JP2012067144A - 神経毒インプラント - Google Patents
神経毒インプラント Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012067144A JP2012067144A JP2012003327A JP2012003327A JP2012067144A JP 2012067144 A JP2012067144 A JP 2012067144A JP 2012003327 A JP2012003327 A JP 2012003327A JP 2012003327 A JP2012003327 A JP 2012003327A JP 2012067144 A JP2012067144 A JP 2012067144A
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- Prior art keywords
- neurotoxin
- botulinum toxin
- polymer
- release
- implant
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- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229940006486 zinc cation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BVGLZNQZEYAYBJ-QWZQWHGGSA-N α-cobratoxin Chemical compound NC(=O)C[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 BVGLZNQZEYAYBJ-QWZQWHGGSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】(a) ポリマーマトリックス;および
(b) ポリマーマトリックス内に存在するA型ボツリヌス毒素;
を含んで成り、A型ボツリヌス毒素がポリマーマトリックスから10日間〜6年間の期間にわたって免疫系反応を生じずに放出される制御放出系。
【選択図】なし
Description
タンパク質のような大きい高分子用の制御放出系が既知である。例えば、高分子量タンパク質を組み込んだ生物適合性ポリマーペレットを埋め込んで、100日を越える期間にわたるタンパク質の連続放出が示されている。種々の不安定な高分子量酵素(例えば、アルカリホスファターゼ、分子量88kD、およびカタラーゼ、分子量250kD)が、長期連続放出特性を有する生分解性ポリマーインプラントに組み込まれている。一般に、キャスティング溶液におけるポリマー濃度の増加は、タンパク質がインプラントから放出される初期速度を減少させる。Nature 263;797−800:1976。
ヒドロゲルを使用して、シングルパルスおよびマルチプルパルス薬剤輸送インプラントが製造されている。シングルパルスインプラントは、浸透圧制御または溶融制御することができる。Doelker E.,Cellulose Derivatives,Adv Polym Sci 107;199−265:1993。インプラントからのある種の物質のマルチプルパルスは、温度(Mater Res Soc Symp Proc,331;211−216:1994;J.Contr Rel 15;141−151:1991)、pH(Mater Res Soc Symp Proc,331;199−204:1994)、イオン強度(React Polym,25;127−137:1995)、磁場(J.Biomed Mater Res,21;1367−1373:1987)または超音波のようなパラメーターの環境変化に応じて得られることが既知である。
嫌気性グラム陽性細菌であるボツリヌス菌(Clostridium botulinum)は、ボツリヌス中毒と呼ばれる神経麻痺性障害をヒトおよび動物において引き起こす強力なポリペプチド神経毒であるボツリヌス毒素を産生する。ボツリヌス菌の胞子は、土壌中に見出され、滅菌と密閉が不適切な零細缶詰工場の食品容器内で増殖する可能性があり、これが多くのボツリヌス中毒症例の原因である。ボツリヌス中毒の影響は、通例、ボツリヌス菌の培養物または胞子で汚染された食品を飲食した18〜36時間後に現れる。ボツリヌス毒素は、消化管内を弱毒化されないで通過することができ、そして末梢運動ニューロンを攻撃することができるようである。ボツリヌス毒素中毒の症状は、歩行困難、嚥下困難および会話困難から、呼吸筋の麻痺および死にまで進行し得る。
