JP2018166522A - 抗cd40抗体および使用方法 - Google Patents
抗cd40抗体および使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2878—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2012年10月30日に出願された米国仮出願第61/720,289号に対する優先権を主張する。この出願は、その全体が本明細書中に参考として援用される。
本願に関連した配列表をハードコピーの代わりにテキスト形式で提供し、参照により本明細書に援用する。配列表を含むテキストファイル名は、APEX−016_01WO_ST25.txtである。該テキストファイルは、92KBであり、2013年10月30日に作成したものであり、それをEFS−Web経由で電子提出している。
技術分野
本発明は、一般に、抗CD40抗体、組成物、およびそれらの使用方法に関する。かかる抗体は、例えば、様々な腫瘍学的疾患の処置方法に有用である。
白血病およびリンパ腫の大部分は、B系列細胞の悪性形質転換から生ずる。CD20などの細胞表面B系列拘束性抗原の発現は、それを抗体療法の魅力的な標的にする。抗体療法は、非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)および慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)を有する患者への対応を劇的に変えた。リツキシマブの認可以来、単独でのまたは化学療法と併用での該抗体は、奏効率、長期成績および生活の質を著しく向上させてきた(Chinn P、Braslawsky G、White Cら、Antibody therapy of non−Hodgkin’s B−cell lymphoma、Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003;52:257−280;Rastetter W、Molina A、White CA、Rituximab:Expanding role in therapy for lymphomas and autoimmune diseases、Annu Rev Med 2004;55:477−503)。しかし、相当な数の患者がリツキシマブに対する初期耐性または獲得耐性のいずれかを呈示し、これは、CD20を標的にする現行アプローチには臨床成績の限界があること、ならびに抗CD40 mAb、APX005などの、異なる作用機序を有するB細胞リンパ腫および白血病のための新規免疫療法を開発することにより向上させる必要があること(Stolz C、Schuler M、Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Rituximab and pharmacologic strategies for its circumvention、Leukemia and lymphoma、2009;50(6):873−885;Bello C、Sotomayor EM、Monoclonal antibodies for B−cell lymphomas:Rituximab
and beyond、Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007;233−242;Dupire S、Coiffier B、Targeted treatment and new agents in
diffuse large B cell lymphoma、Int J Hematol 2010;6月18日(オンライン))を示唆している。
T細胞の完全活性化は、2つの別個のしかし相乗的なシグナルを必要とする。T細胞抗原受容体によって送達される第一のシグナルは、APC上の抗原およびMHC複合体によって提供され、免疫応答の特異性を担う。第二の、すなわち共刺激シグナルは、CD28とB7−1(CD80)/B7−2(CD86)の相互作用およびCD40とCD40Lの相互作用によるものであり、これらの相互作用は、フルスケールT細胞応答を開始するために必要とされる。共刺激シグナル不在下では、T細胞は、抗原刺激に対して無応答性(アネルギー)になることがあり、または抗原刺激によりプログラム細胞死(アポトーシス)を被ることがある。
CD40は、正常免疫細胞によって発現されるばかりでなく、多くの悪性細胞によっても発現される。詳細には、CD40は、B系列NHL、慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)、有毛細胞白血病(HCL)、ホジキン病(Uckun FM、Gajl−Peczalska K、Myers DEら、Blood 1990;76:2449−2456;O’Grady JT、Stewart S、Lowrey Jら、Am J Pathol 1994;144:21−26)、多発性骨髄腫(Pellat−Deceunynck C、Bataille R、Robillard N、Harousseau JL、Rapp MJ、Juge−Morineau N、Wijdenes J、Amiot M、Blood、1994;84(8):2597−603)において、ならびに膀胱、腎臓、卵巣、子宮頚部、乳房、肺、上咽頭の癌腫および悪性黒色腫(Young
