JP2010529953A - 膀胱癌における治療標的としてのp38α - Google Patents
膀胱癌における治療標的としてのp38α Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
FGFR3(繊維芽細胞増殖因子受容体3)は、胚発生及び組織の恒常性の多くの局面に関与する構造的に関連するチロシンキナーゼ受容体のファミリー(FGFR1−4)に属する。これらの受容体は、増殖、分化、遊走、及びアポトーシスを含む様々な生物学的過程を制御する。それらは病態にも関与しており、多くの研究で発生遺伝病及び良性又は悪性腫瘍におけるそれらの重要性が強調されてきた。FGFRは、2つ又は3つの免疫グロブリン様ドメイン、細胞膜貫通領域、及びチロシンキナーゼ活性を伴う細胞質内ドメインからなる細胞外リガンド結合ドメインを有する。細胞外ドメインへのリガンド結合によってFGFRの二量化が導かれ、細胞内チロシンのトランスリン酸化による受容体の活性化が誘発される。細胞内ドメインは、次に、様々な細胞内シグナル伝達タンパク質と相互作用し、それをリン酸化する。選択的mRNAスプライシングは、FGFRの異なる領域に影響を及ぼす。FGFR1−3の膜近傍Ig様ドメインの第2部分は2つの相互に排他的なエクソンによりコード化され、異なるリガンド特異性及び組織分布を有する2つの異なるアイソフォームb及びcをもたらす。FGFR3bが上皮細胞において主に発現されるのに対し、FGFR3cは軟骨細胞を含む間葉由来細胞において大部分が見出される。
本発明者らは、以下の理由から、p38αが、FGFR3突然変異に関連する病理、より一般的には膀胱癌又は腫瘍のための治療標的であることを確証した:
−p38αアイソフォームは突然変異型FGFR3により誘発される増殖に関与する唯一のアイソフォームである。
−p38αインヒビターは突然変異型FGFR3に特異的と思われる。実際に、それらは3T3細胞における活性化された野生型FGFR3により誘発される増殖を遮断しない
−ヒトのサンプルを使用し、膀胱腫瘍サンプルの大半がリン酸化p38αを発現したことが示されており、それは活性化p38αである。
FGFR3突然変異を保有する全ての膀胱腫瘍サンプルがリン酸化p38αを発現した。興味深いことに、FGFR3について突然変異のない一部のヒトのサンプルもリン酸化p38を発現しており、ヒトの膀胱腫瘍において、p38αの役割がFGFR3突然変異を伴う腫瘍に限定されないことを示唆する。例えば、RAS突然変異を呈する全てのヒトの膀胱腫瘍もp38αの強いリン酸化を呈した。
−p38αインヒビターは、膀胱腫瘍細胞株における突然変異型FGFR3により誘発される軟寒天中での増殖及びコロニー形成能を遮断する。
−p38αインヒビターはインビボで増殖を遮断し、特にそれらはヌードマウスにおける膀胱腫瘍の異種移植片の増殖及び皮膚マウス腫瘍モデルにおける腫瘍細胞の増殖も低減する。
−p38αインヒビターはいくつかのFGFR3突然変異、特にS249C及びY375Cについて効率的である。
からなる群より選択する。好ましい態様において、p38αインヒビターはp38αに特異的である。例えば、特異的p38αインヒビターは、
からなる群より選択できる。
からなる群より選択される(コドン番号はFGFR3bアイソフォームに対応する)。
定義
「含む」を使用する場合、これは好ましくは「本質的になる」、より好ましくは「からなる」により置換できる。
a)方法が、膀胱癌又は腫瘍の処置を可能にする用量(=治療的有効量)において、そのような処置を必要とする被験体、特にヒトに、p38αインヒビター(好ましくは薬学的に許容可能な担体物質)を(少なくとも1回の処置のために)投与する工程を含む、膀胱癌又は腫瘍の処置の(=処置するための)方法;
b)膀胱癌又は腫瘍の処置のためのp38αインヒビターの使用;又は該処置における(特にヒトにおける)使用のためのp38αインヒビター;
c)膀胱癌又は腫瘍の処置のための薬学的製剤の製造のためのp38αインヒビターの使用;
d)膀胱癌又は腫瘍の処置のために適切であるp38αインヒビターの用量を含む薬学的製剤;及び/又は
e)膀胱癌又は腫瘍の処置における同時、分割、又は連続使用のための併用製剤としてp38αインヒビター及び他の薬物を含む産物。
