JP2010279394A - 疾患検出のための方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
【解決手段】一実施形態において、患者の疾患状態を決定するための方法が提供され、この方法は、以下:流出された細胞または細胞の破片を含む患者サンプルにおける核酸の完全性を決定する工程;およびインタクトな核酸がこのサンプル中に、予め決定された閾値よりも多い量で存在する場合、この患者を疾患を有するとして同定する工程、を包含する。別の実施形態において、疾患に関して患者をスクリーニングするための方法が提供され、この方法は、以下:流出された細胞の破片を含む患者サンプルにおける核酸の完全性を決定する工程;およびこの核酸の完全性が予め決定された閾値を超えるサンプルとして陽性スクリーンを同定する工程、を包含する。
【選択図】なし
Description
多くの疾患がゲノムの不安定性に関連する。すなわち、変異のようなゲノム安定性の破壊は、特定の癌の発症または進行に連結する。従って、ゲノム不安定性の種々の局面が、疾患に関する信頼性のあるマーカーとして提案されている。例えば、BRCA遺伝子における変異は、乳癌のマーカーとして提案され、そしてp53細胞周期調節遺伝子における変異は、多数の癌(特に直腸結腸癌)と関連する。特定の変異が、特定の型の癌の初期段階に対する分子スクリーニングアッセイの基本であり得ることが示唆されている。例えば、非特許文献1を参照のこと。
本発明は、流出された細胞材料を含む生物学的サンプルにおける核酸の完全性が、サンプルが得られた患者の疾患状態の指標であることを提供する。本発明に従って、特定の組織サンプルまたは体液サンプル(特に以下に記載されるもの)は、周辺器官または周辺組織から流出された細胞由来の破片を含む。健康な患者において、このような破片は、正常な細胞周期の一部としてアポトーシスの結果である。アポトーシスは、核酸の完全性を減少し、その結果、小さいフラグメントの核酸のみが、健康な個体の剥離された細胞破片中に存在する。対照的に、細胞周期機構が破壊または欠損される癌のような疾患において、細胞の破片は、高い完全性の核酸(すなわち、アポトーシスによって分解されていない核酸)を含む。従って、本発明の方法は、核酸完全性を患者の疾患状態の測定として用いることを含む。完全性は、任意の簡便な手段によって測定され得る。好ましい手段としては、サンプル中の核酸の量、サンプル中の核酸の長さ、またはサンプル中の核酸の分子量が挙げられる。
(項目1) 患者の疾患状態を決定するための方法であって、この方法は、以下:
流出された細胞または細胞の破片を含む患者サンプルにおける核酸の完全性を決定する工程;および
インタクトな核酸がこのサンプル中に、予め決定された閾値よりも多い量で存在する場合、この患者を疾患を有するとして同定する工程、
を包含する、方法。
流出された細胞の破片を含む患者サンプルにおける核酸の完全性を決定する工程;および
この核酸の完全性が予め決定された閾値を超えるサンプルとして陽性スクリーンを同定する工程、
を包含する、方法。
患者サンプルに存在する患者の核酸の量を決定する工程;
この量を、疾患陰性サンプルに存在すると予想される標準的な核酸の量と比較する工程;および
この標準的な量よりも多い患者の核酸の量としてこの患者における疾患を検出する工程、
を包含する、方法。
(a)患者から得られたサンプル中の患者の核酸を増幅する工程;
(b)工程(a)で得られた増幅核酸の量を決定する工程;および
(c)この増幅された核酸の量が疾患陰性サンプル中で予想される増幅された核酸の量よりも多い場合、陽性スクリーンを同定する工程、
を包含する、方法。
複数のゲノム遺伝子座を選択する工程;
この各遺伝子座において増幅反応を実行する工程;
増幅産物を生成する遺伝子座の数が予め決定された閾値を超えるサンプルとして陽性スクリーンを同定する工程、
を包含する、方法。
複数のゲノム遺伝子座を選択する工程;
この各遺伝子座において増幅反応を実行する工程;
増幅が生じる各遺伝子座に対して第1の数値的なスコアを割り当てる工程;
増幅が生じない各遺伝子座に対して第2の数値的なスコアを割り当てる工程;
閾値の量によって、この第1の数値的なスコアの総数がこの第2の数値的なスコアの総数を超えるかどうかを決定し、これによって疾患に関してこのサンプルをスクリーンする工程、
を包含する、方法。
本発明は、生物学的サンプルの分析方法を提供する。本発明の方法は、生物学的サンプル中の核酸の完全さに基づく、診断に関連した情報を提供する。正常な生物学的サンプル(スクリーニングされる疾患のしるしを有していないサンプル)、特に管腔組織および/または流体を含むサンプルは、代表的には、アポトーシスによる分解の結果である大量の短いフラグメント、低い完全性の核酸(特にDNA)を含む。変異がゲノム不安定性を引き起こす場合、正常の細胞周期は妨害され得、そしてアポトーシス分解は、正常なサンプルで期待される速度では起こらないかもしれない。本発明の方法は、このような妨害についてスクリーニングする。
増幅されたフラグメントの%=(FL−PD)/(FL+PD)
で表され、ここでFLは、フラグメント長(塩基対)であり、そしてPDは、プライマー距離(塩基対)である。この等式は、サンプルDNAフラグメント長が均一に分布している(すなわち、切断が起きる有利な位置は存在しない)と仮定する。
以下の実施例は、排泄された便サンプルにおける結腸癌についてのスクリーニングに関する。本発明が基礎とする原理(上記を参照のこと)に基づいて、同じ分析が他のサンプル(例えば、上述のサンプル)に対して、本明細書中に示される結果と同じ結果を伴って行われ得る。
上で得られたヒトDNAフラグメントのサイズは、多数の手段により決定され得る。例えば、ヒトDNAは、ゲル電気泳動を使用して分離され得る。3%アガロースゲルを当該分野で公知の技術を使用して調製する。Ausubelら、Short Protocols in Molecular Biology,John Wiley & Sones,1195,2−23−2−24頁(本明細書中に参考として援用される)を参照のこと。次いで、ヒトDNAフラグメントのサイズを、既知の標準と比較することにより決定する。約200bpより大きなフラグメントは、陽性スクリーンを提供する。診断はスクリーンのみに基づいてなされ得るが、陽性スクリーンを提示する患者は、確認された診断を与えるために好ましくは追跡検査を求めるように助言される。
便サンプルを、結腸鏡検査が行われるべきであることを示した症状または病歴を示す9人の患者から採取した。各便サンプルを凍結した。便サンプルを提供した直後に、患者の疾患状態を決定するために、各患者に結腸鏡検査を行った。結腸鏡検査結果、および次の結腸鏡検査の間に採取した生検サンプルの組織学的分析に基づいて、個体を2つのグループ:正常または異常のうちの一方においた。異常群は、癌または少なくとも1cmの直径の腺腫を有する患者からなる。これらの結果に基づいて、9人の患者のうち4人を異常群にいれた。
順方向または逆方向プライマーを、約1.8Kb以上のフラグメントが増幅されるように配置した以外は、上記の実施例1に記載される実験と本質的に同一の実験を行った。
胃腸障害の疑いのある、Mayo Clinicに存在する30人の患者について、盲検試験の一部として収集および調製されたサンプル由来のDNAの分子量プロフィールを決定するために実験を行った。便サンプルを得、そしてDNAを上記のようにして単離した。