LS、Eliopoulos AG、Gallagher NJら、Immunol Today 1998;19:502−6;Ziebold JL、Hixon J、Boyd Aら、Arch Immunol Ther Exp(Warsz)2000;48:225−33;Gladue R、Cole S、Donovan Cら、J Clin Oncol 2006;24(18S):103s)において過発現される。
LS、Eliopoulos AG、Gallagher NJ、Dawson CW、Immunol Today 1998;19(11):502−6;Funakoshi S、Longo DL、Beckwith Mら、Blood 1994;83(10):2787−94;Hess S、Engelmann H、J Exp Med
1996;183(1):159−67;Eliopoulos AG、Dawson
CW、Mosialos Gら、Oncogene 1996;13(10):2243−54;von Leoprechting A、van der Bruggen P、Pahl HL、Aruffo A、Simon JC、Cancer Res 1999;59(6):1287−94)。これらの効果は、非新生物B細胞および樹状細胞上でのCD40のエンゲージメント後に誘導される増殖とは対照的である。
CD40は、広範な悪性細胞上で過発現される。腫瘍阻害および免疫系の刺激に関するCD40の役割がCD40を抗体による免疫療法の魅力的な標的にする(van Mierlo GJ、den Boer AT、Medema JPら、Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A、2002;99(8):5561−5566;French RR、Chan HT、Tutt AL、Glennie MJ、Nat Med、1999;5(5):548−553)。抗CD40抗体は、多数の機序によって癌細胞に対して作用し得る:(i)抗体エフェクター機能、例えばADCC、(ii)腫瘍細胞に対する直接細胞傷害効果、および(iii)抗腫瘍免疫応答の活性化。
幾つかの抗CD40抗体が抗腫瘍療法薬としての可能性を有すると報告されている。CP−870,893は、Pfizerによって開発された完全ヒトIgG2CD40アゴニスト抗体である。これは、3.48×10−10MのKDでCD40を結合するが、CD40Lの結合を遮断しない(例えば、米国特許第7,338,660号明細書参照)。CP−870893は、ADCC効果を示されておらず、これは、ことによるとそのIgG2アイソタイプに起因する。したがって、この抗体は、CD40アゴニストとして作用し(すなわち、CD40L結合に影響を及ぼさず)、アポトーシス促進性シグナリングを誘導し、ならびにDCおよび免疫監視機構を活性化する。しかし、この抗体は、ADCCを媒介しない。
Abstract No.3;Blood 2004、104(11,Part 1):Abst 3281)。そのアンタゴニスト特徴のため、この抗体は、CD40媒介抗腫瘍免疫応答を直接誘導できない。
本開示の1つの態様は、(i)配列番号3に示すVHCDR1領域、配列番号4に示すVHCDR2領域および配列番号5に示すVHCDR3領域を含む重鎖可変領域と、(ii)配列番号6に示すVLCDR1領域、配列番号7に示すVLCDR2領域および配列番号8に示すVLCDR3領域を含む軽鎖可変領域とを含む、ヒトCD40に結合する単離された抗体、もしくはその抗原結合断片;または前記CDR領域における8以下のアミノ酸置換を除き、(i)および(ii)の重鎖可変領域および軽鎖可変領域と同一である重鎖可変領域および軽鎖可変領域を含む前記抗体のバリアント、もしくはその抗原結合断片を提供する。本明細書に開示する抗体の1つの実施形態において、前記重鎖可変領域は、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列を含む。さらなる実施形態において、前記軽鎖可変領域は、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列を含む。
特定の実施形態では、例えば以下が提供される:
(項目1)
配列番号196、197、199および202のいずれか1つまたはそれより多くに示すCD40エピトープに結合する、単離された抗体、もしくはその抗原結合断片。
(項目2)
前記単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片が、配列番号202に示すCD40エピトープに結合する、項目1に記載の単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片。