a)方法が、病理の処置を可能にする用量(=治療的有効量)において、そのような処置を必要とする被験体、特にヒトに、p38αインヒビター(好ましくは薬学的に許容可能な担体物質)を(少なくとも1回の処置のために)投与する工程を含む、FGFR3突然変異に関連する病理の処置の(=処置するための)方法;
b)FGFR3突然変異に関連する病理の処置のためのp38αインヒビターの使用;又は該処置における(特にヒトにおける)使用のためのp38αインヒビター;
c)FGFR3突然変異に関連する病理の処置のための薬学的製剤の製造のためのp38αインヒビターの使用;
d)FGFR3突然変異に関連する病理の処置のために適切であるp38αインヒビターの用量を含む薬学的製剤;及び/又は
e)FGFR3突然変異に関連する病理の処置における同時、分割、又は連続使用のための併用製剤としてp38αインヒビター及び他の薬物を含む産物。
CIS−非常に初期の癌細胞が膀胱内膜の最内層においてのみ検出される;
Ta−癌は膀胱内膜の最内層中にのみある;
T1−癌が膀胱内膜下の結合組織中に増殖している;
T2−癌が結合組織を通じて筋肉中に増殖している;
T2a−癌が浅筋中に増殖している;
T2b−癌が深筋中に増殖している;
T3−癌が筋肉を通じて脂肪層中に増殖している;
T3a−脂肪層中の癌が顕微鏡下でのみ見ることができる;
T3b−脂肪層中の癌が試験で見ることができる、又は、医師により触診できる;
T4−癌が膀胱外に広がっている;
T4a−癌が前立腺、子宮、又は腟に広がっている;
T4b−癌が骨盤壁及び腹壁に広がっている。
マイトジェン活性化タンパク質キナーゼp38は、本来は、リポ多糖(LPS)で刺激した単球から単離されたセリン/スレオニンキナーゼである。4つのアイソフォーム、即ちp38α、p38β、p38γ、及びp38δが存在する。p38αは、MAPK14(マイトジェン活性化タンパク質キナーゼ14)、CSBP、又はSAPK2A(GeneID: 1432 ; Uniprot Q16539)と呼ぶこともできる。このアイソフォームは炎症での治療標的である。従って、多くのp38αインヒビターが開発されてきた。
からなる群より選択される。他のp38αインヒビターが、以下の特許及び特許出願において記載される:
それらの開示は全てが、その全体において参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
からなる群より選択される。
FGFR3は繊維芽細胞増殖因子受容体3を指す。特に、FGFR3が癌及び良性皮膚腫瘍におけるFGFR3bアイソフォームであるのに対し、それは骨格病理においてFGFR3cの好ましいアイソフォームである。FGFR3−IIIbアイソフォームのヌクレオチド配列は、欧州特許第1 208 231 B1号において記載される。FGFR3−IIIcアイソフォームのヌクレオチド配列は、GenebankにおいてNM_000142と呼ばれる配列である。
からなる群より選択される。コドン及び突然変異型ヌクレオチド(nt位置)に、上皮細胞における優勢型であるFGFR3−IIIb cDNAのオープンリーディングフレームに従って番号を付ける。より好ましくは、FGFR3突然変異は、R248C、S249C、G372C、K652E、及びY375Cからなる群より選択される。さらにより好ましくは、FGFR3突然変異はS249C又はY375Cである。
RASは、シグナル伝達、特にFGF受容体を含むチロシンキナーゼ受容体のシグナル伝達に関与するタンパク質(HRAS、KRAS、NRAS)のファミリーを指す(Eswarakumar VP, Lax I, Schlessinger J, 2005, Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16: 139-49)。それらは2つの異なる状態、GTPに結合した活性状態及びRASのGTPase活性のためにGTPがGDPに変換された不活性状態で存在する。膀胱癌を含む癌において、全て3つのRAS遺伝子の突然変異型が記載されている。これらの突然変異型はより低いGTPase活性を有し、そのためそれらは活性状態のままである。膀胱癌におけるRAS突然変異(HRAS、KRAS、及びNRAS突然変異)の17%の推定率は、Sanger InstituteのCosmicデータベース(www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/)から推定できる。例えば、RAS突然変異は、HRAS突然変異G12S及びG13V、KRAS突然変異G12C及びG12DならびにNRAS突然変異M72Iの間で選択できる。しかし、突然変異に加えて、RASの過剰発現も検討する。
