FR3016240A1 - SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HIGH-PERFORMANCE SOLAR FLEXIBLE FILM FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BY ATOMIC CONSTRUCTION, ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID, TANDEM AND MULTI-FACADE HYBRIDIZATION - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention proposes an innovative solution for the production of super-efficient solar cells in thin and extra-thin films on flexible films including hybridization by additions of layers or tandem capture chambers and converters of invisible and thermal radiation. Its efficient design significantly reduces the cost per watt per square meter while significantly increasing the efficiency of solar cells and power systems. The invention uses the atomic deposition technique for the construction of complex molecules of quaternary compounds according to a 3D engineering modeled by an innovative design, as well as hybrid organic-inorganic layer constructs by the molecular deposition process MLD (for construction of Hybrid layers), high-power step-up converters of infrared light and piezoelectric components to capture calories on the backside. The cell captures the sun's rays arriving on its surface. This absorbs visible light and the near infrared. Invisible radiation passes through the absorber layer and arrives at the high-power converter that emits additional light. The heat and calories are transformed by the piezonoyl layer. An alternative of the present invention is a double-sided construction for capturing radiation reflected and received from behind the cell or solar panels. The photovoltaic cells may be of the organic and / or inorganic type in thin layers and / or ETA or in tandem, provided by grafts, printed or deposited.

Description

SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HIGH-PERFORMANCE SOLAR FLEXIBLE FILM FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BY ATOMIC CONSTRUCTION, ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID, TANDEM AND MULTI-FACADE HYBRIDIZATION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present application proposes an innovative solution for the production of solar cells in thin or extra thin layers, frequently called ETA (Extremely Thin Absorber) by atomic construction of inorganic layers or on hybrid organic-inorganic films grown according to molecular layer (MLD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) comprising hybridization of solar radiation conversion system by addition of invisible and thermal radiation converters with or without onboard energy storage means (or integrated with) substrate as well as OLED screens on flexible films. The photovoltaic cells can therefore be of the organic and / or inorganic type in thin layers and / or ETA (FIG. 5) and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) organic electroluminescent junctions, made by grafts, printed or deposited. The system uses a variety of innovative techniques including (and without limitation): 1) Atomic Layer Deposition (ATL) atomic deposition for the atomic construction of complex molecules of quaternary compounds, 2) Molecular layer deposition growth (MLD) ), 3) Radiation and heat converters as well as hybrid cells of porous titanium oxide (TiOx) by multiple cyclic deposition of the layers, 4) Tandem cells 5) Upconverters, double-sided facial surface passivation and 6 ) Solar tracking system integrated into the cell as well as 7) Different new anti-reflection techniques and increased efficiencies 8) Integration of thin-film storage battery with the substrate of the solar cell by segment on large surfaces, 9) Significant increase in production line output capacity by implementing the ALD space half-cycle procedures and MLD hybridization. 10) Large scale integration of renewable energies (photovoltaics) on two optimized surface faces of the installation by bifacialization of the solar cell surface.

The invention covers methods for increasing the area of the deposit and provides an efficient system with high throughput and continuous flow "roll to roll" continuous or batch (grouped and sequenced) and quality control time real, during production. Other innovative aspects of the present invention include: 1-A parallel processing of one or more coils of the flexible film, providing a considerable reduction in handling when capacitating the coils of the photovoltaic cells or film coils for the production of OLED screens during manufacturing processes. 2- Atomic construction of the complex molecules of the quaternary compounds (example: Cu2 Gax Set or Cu2 Zn Sn S4) as well as the hybrid cells of porous titanium oxide (TiOx) grafted by atoms of copper, indium and selenium ( CIS), with a stoichiometry of materials and a spatial arrangement that only the present invention can achieve on a large scale. 3- Molecular construction of MLD layers a. Hybridization of the interface layers b. Modeling of nanotic textures c. Growth of inter-layer interfaces 4- Optimization of realization of tandem cells 5- Invisible radiation converters 6- Heat converter by the implementation of piezonano-elements 7- Storage of the energy integrated into the substrate (also called on board) The invention uses, in particular, the hybridization technique for very substantially increasing the solar yields by: 8-ALD and sALD of atomic deposition for the construction of the molecules according to 3D engineering by: a. Increase of the gap band, or even its doubling, and address the case of quasipartic particles, notably the so-called "vibration packets" of the phonons. b. Increased Quantum Point 9- MLD to achieve: a. Organic and inorganic layers on the same substrate b. Growth of structures and complex textures of capture and trap photons c. Realization of interfaces between low cost (low-cost) layers 10- Use of MLD in interface layer Piezonanofils (gold Piezonotubes) 11- Use of MLD nanotube interface layer liquid crystal 12- Storage integrated substrate a. Use of nano titanate to increase the lifetime with MLD in thin layer on solar cell substrate b. Use of electrolyte-semi gel printing for batteries integrated into substrates c. Use of MLD in storage layer interface This nanostructured molecular realization is made possible by the implementation of an innovative system of "Hybrid Nanostructured Solution" combining an ALD deposition technique with a Sol-gel deposition technique as described in FIG.