(項目3)
前記抗体、またはその抗原結合断片が、配列番号3〜8に示すCDRを含まない、項目1または項目2に記載の単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片。
(項目4)
前記単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片が、
(i)配列番号3に示すVHCDR1領域、配列番号4に示すVHCDR2領域および配列番号5に示すVHCDR3領域を含む重鎖可変領域と、(ii)配列番号6に示すVLCDR1領域、配列番号7に示すVLCDR2領域および配列番号8に示すVLCDR3領域を含む軽鎖可変領域とを含むか;または
該CDR領域における8以下のアミノ酸置換を除き、(i)および(ii)の重鎖可変領域および軽鎖可変領域と同一である重鎖可変領域および軽鎖可変領域を含む、該抗体のバリアント、もしくはその抗原結合断片を含み、
該単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片は、該単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片が、改変されていないバージョンのFc領域を含む該単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片と比較して増大したFcγRIIB結合親和性、増大したADCC、もしくは増大した抗CD40アゴニスト活性、またはそれらの組み合わせを有するように改変された該Fc領域をさらに含む、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目5)
前記Fc領域がS267E変異によって改変されている、項目4に記載の単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片。
(項目6)
ヒト化されている、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目7)
単鎖抗体、ScFv、ヒンジ領域を欠く一価抗体、およびミニボディから成る群より選択される、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目8)
Fab断片またはFab’断片である、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目9)
F(ab’)2断片である、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目10)
抗体全体である、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目11)
ヒトIgG定常ドメインを含む、項目1に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目12)
前記IgG定常ドメインが、IgG1 CH1ドメインを含む、項目11に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目13)
前記IgG定常ドメインが、IgG1 Fc領域を含む、項目11に記載の単離された抗体。
(項目14)
前記IgG1のFc領域がS267E置換を有する、項目13に記載の単離された抗体。(項目15)
項目1に記載の抗体とCD40への結合について競合する、単離された抗体、またはその抗原結合断片。
(項目16)
前述の項目のいずれか一項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片をコードする単離されたポリヌクレオチド。
(項目17)
項目16に記載の単離されたポリヌクレオチドを含む発現ベクター。
(項目18)
項目17に記載のベクターを含む単離された宿主細胞。
(項目19)
生理的に許容され得る担体と治療有効量の前述の項目のいずれか一項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片とを含む組成物。
(項目20)
患者における癌の症状を処置または改善する方法であって、項目19に記載の組成物を該患者に投与し、それによって該癌の該症状を処置または改善することを含む方法。
(項目21)
前記癌が、非ホジキンリンパ腫、ホジキンリンパ腫、慢性リンパ球性白血病、有毛細胞白血病、急性リンパ芽球性白血病、多発性骨髄腫、膀胱の癌腫、腎臓の癌腫、卵巣の癌腫、子宮頚部の癌腫、乳房の癌腫、肺の癌腫、上咽頭の癌腫、悪性黒色腫ならびにリツキシマブ耐性NHLおよび白血病から成る群より選択される、項目20に記載の方法。
(項目22)
患者における自己免疫疾患の症状を改善するための方法であって、項目20に記載の組成物を該患者に投与し、それによって自己免疫疾患の該症状を改善することを含む方法。
(項目23)