以下の実施例は、本発明をさらに例示するために有用であり、しかし、同時に、その任意の限定を構成しない。それとは逆に、手段を様々な他の態様、改変、及びその同等物に加えることができ、それらは、本明細書における記載を読んだ後に、当業者に、本発明の精神及び/又は添付の特許請求の範囲から逸脱することなく、それら自体を示唆しうることが明確に理解されるはずである。
細胞培養及びトランスフェクション
野生型FGFR3bアイソフォーム(クローンR3b1.1、R3b1.3)を発現する、もしくは突然変異型FGFR3b−S249C受容体(クローンS249C1.1、S249C 1.2)を発現するトランスフェクトしたNIH−3T3細胞、又は、対照pcDNAI−Neoプラスミド(クローンNeo1.5、Neo2.1)でトランスフェクトしたNIH−3T3細胞を先に樹立し{Bernard-Pierrot, 2006, Carcinogenesis 4, 740-747}、10%ウシ新生児血清、2mMグルタミン、100u/mlペニシリン、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン、400μg/ml G418を伴うDMEM中で培養した。ヒト膀胱癌細胞株MGH−U3{Lin, 1985 #96}を、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)、2mMグルタミンを伴うDMEM/F12中で培養した。全ての細胞を37℃で5% CO2を含む空気中で培養した。
であった。本発明者らは、両方のFGFR3 siRNAがMGH−U3細胞においてFGFR3タンパク質の80−90%の欠乏を導くことを先に示していた{Bernard-Pierrot, 2005}。彼らは、トランスフェクションから72時間後のMTT(3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド)の取り込みを測定し(24ウェルプレート)、細胞増殖/生存を評価し、又は、溶解バッファーでそれらを溶解した(6ウェルプレート)。
NIH−3T3細胞を異なるインヒビターSB203580及びSU5402(Calbiochem, Merck Eurolab, Fontenay Sous Bois, France)の存在下で48時間培養し、位相差顕微鏡を使用して写真を撮った。
トランスフェクトしたNIH−3T3細胞をPBSで1回洗浄し、24時間血清飢餓した。必要な場合、細胞を50μg/mlヘパリンの存在下で、37℃で、20ng/ml FGF1で5分間刺激した。それらを次に溶解バッファー(50mM Tris−HCl (pH 7.4)、150mM NaCl、1% NP−40、0.25%デオキシコール酸ナトリウム、1mM EDTA、1mM Na3VO4、5mM NaF、1μg/mlアプロチニン、1μg/mlロイペプチン、及び1μg/mlペプスタチン)中で溶解し、ライセートを遠心分離により清澄化した。上精のタンパク質濃度をBiorad Bradford Protein Assay Kit(BioRad, Ivry sur Seine, France)で決定した。全細胞ライセートからのタンパク質(75μgタンパク質)を10%ポリアクリルアミドゲルでのSDS−PAGEにより分離し、25mM Tris(pH 8.3)、200mMグリシン、10%エタノール中で Immobilon−P膜にエレクトロトランスファーし、p38(#9212)、Akt(#9272)、p42/p44(#9102)、及び3つのタンパク質のリン酸化(ホスホAKT (Thr308) #9275;ホスホp42/p44(thr202/tyr204)# 9101;ホスホp38(thr180/tyr182)(Cell Signaling Technology , Ozyme, Montigny le Bretonneux, France)に対する抗体を使用して分析した。
NIH−3T3では、30,000個のトランスフェクト細胞を、トリプリケートで、10% NCSを添加し、寒天で凝固したDMEMを含む12ウェルプレートの各々のウェルに加えた。MGH−U3では、20,000個の非トランスフェクト又はsiRNAトランスフェクト細胞を、トリプリケートで、10%FCS及び寒天を添加したMEMを含む12ウェルプレートのウェルに加えた。必要な場合、両方の細胞型を、寒天中及び培養液中での異なるインヒビターの存在下又は不在において培養した。同量のインヒビターを週1回培養液に加えた。
