JP2019520859A - 無線超音波追跡および通信のためのウルトラワイドバンドの位置決め - Google Patents
無線超音波追跡および通信のためのウルトラワイドバンドの位置決め Download PDFInfo
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- JP2019520859A JP2019520859A JP2018548168A JP2018548168A JP2019520859A JP 2019520859 A JP2019520859 A JP 2019520859A JP 2018548168 A JP2018548168 A JP 2018548168A JP 2018548168 A JP2018548168 A JP 2018548168A JP 2019520859 A JP2019520859 A JP 2019520859A
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Abstract
【選択図】図93
Description
本出願は、2016年3月14日に出願された「Ultra−wideband positioning for wireless ultrasound tracking and communication」と題する米国特許仮出願第62/308,176号、2016年9月7日に出願された「Ultra−wideband positioning for wireless ultrasound tracking and communication」と題する米国特許仮出願第62/384,521号の利益を主張し、これらの各々の開示が、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本開示は、動的整形外科用インプラント、その作成方法、その製造方法、および外科手順の一部としての動的インプラントを装着すること、ならびに外科用器具、インプラント、患者の解剖学的構造、および外科用ナビゲーションの一部として患者、外科用用具、およびインプラントの実世界画像上に拡張現実シーンを表示することを含み得る外科計画を実施する一環としての外科医を追跡するために使用されるデバイスを追跡することを対象とする。
現在、無線超音波プローブは超音波情報を通信し、単一のユニット/パッケージの一部としてリアルタイムの位置情報および向き情報を提供し得る。統合通信による無線超音波プローブを可能にし、ウルトラワイドバンド(UWB:ultrawide band)技術を組み入れたシステムを本明細書において開示する。例示的なシステムの一部を含む例示的な無線超音波プローブは、超音波無線データストリーミングのための第1のUWBユニットと、リアルタイム位置追跡および無線制御/フィードバックのための第2のUWBユニットとを含む。無線超音波プローブはまた、位置、向き、および超音波データを処理するために、2つのUWBユニットをIMUおよびマイクロコントローラ(MCU:microcontroller)と統合する。
本開示に従って、例示的な無線超音波プローブは、任意の数(1つまたは複数)の超音波トランスデューサを含み得る。さらなる例として、無線超音波プローブは、位置決め/制御およびリアルタイムデータストリーミングのための1つ以上のアンテナを含む1つ以上のUWBトランシーバユニット、ならびに1つ以上の加速度計、ジャイロスコープ、および磁気計を含む1つ以上の慣性計測ユニット(IMU:inertial measurement unit)を統合し得る(may integrated)。図1は、例示的な無線UWB対応超音波プローブの例示的な構成要素を示す例示的なブロック図を備える。
本開示による例示的なUWB追跡ユニットは、複数のアンテナを単一のトランシーバに接続し得、これは、同じUWBトランシーバユニットを利用する複数のUWBアンテナ(標的)を測距すること、位置決めすること、および追跡することを可能にする。例として、UWB追跡ユニット内のアンテナは、マスタロール/ユニットまたは周辺ロール/ユニットとして機能し得、マスタロールは、システム内の周辺アンテナのためのタイミング参照を生成するように機能する。各UWB追跡ユニット内のアンテナは、4つ以上のアンテナが存在し、これらのアンテナのうちの1つが他の3つのアンテナと同じ平面上に存在しないという条件で任意の構造で配置され得る。例えば、先述のように、四面体アンテナ構造は、前述の条件を満たす。アンテナ構造にかかわらず、4つのアンテナは、単一のUWBトランシーバに接続し得、各アンテナは、位置決めするための参照ポイントとして機能する。単一のタイミング回路と、UWBパルスを複数のアンテナに供給するための単一のトランシーバとにより、この構造は、UWB追跡ユニット内のすべての参照ポイント間のクロック同期を有効にする。この構造は、マスタユニットの設置の柔軟性を大幅に改善し、ならびにキャリブレーション手順を容易にし得る。短い範囲の局所化用途では、単一のマスタユニットが、局所化のための適切な位置決めデータを提供するのに十分であり得る。広い範囲の局所化用途では、複数のマスタユニットを使用することができる。例として、マスタユニットのタイミング回路は、有線または無線のいずれかの方法で、動作中に同期されてもよい。
例示的なシステムの1つの例示的な利点は、超音波プローブの無線位置および向き追跡である。提案されるシステムの第2の例示的な利点は、UWB技術を使用した、超音波プローブと中央処理ユニット(CPU)との間の無線通信である。UWB通信で得られる高いスループットは、提案されるシステムを、リアルタイム超音波取得情報を送信するのに理想的なものにする。Bモードデータ、高周波(RF)データ、I/Qデータ、または任意の他の取得された超音波信号をCPUへリアルタイムで送信することは、データスループット能力、好ましくは、およそ少なくとも6〜7Mbpsを有するUWBトランシーバによって遂行される。RF、IQ、および/またはBモードのデータの秒当たり少なくとも20〜30フレームがリアルタイム処理および表示用に無線で送信され得るように、可逆データ圧縮を利用して、リアルタイムデータストリームを圧縮することができる。
