JP2022124784A - 半導体装置およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022124784A JP2022124784A JP2021022626A JP2021022626A JP2022124784A JP 2022124784 A JP2022124784 A JP 2022124784A JP 2021022626 A JP2021022626 A JP 2021022626A JP 2021022626 A JP2021022626 A JP 2021022626A JP 2022124784 A JP2022124784 A JP 2022124784A
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Abstract
Description
以下の実施の形態では、電力用途の半導体装置を構成するパワー半導体素子の代表例としてIGBT、フリーホイーリングダイオード(FWD)を示す。なお、以下において「ダイオード」は、FWDを意味している。ただし、本開示に係る技術は、例えば、RC(Reverse Conducting)-IGBT、RB(Reverse Blocking)-IGBT、MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)などのパワー半導体素子に対しても、同様の効果を奏する。
<装置構成>
実施の形態1では、パワー半導体素子として、カソード層を部分的にP型領域に置き換えた構造を有するRFC(Relaxed Field of Cathode)ダイオードを示す。
ステップ(a):不純物(水素原子(H)、酸素原子(O)および炭素原子(C))と反応し、空孔(V)および格子間Si対(Isi)などの格子欠陥を形成し、
ステップ(b):形成された格子欠陥が拡散して自己擬集が起きて擬集欠陥(V2)を形成し、同時に、
ステップ(c):格子位置に存在する炭素原子(Cs)と格子間Si対(Isi)の置換反応が起き、格子間炭素(Ci)が形成され、
ステップ(d):格子間炭素(Ci)と空孔(V)などの格子欠陥とが拡散し、格子位置置換炭素(Cs)および格子間Si対(Isi)とSi中の不純物(酸素、炭素、水素)との反応が室温において発生し、VOHなどの不純物欠陥(複合欠陥)が生成され、同時に、
ステップ(e):格子欠陥の自己凝集で形成された擬集欠陥(V2)が拡散しSi中の不純物(酸素、炭素、水素)との反応が300℃以下の高温下で発生し、V2Oなど不純物欠陥(複合欠陥)を生成する。
次に、製造工程を示す図12~図20を参照して、図2および図3に示した実施の形態1のダイオードを備える半導体装置の製造方法を説明する。
数式(1)において、tN-は、N-ドリフト層14の厚み(m)であり、図2に示すtN-に相当するデバイスパラメータである。また、τtは、ダイオードのオン電圧へのキャリアライフタイムの影響が無くなるN-ドリフト層14中のキャリアライフタイム(sec)である。
図25は、実施の形態2に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるPiNダイオードの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。また、図26は、実施の形態1に係るPiNダイオードを備える半導体装置の外周部の構造の例を示す断面図であり、図1のA3-A4線に沿った断面に相当する。図25および図26の構成は、実施の形態1で示した図2および図3の構成からPカソード層18を削除して、カソード層をN+カソード層17のみにした構成である。
図27は、実施の形態3に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるトレンチゲート型IGBTの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。また、図28は、実施の形態3に係るIGBTを備える半導体装置の外周部の構造の例を示す断面図であり、図1のA3-A4線に沿った断面に相当する。
図30は、実施の形態4に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるトレンチゲート型RC(Reverse Conductivity)-IGBTの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。図30に示されるようにRC-IGBTは、図27に示したトレンチゲート型IGBTと同様に、Pコレクタ層16、Nバッファ層15、N-ドリフト層14、N層11、Pベース層9およびN+エミッタ層7、ゲート電極13およびダミー電極131で構成されるIGBT領域(トランジスタ領域)と、N+カソード層17、Nバッファ層15、N-ドリフト層14、N層11、Pベース層9、P+層8およびダミー電極132で構成されるダイオード領域を有している。なお、アクティブセル領域R1(図1)においては、IGBT領域とダイオード領域が交互に設けられる。