The stoichiometric control is then fully mastered while the disadvantage of the slowness of the ALD technique is considerably compensated by the surface increase treated in the deposition cycles as shown in Figure 2. This application is an extension and a patent application subsequent claiming the internal priority of an invention patent application number 00828 filed on, 01 March 2010, itself an extension and a subsequent patent application claiming the internal priority of a first patent application number 09 01503 filed on, 27 March 2009; itself an extension and a subsequent patent application claiming the internal priority of a first invention patent application number 09 00921 filed on, 02 March 2009; itself an extension and a subsequent patent application claiming the internal priority of a first invention patent application number 09 00267 filed on, 22 January 2009; itself an extension and a subsequent patent application claiming the internal priority of a first patent application number 08 06821 filed Dec. 2008; Itself an extension and a subsequent patent application with the claim of the internal priority of a first patent application number 08 06820 filed on, December 5, 2008; Which is an extension and a subsequent patent application claiming the internal priority of a first patent application number 08 04598, filed on, 14 August 2008; Itself an extension and a subsequent patent application with the claim of the internal priority of a first patent application number 08 03019, filed on, 2 June 2008.

INTRODUCTION Silicon is a chemical element that does not fail because it constitutes 28% of the mass of the earth's crust. However, the purification and crystallization of which it must be subjected are complex and expensive processes. The second-generation photovoltaic cells, based on thin-film materials, are more concerned with reducing costs than increasing yields. The main materials used are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 selenides (whose various possible combinations are grouped under the name CIGS). Photovoltaic cells of the third generation must therefore be low cost and high efficiency.

The phenomenon of photovoltaic conversion is based on the interaction between solar radiation and the materials it penetrates. In the second-generation device, the light energy is partly transferred to electrons of the CIGS layer (selenides) which becomes mobile.

Thanks to an electric field present between the ZnO: Al layer (in zinc oxide "doped" with aluminum) and the CIGS layer, the electrons are attracted towards this first one. This results in a potential difference between ZnO: Al and the Mo layer (in molybdenum). In the external circuit, the electrons return to the Mo layer. The light energy acquired by the electrons is then electrically transferred in this circuit. A typical solar cell structure based on Cu (In, Ga) Se2 polycrystalline compounds, also referred to as CIGS (Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium) generally includes a back electrode followed by a layer of molybdenum (Mo). A CIGS absorption layer taken between the Mo layer and a CdS junction layer.

A transparent conductive oxide (TCO) such as zinc oxide (ZnOx) or tin dioxide (SnO2) formed on the CdS junction layer is typically employed as a transparent electrode.

In contrast with some recently filed or published application patents on the ETA layers (especially by IBM), the quaternary compounds (example: Cu2Inl_x Gax Set or Cu2 Zn Sn S4) have been known for many years for their light capture capacity, a study by W. Schafer and N. Nitsche of the Institute of Crystallography at the University of Freiburg, already dealt with the effects of this type of compound. "Trahedral quaternary chalcogenides of the type Cu2 --- II --- IV-- - S4 (Se4) ", published in 1974. This type of compound has a complex structure, which partly explains the difficulties encountered by many research centers to achieve this type of solar cells with efficiency and repeatability over large surfaces.

The ALD deposition technique has the advantage of controlling the thickness of deposition of a material on a substrate with a possibility of controlling the stoichiometry and the uniformity of deposition. The ALD technique combined with other rapid deposition techniques (Sol-Gel, printing, spin, spin coating, etc.) is an interesting solution to achieve complex structures or deposits difficult to achieve by current techniques. We know that solar radiation is made up of a much wider spectrum than the eye can see. For example, a sunburn is caused by invisible UV radiation, while invisible infrared radiation can also be felt by heat on the skin. Solar cells "see", too, only part of the solar radiation. For silicon cells, about 20% of the energy of the solar spectrum is lost, because the cells can only use a part of the infrared radiation for the production of electricity. PRIOR STATE OF THE ART [00101] The recent development and new methods for producing thin-film photovoltaic cells of the CIGS type have reached a yield of 20.8% (source, NREL National Renewable Energy Labratory, 2011-2012, USA). This yield is 9.3% for Cu2 Zn Sn Sa cells, published in Advanced Material (High-Efficiency Solar Cell with Abundant Liquid-Processed Absorber by Teodor K. Todorov, Kathleen B. Reuter, IBM David B. Mitzisource, February 2010). These results clearly show the potential of quaternary compounds for producing high efficiency solar cells for CIGS cells and low cost CZTN cells. Although co-evaporation has given the best yields, it has several disadvantages in controlling uniformity over large areas of deposition. For example, it is difficult to deposit a mixture of compounds or alloy by evaporation. The evaporation deposition is limited to the sources of the line of sight and in limited areas, which consequently gives a low yield and a spatial irregularity of the layer.