10匹の6週齢雌Swiss nu/nuマウスをCurie Instituteの動物施設において特定病原体除去条件で飼育した。それらの世話及び収容は、French National Ethics Committee(Ministere de l'Agriculture et de la Foret, Direction de la Sante et de la Protection Animale, Paris, France)の施設ガイドラインに従い、許可を受けた研究者により管理された。各マウスの各側腹部(背部)に4 x 106個細胞/部位を皮下注射した。腫瘍が50mm3(+/− 10)に達した時、マウスを無作為に5匹のマウスの2群に分けた。100μlの20μM SB203580又は当容積のPBSを毎日腫瘍中に投与した。腫瘍形成を25日までモニターし、腫瘍のサイズをノギスで測定した:2つの垂直直径を使用して、式ab2/2により腫瘍容積を推定し、式中、aは最大径、bは最小径である。
表皮の基底細胞において突然変異型受容体FGFR3b−S249Cを発現するトランスジェニックマウス(K5−FGFR3−S249C)を先に樹立した(Logie et al 2005, Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 1153-1160)。40μlの100μM SU5402もしくは100μM SB203580又は賦形剤(アセトン)を2週間毎日、口吻に表皮腫瘍を発生した3から4ヵ月齢のトランスジェニックマウス又は対照同腹仔マウスの口吻に適用した。屠殺の2時間前に、マウスに0.25mg/g体重のBrdu(Sigma, Saint-Quentin Falavier, France)を注射(腹腔内)した。Brdu免疫組織化学的検査を、パラフィン包埋した口吻組織上で、製造業者の指示に従いBrdU in situ検出キット(BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA)で実施した。基底表皮層からの500個の細胞中のBrdU標識細胞数を、各々のマウスについて決定した。全口吻細胞ライセート(75μg)を、上記の通りに、p38及びホスホ−p38(Pp38)に対する抗体を使用して分析した。
FGFR3b−S249C誘発性のNIH−3T3細胞形質転換は、p38 MAPキナーゼ依存的である。
本発明者らは、突然変異型FGFR3bに反して、そのリガンドの1つにより活性化された野生型FGFR3bでさえ、両方の受容体のリン酸化レベルが同様であったにもかかわらず、NIH−3T3細胞を形質転換しなかったことを先に示している{Bernard-Pierrot, 2005}。本発明者らは、(突然変異型及びリガンド刺激された)2つの受容体が異なる伝達経路を活性化できうるとの仮説を立て、観察された形質転換活性における差を説明している。
本発明者らは、次に、突然変異型FGFR3誘発性の細胞形質転換におけるp38 MAPキナーゼのこの関与が、NIH−3T3細胞に特異的であり、上皮細胞株において生物学的により有意であるのではないかと考えた。彼らは、膀胱癌細胞であるMGH−U3の腫瘍特性が突然変異型受容体活性(FGFR3b−Y375C)に依存することを先に実証していたため{Bernard-Pierrot, 2005}、彼らは突然変異型FGFR3がこの細胞株においてp38活性化を誘発するか否かを調べた。
本発明者らはトランスジェニックマウスモデルを先に樹立しており、それにおいて、彼らはケラチン(keratine)5プロモーターを使用して表皮の基底細胞に対して突然変異型FGFR3bであるFGFR3b−S249Cの発現を標的とした{Logie, 2005, Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 1153-1160}。これらのマウスは、特に口吻で良性の表皮性腫瘍を発生した(図3A)。本発明者は、このように、このモデルにおいて、腫瘍細胞の増殖が突然変異型FGFR3bによるp38活性化にも起因しうるのではないかと考えた。