図31は、実施の形態5に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるトレンチゲート型RC-IGBTの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。図31に示されるRC-IGBTは、図30に示したRC-IGBTに対してダイオード領域のP+層8を削除した構成となっている。その他、図30に示したRC-IGBTと同一の構成については同一の符号を付し、各拡散層およびトレンチのパラメータ等の重複する説明は省略する。P+層8を設けないことで、製造工程を簡略化できる。
図32は、実施の形態6に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるRFCダイオードの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。なお、図32に示されるRFCダイオードは、図2に示したRFCダイオードに対してNバッファ層15は、下側の第1バッファ層15-1と上側の第2バッファ層15-2とからなる2層構造を有している。つまり、第2バッファ層15-2は、第1バッファ層15-1とN-ドリフト層14との間に配設されている。その他、図2に示したRFCダイオードと同一の構成については同一の符号を付し、各拡散層およびトレンチのパラメータ等の重複する説明は省略する。
(a)主接合への逆バイアス印加時のリーク電流を低減し、低オフロス化および高温動作を実現する縦構造、
(b)主接合への逆バイアス印加時の裏面(back side)への空乏層の伸びが第2バッファ層15-2で緩やかになり、ターンオフ動作時のスナップオフ現象、およびスナップオフ現象に起因する発振現象を抑制する縦構造、
(c)第2バッファ層15-2中の2つのトラップがキャリアの再結合により、IGBTでは裏面(back side)のキャリア注入効率を制御し、RFCダイオードではキャリア注入効率を制御すると共に、内蔵するPNPトランジスタの動作抑制に寄与し、ダイナミックな破壊耐量を向上した縦構造を実現することができる。
(a)導入後に生じる空孔(V)が拡散し不純物(水素原子(H)、酸素原子(O)および炭素原子(C))との反応および炭素原子と格子欠陥の置換反応により形成される複合欠陥、
(b)導入時に生じる格子欠陥が拡散し自己擬集しアニーリングにより酸素原子と反応して形成される複合欠陥、
(c)導入時に生じる格子欠陥の擬集物(W-centre)がアニーリングにより拡散し再擬集して形成される格子欠陥対(X-centre)が形成される。
図38は、実施の形態7に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるトレンチゲート型RC-IGBTの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。図38に示されるようにRC-IGBTは、図30に示した実施の形態4のトレンチゲート型RC-IGBTに対して、Nバッファ層15が、下側の第1バッファ層15-1と上側の第2バッファ層15-2とからなる2層構造を有している点で異なっている。その他、図30に示した実施の形態4のトレンチゲート型RC-IGBTと同一の構成については同一の符号を付し、重複する説明は省略する。
図39は、実施の形態8に係る半導体装置を構成する半導体素子であるトレンチゲート型RC-IGBTの断面図であり、図1のA1-A2線に沿った断面に相当する。図39に示されるRC-IGBTは、図38に示したRC-IGBTに対してダイオード領域のP+層8を削除した構成となっている。その他、図38に示したRC-IGBTと同一の構成については同一の符号を付し、重複する説明は省略する。
(a)主接合への逆バイアス印加時のリーク電流を低減し、低オフロス化および高温動作を実現する縦構造、
(b)主接合への逆バイアス印加時の裏面(back side)への空乏層の伸びが第2バッファ層15-2で緩やかになり、IGBT、PINダイオード、RFCダイオードおよびRC-IGBTそれぞれのターンオフ動作時のスナップオフ現象、およびスナップオフ現象に起因する発振現象を抑制する縦構造、
(c)第2バッファ層15-2中の2つのトラップがキャリアの再結合により、IGBTおよびRC-IGBTのIGBT領域では裏面(back side)のキャリア注入効率を制御し、ダイオードおよびRC-IGBTのダイオード領域ではキャリア注入効率を制御すると共に、内蔵するPNPトランジスタの動作抑制に寄与し、ダイナミックな破壊耐量を向上した縦構造を実現することができる。
Claims (23)
- 第1主面および第2主面を有する半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板に形成された第1導電型のドリフト層と、
前記ドリフト層の前記第1主面側に形成された第2導電型の第1不純物拡散層と、
前記ドリフト層の前記第2主面側に形成され、前記ドリフト層よりもピーク不純物濃度が高い第1導電型のバッファ層と、を備え、
前記ドリフト層は、
