JP2016504275A - アクチビン−ActRIIアンタゴニスト並びに骨障害及び他の障害の治療に対する使用 - Google Patents
アクチビン−ActRIIアンタゴニスト並びに骨障害及び他の障害の治療に対する使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本明細書に提供されるのは、腎疾患、例えば、慢性腎疾患-骨ミネラル障害(「CKD-MBD」)と関連している骨障害の治療方法であって、該治療を必要とする対象へのアクチビン-ActRIIインヒビターの投与を含む、方法である。また本明細書に提供されるのは、低代謝回転骨障害の治療のための方法及び組成物であり、ここで、該方法は、該治療を必要とする対象へのアクチビン-ActRIIインヒビターの投与を含む。また本明細書に提供されるのは、腎疾患と関連している骨障害の治療のための組成物並びに低代謝回転骨障害及び血管石灰化の治療のための組成物である。
骨の成長及び石化は、破骨細胞及び骨芽細胞という2つの細胞型の活性に依存するが、軟骨細胞及び血管系の細胞もこれらのプロセスの極めて重要な局面に関与する。発生的に、骨形成は、軟骨内骨化及び膜内骨化という2つの機構を介して起こり、前者は、縦方向の骨形成に関与し、後者は、頭蓋骨などのトポロジー的に平らな骨の形成に関与する。軟骨内骨化は、骨芽細胞、破骨細胞、血管系の形成、及びその後の石灰化の鋳型としての役割を果たす成長板における軟骨構造の連続的な形成及び破壊を必要とする。膜内骨化の間、骨は、結合組織で直接形成される。両プロセスは、骨芽細胞の浸潤及びその後の基質沈着を必要とする。
ある実施態様において、本明細書に提供されるのは、対象における低回転型骨障害(adynamic bone disorder)を治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該低回転型骨障害の治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、方法である。さらに本明細書に提供されるのは、対象における低回転型骨障害形態のCKD-MBDを治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該低回転型骨障害形態のCKD-MBDの治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、方法である。
(5.1 概説)
本明細書に提供されるのは、一態様において、慢性腎疾患-骨ミネラル障害(CKD-MBD)の治療方法であって、ActRIIのインヒビターを、治療を必要とする患者に投与することを含む、方法である。ActRIIのインヒビターは、ActRIIA及び/又はActRIIBのインヒビターであることができる。
((a)ActRIIAのインヒビター)
本明細書で使用されるように、「ActRIIA」という用語は、任意の種由来のアクチビン受容体IIa型(ActRIIA)タンパク質のファミリー及び突然変異生成又は他の修飾によってそのようなActRIIAタンパク質から得られた変異体を指す。本明細書中でのActRIIAに対する言及は、現在同定されている形態のいずれか1つに対する言及であると理解される。ActRIIAファミリーのメンバーは、一般に、システインに富む領域を含むリガンド結合細胞外ドメイン、膜貫通ドメイン、及び予想上のセリン/トレオニンキナーゼ活性を有する細胞質ドメインから構成される、膜貫通タンパク質である。
「ActRIIAポリペプチド」という用語には、ActRIIAファミリーメンバーの任意の天然のポリペプチド並びに有用な活性を保持するその任意の変異体(突然変異体、断片、融合体、及びペプチド模倣形態を含む)を含むポリペプチドが含まれる。例えば、ActRIIAポリペプチドには、ActRIIAポリペプチドの配列と少なくとも約80%同一な、及び任意に、少なくとも85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%、又はそれを上回って同一な配列を有する任意の公知のActRIIAの配列に由来するポリペプチドが含まれる。例えば、ActRIIAポリペプチドは、ActRIIAタンパク質及び/又はアクチビンに結合し、それらの機能を阻害することができる。ActRIIBポリペプチドは、骨成長及び骨石灰化を促進するその能力について選択することができる。ActRIIAポリペプチドの例としては、ヒトActRIIA前駆ポリペプチド(配列番号1)並びに可溶性ヒトActRIIAポリペプチド(例えば、配列番号2、3、7、及び12)が挙げられる。そのアミノ酸配列が配列番号1に示されているActRIIA前駆ポリペプチドに関して、ヒトActRIIA前駆ポリペプチドのシグナルペプチドは、アミノ酸位置1〜20に位置し;細胞外ドメインは、アミノ酸位置21〜135に位置し、ヒトActRIIA前駆ポリペプチド(配列番号1)のN結合型グリコシル化部位は、配列番号1のアミノ酸位置43及び56に位置する。配列番号1のヒトActRIIB前駆ポリペプチドをコードする核酸配列は、配列番号4(GenbankエントリーNM_001616のヌクレオチド164〜1705)として開示されている。配列番号2の可溶性ヒトActRIIAポリペプチドをコードする核酸配列は、配列番号5として開示されている。配列の説明については、表6を参照されたい。