患者における炎症性疾患の症状を改善するための方法であって、項目20に記載の組成物を該患者に投与し、それによって炎症性疾患の該症状を改善することを含む方法。
配列番号1は、R−8ウサギ抗CD40抗体のVH領域のアミノ酸配列である。
本開示は、CD40に特異的に結合する抗体およびそれらの抗原結合断片、詳細には、特異的エピトープ特異性および機能特性を有する抗体に関する。本発明の1つの実施形態は、CD40への結合が可能であり、ならびにCD40媒介下流細胞シグナリングおよび生物学的効果を誘導/強化することによりCD40アゴニストとして機能する、特異的ヒト化抗体およびそれらの断片を包含する。本発明のより特異的な実施形態において、本明細書に記載する抗体は、非常に高い親和性、例えば、少なくとも、980ピコモルと950ピコモルの間、少なくとも、970ピコモルと950ピコモルの間の親和性で、および一定の実施形態では960ピコモルの親和性でCD40に特異的に結合する。本明細書に記載する抗体は、数ある特質の中でも、腫瘍細胞においてCD40シグナリングを誘導し;樹状細胞および免疫監視機構を活性化し;腫瘍細胞に対する抗体依存性細胞傷害(ADCC)を活性化し;CD40LへのCD40の結合を遮断し;CD40アゴニスト活性を有し;抗原提示細胞を活性化し;抗原提示細胞からのサイトカイン放出を刺激し;腫瘍細胞アポトーシスを誘導し;腫瘍細胞増殖を阻害し;ADCC、CDCおよびADCPをはじめとする(しかしこれらに限定されない)エフェクター機能の誘導により腫瘍細胞を死なせ;抗腫瘍T細胞応答を刺激し;定着腫瘍を低減させ;ならびにリツキシマブ耐性腫瘍を阻害する。本明細書に記載する抗体は、これらの特質または活性のいずれか1つ以上の組み合わせを有するまたは誘導することができる。
USA 86:4220−4224;Queen et alら、PNAS(1988)86:10029−10033;Riechmannら、Nature(1988)332:323−327)。本明細書に開示する抗CD40抗体の例証的ヒト化方法は、米国特許第7,462,697号明細書に記載されている方法を含む。本発明の一定の実施形態による例証的ヒト化抗体は、配列番号9および10に提供するヒト化配列を含む。
Journal of Cancer(2000)83:252−260には、マウスVHからのCDR3およびFR4を保持しているマウスVLおよびヒトVHライブラリを使用するスクリーニングプロセスが記載されている。抗体を得た後、そのVHをヒトVLライブラリに対してスクリーニングして、抗原を結合した抗体を得た。Beiboerら、J. Mol. Biol.(2000)296:833−849には、全マウス重鎖およびヒト軽鎖ライブラリを使用するスクリーニングプロセスが記載されている。抗体を得た後、1つのVLを、マウスのCDR3を保持しているヒトVHライブラリと組み合わせた。抗原を結合することが可能な抗体が得られた。Raderら、PNAS(1998)95:8910−8915には、上記Beiboerらに類似したプロセスが記載されている。
406:267−273)(pdbアクセッションコード1IISおよび1IIX)(Radaevら、2001、J Biol Chem 276:16469−16477)。
FcγRIIIaの少なくとも1つの対立遺伝子を有する。
2011, 187:1754−1763; mAbs 2010, 2:181−189もまた参照のこと)を含む改変されたFcを含む。例示的な改変されたFcを含む重鎖定常領域のアミノ酸配列を配列番号195に示す。
perfringens)毒素、およびヤマゴボウ抗ウイルスタンパク質が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
Molecular Biology(Greene Publ.Assoc.Inc.& John Wiley & Sons,Inc.、NY、NY);Current
Protocols in Immunology(編集:John E.Coligan、Ada M.Kruisbeek、David H.Margulies、Ethan M.Shevach、Warren Strober 2001 John Wiley & Sons、NY、NY参照)または市販のキットを使用して行うことができる。
Taxonomy−the Principles and Practice of
Numerical Taxonomy、Freeman Press、San Francisco、CA(1973);Wilbur,W.J.and Lipman,D.J.、Proc.Natl.Acad.,Sci.USA 80:726−730(1983)。
ントを得ることができる。これらの方法およびプロトコルに関する具体的な詳細は、Maloyら、1994;Segal、1976;Prokop and Bajpai、1991;Kuby、1994;およびManiatisら、1982の教示の中で見出され、その目的のために、前記各教示は参照により本明細書に援用されている。