In addition, the use of evaporation can result in irregular deposits over large areas that degrade the overall efficiency of the solar cell.

Moreover, the use of evaporation as a deposit technique does not allow an exact evaluation of the band gap. It provides a better approximate value. The challenge for achieving a CIGS / CZTN cell with high efficiency is that the elementary components of the CIGS / CZTN layer must be present in a very narrow stoichiometric ratio so that the resulting cell is highly efficient. It is therefore difficult to achieve volume production on large surfaces with current techniques (evaporation, co-evaporation, sputtering (sputtering, magnetron, etc.)), as well as the repeatability of all these processes. are problematic

More recently, the atomic deposition of a layer by ALD has been employed in the manufacture of a hybrid cell composed of aggregates of CIS titanium spheroids as an active layer of inorganic solar cells (see for example, Nanu, M., Schoonman , J. and A. Goossens, 2004, "Inorganic nano-composites of non-p-type semiconductors: A new type of three-dimensional solar cell," adv Mater 5 (5): pp 453-455 and Nanu, M., Reijnen, L., Meeester, B., Schoonman, J. and A. Goossens, 2004, vapor deposition 10 (1): 45-49). Other application patents from Applied Materials, GEC and KODAK deal with CALD continuous deposition (Continuos Atomic Layer Deposition) techniques respectively in US2004 / 0067641, US2007 / 0281089 A1 and US2007 / 0238311A1.

These patents have the following drawbacks: US2007 / 0281089 discloses a zigzag unwinding system of the substrate inside a treatment chamber which is characterized by a large loss of precursor gases and reactant gases, as well as purge (large volume of the reaction chamber). This results in a slow cycle linked to the volumes of gases to be extracted as well as a significant loss of raw material related to these same volumes. The problem of curvature of the film arises in this system, especially for substrates sensitive to cracks. The US2004 / 0067641 patent shows an ALD multiple head system producing several layers in a single pass, thus reducing the time of a reaction cycle but presents a problem of recovery and control for large areas.

In another patent US2007 / 0238311A1, the application has a continuous sequential system with stop and frequent start. This system has the problem of overlap at the beginning of each movement which renders it unsuitable for substrates of other than continuous and coil-to-roll shape.

Other common problems of these methods proposed in the application patents are: a discontinuous and sequential flow (a strip or part of the substrate coil is treated). Heating time of the totality of the surfaces to be treated (are not optimized by the fact that the heating sources are far from the substrate and they are large). Sealing problem in the reaction chamber, it must be sealed at each sequential displacement of the substrate. Ensure the heating of the reaction chamber with each sequential displacement of the substrate.

In addition, various methods and methods of making ETA cells are described in the publications: Chalcogenide Letters Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2009, p. 17-22 Characteristics of brushed ZnS FILMS: K.R.MURALI *, S. KUMARESANA, Electrochemical Materials Science Division. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi - 630 006, Ind. A Dept of Physics, National College, Trichy, India .; as well as "Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion", Edited By, Tetsuo Soga. Department of Environmental Technology and Urban Planning Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan - Elsevier, Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It should be noted that the challenge for achieving a CIGS / CZTN cell with high efficiency is that the elementary components of the CIGS / CZTN layer must be present in a very narrow stoichiometric ratio so that the resulting cell is highly efficient.

