having an average particle diameter of 40.7 μm was replaced with artificial graphite powder having an average particle diameter of 4.7 μm (d 002 : 3.35 Å; Lc: 1,000 Å or more; Raman R value: 0.21). The same procedure was performed except that an equal amount of graphite powder (d 002 : 3.35 Å; Lc: 1,000 Å or more; Raman R value: 0.03) was added. The content of the metal part after the graphite mixing was 24% by weight when the entire powder was 100% by weight. The electrode preparation method and evaluation method were the same as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Claims (6)
(i)一酸化ケイ素粒子の二次粒子の平均粒径が10μ m 以下か、又は一次粒子の平均粒径が500 nm 以下であり、
( ii )黒鉛質ではない炭素質物bの、学振法によって規定されたX線広角回折法によるc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)が100Å以下であり、
( iii )黒鉛質物cの平均粒径が、1〜25μ m であり、
( iv )黒鉛質ではない炭素質物bと黒鉛質物cに対する金属質物aの割合が、全負極活物質を100重量%としたとき28〜65重量%であり、かつ
(v)金属質物aが炭素質物bに微分散している、
ことを特徴とする負極活物質。It is obtained by heat-treating a mixture of silicon monoxide particles that form metallic material a, non-graphitic carbonaceous material b precursor, and graphite material c in a temperature range of 800 to 1300 ° C. in an inert atmosphere. A negative active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a metallic material a, a non-graphitic carbonaceous material b, and a graphite material c,
(I) if the average particle size of the silicon monoxide particles of secondary particles less 10 [mu] m, or an average particle diameter of primary particles is not more 500 nm or less,
( Ii ) The non-graphitic carbonaceous material b has a crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method defined by the Gakushin method of 100 cm or less,
The average particle size of (iii) a graphite pledge c is a 1~25Myu m,
( Iv ) The ratio of the non-graphitic carbonaceous material b and the metallic material a to the graphite material c is 28 to 65% by weight when the total negative electrode active material is 100% by weight, and
(V) Metallic material a is finely dispersed in carbonaceous material b.
A negative electrode active material characterized by the above .
(i)一酸化ケイ素粒子の二次粒子の平均粒径が10μ m 以下か、又は一次粒子の平均粒径が500 nm 以下であり、
( ii )黒鉛質ではない炭素質物bの、学振法によって規定されたX線広角回折法によるc軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)が100Å以下であり、
( iii )黒鉛質物cの平均粒径が、1〜25μ m であり、
( iv )黒鉛質ではない炭素質物bと黒鉛質物cに対する金属質物aの割合が、全負極活物質を100重量%としたとき28〜65重量%であり、かつ
(v)金属質物aが炭素質物bに微分散している、
ことを特徴とする負極活物質。After heat-treating a mixture of silicon monoxide particles that form the metallic material a and a non-graphitic carbonaceous material b precursor in a temperature range of 800 to 1300 ° C. under an inert atmosphere, a graphite material c is further added. A negative active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a metallic material a, a non-graphitic carbonaceous material b, and a graphite material c,
(I) if the average particle size of the silicon monoxide particles of secondary particles less 10 [mu] m, or an average particle diameter of primary particles is not more 500 nm or less,
( Ii ) The non-graphitic carbonaceous material b has a crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method defined by the Gakushin method of 100 cm or less,
The average particle size of (iii) a graphite pledge c is a 1~25Myu m,
( Iv ) The ratio of the non-graphitic carbonaceous material b and the metallic material a to the graphite material c is 28 to 65% by weight when the total negative electrode active material is 100% by weight, and
(V) Metallic material a is finely dispersed in carbonaceous material b.
A negative electrode active material characterized by the above .
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