この実施例において、結腸鏡検査を使用して診断された直腸結腸腺腫または直腸結腸癌を有する多数の患者、および直腸結腸癌も腺腫も有さないと診断された79人の患者における臨床的結果と、本発明の方法とを相関させた。便サンプルを、これらの患者の各々から得、そして上記のように調製した。上に示される5個の異なる遺伝子座のフラグメントを、上記の実施例3のプロトコルを使用して、200、400、800、1300、1800および2400塩基間隔をあけられたプライマーを使用して増幅した。各増幅物を、フラグメントの首尾良い増幅が1のスコアを付けられ、そして増幅していないものが0のスコアを付けられるようにスコア付けした。5個の遺伝子座は6個のプライマー対の各々を使用して問い合わせされるため、最大スコアは30であった(5個全ての遺伝子座において6個全てのフラグメントの首尾良い増幅)。溶性スクリーンのカットオフは、21に設定した。その結果を以下に示す。
表1
正常
腺腫
癌
この実施例において、本発明の方法を使用して、28人の患者における非結腸癌を検出した。
表4
上部結腸癌(supercolonic cancer)
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EP1238113B1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2010-02-24 | EXACT Sciences Corporation | Detection of lung neoplasms in stool |
US6911308B2 (en) * | 2001-01-05 | 2005-06-28 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Methods for detecting, grading or monitoring an H. pylori infection |
US6428964B1 (en) | 2001-03-15 | 2002-08-06 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Method for alteration detection |
US20030049659A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2003-03-13 | Lapidus Stanley N. | Devices and methods for isolating samples into subsamples for analysis |
US20030039012A1 (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2003-02-27 | Pezzaniti Joseph L. | Communication system and method to avoid laser-pulse broadening by multi-path effects |
US20070020513A1 (en) * | 2001-10-04 | 2007-01-25 | Ise Corporation | Energy Storage Cell Support Separator and Cooling System for a Multiple Cell Module |
-
1999
- 1999-12-07 US US09/455,950 patent/US6586177B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-09-08 CA CA002384368A patent/CA2384368A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-09-08 JP JP2001521786A patent/JP2003508083A/ja active Pending
- 2000-09-08 AT AT00968342T patent/ATE438737T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-08 ES ES00968342T patent/ES2329543T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-08 EP EP00968342A patent/EP1212468B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-08 WO PCT/US2000/024639 patent/WO2001018252A2/en active Application Filing
- 2000-09-08 EP EP09167115A patent/EP2110442A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-08 AU AU78276/00A patent/AU7827600A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-09-08 DE DE60042695T patent/DE60042695D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2003
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2010
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- 2010-09-29 JP JP2010219841A patent/JP2010279394A/ja active Pending
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ATE438737T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
AU7827600A (en) | 2001-04-10 |
US20100151478A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
WO2001018252A2 (en) | 2001-03-15 |
WO2001018252A3 (en) | 2001-10-25 |
US20070202513A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
DE60042695D1 (de) | 2009-09-17 |
US20040014104A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
JP2003508083A (ja) | 2003-03-04 |
US7811757B2 (en) | 2010-10-12 |
EP1212468B1 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
ES2329543T3 (es) | 2009-11-27 |
US6586177B1 (en) | 2003-07-01 |
EP1212468A2 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
EP2110442A1 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
CA2384368A1 (en) | 2001-03-15 |
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