本明細書で使用されるように、「ActRIIB」という用語は、任意の種由来のアクチビン受容体IIB型(ActRIIB)タンパク質のファミリー及び突然変異生成又は他の修飾によってそのようなActRIIBタンパク質から得られた変異体を指す。本明細書中でのActRIIBに対する言及は、該受容体の現在同定されている形態のいずれか1つに対する言及であると理解される。ActRIIBファミリーのメンバーは、一般に、システインに富む領域を含むリガンド結合細胞外ドメイン、膜貫通ドメイン、及び予想上のセリン/トレオニンキナーゼ活性を有する細胞質ドメインから構成される、膜貫通タンパク質である。
本明細書で使用されるように、「ActRIIBポリペプチド」という用語は、ActRIIBファミリーメンバーの任意の天然のポリペプチド並びに有用な活性を保持するその任意の変異体(突然変異体、断片、融合体、及びペプチド模倣形態を含む)を含むポリペプチドを指す。例えば、ActRIIBポリペプチドには、ActRIIBポリペプチドの配列と少なくとも約80%同一な、及び任意に、少なくとも85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、又はそれを上回って同一な配列を有する任意の公知のActRIIB受容体の配列に由来するポリペプチドが含まれる。例えば、ActRIIBポリペプチドは、ActRIIBタンパク質及び/又はアクチビンに結合し、それらの機能を阻害することができる。ActRIIBポリペプチドの例としては、ヒトActRIIB前駆ポリペプチド(配列番号16又は配列番号28)が挙げられる。そのアミノ酸配列が配列番号16又は配列番号28に示されているActRIIB前駆ポリペプチド(すなわち、ヒトActRIIB前駆ポリペプチド)に関して、該ActRIIB前駆ポリペプチドのシグナルペプチドは、アミノ酸1〜18に位置し;細胞外ドメインは、アミノ酸19〜134に位置し、潜在的N結合型グリコシル化部位は、アミノ酸位置42及び65に位置する。配列番号16のヒトActRIIB前駆ポリペプチドをコードする核酸配列は、配列番号19として開示されている(配列番号19は、アミノ酸位置64に対応するコドンでアラニンを提供するが、その代わりにアミノ酸位置64に対応するコドンでアルギニンを提供するように、当技術分野で公知の方法を用いて、当業者により、容易に修飾されることができる)。配列の説明については、表6を参照されたい。
ある実施態様において、本明細書に記載の組成物及び方法で使用されるActRII受容体のインヒビターは、核酸化合物である。
((a)診断アッセイ)
((i)骨代謝回転)
骨代謝回転の様々な循環マーカーを用いて、骨障害、例えば、低骨代謝回転を診断することができる。骨代謝回転の循環マーカーは、骨特異的アルカリホスファターゼ(bAP)、オステオカルシン、プロコラーゲンI型C末端プロペプチド(PICP)、及びインスリン様成長因子-1(IGF-1)などの骨形成のマーカーであり、一部は、ピリジノリン、デオキシピリジノリン、酒石酸耐性酸ホスファターゼ(TRAP)、TRAP 5b型、ピリジノリン、デオキシピリジノリン、及びプロコラーゲンI型C末端テロペプチド(ICTP)、血清又は尿コラーゲン架橋(N-テロペプチド又はC-テロペプチド)、及び25ヒドロキシビタミンDなどの骨再吸収のマーカーである。全副甲状腺ホルモン(PTH)分子を測定するアッセイを使用することもできる。当業者は、骨ミネラル密度(BMD)の評価を可能にするイメージング法を知っている。例えば、Tilman B. Drueke及びSharon M. Moeの文献、慢性腎疾患における骨及びミネラル代謝の障害:診断及び治療を改善するための国際的な取組み(Disturbances of bone and mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease: an international initiative to improve diagnosis and treatment)、Nephrol Dial Transplant(2004) 19: 534-536; Okuno S, Inaba M.の文献、骨代謝回転の生化学的マーカー。新たな局面。透析及び骨代謝マーカー(Biochemical markers of bone turnover. New aspect. Dialysis and bone metabolic marker)、Clin Calcium. 