最初に、本発明者らは、免疫ブロット分析により、p38がトランスジェニックマウスの口吻ライセート中でリン酸化されたのに対し、リン酸化は対照同腹仔マウスの口吻においては観察されないことを示し、FGFR3−S249C発現がトランスジェニックマウスの口吻においてp38活性化を導くことを示唆する(図3B)。この結果を検証するために、トランスジェニックマウスの口吻をFGFRチロシンキナーゼインヒビターであるSU5402で処置し、p38のリン酸化状態を評価した。免疫ブロット分析によってFGFR3抑制時でのp38リン酸化における低下が示され、故に、突然変異型FGFR3がトランスジェニックマウスの口吻細胞においてp38経路をまさしく活性化することを実証した(図3C)。次に、本発明者らは、p38MAPキナーゼインヒビターであるSB203580での口吻処置によって、BrdU標識により評価された通り、トランスジェニックマウスの腫瘍細胞の増殖における有意な低下が誘発されるのに対し、それは対照マウスでの基底表皮細胞の増殖に及ぼす効果を有さないことを実証した(図3D)。まとめると、それらの結果によって、基底表皮細胞における突然変異型FGFR3b によるP38MAPキナーゼ経路の活性化及び我々の皮膚マウス腫瘍モデルにおける表皮腫瘍細胞の増殖におけるその関与が明確に指摘された。
本発明者らは、異なるインビトロ及びインビボのモデルにおいて、突然変異型FGFR3発現がp38MAPキナーゼの活性化を導き、それは突然変異型FGFR3が細胞形質転換を誘発するために必要とされることを明確に実証した。
Claims (13)
- 膀胱腫瘍又は癌を処置するための医薬を調製するためのp38αインヒビターの使用。
- p38αインヒビターが、
からなる群より選択される、請求項1記載の使用。 - p38αインヒビターが、p38αに特異的である、請求項1又は2に記載の使用。
- 特異的p38αインヒビターが、
からなる群において選択される、請求項3記載の使用。 - p38αインヒビターが、p38αに対して向けたsiRNAである、請求項1記載の使用。
- p38αインヒビターが、アンチセンス、抗体及びリボザイムからなる群より選択される、請求項1記載の使用。
- リン酸化p38αが、処置する被験体からのサンプルにおいて検出される、請求項1−6のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 膀胱癌が、FGFR3又はRASの突然変異に関連する、請求項7記載の使用。
- 処置する被験体が、好ましくは病理に罹患した組織において突然変異型FGFR3を有する、請求項1−8のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- FGFR3突然変異が、
からなる群より選択される、請求項1−9のいずれか一項記載の使用。 - p38αインヒビターが、経口、局所、又は非経口で投与される、請求項1−10のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 被験体からのサンプルにおいてFGFR3又はRASが突然変異を有するか否かを決定すること、及び、突然変異型FGFR3又はRASを有する被験体を選択すること、を含む、p38αインヒビターにより処置するのに適した膀胱癌又は腫瘍を患う被験体を選択するための方法。
- FGFR3突然変異が、
からなる群より選択される、請求項12記載の方法。
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US20100166737A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
JP2013238609A (ja) | 2013-11-28 |
WO2008142031A1 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
EP2146710B1 (en) | 2013-03-27 |
EP2146710A1 (en) | 2010-01-27 |
CA2686421A1 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
JP5366934B2 (ja) | 2013-12-11 |
ES2415138T3 (es) | 2013-07-24 |
EP1992344A1 (en) | 2008-11-19 |
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