エネルギー準位が伝導帯の底のエネルギーよりも0.246eV低い第1トラップと、エネルギー準位が伝導帯の底のエネルギーよりも0.349eV低い第2トラップと、エネルギー準位が伝導帯の底のエネルギーよりも0.470eV低い第3トラップと、を有し、
前記第2トラップのトラップ密度が2.0×1011cm-3以上である、半導体装置。 - 前記バッファ層は、
前記ドリフト層に接する第2バッファ層と、
前記第2バッファ層よりも前記第2主面側に形成された第1バッファ層と、を含み、
前記第1バッファ層は、
第1導電型の不純物を有し、
前記第2バッファ層は、
セレン、硫黄、リン、プロトンおよびヘリウムを不純物として有する、請求項1記載の半導体装置。 - 前記ドリフト層は、
濃度3.0×1015cm-3以下、または濃度7.0×1017cm-3以下の酸素と、
濃度1.0×1014cm-3以上5.0×1015cm-3以下の炭素を含む、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記ドリフト層は、
フォトルミネッセンス法で検出される荷電粒子に起因する複合欠陥のうちC-centreがG-centreよりもトラップ密度が多い、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記第1不純物拡散層は、ダイオードのアノードとして機能し、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に、前記ダイオードのカソードとして機能する第1導電型のカソード層が形成される、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記第1不純物拡散層は、ダイオードのアノードとして機能し、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に、前記ダイオードのカソードとして機能する第1導電型の第1カソード層および第2導電型の第2カソード層が形成される、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記第1不純物拡散層は、トランジスタのベース層として機能し、
前記第1不純物拡散層と前記ドリフト層との間に形成された第2導電型の第2不純物拡散層と、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に形成された第2導電型の第3不純物拡散層と、
前記第1不純物拡散層の表層部に選択的に形成された第1導電型の不純物拡散領域と、
前記不純物拡散領域、前記第1不純物拡散層および前記第2不純物拡散層を貫通して前記ドリフト層に達するトレンチゲートと、をさらに備える、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記半導体基板は、
ダイオード領域とトランジスタ領域とを有し、
前記ダイオード領域においては、
前記第1不純物拡散層は、ダイオードのアノードとして機能し、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に、前記ダイオードのカソードとして機能する第1導電型のカソード層が形成され、
前記トランジスタ領域においては、
前記第1不純物拡散層は、トランジスタのベース層として機能し、
前記第1不純物拡散層と前記ドリフト層との間に形成された第2導電型の第2不純物拡散層と、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に形成された第2導電型の第3不純物拡散層と、
前記第1不純物拡散層の表層部に選択的に形成された第1導電型の不純物拡散領域と、
前記不純物拡散領域、前記第1不純物拡散層および前記第2不純物拡散層を貫通して前記ドリフト層に達するトレンチゲートと、をさらに備える、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記半導体基板は、
ダイオード領域とトランジスタ領域とを有し、
前記ダイオード領域においては、
前記第1不純物拡散層は、ダイオードのアノードとして機能し、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に、前記ダイオードのカソードとして機能する第1導電型の第1カソード層および第2導電型の第2カソード層が形成され、
前記トランジスタ領域においては、
前記第1不純物拡散層は、トランジスタのベース層として機能し、
前記第1不純物拡散層と前記ドリフト層との間に形成された第2導電型の第2不純物拡散層と、
前記バッファ層の前記第2主面側に形成された第2導電型の第3不純物拡散層と、
前記第1不純物拡散層の表層部に選択的に形成された第1導電型の不純物拡散領域と、
前記不純物拡散領域、前記第1不純物拡散層および前記第2不純物拡散層を貫通して前記ドリフト層に達するトレンチゲートと、をさらに備える、請求項1または請求項2記載の半導体装置。 - 前記ダイオード領域においては、
前記第1不純物拡散層の表層部に前記第1不純物拡散層よりも第2導電型の不純物濃度が高い第2導電型の第4不純物拡散層をさらに備える、請求項8または請求項9記載の半導体装置。 - 前記ダイオード領域においては、