2009 Aug;19(8):1084-91; Herberth J, Monier-Faugere MC, Mawad HW, Branscum AJ, Herberth Z, Wang G, Cantor T, Malluche HHの文献、5つの最もよく使用されるインタクト副甲状腺ホルモンアッセイは、CKD-5患者における骨代謝回転異常のスクリーニングに有用であるが、その診断には有用ではない(The five most commonly used intact parathyroid hormone assays are useful for screening but not for diagnosing bone turnover abnormalities in CKD-5 patients)、Clin Nephrol. 2009 Jul;72(1):5-14; Lehmann G, Ott U, Kaemmerer D, Schuetze J, Wolf G.の文献、ステージ3〜5の慢性腎疾患を有する患者における骨代謝回転の骨組織形態計測的及び生化学的マーカー(Bone histomorphometry and biochemical markers of bone turnover in patients with chronic kidney disease Stages 3-5)、Clin Nephrol. 2008 Oct;70(4):296-305; Drueke TB.の文献、副甲状腺ホルモン測定は腎骨疾患の診断に有用か(Is parathyroid hormone measurement useful for the diagnosis of renal bone disease?)、Kidney Int. 2008 Mar;73(6):674-6; Yamada S, Inaba M, Kurajoh M, Shidara K, Imanishi Y, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y.の文献、慢性腎疾患を有する患者における骨再吸収マーカーとしての血清酒石酸耐性酸ホスファターゼ(TRACP5b)の有用性:腎機能障害との無関係性(Utility of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRACP5b) as a bone resorption marker in patients with chronic kidney disease: independence from renal dysfunction)、Clin Endocrinol(Oxf). 2008 Aug;69(2):189-96. Epub 2008 Jan 23を参照されたい。Paul D. Millerの文献、慢性腎疾患における骨粗鬆症の診断及び治療(Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Chronic Renal Disease)、2009も参照されたい。
腎臓環境における低回転型骨疾患のマウスモデルは、マウス腎摘出モデル、例えば、第6.2節及び第6.3節で使用される5/6腎摘出モデルを使用することであり、このモデルでは、マウスに低リン酸食を給餌する。
CKDと関連する骨疾患のタイプを決定するために使用することができる診断検査は、二重テトラサイクリン標識及び骨組織形態計測解析を用いる腸骨稜骨生検である。例えば、米国腎臓財団: NKF KDOQIガイドラインを参照されたい。
冠動脈石灰化(CAC)の程度のイメージング用の非造影コンピュータ断層撮影(CT)及び非侵襲的冠動脈造影(CTA)用の造影CTは、閉塞性冠動脈疾患を診断するために一般に使用される現像法(development)である。診断的及び予後予測的な心臓評価のための放射性核種ストレス試験、冠動脈カルシウムスキャニング、及び非侵襲的冠動脈造影を使用することもできる。Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Friedman JD, Polk DM, Hayes SW, Thomson LE, Germano G, Wong ND, Kang X, Rozanski A.の文献、診断的及び予後予測的な心臓評価のための放射性核種ストレス試験、冠動脈カルシウムスキャニング、及び非侵襲的冠動脈造影の比較使用(Comparative use of radionuclide stress testing, coronary artery calcium scanning, and noninvasive coronary angiography for diagnostic and prognostic cardiac assessment)、Semin Nucl Med. 2007 Jan;37(1):2-16を参照されたい。
