JP2015095330A - リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2015095330A JP2015095330A JP2013233350A JP2013233350A JP2015095330A JP 2015095330 A JP2015095330 A JP 2015095330A JP 2013233350 A JP2013233350 A JP 2013233350A JP 2013233350 A JP2013233350 A JP 2013233350A JP 2015095330 A JP2015095330 A JP 2015095330A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- lithium
- negative electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229910000032 lithium hydrogen carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC([O-])=O HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
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- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極と、電解液を含む電解質層と、負極と、が順次積層されてなる少なくとも1つの単電池層を含む発電要素を有する。正極は、集電体の表面に正極活物質を含む正極活物質層が形成されてなり、負極は、集電体の表面に負極活物質を含む負極活物質層が形成されてなる。そして、正極活物質層、負極活物質層、または電解質層は、炭酸水素リチウム(LiHCO3)を含み、当該炭酸水素リチウムの含有量は、電解液の総質量に対し、3〜14質量%である点に特徴を有する。
【選択図】なし
Description
集電体は導電性材料から構成され、その表面に活物質層が配置されて電池の電極を構成する。集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はないが、例えば、金属や、導電性を有する樹脂が採用されうる。
本形態のリチウムイオン二次電池は、活物質を必須に含み、さらに必要に応じて導電助剤、バインダなどの添加剤を含みうる。
活物質は、充放電時にイオンを吸蔵・放出し、電気エネルギーを生み出す。活物質には、放電時にイオンを吸蔵し充電時にイオンを放出する組成を有する正極活物質と、放電時にイオンを放出し充電時にイオンを吸蔵できる組成を有する負極活物質とがある。本形態の電極活物質層は、活物質として正極活物質を使用する場合は正極活物質層として機能し、逆に負極活物質を使用する場合は負極活物質層として機能する。本明細書では、正極活物質および負極活物質に共通する事項については、単に「活物質」として説明する。
導電助剤とは、活物質層の導電性を向上させるために配合される添加物をいう。導電助剤としては、ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、グラファイト、炭素繊維などの炭素材料が挙げられる。活物質層が導電助剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における導電ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上に寄与しうる。
バインダは、活物質、導電助剤などを相互に結着させ、電極活物質層の構造や導電ネットワークを保持する機能を有する。バインダとして使用される材料は、特に限定されないが、負極活物質を含む電極活物質層に使用する場合は、水系バインダを含むことが好ましい。水系バインダは、結着力が高く、また、原料としての水の調達が容易であることに加え、乾燥時に発生するのは水蒸気であるため、製造ラインへの設備投資が大幅に抑制でき、環境負荷の低減を図ることができるという利点がある。
本形態の電解質層に使用される電解質は、特に制限はないが、電極活物質層のイオン伝導性を確保する観点から、液体電解質、ゲルポリマー電解質、イオン液体電解質が用いられる。
本形態のリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極活物質層、負極活物質層、または電解質層に炭酸水素リチウムを含む点に特徴を有する。当該炭酸水素リチウムを正極活物質層、負極活物質層、または電解質層に含有させることにより、リチウムイオン二次電池の温度が上昇した場合であっても、電解液の発熱を抑制し、電池の安全性を確保することができる。
集電板(25、27)を構成する材料は、特に制限されず、リチウムイオン二次電池用の集電板として従来用いられている公知の高導電性材料が用いられうる。集電板の構成材料としては、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、チタン、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、これらの合金等の金属材料が好ましい。軽量、耐食性、高導電性の観点から、より好ましくはアルミニウム、銅であり、特に好ましくはアルミニウムである。なお、正極集電板27と負極集電板25とでは、同一の材料が用いられてもよいし、異なる材料が用いられてもよい。
また、図示は省略するが、集電体11と集電板(25、27)との間を正極リードや負極リードを介して電気的に接続してもよい。正極および負極リードの構成材料としては、公知のリチウムイオン二次電池において用いられる材料が同様に採用されうる。なお、外装から取り出された部分は、周辺機器や配線などに接触して漏電したりして製品(例えば、自動車部品、特に電子機器等)に影響を与えないように、耐熱絶縁性の熱収縮チューブなどにより被覆することが好ましい。
電池外装体29としては、公知の金属缶ケースを用いることができるほか、発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた袋状のケースが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムには、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが望ましい。また、外部から掛かる発電要素への群圧を容易に調整することができ、所望の電解質層厚みへと調整容易であることから、外装体はアルミネートラミネートがより好ましい。
図3は、二次電池の代表的な実施形態である扁平なリチウムイオン二次電池の外観を表した斜視図である。
一般的な電気自動車では、一回の充電による走行距離(航続距離)は100kmが市場要求である。かような航続距離を考慮すると、電池の体積エネルギー密度は157Wh/L以上であることが好ましく、かつ定格容量は20Wh以上であることが好ましい。