(1)頸部ジストニーを処置するための筋肉内注射(多数の筋肉)あたり約75単位〜125単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(2)眉間のしわを処置するための筋肉内注射あたり約5単位〜10単位のBOTOX(登録商標)(5単位が鼻根筋に筋肉内注射され、10単位がそれぞれの皺眉筋に筋肉内注射される);
(3)恥骨直腸筋の括約筋内注射による便秘を処置するための約30単位〜80単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(4)上瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋および下瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋に注射することによって眼瞼痙攣を処置するために筋肉あたり約1単位〜5単位の筋肉内注射されるBOTOX(登録商標);
(6)卒中後の上肢痙性を処置するために、下記のように5つの異なる上肢屈筋にBOTOX(登録商標)が筋肉内注射される:
(a)深指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(b)浅指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(c)尺側手根屈筋:10U〜40U
(d)橈側手根屈筋:15U〜60U
(e)上腕二頭筋:50U〜200U。5つの示された筋肉のそれぞれには同じ処置時に注射されるので、患者には、それぞれの処置毎に筋肉内注射によって90U〜360Uの上肢屈筋BOTOX(登録商標)が投与される。
(7)偏頭痛を処置するために、25UのBOTOX(登録商標)の頭蓋骨膜注射(眉間筋、前頭筋、側頭筋に対称的に注射される)は、25U注射後3ヶ月間にわたって、偏頭痛の頻度、最大重度、関連嘔吐および急性薬使用の減少した測定値によって示されるように、賦形剤と比較して偏頭痛の予防的処置として有意な利益を示す。
典型的には、単一タイプの小分子の神経伝達物質のみが、哺乳動物の神経系において各タイプのニューロンによって放出される。神経伝達物質アセチルコリンが脳の多くの領域においてニューロンによって分泌されているが、具体的には運動皮質の大錐体細胞によって、基底核におけるいくつかの異なるニューロンによって、骨格筋を神経支配する運動ニューロンによって、自律神経系(交感神経系および副交感神経系の両方)の節前ニューロンによって、副交感神経系の節後ニューロンによって、そして交感神経系の一部の節後ニューロンによって分泌されている。本質的には、汗腺、立毛筋および少数の血管に至る節後交感神経線維のみがコリン作動性であり、交感神経系の節後ニューロンの大部分は神経伝達物質のエピネフリンを分泌する。ほとんどの場合、アセチルコリンは興奮作用を有する。しかし、アセチルコリンは、迷走神経による心臓の抑制のように、抑制作用を一部の末梢副交感神経終末において有することが知られている。
本発明は、筋痙攣を包含する運動障害のような疾患の処置における、ボツリヌス毒素のような神経毒の反復ボーラスまたは皮下注入に関連した既知の問題、困難および欠陥を克服する神経毒インプラントを提供する。
本発明に含まれる制御放出系は、ポリマーマトリックス、およびポリマーマトリックス内に存在する所定量の神経毒を含んで成り、少量の神経毒を長期間にわたってポリマーマトリックスから放出することができる。
下記の定義を本明細書において適用する。
安定化神経毒は、+2またはそれ以上の価を有する多価金属カチオンの少なくとも1種類で錯体化した、生物学的に活性な非凝集神経毒を含んで成ることができることを我々は見出した。
増量剤は一般に不活性物質を含んで成る。好適な増量剤は、当業者に知られている。
Zn++安定化神経毒の製造
100単位の神経毒、例えば非再構成BOTOX(登録商標)を炭酸水素ナトリウム緩衝液(pH6.0)に溶解して、神経毒溶液を作る。Zn++溶液を、脱イオン水および酢酸亜鉛二水化物から作り、次に、ゆっくり混合しながら神経毒溶液に添加して、Zn++神経毒錯体を生成する。次に、1%の酢酸を添加して、Zn++神経毒錯体のpHを6.5〜6.9に調節する。これによって、不溶性Zn++安定化神経毒を含んで成る曇った懸濁沈殿物が形成される。それによって、後のポリマーマトリックスへの組み込みの際の有意な凝集に対して安定化された神経毒(例えばA型ボツリヌス毒素)錯体を得る。
神経毒制御放出ペレット
ポリマー溶液または重合性溶液への組み込みに好適な神経毒は、凍結乾燥粉末として商業的に入手可能なA型ボツリヌス毒素(例えばBOTOX(登録商標))である。さらに、最終インプラント性能に影響を与えずに、種々のポリマーおよびコポリマーを混合し、乾燥状態で保存することができる。例えば、紫外線硬化開始剤を使用するアクリレートコポリマーである。実施例1に記載したように、神経毒をZn++で錯体化することができる。次に、Zn++安定化神経毒錯体を、未硬化アクリレートコポリマー、紫外線開始剤および酸(pH5.5〜6.8)と混合する。混合物を、紫外線を透過させるガラスまたは透明プラスチック製ペレット鋳型に入れる。鋳型を20℃に維持した恒温水浴に入れる。ペレットを約50秒間にわたって紫外線で硬化し、容器に入れ、滅菌する。紫外線硬化の時間および強度は、有意でない量の神経毒が粉砕されるかまたは変性される程度の時間および強度である。