糸球体濾過量は、腎疾患を決定するための当業者に公知の任意の方法により決定することができる。米国腎臓財団のウェブサイトを参照されたい。
二次性副甲状腺機能亢進症は、カルシウムレベルが低過ぎるか、又はリンレベルが増加しているために、副甲状腺が過剰の副甲状腺ホルモン(PTH)を産生するときに生じる。カルシウム、リン、及びPTHレベルは、血液試料から決定することができる。
血液中のホスフェートのレベルの異常上昇は、当業者に公知の任意の方法により決定することができる。
様々なActRIIポリペプチド変異体、又は可溶性ActRIIポリペプチド変異体を、ActRIIを阻害するその能力について試験することができる。さらに、化合物を、ActRIIを阻害するその能力について試験することができる。ひとたびActRII活性のインヒビターが確認されれば、これらの化合物を本明細書に提供される方法とともに使用することができる。ActRIIは、ActRIIA又はActRIIBであることができる。下記のアッセイは、ActRIIAについて記載されているが、ActRIIBについても同様に実施することができる。
本明細書に提供されるのは、CKD-MBD及び/又は低代謝回転骨疾患の治療方法であって、治療を必要とする患者に、治療有効量のActRIIのインヒビター(第5.2節参照)を投与することを含む、方法である。ある実施態様において、ActRIIインヒビターは、第5.2節(a)に示すActRIIAのインヒビターである。他の実施態様において、ActRIIインヒビターは、第5.2節(b)に示すActRIIBのインヒビターである。ある実施態様において、ActRIIインヒビターは、ActRIIAインヒビターとActRIIBインヒビターの組合せである。
ある実施態様において、アクチビン-ActRIIアンタゴニスト(例えば、ActRIIポリペプチド)は、本明細書に記載の方法とともに使用される医薬として許容し得る担体とともに製剤化される。例えば、ActRIIポリペプチドは、単独で又は医薬製剤(治療的組成物)の成分として投与することができる。対象化合物は、ヒト又は動物用医薬品で使用される任意の好都合な方法での投与のために製剤化することができる。ActRIIは、ActRIIA又はActRIIBであることができる。
(6.1 実施例1)
((a)ActRIIA-Fc融合タンパク質)
最小限のリンカーを有するヒト又はマウスFcドメインに融合したヒトActRIIAの細胞外ドメインを有する可溶性ActRIIA融合タンパク質が記載されている。これらのコンストラクトは、それぞれ、ActRIIA-hFc及びmActRIIA-Fcと呼ばれる。ActRIIA-hFcは、配列番号7として提供されている。mActRIIA-Fcは、配列番号7のマウス対応物である。
(i)ミツバチメリチン(HBML):配列番号8
(ii)組織プラスミノーゲン活性化因子(TPA):配列番号9
(iii)天然のActRIIA:配列番号10
を検討した。
ヒトFcドメインに融合したヒトActRIIBの細胞外ドメインとアクチビンとの共結晶構造から、リガンド結合における細胞外ドメインの最後(C末端)の15個のアミノ酸(本明細書において「尾部」と呼ばれる)の役割は示されなかった。この配列は、結晶構造では解像されず、これらの残基が、結晶中で均一に納まらなかった柔軟なループ中に存在することを示唆している。Thompsonらの文献、EMBO J. 2003 Apr 1 ;22(7):1555-66。この配列はまた、ActRIIBとActRIIAの間であまり保存されていない。したがって、これらの残基は、基本的又はバックグラウンドActRIIB-Fc融合コンストラクトでは削除された。さらに、バックグラウンド形態における位置64は、アラニンによって占められており、これは、通常、「野生型」形態と考えられるが、A64Rアレルが天然に生じる。したがって、バックグラウンドActRIIB-Fc融合体は、配列番号21として開示されている配列を有する。
この研究は、最小限のリンカーを介してマウスFcに融合した可溶性マウスActRIIA(配列番号15)の、慢性腎疾患及びCKD-MBDのマウスモデルにおける血液及び骨パラメーターの治療に対する効果を検討するために設計された。
齧歯類における5/6腎摘出手術は、慢性腎疾患のモデルを作成するために使用される、一般に実施される実験プロトコルである。この2段階手術では、無菌外科手術を用いて、一方の腎臓の2/3及び対側部位の腎臓全体が摘出される。この手術の結果として、動物は、腎機能の障害を経験し、慢性腎疾患を有するヒトと類似した生理的挙動を示す。
((i)外科的矯正)
10週齢の雌C57BL/6マウスに2段階の手術を受けさせて、5/6腎摘出術又は同等の疑似手術を達成した。