本開示は、CD40特異的抗体、それらの抗原結合断片、を含む組成物、様々な治療設定でのかかる組成物の投与を提供する。
活性および補助的薬剤が挙げられる。
in situハイブリダイゼーション(FISH)、フローサイトメトリー、酵素イムノアッセイ(EIA)および酵素結合イムノアッセイ(ELISA)をはじめとする(しかしこれらに限定されない)様々な公知検出形式で利用することができる。
4羽のニュージーランドホワイトウサギを、組換えウサギFc−hCD40で免疫した。ヒトCD40への特異的結合の最高血清力価を有するウサギを細胞融合に選択した。合計172のハイブリドーマを可溶性Fc−hCD40への陽性結合剤として同定し、そのうち44のクローンは、細胞表面CD40への陽性結合剤であることが判明した。エピトープ・クラスタリング・アッセイの後、24の代表ハイブリドーマを組換え発現のために選択し、さらに特性付けした。下でさらに説明するとおりのおよび次のことを含む、第二の機能性スクリーニングを行った:1)CD80、CD83、CD86アップレギュレーション(アゴニスト活性)によって測定されるようなDC成熟の誘導;直接腫瘍成長阻害(アゴニスト活性)の誘導;および3)ADCC抗体エフェクター機能。次の2つのアームを含む二重機能性スクリーニングに基づき候補を選択した:1)結合親和性、抗体内在化、抗体依存性細胞傷害(ADCC)、補体依存性細胞傷害(CDC)および抗体依存性細胞食作用(ADCP);および2)アゴニストDC活性化/成熟機能、受容体−リガンド相互作用、混合リンパ球反応(MLR)、細胞増殖およびアポトーシス。
抗CD40抗体の初期パネルのアゴニストまたはアンタゴニスト効果をさらに明らかにするために、機能性抗体についてのスクリーニングの指標としてDC成熟アッセイを用いた。抗CD40または対照抗体をヒト単球由来DC培養溶液に2日間にわたって添加した。ヒト樹状細胞の最も知られている成熟マーカーの1つであるCD83のアップレギュレーションを測定して、アゴニスト抗体についてスクリーニングした。樹状細胞成熟を誘導するマウスモノクローナル抗体である5C11を陽性対照として使用した。抗体R−3、R−6、R−8、R−9、R−16、R−18、R−24、R−33、R−36、19−21、19−45および19−59は、CD83発現の50%より多くをIg対照と比較して増加させた(図1A)。共刺激分子CD80およびCD86の抗体誘導アップレギュレーションを選択された抗体について測定することにより、DC成熟をさらに判定した。図1Bおよび図1Cに示すように、抗体R−3、R−8、R−9、R−33および19−21は、CD80とCD86の両方をアップレギュレートしたが、他の抗体は、ほんのわずかな効果しかなかった。これらの結果は、これらの抗体のCD83変調効果と一致した。興味深いことに、DC成熟の誘導が可能な抗体の中で、クローン19−21のみが、混合リンパ球反応においてT細胞増殖を増進させる強い活性を示した(図1D)。
アゴニスト抗CD40抗体のパネルを、CD40発現腫瘍細胞の腫瘍成長阻害を誘導する能力についてさらに評定した。試験したすべての抗CD40抗体が腫瘍細胞増殖を阻害した。抗体19−21は、最高力価を明示した。(図2)。
APC活性化および腫瘍成長阻害の誘導に加えて、抗体エフェクター機能、ADCC、を抗体候補のスクリーニングおよびランク付けのための重要な基準として用いた。ヒトPBMCを使用するADCCアッセイを行うために、選択抗体すべてを、ウサギFabおよびヒトIgG1でウサギmAbからキメラmAbに変換した。図3に示すように、選択候補すべてがIgG1対照と比較して有意なADCC活性を示した。最大ADCC活性に基づき、リードmAbをcR−8>cR−3>cR−33>c19−21>cR−9>c19−59とランク付けした。
最上位4候補が異なるin vitroアッセイにおいて異なる効力を示したので、本発明者らは、リード選択のために、それらの抗腫瘍活性を評価および比較するためのin
vivo研究を行った。Ramos腫瘍異種移植モデルを使用した。腫瘍保有マウスを5mg/kgで週3回、合計9用量のキメラ抗体cR−3、cR−8、cR−33またはc19−21で、腹腔内処置した(1群あたり8匹のマウス)。同じレジメンでのリツキシマブの抗腫瘍活性を基準として用いた。図4Aに示すように、cR−8およびcR−3は、最強の抗腫瘍効果を示した。対照的に、19−21は、より低い抗腫瘍活性を呈示し、投薬停止後により速やかに腫瘍がリバウンドした。cR−33の抗腫瘍効果は、間であったが、リツキシマブより良好なin vivo効力を依然として呈示した。抗体cR−3およびcR−8のin vivo効力を用量応答研究でさらに評価した。図4Bに示すように、cR−8は、cR−3より強力な抗腫瘍効力を示し、したがって、リード抗CD40抗体と同定した。
非常に多くのin vitro実験を行って、APX005ヒト化抗体をさらに特性付けした。