It is therefore difficult to achieve volume production on large surfaces with current techniques (evaporation, co-evaporation, magnetron sputtering, etc.), as well as the repeatability of all these processes pose serious problems for the industry . Molecular deposition growth of the layers (also called Molecular Layer Deposition or "MLD") 1. There has been a spectacular growth in the field of atomic layer deposition (ALD) over the last 10 years. Part of this ALD development has been driven by the needs of the semiconductor industry. Other developments have resulted from the application of ALDs for non-semiconductor arenas. Atomic layer control and conformality of the ALD film thickness have been found to be useful for a wide range of applications such as the fabrication of photonic bandgap materials and gaseous diffusion barriers. In addition to new technological developments, there has also been an expansion of film types that can be grown using ALD-inspired processes. The introduction of organic precursors using Molten Layer Deposition (MLD) has greatly extended the identity of the composition of the deposited film. MLD is distinguished from ALDs because a molecular fragment can be added during a sequential surface self-limiting reaction. Figure 4 schematically represents an ideal MLD growth sequence in "self-limiting reactions" using two homobifunctional reagents in a process having the sequence of chemistry spontaneously used for the growth of an organic polymer, thereby allowing mixing of the Organic precursors used for MLD with inorganic ALD precursors define novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. 3. The original definition of MLD describes the sequence, the chemistry spontaneously used for the growth of an organic polymer. The first MLD system was based on condensation polymerization reactions and deposited a polyamide. More recently, the MLD of a variety of organic polymers has been demonstrated including polyamide, polyamide, polyurea, polyurethane, polythiourea and polythiolene. The organic precursors used for fully organic MLD can also be mixed with inorganic ALD precursors to define new hybrid organic-inorganic materials. The broad base game introduced by these hybrid materials has greatly expanded the possible materials that can be grown using ALD and MLD. The large amount of organic precursors available from organic chemistry leads to a wide variety of possibilities for organic-inorganic hybrid films using MLD. 4. Several hybrid organic-inorganic materials have recently been developed with MLD techniques. These systems have begun to define the wide range of materials that can be deposited using MLD. The ability to mix and match organic and inorganic precursors and their relative share in the film will lead to a wide range of film properties. In particular, the mechanical properties can be regulated by the control of the organic and the inorganic proportions. This brief report will first examine several MLD systems that have been demonstrated to illustrate the state's -of-the-art. Some new systems then be introduced to show the diversity of chemistries that can be used to develop various organic-inorganic hybrid films. Finally, speculations will be proposed in future prospects for the MLD of hybrid organic-inorganic materials. 5. Figure 5 illustrates the growth of Alucone (polymer film) in two stages using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ethylene glycol (EG). TMA is exposed to a hydroxylated surface and produces a surface covered with A1CH3 species, thus allowing the mixing of the inorganic organic base of new organic-inorganic hybrid materials in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell being subjected to the present invention. The current state of the art has already demonstrated the interest of organic-inorganic hybridization of MLD film. One of the first organic-inorganic hybrid materials grown according to MLD was an "Alucone" based on the reaction between trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ethylene glycol (EG). 6. In general, a two-step reaction MLD between a metal alkyl, such as TMA, and a diol, such as, for example, can be written as follows: a. Previous studies have shown that Alucone MLD using TMA and EG is very effective. Radiographic examinations (XRR) showed that the MLD growth rate is linear compared to the number of TMA / EG cycles. b. On the other hand, the MLD growth rate was temperature dependent and a decrease of 4.0 A per TMA / EG cycle at 85 ° C to 0.4 A per TMA / EG cycle at 175 ° C. Quartz (QCM) also revealed growth linearity in MLD than Alucone versus TMA and exposures for example. 7. The recent work in MLD motivated the inventor to consider the implementation of MLD processes for producing organic-inorganic interface and hybrid layers in the construction of the high-efficiency solar cells forming part of the present invention. Other common problems of these methods proposed in the application patents dealing with the design of interlayer layers for the epitaxial growth of thin layers of semiconductors and the chemical treatments for improving photovoltaic performance CIGS 20 or else method and system for selenization in manufacturing of CIGS / CIS solar cells processing different sodium doping method and a CIGS / CIS-based thin-film system with use of pigment and sodium species Bulk thin-film photovoltaic cell processing as cited in US Pat. application US20090235983 Applied Quantum Technology, LLC; US20090235987 EPV Solar, Inc .; US20090293945 SAINT GOBAIN 25 GLASS FRANCE; US20100087016 Global Solar Energy, Inc .; US20100087026 HELIANTHOS B.V: US20100087027 Stion Corporation .; US20100096007 SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS FRANCE; US20100101648 Sony Corporation .; US20100101649 SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS FRANCE; US20100212732 * Miasole; US20100224247 Applied Quantum Technology, LLC discloses the band gap increase or even its doubling and process improvement by increasing quantum dot and using the ALD or sALD and MLD processes subject of the present invention. [00103] Upconverting (UC) and Downconverting (DC) from the sun are two possible ways to improve energy recovery over the entire solar spectrum. Via such methods, it is possible to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single junction photovoltaic (PV) device. The effect of the addition of the downward conversion (DC) and down converting (DC) layers (UC), respectively to the front and back of a solar cell, modifies the spectrum of incident solar radiation. One of the most widely studied materials for these purposes have been lanthanides or rare earth systems, due to the relevance of their discrete energy levels for photon conversion in a wide variety of host materials (host). While high quantum yields of 200% have been demonstrated with downconverting (DC) materials, there are still several obstacles to achieving such a solar cell-based layer. Its obstacles are, on the one hand, low absorption of lanthanide ions and, on the other hand, the mechanism of increasing loss of non-radiative recombination. For elevator conversion (UC), however, there is an additional challenge to these two obstacles, which is the non-linear nature of the UC lift conversion process, thus favoring operation under the concentrated sunlight. The document (Proc SPIE 8438, Photonics for Solar Energy Systems IV, 843 802 (June 1, 2012), doi: 50 10.1117 / 12.923298) and various publications "Radiative Transfer on Energy Balances", discuss the application of Elevator Conversion (Up- "CPU" conversion) and down-conversion ("DC" down-conversion) of the sun in relation to photovoltaic (PV) systems, by discussing the material systems used and the optical characterization. The technology, which converts infrared to usable light, is known since the 1960s and 55 is based on boost converters (a boost converter is a scale / lift for light particles). However, it has only been tested in conjunction with solar cells since 1996. "We have been able to optimize the solar cells and converter to achieve the greatest efficiency gains so far," said Stefan Fischer. , scientist at ISE. The potential is important: silicon solar cells theoretically convert about 30% of the sunlight they receive into electricity. The high power boost converters could increase this share to 40%.