前記第1不純物拡散層の表層部が前記半導体基板の前記第1主面をなす、請求項8または請求項9記載の半導体装置。 - (a)第1主面および第2主面を有しドリフト層が形成された半導体基板に、予め定められたデバイス構造を形成する工程と、
(b)前記半導体基板の前記第2主面を研磨またはエッチングして予め定められた厚みとする工程と、
(c)前記第2主面より前記半導体基板に不純物を導入する第1不純物導入工程と、
(d)前記半導体基板をレーザーアニールすることでバッファ層を形成する第1アニール工程と、
(e)前記半導体基板を電気炉でアニールする第2アニール工程と、
(f)前記第2主面より前記半導体基板に不純物を導入する第2不純物導入工程と、
(g)前記半導体基板をレーザーアニールすることで少なくとも1種類の不純物拡散層を形成する第3アニール工程と、を備える、半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(g)の後に、
(h)前記第1主面より前記ドリフト層に荷電粒子を導入する工程と、
(i)前記半導体基板を室温で放置する工程と、
(j)前記半導体基板を電気炉で前記第2アニール工程の温度よりも低い温度でアニールする第4アニール工程と、をこの順番に実行する、請求項12記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(h)は、
前記荷電粒子として、電子、プロトンおよびヘリウムの何れかを導入する工程を含む、請求項13記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(e)は、
前記第2アニール工程のアニール温度を370℃以上425℃以下とする、請求項12記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(j)は、
前記第4アニール工程のアニール温度を300℃以上425℃以下とする、請求項13記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(e)は、
前記工程(g)の後に行う、請求項12記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - (a)第1主面および第2主面を有しドリフト層が形成された半導体基板に、予め定められたデバイス構造を形成する工程と、
(b)前記半導体基板の前記第2主面を研磨またはエッチングして予め定められた厚みとする工程と、
(c)前記ドリフト層の前記第2主面側に設けられた第1バッファ層および前記第1バッファ層と前記ドリフト層との間に設けられた第2バッファ層を含むバッファ層を形成する工程と、
(d)前記第2主面より前記半導体基板に不純物を導入する第3不純物導入工程と、
(e)前記半導体基板をレーザーアニールすることで少なくとも1種類の不純物拡散層を形成する第3アニール工程と、を備え、
前記工程(c)は、
(c-1)前記工程(b)の後に、前記半導体基板に前記第2主面より前記第1バッファ層のための不純物を導入する第1不純物導入工程と、
(c-2)前記工程(c-1)の後に、前記半導体基板をレーザーアニールすることで前記第1バッファ層を形成する第1アニール工程と、
(c-3)前記(c-2)の後に、前記半導体基板に前記第2主面より前記第2バッファ層のための不純物を導入する第2不純物導入工程と、
(c-4)前記半導体基板を電気炉でアニールすることで前記第2バッファ層を形成する第2アニール工程と、を含む、半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(e)の後に、
(f)前記第1主面より前記ドリフト層に荷電粒子を導入する工程と、
(g)前記半導体基板を室温で放置する工程と、
(h)前記半導体基板を電気炉で前記第2アニール工程の温度よりも低い温度でアニールする第4アニール工程と、をこの順番に実行する、請求項18記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(f)は、
前記荷電粒子として、電子、プロトンおよびヘリウムの何れかを導入する工程を含む、請求項19記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(c-4)は、
前記第2アニール工程のアニール温度を370℃以上425℃以下とする、請求項18記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(h)は、
前記第4アニール工程のアニール温度を300℃以上425℃以下とする、請求項19記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記工程(c-4)は、
前記工程(e)の後に行う、請求項18記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
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