JP2015231742A - 非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの低ストレス射出成形方法およびそれによって製造された低ストレスポリアミド成形品 - Google Patents
非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの低ストレス射出成形方法およびそれによって製造された低ストレスポリアミド成形品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2015231742A JP2015231742A JP2015111956A JP2015111956A JP2015231742A JP 2015231742 A JP2015231742 A JP 2015231742A JP 2015111956 A JP2015111956 A JP 2015111956A JP 2015111956 A JP2015111956 A JP 2015111956A JP 2015231742 A JP2015231742 A JP 2015231742A
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- polyamide
- amorphous
- macmi
- macmt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229920006123 polyhexamethylene isophthalamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 decanediamine Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920006177 crystalline aliphatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000572 Nylon 6/12 Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- BNJOQKFENDDGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O BNJOQKFENDDGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HQHCYKULIHKCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O HQHCYKULIHKCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- BTZVDPWKGXMQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentadecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O BTZVDPWKGXMQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QQHJDPROMQRDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QQHJDPROMQRDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006121 Polyxylylene adipamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QCNWZROVPSVEJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heptadecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QCNWZROVPSVEJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000571 Nylon 11 Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000305 Nylon 6,10 Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006152 PA1010 Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002614 Polyether block amide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006146 polyetheresteramide block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LWBHHRRTOZQPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O LWBHHRRTOZQPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XFEGRFIENDJTCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroindene-1,1-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)(C(O)=O)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 XFEGRFIENDJTCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RNLHGQLZWXBQNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N)CC(C)(CN)C1 RNLHGQLZWXBQNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000576320 Homo sapiens Max-binding protein MNT Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- XMSVKICKONKVNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3,4-diamine Chemical compound C1CC2(N)C(N)CC1C2 XMSVKICKONKVNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SPJXZYLLLWOSLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[(1-aminocyclohexyl)methyl]cyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1(N)CC1(N)CCCCC1 SPJXZYLLLWOSLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AXCGJDULNLWQKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-(1-aminocyclohexyl)propan-2-yl]cyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1(N)C(C)(C)C1(N)CCCCC1 AXCGJDULNLWQKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QFGCFKJIPBRJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-12-oxododecanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QFGCFKJIPBRJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PPZYHOQWRAUWAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(carboxymethoxy)phenoxy]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=CC=C1OCC(O)=O PPZYHOQWRAUWAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IFAWYXIHOVRGHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonadecandioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IFAWYXIHOVRGHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006444 PA NDT/INDT Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006143 PA616 Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006144 PA618 Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XZAHJRZBUWYCBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1(CN)CCCCC1 XZAHJRZBUWYCBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GKXVJHDEWHKBFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [2-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=C1CN GKXVJHDEWHKBFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RPYFJVIASOJLJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(aminomethyl)-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl]methanamine Chemical compound C1CC2C(CN)C(CN)C1C2 RPYFJVIASOJLJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QVYARBLCAHCSFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCC(N)N QVYARBLCAHCSFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- YMHQVDAATAEZLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound NC1(N)CCCCC1 YMHQVDAATAEZLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QYQADNCHXSEGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,1-dicarboxylate;hydron Chemical compound OC(=O)C1(C(O)=O)CCCCC1 QYQADNCHXSEGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JMLPVHXESHXUSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(N)N JMLPVHXESHXUSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003916 ethylene diamine group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- NWOJEYNEKIVOOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-2,2-diamine Chemical compound CCCCC(C)(N)N NWOJEYNEKIVOOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZETYUTMSJWMKNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n',n'-trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound CNCCCCCCN(C)C ZETYUTMSJWMKNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DDLUSQPEQUJVOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(N)N DDLUSQPEQUJVOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JMEJIIOYYMQGSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane-2,2-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(C)(N)N JMEJIIOYYMQGSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- KJOMYNHMBRNCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCCC(N)N KJOMYNHMBRNCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006149 polyester-amide block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- XJIAZXYLMDIWLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(N)N XJIAZXYLMDIWLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JJOJFIHJIRWASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O JJOJFIHJIRWASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229920006039 crystalline polyamide Polymers 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229920006020 amorphous polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 9
- RLSSMJSEOOYNOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 RLSSMJSEOOYNOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TVIDDXQYHWJXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Dodecanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TVIDDXQYHWJXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920006110 poly(m-benzoyl4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine)) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 4
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920006114 semi-crystalline semi-aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QLBRROYTTDFLDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1CCCC(CN)C1 QLBRROYTTDFLDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001382 dynamic differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-aminobutyric acid Chemical compound NCCCC(O)=O BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXGZQGDTEZPERC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCC(C(O)=O)CC1 PXGZQGDTEZPERC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUOSQNAUYHMCRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-Aminoundecanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GUOSQNAUYHMCRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJHDPVWEDUCKRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12-aminododecanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O.NCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O VJHDPVWEDUCKRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVMAGJJPTALGQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-(carboxymethoxy)phenoxy]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=CC(OCC(O)=O)=C1 ZVMAGJJPTALGQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNXOCFKTVLHUMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(carboxymethoxy)phenoxy]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(OCC(O)=O)C=C1 DNXOCFKTVLHUMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZUHIOJYCPIVLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-1,5-diamine Chemical compound NCC(C)CCCN JZUHIOJYCPIVLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTKWFNIIIXNTDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-isocyanato-5-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)furan Chemical compound CC1=CC(N=C=O)=C(C(F)(F)F)O1 WTKWFNIIIXNTDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHCBFGGESJQAIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-amino-3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethylcyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1C(C)C(N)C(C)CC1CC1CC(C)C(N)C(C)C1 JHCBFGGESJQAIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCJLTNJVGXHKTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-amino-3-ethylcyclohexyl)methyl]-2-ethylcyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CC(N)C(CC)CC1CC1CC(CC)C(N)CC1 HCJLTNJVGXHKTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGSBHTZEJMPDSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-2-methylcyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CC(N)C(C)CC1CC1CC(C)C(N)CC1 IGSBHTZEJMPDSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGLFPEYYIQQJOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-aminohexanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCC(O)=O.NCCCCCC(O)=O PGLFPEYYIQQJOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDOLZJYETYVRKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-Aminoheptanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCC(O)=O XDOLZJYETYVRKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQXNEWQGGVUVQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-aminooctanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCCC(O)=O UQXNEWQGGVUVQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Brassidinsaeure Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012963 UV stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC(CN)=C1 FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002684 aminocaproic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001540 azides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YDLSUFFXJYEVHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azonan-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCN1 YDLSUFFXJYEVHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- XBZSBBLNHFMTEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCCC(C(O)=O)C1 XBZSBBLNHFMTEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003692 gamma aminobutyric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBLZLIFKVPJDCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N omega-Aminododecanoic acid Natural products NCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O PBLZLIFKVPJDCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003711 photoprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- DXNCZXXFRKPEPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DXNCZXXFRKPEPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C45/77—Measuring, controlling or regulating of velocity or pressure of moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0053—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor combined with a final operation, e.g. shaping
- B29C45/0055—Shaping
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0001—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0025—Preventing defects on the moulded article, e.g. weld lines, shrinkage marks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/72—Heating or cooling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C45/78—Measuring, controlling or regulating of temperature
-
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2077/00—Use of PA, i.e. polyamides, e.g. polyesteramides or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0039—Amorphous
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0041—Crystalline
-
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- C08J2377/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2377/02—Polyamides derived from omega-amino carboxylic acids or from lactams thereof
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- C08J2377/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2377/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
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- C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
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Abstract
【解決手段】1種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドまたは、少なくとも2種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの混合物からなるポリアミド溶解物が、射出成形金型を用いて射出成形され、前記射出成形プロセスの間、前記ポリアミド溶解物が255〜310℃の温度に調節され、前記射出成形金型の温度が50〜120℃に調節され、および、前記ポリアミド溶解物の射出速度が10〜50mm/sに調節される射出成形方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
引張弾性率:
ISO 527 引張り速度1mm/分