組電池は、電池を複数個接続して構成した物である。詳しくは少なくとも2つ以上用いて、直列化あるいは並列化あるいはその両方で構成されるものである。直列、並列化することで容量および電圧を自由に調節することが可能になる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、長期使用しても放電容量が維持され、サイクル特性が良好である。さらに、体積エネルギー密度、体積出力密度が高く、かつアン先生に優れる。電気自動車やハイブリッド電気自動車や燃料電池車やハイブリッド燃料電池自動車などの車両用途においては、電気・携帯電子機器用途と比較して、高容量、大型化が求められるとともに、長寿命化が必要となる。したがって、上記リチウムイオン二次電池は、車両用の電源として、例えば、車両駆動用電源や補助電源に好適に利用することができる。
が以下の実施例のみに制限されるわけではない。
LiNiO2と導電助剤を質量比95:5で混合して試験極(φ13)とし、対極にLi箔(φ14)を用いてコインセルを作製した。1mol/LのLiPF6をエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(3:7)に溶解させた電解液を用いた。充電状態のコインセルをAr雰囲気中で分解した後、試験極(LiNiO2電極)を取り出し、電極粉末を電解液共存下で示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行った。測定には耐圧密閉測定容器を用いた。電極粉末は1mg、電解液は0.5mgとした。DSC測定は室温から400℃までの測定を行った。炭酸水素リチウムを添加しない電解液を用いた場合の全発熱量(室温〜400℃)を1とし(ブランク)、炭酸水素リチウムを電解液量に対し10質量%添加した電解液を用いた場合の全発熱量(室温〜400℃)の変化率を求めた。また、炭酸水素リチウムを添加しない電解液を用いて作製したコインセルのIR(セル電圧4.2V、電流値2mA)(ブランク)に対する、炭酸水素リチウムを電解液量に対し10質量%添加した電解液を用いた場合のIR(セル電圧4.2V、電流値2mA)の上昇率を百分率[%]で求めた。なお、IRは電流を1秒間流した時のΔVより算出した。
LiNiO2と導電助剤を質量比95:5で混合して試験極(φ13)とし、対極にLi箔(φ14)を用いてコインセルを作製した。1mol/LのLiPF6をエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(3:7)に溶解させた電解液を用いた。充電状態のコインセルをAr雰囲気中で分解した後、試験極(LiNiO2電極)を取り出し、電極粉末を電解液共存下で示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行った。測定には耐圧密閉測定容器を用いた。電極粉末は1mg、電解液は0.5mgとした。DSC測定は室温(25℃)から400℃までの測定を行った。炭酸水素リチウムを添加しない電解液を用いた場合の全発熱量(室温〜400℃)を1とし(ブランク)、炭酸水素リチウムを電解液量に対し2質量%添加した電解液を用いた場合の全発熱量(室温〜400℃)の変化率を求めた。
LiNiO2と導電助剤を質量比95:5で混合して試験極(φ13)とし、対極にLi箔(φ14)を用いてコインセルを作製した。1mol/LのLiPF6をエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(3:7)に溶解させた電解液を用いた。充電状態のコインセルをAr雰囲気中で分解した後、試験極(LiNiO2電極)を取り出し、電極粉末を電解液共存下で示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行った。測定には耐圧密閉測定容器を用いた。電極粉末は1mg、電解液は0.5mgとした。DSC測定は室温から400℃までの測定を行った。炭酸水素リチウムを添加しない電解液を用いた場合のコインセルのIR(セル電圧4.2V、電流値2mA)(ブランク)に対する、炭酸水素リチウムを電解液量に対し20質量%添加した電解液を用いた場合のIR(セル電圧4.2V、電流値2mA)の上昇率を百分率[%]で求めた。なお、IRは電流を1秒間流した時のΔVより算出した。
LiNiO2と導電助剤を質量比95:5で混合したものにカプセル(0.1μm)を正極質量に対し4質量%混合したものをそれぞれ試験極(φ13)とし、対極にLi箔(φ14)を用いてコインセルを作製した。1mol/LのLiPF6をエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(3:7)に溶解させた電解液を用いた。カプセルを混合しない場合のコインセルのIR(セル電圧4.2V、電流値2mA)(ブランク)に対する、カプセルを正極質量に対し4質量%添加した場合のIR(セル電圧4.2V、電流値2mA)の上昇率を百分率[%]で求めた。
11 負極集電体、
11a 最外層負極集電体、
12 負極活物質層、
13 電解質層、
14 正極集電体、
15 正極活物質層、
16 単電池層、
17、57 発電要素、
18、58 負極集電板(負極タブ)、
19、59正極集電板(正極タブ)、
20 負極端子リード、
21 正極端子リード、
22、52 ラミネートフィルム。
Claims (4)
- 集電体の表面に、正極活物質を含む正極活物質層が形成されてなる正極と、
電解液を含む電解質層と、
集電体の表面に、負極活物質を含む負極活物質層が形成されてなる負極と、
が順次積層されてなる少なくとも1つの単電池層を含む発電要素を有するリチウムイオン二次電池において、
前記正極活物質層、前記負極活物質層、または前記電解質層は炭酸水素リチウムを含み、
前記炭酸水素リチウムの含有量は、前記電解液の総質量に対し、3〜14質量%である、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記炭酸水素リチウムの含有量は、前記電解液の総質量に対し、4〜13質量%である、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記炭酸水素リチウムは、前記正極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部に存在する、請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質は、リチウム−ニッケル系複合酸化物を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
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JPH11233143A (ja) * | 1998-02-17 | 1999-08-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 非水二次電池 |
JP2006236886A (ja) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-09-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池および非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
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