今回の研究における投与は、5/6腎摘出手術の終了から1カ月後に開始された。マウスの重量を計測し、PBS又はmActRIIA-Fcのどちらかを、週2回、10mg/kgで、皮下注射により投与した。
BMDの長期測定を、月1回、麻酔したマウスに対して、DXAスキャニング(Lunar PIXIMus, GE Medical Systems)を用いて実施した。BMDのDXAスキャン解析の間、マウスの頭部を対象領域から除外して、頭蓋骨と関連する定量アーティファクトを防止した。
全血算値(HM2、VetScan)の長期測定を、月1回の顎下腺採血によって回収した血液に対して実施した。研究の終了時に、最終的な採血を実施し、血液を回収して、CBC分析用のEDTA含有チューブ又は血清回収用の血清分離チューブのどちらかに分けた。血清は、将来の分析のために-80℃で凍結させた。
凍結血清を解凍し、Vetscan VS2分析装置(Abaxis社)を用いて、100マイクロリットルを分析した。総合診断用ローターを用いて、試料を、血清アルブミン(ALB)、アルカリホスファターゼ(ALP)、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(ALT)、アミラーゼ(AMY)、全ビリルビン(TBIL)、血中尿素窒素(BUN)、全カルシウム(Ca++)、リン(PHOS)、クレアチニン(CRE)、グルコース(GLU)、ナトリウム(NA+)、カリウム(K+)、全タンパク質(TP)、及びグロブリン(GLOB)について分析した。
研究の終了時に、マウスをCO2吸入により安楽死させた。腎臓及び脾臓を摘出し、計量し、10%ホルマリン中で保存した。脛骨及び大腿骨を回収し、70%エタノール中で保存した。
実験の終了時に、各マウス由来の左大腿骨及び脛骨を解剖し、70%エタノール中で固定した。Scanco microCT(VivaCT75, Scanco)を55kV、145μA、及び20μmのボクセルサイズで用いて、骨をスキャンした。スキャンした画像を、組み込まれているScancoソフトウェアを用いて再構築した。骨梁体積(BV/TV)及び骨梁厚(Tb.Th)を、大腿骨の遠位端から200μmの位置にある骨の400μm切片で評価した。皮質厚を、大腿骨の正中線を中心とする骨の200μm切片で測定した。
mActRIIA-Fc処置及びビヒクル処置したマウス及び組織の比較は、Microsoft Excelを用いて、スチューデントt-検定により実施した。データは、平均±SEMとして表す。
本発明者らは、貧血及び骨量減少を防ぐmActRIIA-Fcの能力を慢性腎疾患のマウスモデルで調べた。5/6腎摘出手術(0日目)から2カ月の疾患進行の後、5/6腎摘出術を受けたマウス(CKD)は、疑似コホートと比較して、ヘマトクリットの有意な減少を示した(-5.4%、P<0.01)。長期血液採取及びその後のCBC分析から、CKDコホートと疑似コホートの両方のmActRIIA-Fc処置マウスが、処置から4及び8週間後に、それらのVEH処置対応物と比較して、ヘマトクリットの有意な増加を示すことが示された(図5)。
mActRIIA-Fcによる処置は、慢性腎疾患の5/6腎摘出モデルで貧血及び骨量減少を防ぐことができた。CKDマウスは貧血であり、疑似対応物と比較したとき、大腿骨におけるより低いBMD及びより厚い皮質骨構造を有していた。CKDマウスのmActRIIA-Fc処置は、VEH処置マウスと比べて、ヘマトクリット、BMD、及び皮質骨構造を有意に増大させた。さらに、mActRIIA-Fcは、疑似コホートとCKDコホートの両方においてVEH処置マウスよりも大きい値にまで、CKDマウスにおける骨梁体積及び骨梁厚を増加させることができた。これらのデータは、mActRIIA-Fc投与によるアクチビン受容体IIAシグナル伝達の遮断が、慢性腎疾患の5/6腎摘出モデルで貧血及び骨量減少を防ぐことができることを示している。
マウスに、一方の腎臓の電気焼灼及びもう一方の腎臓の腎摘出術を受けさせた。マウスに、カルシトリオールを補充した低リン酸食を給餌した。例えば、Lundらの文献、2004, J Am Soc Nephrol 15:349-369を参照されたい。
この実施例は、ACTRIIAの阻害が対象の血管系におけるカルシウムレベルの低下に効果的であり、したがって、血管石灰化の治療手段になることを示すものである。
この実施例は、慢性腎疾患を有する対象における血管石灰化に対するActRII阻害の効果の検討を記載している。
(動物及び食餌:)