ISO試験片、スタンダード:ISO/CD3167、タイプA1、170×20/10×4 mm、温度23℃
ISO 307
顆粒
100mLのm-クレゾール中に0.5g
温度20℃
スタンダードのセクション11に従い、相対粘度(RV)の計算は、RV=t/t0による
ISO 11357
顆粒
示差走査熱量測定(DSC)は、20K/分の加熱速度で実施された。融点の場合、温度はピーク最大値で示される。ガラス転移点(Tg)として示されるガラス転移域の中心点が、「ハーフハイト(half height)」法に従って決定された。
DIN 53449、3部、ベントストリップ法
ISO試験片、スタンダード:ISO/CD3167、タイプA1、170×20/10×4 mm、温度23℃
応力を負荷したISO試験片を60秒間溶媒に浸漬した後、肉眼で見える亀裂がある場合、外繊維ひずみが測定される。
測定された外繊維ひずみを、表示されている応力に変換するため、得られた外繊維ひずみのパーセント値に、測定された物質の引張弾性率(乾燥、MPa)を乗じる。
ASTM D 1003
シート、厚み2mm、60×60mm
温度 23℃
測定装置は、CIE light type C を有するByk Gardner社のHaze Gard plus
光透過率の値は、光の照射量の%で示される。
Claims (16)
- 非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの低ストレス射出成形方法であって、
1種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドまたは、少なくとも2種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの混合物からなるポリアミド溶解物が、射出成形金型を用いて射出成形され、前記射出成形プロセスの間、
前記ポリアミド溶解物が255〜310℃の温度に調節され、
前記射出成形金型の温度が50〜120℃に調節され、および、
前記ポリアミド溶解物の射出速度が10〜50mm/sに調節される
方法。 - 前記射出成形プロセスの間、前記ポリアミド溶解物の射出速度が、15〜35mm/s、好ましくは18〜30mm/sに調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記射出成形プロセスの間、前記ポリアミド溶解物が、260〜295℃、好ましくは270〜290℃の温度に調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記射出成形プロセスの間、前記射出成形金型の温度が、60〜100℃、好ましくは70〜90℃に調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記射出成形プロセスの間、前記射出圧力が、800〜1500bar、好ましくは900〜1400bar,特に好ましくは1000〜1300barに調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記射出成形プロセスの間、動圧が、50〜200bar、好ましくは70〜150bar、特に好ましくは100〜130barに調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記射出成形プロセスの間、保持圧力が、400〜800bar,好ましくは500〜700bar、特に好ましくは550〜650barに調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記射出成形プロセスの間、スクリュー円周速度が、0.20〜0.50m/s、好ましくは0.25〜0.42m/s、特に好ましくは0.28〜0.35m/sに調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 射出成形機のシリンダー内のポリアミド溶解物の滞留時間が、0.5〜6分、好ましくは0.75〜5分、特に好ましくは1〜3分に調節されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドが、125〜210℃、好ましくは145〜200℃、特に好ましくは150〜190℃のガラス転移点(ISO11357に従って測定)を有する非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドからなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドが、
エチレンジアミン、ブタンジアミン、ペンタンジアミン、メチルペンタンジアミン、ヘキサメチレンジアミン、オクタンジアミン、メチルオクタンジアミン、ノナンジアミン、デカンジアミン、ウンデカンジアミン、ドデカンジアミン、トリメチルヘキサメチレンジアミン、ビス(アミノシクロヘキシル)メタンおよびそのアルキル誘導体、ビス(アミノシクロヘキシル)プロパンおよびそのアルキル誘導体、イソホロンジアミン、ノルボルナンジアミン、ビス(アミノメチル)ノルボルナン、キシリレンジアミン、シクロヘキサンジアミン、ビス(アミノメチル)シクロヘキサンおよびそのアルキル誘導体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のジアミン、および、
コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、ピメリン酸、スベリン酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸、ウンデカン二酸、ドデカン二酸、ブラシル酸、テトラデカン二酸、ペンタデカン二酸、 ヘキサデカン二酸、ヘプタデカン二酸、オクタデカン二酸、ノナデカン二酸、エイコサン二酸、日本酸、シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、フェニルインダン・ジカルボン酸、フェニレンジオキシ二酢酸、炭素原子数36〜44の二量体化脂肪酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸、ナフタレンジカルボン酸からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のジカルボン酸、および場合によっては
少なくとも1種の炭素原子数4〜15のラクタム及び/又は炭素原子数4〜15のα,ω-アミノ酸
から形成されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドが、PA 6I、PA 6I/6T、PA6I/6T/6N、PA MXDI/6I、PA MXDI/MXDT/6I/6T、PA MXDI/12I、PA MXDI、PA MXDI/MXD6、PA MACM10、PA MACM12、PA MACM14、PA MACM18、PA NDT/INDT、PA TMDC10、PA TMDC12、PA TMDC14、PA TMDC18、PA PACM12、PA PACM10/11、PA PACM 10/12、PA MACMI/12、PA MACMT/12、PA MACMI/MACM12、PA MACMI/MACMN、PA MACMT/MACM12、PA MACMT/MACMN、PA MACM36、PA TMDC36、PA MACMI/MACM36、PA 6I/MACMI/12、PA MACMT/MACM36、PA MACMI/MACMT/12、PA 6I/6T/MACMI/MACMT、PA 6I/6T/MACMI/MACMT/12、PA MACM6/11、PA MACM6/12、PA MACM10/11、PA MACM10/12、PA MACM10/1010、PA MACM12/1012、PA MACM14/1014、PA MACM18/1018、PA MACM12/1212、PA 6I/6T/MACMI/MACMT/MACM12/612、PA 6I/6T/MACMI/MACMT/MACM12、PA MACMI/MACMT/MACM12/12、PA MACMI/MACMT/MACM12、PA 6I/6T/MACMI/MACMT/12、PA 6I/6T/6N/MACMI/MACMT/MACMNおよびそれらの混合物あるいはコポリマー(MACMは、全モノマーのモル割合の合計100モル%に対して、最大で25モル%まで、PACMで置き換えられることができ、及び/又は、ラウリンラクタムは完全にあるいは部分的にカプロラクタムによって置き換えられることができる)からなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドが、少なくとも1種の部分結晶性脂肪族ポリアミドによって2〜28重量%まで置き換えられ、この際、この少なくとも1種の部分結晶性脂肪族ポリアミドが、PA 6、PA 46、PA 49、PA 410、PA 411、PA 412、PA 413、PA 414、PA 415、PA 416、PA 418、PA 436、PA 66、PA 69、PA 610、PA 611、PA 612、PA 613、PA 614、PA 615、PA 616、PA 617、PA 618、PA 1010、PA 66/6、PA 6/66/12、PA 6/12、PA 11、PA 12、PA 912、PA 1212、PA MXD6、PA MXD9、PA MXD10、PA MXD11、PA MXD12、PA MXD13、PA MXD14、PA MXD15、PA MXD16、PA MXD17、PA MXD18、PA MXD36、PA PACM9、PA PACM10、PA PACM11、PA PACM12、PA PACM13、PA PACM14、PA PACM15、PA PACM16、PA PACM17、PA PACM18、PA PACM36、PA PACM10/11、PA PACM10/12、ポリエーテルアミド、ポリエーテルエステルアミド、ポリエステルアミドおよびそれらの混合物あるいはコポリマー、特にPA 6、PA 69、PA 610、PA 612、PA 614、PA 1010、PA 1212、PA 6/66/12、PA 6/66、PA 6/12、PA 11、PA 12、ポリエーテルアミド、ポリエーテルエステルアミドおよびそれらの混合物あるいはコポリマーからなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドが、少なくとも1種の部分結晶性脂肪族ポリアミドによって、5〜25重量%まで、好ましくは10〜20重量%置き換えられていることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドが、さらなる添加剤、特に、縮合触媒、鎖長調節剤、消泡剤、無機安定剤、有機安定剤、潤滑剤、着色剤、マーキング剤、顔料、着色剤、核形成剤、結晶化抑制剤、帯電防止剤、離型剤、光学的光沢剤、天然層状ケイ酸塩、合成層状ケイ酸塩およびその混合物からなる群より選択される添加剤を含むことを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって製造された、1種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドまたは、少なくとも2種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの混合物からなる成形品であって、請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって製造されていない1種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドまたは、少なくとも2種類の非晶質あるいは微結晶性ポリアミドの混合物からなる成形品と比べて、高い応力亀裂抵抗を特徴とする成形品。