APX005の結合選択性をTNFRファミリータンパク質のパネルに対する直接ELISAによって評定した。ウサギFcおよびCD40、RANK TweakR、OX40、DR5および4−1BBの合計1μg/mLの融合タンパク質をELISAプレートにコーティングした。ヤギ抗ヒトHRPコンジュゲートIgGを使用して結合APX005を検出した。図5に示すように、APX005は、ヒトCD40に選択的に結合するが、試験した他のTNFRファミリータンパク質にはしなかった。
ELISAを行って、CD40へのCD40Lの結合に対するAPX005の効果を評定した。詳細には、CD40L(4μg/mLの最終濃度)を使用して、ELISAプレート上の固定化ヒトCD40を結合し、固定化CD40をAPX005と共にプレインキュベートした後、CD40へのCD40Lの結合量の変化を測定した。固定化CD40へのCD40Lの結合は、マウス抗CD40Lモノクローナル抗体によって検出した。図6に示すように、APX005は、CD40へのCD40Lの結合を遮断する。対照的に、SGN−40はその結合を増加させる。
ADCC活性に対するその影響を評価するためにAPX005の標的媒介内在化を評定するために、Ramos細胞をAPX005と共に4時間、37℃(内在化が許容される温度)で、または30分間4℃(内在化が最小にされる温度)でインキュベートした。細胞を染色用緩衝液で洗浄し、その後、Alexa 488標識ヤギ抗ヒトIgGと共にさらに30分間、4℃でインキュベートした。FACS分析を行って、細胞表面のAPX005レベルを検査した。図7に示すように、37℃でのインキュベーション後、細胞表面のAPX005レベルの低減はなかった(わずかに増加)。このデータは、CD40に結合すると、APX005/CD40複合体は腫瘍細胞によって内在化されず、それ故、ADCCへのエフェクター細胞の動員に最適な条件がもたらされたことを示唆している。
CD40を発現する腫瘍細胞に対するAPX005のADCC活性を評定するために、CD40発現性RamosおよびDaudiを標的細胞として使用し、新鮮なヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)をエフェクター細胞として使用した。カルセイン−AM放出アッセイによりADCCを測定した。標的細胞をカルセイン−AM(15uM/106細胞)で標識し、洗浄し、丸底96ウェルプレートに1ウェルあたり5×103で、三つ組みでプレーティングした。漸増濃度(0.0001〜10μg/mL)のAPX005または対照抗体いずれかを4℃で30分間プレインキュベートし、その後、健常ヒトドナーからのPBMCエフェクター細胞を、1ウェルあたり200μLの最終体積中、40:1の最終エフェクター:標的細胞比で添加した。少なくとも3人の異なるドナーからのPBMCを使用して実験を行った。4時間のインキュベーションの後、100μLの培養上清をBlack View Plate−96プレートに移し、任意蛍光単位(AFU)をVictor IIプレートリーダー(485nm励起/535nm放射)で読み取った。特異的溶解パーセント=(AFU平均実験放出−AFU平均自然放出)/(AFU平均最大放出−AFU平均自然放出)。図8に示すように、APX005は、用量依存式にADCCを誘導した。同様の効果がSGN−40について観察された。RamosおよびDaudi細胞のADCCに対する異なる感度は、異なるCD40発現レベルに起因し得る(Cancer Res 2005;65:8331−8338)。
腫瘍細胞増殖を阻害するAPX005の能力を評定するために、96ウェル平底プレート内の、様々な濃度のAPX005、SGN−40または対照ヒトIgGを含有する、10%FBSを補足した200μLのRPMI 1640に、50,000細胞/ウェルでRamos細胞を播種した。架橋のために、APX005、SGN−40または対照IgGをヤギ抗ヒトIgG Fc断片特異的抗体のF(ab’)2断片と共に前記培地中で30分間、室温でプレインキュベートし、その後、前記細胞に添加した。細胞を合計72時間処置した。その後、10%AlamarBlue(登録商標)(Serotec、英国オックスフォード)を各ウェルに添加し、さらに24時間インキュベートした。細胞生存率をCytoFluor蛍光リーダーにより530nmの励起波長および590nmの放射波長で測定した。すべての研究を2回、および各試料濃度について三重反復で行った。図9に示すように、モノマーAPX005は、Ramos細胞の増殖を阻害した(図9A)。APX005を二次抗体によって架橋させたとき、それは、増加したおよび用量依存性の増殖阻害効果をもたらした(図9B)。APX005の架橋は、Fc受容体発現細胞によってin vivoで達成することができる。