関節形成術は、関節を備える骨のうちの1つ以上を表面再建することによって、関節の機能を回復させる外科手順である。関節形成術は、正常な四肢整列の回復、正確なインプラントの設計および最適化、確実なインプラントの固定、ならびに/または適切な軟組織の平衡および安定性を提供する外科処置を含み得る。本明細書で以下により詳細に論じられるように、本開示は、ARシステム内に構成された仮想切断ガイドを提供して、手術室内での関節置換術の手順などの外科手順中に外科医をガイドするように、外科医/ユーザの実世界視野上に重畳される1つ以上のコンピュータ生成画像を提供する。拡張現実技術の進展と共に、UWB技術およびIMU技術に基づく自己参照型ハイブリッドナビゲーションモジュールは、外科手順中の外科用用具および外科医/ユーザの同時並進および回転の追跡の精度、ならびに患者の術中および術後の運動学の評価を改善するために使用されている。
拡張現実(AR:Augmented reality)は、コンピュータビジョンおよびコンピュータグラフィックスの分野であり、埋め込まれた合成情報(embeded synthetic information)を実世界環境に統合する。拡張現実体験では、エンドユーザは、ユーザの実世界視野の上に重ねられたコンピュータ生成画像から、ユーザの周囲の実世界に関する追加の情報を備えることができる。ユーザを合成環境内のみに熱中させる仮想現実ではなく、拡張現実は、ユーザが実世界環境の上に重ねられた合成世界と情報を交換することを可能にする。本明細書で以下により詳細に論じられるように、例示的な実施形態は、限定なしで、コンピュータゲーム、シミュレーション、エンジニアリング、トレーニング、および様々な他の用途などの外科以外の用途を有する。
p(t)=tu+p0, (6)
式中、p0は、−∞≦t≦∞の線を通過するポイントを表す。tのドメインが0≦t≦∞内に限定される場合、光線(例えば、半開線)は、ポイントp0および方向uのポイントで開始するベクトルとして示されるであろう。v1=p1−p0およびv2=p2−p0であると仮定すると、3つの同一線上にないポイントp0、p1、およびp2は、2つの別個のベクトルv1およびv2を定義し得る。2つのベクトルは空間内の平面上にあるため、平面の法線を以下のように定義することができ、
n=v1×v2. (7)
式中、×は、ベクトルv1およびv2のクロス積である。平面については、nと直交するポイントpのセットは以下によって与えられ、
n・(p−p0)=0, (8)
式中、平面内のポイントp0は、原点からのオフセットである。ポイントから線までの最短距離を計算するために、二乗垂直距離の手法を用いることができる。二乗垂直距離Dを以下によって与えることができ、
図42を参照して、本開示に従って、以下は、UWB追跡ガイドおよび仮想ガイドを使用した超音波ベースの外科用ナビゲーションのための例示的な方法である。この例示的な実施形態では、術前の撮像工程は必要ない。代わりに、追跡された超音波プローブを有するBモード超音波システムを手術室で使用して、但し、切開前に、骨の表面の幾何的形状に関するデータを収集する。この事前切開情報は、Bモード、RF、もしくはIQ超音波データ(または前述の任意の組み合わせ)の形態をとることができ、当業者に既知の信号処理技法を使用して超音波から3Dポイントクラウドに変換される。すべての超音波データが収集されると、患者の骨モデルは、超音波データから再構築され、以前にキャリブレーションされた拡張現実処理システムにインポートされる。骨モデル、および任意選択で、超音波システムによって得られた靭帯および軟組織の情報から、外科チームによって任意選択で変更することができる初期設定の外科計画が作成される。外科計画は、切除の深さおよび向き、ならびにインプラントのサイズ分類を含む。並行して、患者の解剖学的構造は、追跡されたプローブからのポイントクラウドのレジストレーションまたはARシステムカメラによる視覚的物体認識を含む、多くの選択肢のうちの1つを使用してARシステムに登録される。レジストレーションの前に、参照基準マーカーまたは追跡されたプローブは、外科手順全体を通して追跡するために実世界の解剖学的構造に堅く固定される。登録された解剖学的構造および外科計画から仮想切断ガイドが作成される。ARシステムは、実世界画像の表面上に解剖学的構造と切断ガイドとの組み合わせをレンダリングすることによって、外科医への仮想切断ガイドを表示する。切断ガイドによって規定された切除を遂行する場合、最終的な切除の位置および向きがシステムによって検証され得るように、追跡された外科用器具を使用することができる。切除後、ARシステムを使用して、整形外科用試行インプラント評価を視覚化し、不十分だと考えられる場合には、さらなる精密化のために仮想切断ガイドを更新するために使用され得る、インプラントの運動学的性能を計算することができる。配置および性能が十分であると考えられる場合、手術は最終的な移植に進むことができる。
全足関節形成術の外科手順は、多くの複雑な器具および技法を必要とする。この手順は、無線追跡およびカスタム化されたレジストレーションを使用して簡略化することができる。以下の例示的なシステムは、既知の術前外科計画および患者の解剖学的構造に対して、ウルトラワイドバンド通信を介して、外科用器具およびインプラントの構成要素の無線追跡を遂行するためのソフトウェアおよびハードウェアの構成要素を含む。
図52を参照すると、前述の例示的なナビゲーションシステムを利用して、ナビゲーションされた全膝置換術/全膝関節形成術を遂行することもできる。
図53を参照して、外科的ケアのエピソードにわたって動的データを利用して、患者特異的インプラントおよび器具を作成し、ならびにインプラントを配置し、術後に性能を監視するための例示的なプロセスを説明する。プロセスは、蛍光板透視または(従来の静的撮像とは対照的な)他の動的撮像様式を使用して行われ得る運動学的評価を含み、これを処理CPUにアップロードして、撮像データからの運動および解剖学的構造を再構築する。運動学的構造および解剖学的構造は、最適な再構築形状および正常な運動学を決定するための予測モデルへの入力として使用される。出力された形状パラメータを使用して、動的に作成された患者特異的インプラントおよび関連付けられた器具を構築する。インプラントおよび器具は、正確な配置を達成するように製造され、外科計画および手術室内のスマート計測手段に連結される。最後に、性能を監視するために、運動学および運動の範囲などの術後データは、患者の報告された成果と共に、IMU、UWB、またはこれらの組み合わせを含む任意の数のセンサによって収集される。次いで、このデータを予測エンジンによるフィードバックループにおいて利用して、さらなる患者のインプラントパラメータを最適化することができる。この様式では、ケアの全エピソードからのデータを利用して、インプラントおよび器具の設計を駆動させることができる。