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JPH0872086A (ja) * | 1994-09-02 | 1996-03-19 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 低圧射出成形法 |
JP2007520377A (ja) * | 2004-02-03 | 2007-07-26 | イーエムエス ケミー アクチエン ゲゼルシャフト | 透明または半透明な可染性プラスチック成形コンパウンドの成形品の複合材料 |
US20080164635A1 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-10 | Werner Thomas H | Method for making multi-finish thermoplastic articles |
JP2013199121A (ja) * | 2006-05-25 | 2013-10-03 | Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics Corp | 繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂成形品 |
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US6277911B1 (en) * | 1995-02-01 | 2001-08-21 | Ems Inventa Ag | Transparent, colorless, amorphous copolyamides and molded articles made therefrom |
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DE10224947B4 (de) | 2002-06-05 | 2006-07-06 | Ems Chemie Ag | Transparente Polyamid-Formmassen mit verbesserter Transparenz, Chemikalienbeständigkeit und dynamischer Belastbarkeit |
BRPI0621292B1 (pt) * | 2006-01-31 | 2017-06-06 | Ems-Chemie Ag | material de moldagem de copoliamida, e, uso do mesmo para produção de peças moldadas transparentes, esterelizáveis por vapor superaquecido e extrusados |
KR100793135B1 (ko) * | 2006-06-02 | 2008-01-10 | 양칠남 | 사출성형을 이용한 조향장치의 감속기어용 웜휠 제조방법 |
DE102006058681A1 (de) * | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-19 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Transparentes Bauteil |
EP2055743B2 (de) | 2007-10-30 | 2019-03-20 | Ems-Patent Ag | Formmassen zur Herstellung von Formteilen im Trinkwasserbereich |
FR2953755B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-14 | 2012-01-20 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication d'articles composite a base de polyamide |
EP2460858B1 (de) * | 2010-12-02 | 2014-01-22 | EMS-Patent AG | Polyamidformmassen auf Basis von Mischungen aus transparenten Copolyamiden und aliphatischen Homopolyamiden zur Herstellung von transparenten Formteilen |
JP5972394B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-23 | 2016-08-17 | エムス−パテント アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | ポリアミド成形材料、それらの使用、およびそれらから製造された成形品 |
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2014
- 2014-06-06 EP EP14171526.8A patent/EP2952319B1/de active Active
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2015
- 2015-06-02 JP JP2015111956A patent/JP6813256B2/ja active Active
- 2015-06-03 CN CN201510307180.2A patent/CN105269779B/zh active Active
- 2015-06-03 US US14/729,277 patent/US20150352765A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-06-05 KR KR1020150080198A patent/KR20150140591A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2015-06-05 BR BR102015013175A patent/BR102015013175A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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Patent Citations (4)
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JPH0872086A (ja) * | 1994-09-02 | 1996-03-19 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 低圧射出成形法 |
JP2007520377A (ja) * | 2004-02-03 | 2007-07-26 | イーエムエス ケミー アクチエン ゲゼルシャフト | 透明または半透明な可染性プラスチック成形コンパウンドの成形品の複合材料 |
JP2013199121A (ja) * | 2006-05-25 | 2013-10-03 | Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics Corp | 繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂成形品 |
US20080164635A1 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-10 | Werner Thomas H | Method for making multi-finish thermoplastic articles |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20150352765A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
HK1213843A1 (zh) | 2016-07-15 |
JP6813256B2 (ja) | 2021-01-13 |
EP2952319A1 (de) | 2015-12-09 |
CN105269779B (zh) | 2020-01-14 |
CN105269779A (zh) | 2016-01-27 |
KR20150140591A (ko) | 2015-12-16 |
BR102015013175A2 (pt) | 2016-01-05 |
EP2952319B1 (de) | 2017-04-19 |
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