DC細胞の成熟を刺激するAPX005の能力を評定するために、リンパ球単離溶液を使用して密度勾配遠心法によりPBMCを調製した。2時間、37℃でインキュベートした後、付着単球を回収した。単離された単球を、24ウェルプレートにおいて10%FCSを補足したRPMI1640培地中の100ng/mLの組換えヒトGM−CSFおよび100ng/mLの組換えヒトIL−4と共に培養した。培地の半分を3日後に交換した。培養第5日に、1.3nMの抗CD40抗体、CD40Lまたは対照抗体をそれらのDC細胞に添加し、さらに48時間、24ウェルプレートにおいて培養した。DC活性化マーカー染色のために、PEコンジュゲート抗CD83、抗CD86抗体および抗CD80抗体を使用した。FACSを用いて分析を行った。データは、1つの代表研究からのものである。図10に示すように、APX005は、著しいDC成熟を誘導した。その効果は、SGN−40およびCD40Lより強力に見える。DCの活性化増加は、より強力な抗腫瘍T細胞応答をもたらすことができる。
交差反応性を直接ELISAによって評定した。合計1μg/mLのヒトCD40、サルCD40またはマウスCD40をELISAプレートにコーティングし、その後、1μg/mLのAPX005または対照IgG1と共にインキュベートした。CD40に結合した抗体を、HRPとコンジュゲートしているヤギ抗ヒトIgGを使用して検出した。APX005は、サルCD40と明確に交差反応するが、マウスCD40とはしない。(図11A)。
Biotech CAT#2040−09)をPBS中、1:200希釈で試料に添加し、インキュベートした。PEとコンジュゲートしているラット抗マウスCD40抗体を陽性対照として使用した。試料を0.5mL PBSで再び懸濁させ、FACSによって分析した。FACSデータは、APX005がマウスCD40と交差反応しないことを示した(図11B)。
非常に多くのin vivo実験を行って、APX005ヒト化抗体をさらに特性付けした。
ヒトB細胞リンパ腫の異種移植モデルに対するAPX005の効果を評価するために、雌BALB/c nu/nuマウス6〜8週齢を腫瘍細胞接種(innoculation)に使用した。1×107腫瘍細胞/マウスの背側・側腹部への皮下接種によって異種移植片を定着させた。腫瘍が約100mm3(50〜200mm3)の平均体積に達したら、マウスを無作為に群に割り当てた。第13日に開始して3mg/kgの抗体を腹腔内投与した(図12参照)。週3回、合計9用量の投薬を施した(1群あたり8匹のマウス)。Vernierスケールキャリパーを使用して、腫瘍の垂直寸法を測定した。次の式を用いて腫瘍体積を計算した:体積=(長さ×幅2)/2。図12Aに示すように、APX005は、強力な持続性の抗腫瘍活性を明示した。ヒトIgG濃度を測定することによりin vivo薬物レベルを判定するために、最終投薬の2日後の第34日に血清を採取した(図12B参照)。APX005によって媒介される抗腫瘍効力は、SGN−40のものより大きく、投薬期間後、長く持続された。1点PK分析は、APX005の優れた抗腫瘍活性がPKの差に起因しないことを示した。
この実験の目的は、リツキシマブで前処置したリツキシマブ耐性B細胞リンパ腫に対するAPX005の効果を評価することであった。定着したRamos腫瘍を保有するヌードマウスを、先ず、3mg/kgのリツキシマブで5用量にわたって処置した。腫瘍成長は、部分的にリツキシマブによって阻害された(図13A)。これらの腫瘍が約700mm3のサイズに達したら、それらマウスを無作為に4群に割り当て(1群あたり7匹のマウス)、APX005、リツキシマブ、SGN40アナログ 3mg/kgまたは食塩水対照を用いて3週間、腹腔内経路で再処置した(図13B)。図13に示すように、リツキシマブ前処置腫瘍は、リツキシマブ再処置に応答することができなかった。これは、これらの腫瘍がリツキシマブ耐性であることを示唆している(図13B)。APX005は、リツキシマブ耐性腫瘍の成長を阻害する能力を呈示した。
この実験の目的は、in vivoでのAPX005の用量と効力の関係を判定することであった。定着したCD40陽性Raji腫瘍を保有するヌードマウスを、第15日に開始してAPX005で処置した。0.1mg/kg〜10mg/kgにわたるAPX005の用量を3回/週で2週間、腹腔内投与した(1群あたり8匹のマウス)(図14参照)。食塩水を対照処置として使用した。各投薬日に腫瘍体積を測定した。最終投薬の3日後に各群におけるAPX005の血清レベルも測定して、そのin vivo効力と循環におけるAPX005のレベルとの相関関係を判定した。明確な用量依存性抗腫瘍活性が観察された(図14参照)。第29から33日における対照群と用量レベル≧1mg/kgでの抗体処置群の間の腫瘍体積の差は有意であった(P≦0.05)。最小有効用量は、1mg/kgと判定され、これは、第36日における0.49μg/mLの中央値血清濃度に対応した。3、5および10mg/kg用量群間の腫瘍体積の差は、統計学的に有意でなかった。したがって、最大抗腫瘍活性は、中央値血清濃度≧1.6μg/mLでの用量≧3mg/kgで達成された。
ヒト多発性骨髄腫モデルにおけるAPX005の抗腫瘍活性を評価するために、定着したCD40陽性多発性骨髄腫IM−9腫瘍を保有するヌードマウスを、第15日で開始してAPX005またはSGN40で腹腔内処置した。APX005を3mg/kg、3回/週で3週間にわたって与えた(1群あたり5匹のマウス)。各投薬日に腫瘍体積を測定した。