C57Bl/6JバックグラウンドのLDL受容体欠損(LDLR-/-)マウス又は野生型C57Bl/6JマウスをJackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor, Maine)から購入し、病原体のいない環境で飼育することができる。動物を第3週で離乳させ、脂肪として6.75%カロリーを有する普通食に移行させることができる。第10週で、一部の動物に、脂肪として42%カロリーを含む高コレステロール(0.15%)食(Harlan Teklad, Madison WI, 製品番号TD88137)を開始させることができる。この高コレステロール食は、この遺伝的バックグラウンドで血管石灰化を伴うアテローム性動脈硬化症を発生させることが示されている食餌である(例えば、Towlerらの文献、1998, J Biol Chem 273:30427-30434を参照されたい)。全ての食餌におけるカルシウム含量を0.6%とすることができる。動物には水を自由に与え、地方及び国の動物管理ガイドラインに従って維持することができる。mActRIIA-Fcを、週2回、腹腔内(IP)投与することができる(10mg/kg)。
2段階の処置を用いて、以前に記載されている通りに、CKDを引き起こすことができる(例えば、Daviesらの文献、2003, J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1559-1567;及びDaviesらの文献、2005, J Am Soc Nephrol 16:917-928を参照されたい)。簡潔に述べると、出生から10週間後に、2cmの側腹切開を介して電気焼灼を右腎臓に適用し、次いで、2週間後に、同様の切開を介して左全腎摘出を行うことができる。対照動物は疑似手術を受けることができる。この手術では、適当な腎臓を露出させて移動させるが、他には何も処置しない。腹腔内麻酔(キシラジン13mg/kg及びケタミン87mg/kg)を全ての処置に使用することができる。伏在静脈血試料を2回目の手術の1週間後に採取して、ベースラインの手術後腎機能を評価することができる。心内穿刺で血液を採取した後、群によって、第20週又は第26週で、動物を麻酔下で屠殺することができる。心臓及び大動脈をひとまとめにして解剖することができる。
摘出した標本をホルマリン中で固定し、その後、次のように分けることができる:心臓、上行大動脈、及び大動脈弓を下行大動脈から分離し、大動脈流出路の中を通して矢状に二等分することができる。下行大動脈をその長さに沿ってほぼ半分のところで冠状に二等分することができる。4つ全ての断片を同じワックスブロックに包埋することができる。スライス(5μm厚)を切削し、ヘマトキシリン及びエオシン、トリクロム、アリザリンレッド、並びにフォンコッサで染色することができる。
組織切片を上記のように調製し、キシレン中で脱パラフィン処理し、段階的エタノール中で再水和させることができる。内在性ペルオキシダーゼ活性は、3%過酸化水素(Sigma, St Louis MO)中でのインキュベーションによってブロッキングすることができ、非特異的結合は、独自開発したカゼインのPBS溶液(「Background SNIPER」、BioCare Medical, Walnut Creek CA)との10分間のインキュベーションによってブロッキングすることができる。抗原回復は、クエン酸塩バッファー(「Decloaker」BioCare Medical, Walnut Creek CA)との100℃で5分間のインキュベーションによって行うことができる。切片は、マウスオステオカルシン(OC)に対する親和性精製ヤギポリクローナル抗体(Biogenesis社、Brentwood NH)とともに一晩インキュベートし、その後、ビオチン化マウス抗ヤギ二次抗体とともに10分間インキュベートし、その後、ストレプトアビジンコンジュゲートペルオキシダーゼ染色し(試薬は全て、BioCare Medical, Walnut Creek CA製である)、0.1%ヘマトキシリン(Sigma)で対比染色することができる。
RNAは、製造元の指示に従って、RNAqueous-4PCRキット(Ambion)を用いて、組織試料から抽出することができる。RT-PCRは、製造元の指示に従って、ワンステップRT-PCRキット(Qiagen, Valencia CA)を用いて行うことができる。条件は: 50℃で30分、95℃で15分、その後、94℃で1分、60℃で1分、及び72℃で1分を35〜40サイクル、その後、72℃で10分とすることができる。マウスオステオカルシン及びマウスGAPDHに特異的なプライマーを選択することができる。
心臓及び大動脈を屠殺時に解剖し、全ての無関係な組織を解剖顕微鏡下での鈍的切開により除去することができる。組織を55℃で20〜24時間乾燥させ、重量を計量し、すり鉢とすりこぎで砕いて粉末にすることができる。カルシウムを、10%ギ酸(10:1 v/w)中、4℃で24時間溶出させることができる。溶出液のカルシウム含量を、製造元の指示に従って、クレゾールフタレインコンプレキソン法(Sigma, St Louis)を用いてアッセイすることができ、結果を乾燥組織重量に対して補正することができる。