Claims (50)
- 整形外科用インプラントを設計する方法であって、
実際の解剖学的形状の考察および運動学的形状の考察を使用して、動的整形外科用インプラントの可能な形状を反復的に評価することと、
前記可能な形状のうちの1つから動的整形外科用インプラント形状を選択することと、を含み、
選択される前記動的整形外科用インプラント形状が所定の運動学的制約および解剖学的制約を満たす、方法。 - 前記整形外科用インプラントが、脛骨インプラントおよび大腿骨インプラントのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 動的整形外科用インプラントの可能な形状を反復的に評価する前に、動的撮像データを収集することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データが、蛍光透視データである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データを画像補正プロセスに供して歪を低減する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データを特徴抽出プロセスに供して骨の辺縁を確立する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データを初期化プロセスに供して骨の姿勢を推定する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データを逐次形状および姿勢推定プロセスに供して、骨の三次元仮想モデルを生成する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記逐次形状および姿勢推定プロセスが、統計学的形状モデル作成プロセスからの入力を利用する、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データが前記形状および姿勢推定プロセスの一部としてセグメント化および分類される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データを利用して、運動の範囲にわたって互いに対して位置を変化させる複数の骨モデルを生成する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記動的撮像データを使用して仮想解剖学的モデルを構築することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記仮想解剖学的モデルが、少なくとも2つの骨を備える解剖学的関節を備える、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記解剖学的関節が、肩関節、膝関節、股関節、および足関節のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記解剖学的モデルが、軟組織を含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記軟組織が、靭帯を含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記所定の運動学的制約が、正常な運動学を予測することから得られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記正常な運動学が、運動学的データベースから抽出される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記整形外科用インプラントのためにインプラントの幾何学的制約を確立することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記整形外科用インプラントのために製造上の制約を確立することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記整形外科用インプラントの移植を実現するための外科計画を確立することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記外科計画が、外科用ナビゲーションシステムが所定の骨切断を行うことをガイドするための命令を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記命令が、患者の骨に対して前記所定の骨切断の向きを示す向き情報を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記命令が、患者の骨に対して前記所定の骨切断の位置を示す位置情報を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記命令が、患者の骨への位置トラッカーの付着を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記命令が、患者への位置トラッカーの付着を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記外科計画が、前記外科用ナビゲーションシステムが一連の所定の骨切断を行うことをガイドするための命令を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記患者の解剖学的形状のために最適化された軸受表面を備える患者特異的整形外科用インプラントであって、前記軸受表面が、製造前に仮想的に生成され、運動学的に評価されている、患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記整形外科用インプラントが、脛骨インプラントおよび大腿骨インプラントのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項28に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記患者の前記解剖学的形状が、前記患者の運動に応答して生成された動的撮像データを使用して収集された、請求項28に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データが、蛍光透視データである、請求項30に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データを画像補正プロセスに供して歪みを低減する、請求項31に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データを特徴抽出プロセスに供して骨の辺縁を確立する、請求項31に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データを初期化プロセスに供して骨の姿勢を推定する、請求項31に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データを逐次形状および姿勢推定プロセスに供して、骨の三次元仮想モデルを生成する、請求項31に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記逐次形状および姿勢推定プロセスが、統計学的形状モデル作成プロセスからの入力を利用する、請求項35に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データが前記形状および姿勢推定プロセスの一部としてセグメント化および分類される、請求項35に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データを利用して、運動の範囲にわたって互いに対して位置を変化させる複数の骨モデルを生成する、請求項31に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記動的撮像データを使用して仮想解剖学的モデルを構築することをさらに含む、請求項30に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記仮想解剖学的モデルが、少なくとも2つの骨を備える解剖学的関節を備える、請求項39に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記解剖学的関節が、肩関節、膝関節、股関節、および足関節のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項40に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記解剖学的モデルが、軟組織を含む、請求項39に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 前記軟組織が、靭帯を含む、請求項42に記載の患者特異的整形外科用インプラント。
- 外科用ナビゲーションシステムであって、
第1のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットと、
第2のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットと、
前記第1のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットと前記第2のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットとに通信可能に連結されたプロセッサと、
前記プロセッサに通信可能に連結されたグラフィカルディスプレイと、を備え、
前記グラフィカルディスプレイは、前記第1のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットと前記第2のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットとのうちの少なくとも1つに対して前記グラフィックディスプレイが再度位置決めされるときに位置および向きのうちの少なくとも1つにおいて変更可能である拡張現実画像を表示するように構成されている、外科用ナビゲーションシステム。 - 前記第2のウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットと、前記プロセッサと、前記グラフィカルディスプレイとが、ユーザウェアラブルヘルメットの一部として統合されている、請求項44に記載の外科用ナビゲーションシステム。
- 前記ヘルメットが、バイザであって、そこに前記グラフィカルディスプレイが前記拡張現実画像を投影する、バイザを含む、請求項45に記載の外科用ナビゲーションシステム。
- カメラをさらに備える、請求項44の記載の外科用ナビゲーションシステム。
- 前記拡張現実画像が、プロジェクタによって生成される、請求項44に記載の外科用ナビゲーションシステム。
- 前記プロジェクタが、レーザプロジェクタを備える、請求項48に記載の外科用ナビゲーションシステム。
- 外科手順を計画する方法であって、前記方法が、
動的整形外科用インプラントの生成を可能にする命令を生成することであって、前記動的整形外科用インプラントが、実際の解剖学的形状の考察および運動学的形状の考察を使用して、可能な表面軸受形状を反復的に評価することの結果として生成されることと、
触知可能なガイドおよび仮想ガイドのうちの少なくとも1つを生成するための命令を生成することであって、前記命令が患者特異的であることと、
前記動的整形外科用インプラントの移植を容易にするナビゲーション命令を生成することであって、前記ナビゲーション命令が、ウルトラワイドバンドおよび慣性計測ユニットの組み合わせを使用して、患者および外科用用具の少なくとも一部を同時に追跡することを含むものである、
こととを含む、方法。
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