この実験の目的は、ヒトB細胞リンパ腫Ramos異種移植モデルにおけるAPX005、リツキシマブおよびSGN−40の抗腫瘍活性を比較することであった。雌SCID
C.B −17マウスの背側・側腹部へのRamos細胞の皮下接種により、異種移植片を定着させた。腫瘍が約200〜300mm3の平均体積に達したら、マウスを無作為に6群に割り当てた。図17に示した通りの用量で抗体を腹腔内投与した。週3回、合計9用量の投薬を施した(1群あたり10匹のマウス)。Vernierスケールキャリパーを使用して、腫瘍の垂直寸法を測定した。次の式を用いて腫瘍体積を計算した:体積=(長さ×幅2)/2。マウスの生存期間も判定し、記録した。
この実験の目的は、リツキシマブ耐性ヒトNamalwaリンパ腫モデルにおけるAPX005、リツキシマブおよびSGN−40の抗腫瘍活性を比較することであった。雌SCID C.B −17マウスの背側・側腹部へのNamalwa細胞の皮下接種により、異種移植片を定着させた。腫瘍が約200〜300mm3の平均体積に達したら、マウスを無作為に6群に割り当てた。図18に示した通りの用量で抗体を腹腔内投与した。週3回、合計9用量の投薬を施した(1群あたり10匹のマウス)。Vernierスケールキャリパーを使用して、腫瘍の垂直寸法を測定した。次の式を用いて腫瘍体積を計算した:体積=(長さ×幅2)/2。マウスの生存期間も判定し、記録した。
FCγレセプターに対する結合を増大させ、そしてAPX005抗体のアゴニスト活性を増大させる試みにおいて、APX005 Fcの267位のセリン(S)(IgG1、EU番号付け)をグルタミン酸(E)へと変異させて、APX005 S267E変異体を生成した。APX005の重鎖Fc領域に位置する267位のAGC(S)からGAG(E)への変異を配列決定によって確認した。改変されたFc領域配列を含むIgG1重鎖定常領域を配列番号195に提供する(この配列は、IgG1のCH1、ヒンジ、CH2およびCH3を含む)。
て分析した。試験した抗体は、19−21ウサギ抗CD40アゴニスト抗体である、Seattle Geneticsによって開発されたSGN−40およびPfizerからのCP870893であった。図20に示すように、APX005およびAPX005 S267E変異体は、SGN40と類似の、しかし、CP870893よりも6倍高い親和性の、CD40結合親和性を示した。
vitroでの種々の抗CD40抗体での処理後に、ヒトB細胞に対する、B細胞活性化マーカーであるCD86のアップレギュレーションを測定することによってCD40アゴニスト活性を試験した。新たなヒトB細胞を、ネガティブ選択法(全細胞)を用いて末梢血からB細胞を単離することによって得た。上記B細胞を、10、3.33、1.11、0.37、0.12、0.04、0.01および0.0045μg/mlの異なるヒト抗体で48時間にわたって処理した。次いで上記細胞を収集し、そしてフローサイトメトリーによって、生きたB細胞上のヒトCD86発現について分析した。19−21、SGN−40およびCP870893(上記の説明を参照のこと)を試験した。図21に示すように、APX005 S267E変異体は、APX005と比較して有意に増大した力価(potency)(EC50)および効力(efficacy)(EC100)を実証した。本アッセイにおいて試験した抗CD40抗体のうちでAPX005 S267Eが最も強力なCD40アゴニスト抗体であった。
て計算した。リツキサンを陽性対照として用いた。図22に示すように、上記APX005 S267E変異体は、APX005野生型と比較してわずかに増大したADCC活性を示した。
APX005のエピトープの特徴付け
本実施例は、ヒト化抗CD40抗体であるAPX005のエピトープの特徴付けを記載する。下記でさらに詳細に記載するとおり、合計5841種の直鎖状ペプチドおよび足場上に化学的に連結したペプチド(CLIPS)を合成し、そして結合について分析した。優勢な結合領域が、92TSEACESCVLHRSCSP107(配列番号196)および125PCPVGFFSNVSSAFEKCHPW144(配列番号197)と同定された。同定された結合残基のうち、T92、E97および100VL101は、CD40とCD40Lトリマーとの間の接触残基であることが公知である。具体的には、E97は、リガンドへのCD40の結合に重要な残基と考えられている。
である。
上記CCDカメラから得られる値は、標準的な96ウェルプレートELISA−リーダーと同様に0〜3000mAUの範囲に及ぶ。上記結果を定量し、そしてPeplabデータベースに保存した。結合値を、分析用に抽出した。時折、ウェルは気泡を含んでおり、偽陽性の値を生じた。カードを手動で検査し、気泡によって引き起こされた任意の値を0とスコア付けした。
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