骨形成速度は、二重蛍光標識により決定することができる。全てのマウスは、屠殺される7日前と2日前に、腹腔内カルセイン(20mg/kg)を受けることができる。動物が屠殺される時に両方の大腿骨を解剖し、70%エタノール中に入れることができる。標本は、未脱灰の状態でプラスチック包埋キットH7000(Energy Beam Sciences)に埋め込むことができる。骨は、JB-4ミクロトーム(Energy Beam Sciences)で、前頭面を通って縦方向に10μm切片で薄切することができる。未染切片は、カルセイン標識蛍光解析に使用することができる。スライドは、Osteomeasure Image Analyzer(Osteometrics, Atlanta GA)に接続したLeitz顕微鏡で、400倍の倍率で調べることができる。動物1匹当たり、成長板の150μm近位にある遠位大腿骨の10の連続する0.0225-mm2視野を調べることができる。
血液試料を、CKDの第2週及び第8週で伏在静脈の毛細管吸引によって、並びに屠殺時(12週のCKD)に異なる手順(心内穿刺)を用いて取得し、ヘパリン添加チューブに移すことができる。遠心分離(400×g、5分間)後、血漿を取り除き、分注し、-80℃で凍結させることができる。インタクトPTHレベル(大量の血液が必要とされるので屠殺時にのみ行われる)は、市販のキット(Immutopics, San Clemente, CA)を用いる2部位免疫放射定量アッセイ(IRMA)により測定することができる。血中尿素窒素(BUN)、血清カルシウム、及びリンは、標準的な多チャンネル分析計技術を用いて測定することができる。
FGF23マウスELISAアッセイは、Kainos社から購入することができる。
DKK1及び低カルボキシル化オステオカルシン用の市販のELISAアッセイを使用することができる。
OPG対RANKLの比は、血清アッセイで決定することができる。これらのアッセイは、骨代謝回転及び過剰な骨再吸収とよく相関することが示されている(例えば、Geusensらの文献、2006, Arthritis & Rheumatism 54:1772-17775を参照されたい)。血清中のsRANKLのレベルは、放射免疫アッセイ(Linco Research, St. Louis MO)により決定することができる。血清OPGのレベルは、ELISA法(OSTEOmedical NL, Marishof, NL)により測定することができる。アッセイ内及びアッセイ間変動係数(CV)は、製造元によれば、両検査について10%未満である。sRANKLの検出限界は0.08pmol/lであり、OPGの検出限界は、0.14pmol/lである。
血清P1NP及びオステオカルシンは、骨芽細胞活性のマーカーとして使用することができ、酒石酸耐性酸ホスファターゼ5b型(TRACP 5b)(mouseTRAP, IDS Ltd, Bolden, UK)は、破骨細胞レベルのマーカーとして使用することができる。
TNFα、及びc反応性タンパク質の血清アッセイを用いて、炎症のレベル及びmActRIIA-Fcに対する応答を追跡することができる。
データは、ANOVAを用いて、統計的有意性(P<.05)について解析することができる。比較は、ビヒクルで処置した動物(対照群)とmActRIIA-Fcで処置した動物の間で行うことができる。比較は、疑似手術を受けたマウスとビヒクルで処置したCKDマウスとmActRIIA-Fcで処置したCKDマウスの間で行うこともできる。これらの解析は、SPSS 11.0統計パッケージ(Needham Heights, MA)を用いて行うことができる。
本発明は、その具体的な実施態様に関して詳細に記載されているが、機能的に等価であるバリエーションが本発明の範囲内にあることが理解されるであろう。実際、本明細書に示され、記載されたものに加えた本発明の様々な変更は、前述の説明及び付随する図面から当業者に明らかになるであろう。そのような変更は、添付の特許請求の範囲の範囲内に含まれることが意図される。当業者は、本明細書に記載の本発明の具体的な実施態様の多くの等価物を認識するか、又はルーチンの実験だけを用いて、それらを確認することができるであろう。そのような等価物は、以下の特許請求の範囲によって包含されることが意図される。
Claims (17)
- 対象における低回転型骨障害を治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該低回転型骨障害の治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 対象における低回転型骨障害形態のCKD-MBDを治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該低回転型骨障害形態のCKD-MBDの治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記低回転型骨障害が、石灰化した骨へのテトラサイクリン取込みの欠如を特徴とする、請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- 対象における低骨代謝回転形態のCKD-MBDを治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該低骨代謝回転形態のCKD-MBDの治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記低骨代謝回転形態のCKD-MBDが骨軟化症である、請求項4記載の方法。