神経毒制御放出製剤
ペレットが神経毒を効果的に輸送しうる期間を長くするために、多層材料を使用することができる。即ち、内部材料は、ポリビニルピロリドン/メチルメタクリレートコポリマーから製造することができる。この材料は、神経毒錯体の高濃度を維持することを可能にする。神経毒の好適な量を、実施例1に記載したようにZn++で錯体化し、次に、この錯体を、未硬化コポリマー、低温開始剤および酸(pH5.5〜6.8)と混合する。混合物をガラスまたはプラスチック製のペレット鋳型に入れる。鋳型を約35℃の恒温水浴に約6時間〜約8時間入れる。これによって、長期制御放出に必要とされる神経毒のリザーバーが形成される。
多層神経毒制御放出インプラント
多層(高密度ポリマー/神経毒含有低密度ポリマー)を使用することによって、一時的な神経毒制御放出は増加しうるが、インプラントの大きさも増加しうる。インプラントが大きくなると共に、神経毒は体の広い領域に分散し、インプラントの有効性を減少しうる。これを避けるために、インプラントを、チタンのような非透過性材料の容器に入れる。小さい開口を維持して、容器に入れたペレットからの神経毒のピンポイント放出を可能にする。これにより、一般に、インプラントが、顕著に異なる放出特性を効果的に有しうるようになる。基本的に、これは、神経毒がポリマーの厚い部分を通過することも可能にし、神経毒放出期間を効果的に増加させる。
層状カラムを有する神経毒プラント
長期間の放出を維持するための代替的方法は、高密度ポリマー/神経毒含有低密度ポリマーの層を、上述のチタンペレットの内側に配置するものである。硬化は、35℃の強制空気循環炉において、適用される各層について約6時間〜約8時間で行うことができる。ペレットの直径は、適用される神経毒の量に関する重要な決定要素である。層の数は、インプラントが有効性を維持する期間を決定しうる。各層について、PMMA層の厚みは約0.5mmであることができ、神経毒含有低密度ポリマーの厚みは約0.3mmであってよい。付加される各層について、約3ヶ月の有効性の増加が得られる。耐用年数2年のインプラントは、インプラントの長さを約6.4mmに増加し、チタンシェルの断面の大きさを1mm増加して、合計約7.4mmにすることによって製造できる。
1.単一インプラントを使用して、1年またはそれ以上の期間にわたって、治療に有効な連続的または拍動的な神経毒の投与を行うことができる。
2.有意量の神経毒を全身に出現させずに、局所組織領域に神経毒を輸送する。
3.患者の継続ケアの必要性の減少。
4.神経筋障害のような疾患を処置するための、神経毒の定期的注入の必要性の減少。
5.必要とされる注入の回数の減少による、患者の快適感の増加。
6.患者のコンプライアンスの向上。
Claims (7)
- (a) ポリマーマトリックス;および
(b) ポリマーマトリックス内に存在するA型ボツリヌス毒素;
を含んで成り、A型ボツリヌス毒素がポリマーマトリックスから10日間〜6年間の期間にわたって免疫系反応を生じずに放出される制御放出系。 - A型ボツリヌス毒素が、連続的にまたは単相的にポリマーマトリックスから放出される請求項1に記載の制御放出系。
- ポリマーマトリックスが、非生分解性である物質から成る請求項1に記載の制御放出系。
- ポリマーマトリックスを構成するポリマーが、メタクリレート、ビニルピロリドン、ビニルアルコール、アクリル酸、ポリメチルメタクリレート、シロキサン、酢酸ビニル、乳酸、グリコール酸、コラーゲン、バイオセラミックポリマーおよびそれらのコポリマーから成る群から選択される請求項1に記載の制御放出系。
- ポリマーマトリックス内に存在するA型ボツリヌス毒素の量が、10単位〜2,000単位である請求項1に記載の制御放出系。
- (a) ポリマーマトリックス;および
(b) ポリマーマトリックス内の10単位〜20,000単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素を含んで成り、A型ボツリヌス毒素がポリマーマトリックスから、2ヶ月〜5年の期間にわたって免疫系反応を生じずに放出される制御放出系。 - 免疫系反応を生じずに運動障害を処置するための医薬の製造における、ポリマーマトリックスおよびA型ボツリヌス毒素を含む連続放出系の使用。
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