- 対象における高リン血症を特徴とする骨障害を治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該高リン血症を特徴とする骨障害の治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 対象における血管石灰化を治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、アテローム性動脈硬化性石灰化の治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 対象における腎疾患を治療する方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを、該腎疾患の治療を必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記腎疾患が腎線維症である、請求項8記載の方法。
- 血管石灰化を有すると診断された対象における血管内カルシウムレベルを低下させる方法であって、治療有効量のActRIIインヒビターを該対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記ActRIIインヒビターが:
a.配列番号2と90%同一のもの;
b.配列番号2と95%同一のもの;
c.配列番号2と98%同一のもの;
d.配列番号2;
e.配列番号3と90%同一のもの;
f.配列番号3と95%同一のもの;
g.配列番号3と98%同一のもの;
h.配列番号3;
i.配列番号6と90%同一のもの;
j.配列番号6と95%同一のもの;
k.配列番号6と98%同一のもの;
l.配列番号6;
m.配列番号7と90%同一のもの;
n.配列番号7と95%同一のもの;
o.配列番号7と98%同一のもの;
p.配列番号7;
q.配列番号12と90%同一のもの;
r.配列番号12と95%同一のもの;
s.配列番号12と98%同一のもの;
t.配列番号12;
u.配列番号17と90%同一のもの;
v.配列番号17と95%同一のもの;
w.配列番号17と98%同一のもの;
x.配列番号17;
y.配列番号20と90%同一のもの;
z.配列番号20と95%同一のもの;
aa.配列番号20と98%同一のもの;
bb.配列番号20;
cc.配列番号21と90%同一のもの;
dd.配列番号21と95%同一のもの;
ee.配列番号21と98%同一のもの;
ff.配列番号21
gg.配列番号23と90%同一のもの;
hh.配列番号23と95%同一のもの;
ii.配列番号23と98%同一のもの;
jj.配列番号23
kk.配列番号25と90%同一のもの;
ll.配列番号25と95%同一のもの;
mm.配列番号25と98%同一のもの;及び
nn.配列番号25
からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドである、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。 - 前記ActRIIインヒビターが、配列番号7のアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドである、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。
- 前記ActRIIインヒビターが非経口投与される、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。
- 前記対象が18歳未満である、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。
- 前記対象の身長を増加させる、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。
- 前記対象が末期腎疾患を有する、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。
- 前記対象が透析を受けている、請求項1、2、4、6、7、8、又は10記載の方法。
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