Figure 6a shows the graph of the energy absorbing bands (Abs / PL) as a function of the wavelength in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell forming the subject of the present invention. [00104] Organic / Inorganic Hybrid Considerations and PV Tandem for Increasing Cell Yields. Tandem cells and solar hybrid cells have been known for years 1963; whose implementation on glass in inorganic / organic tandem PV configuration. The tandem cells are well described in the patents ROUSTAEI et al, BOPI-2,932,010 and BOPI-2,932,002 and integrated in the present application in their entirety by referencing.

Example of hybrid cells are nevertheless illustrated by Figures 10a, 10b and 10c respectively; (10a) a schematic illustration of a CIGS solar cell with an organic interface layer and (10b) an illustration of n-type CIGS and sulphide (n-sulphide) layers on a pn junction and (10c) a flexible schematic illustration. Coating development and modeling of 3D processes in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage on the substrate of the present invention. Hybrid cell example with efficiencies> 22.8% with the following characteristics are: Upper Cell Organic - Eg 1.7-2.0 eV - Voc> 1 V 1.2V - <$ 10 / m2 - Printable - Low Process Temperature 30 Lower Cell Inorganic - Si or CIGS - Proven Technology - * 0.6V - Eg 1.1 eV, VOC <0.7 V 35 - Ineffective in blue More recently, patents US20100096007 and US20100101649 of SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS FRANCE; US20100101648 Sony Corporation; US20100212732 * Miasole; US20100224247 Applied Quantum Technology, LLC; US20080110491 Solyndra, Inc .; US20080115827 ITN 40 ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC .; US20080121277 ROBINSON MATTHEW R; US20080210303 Guardian Industries Corp .; US20080216886 IWAKURA TADASHI; US20090021157 KIM TAEWOONG; US20090084438 Guardian Industries Corp .; US20090145746 Miasole; describe improved yields by addition of layers or porous layer, with manufacturing methods without providing real solution for significantly increasing the conversion efficiencies of the 45 Processes by hybridization. In contrast to some recently filed or published thin-film application patents in US20080110491 Solyndra, Inc .; US20080115827 ITN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC .; US20080121277 ROBINSON MATTHEW R .; US20080210303 Guardian Industries Corp .; US20080216886 IWAKURA TADASHI .; US20090021157 KIM TAEWOONG .; US20090084438 Guardian Industries Corp .; US20090145746 Miasole; S20090235983 Applied Quantum Technology, LLC; US20090235987 EPV Solar, Inc .; US20090293945 Saint Gobain glass FRANCE; US20100087016 Global Solar Energy, Inc .; US20100087026 HELIANTHOS B.V .; US20100087027 Stion Corporation, more particularly treating systems 55 chemical baths and the method for large-scale cadmium sulfide on photovoltaic thin layers, the present invention attempts to replace the toxic layer of cadmium sulfide with a non-toxic layer ZnO type in several steps [00105] Double-sided solar cells (also called bifacial) and hybrid cells. Spanish teacher Andres Cuevas has pioneered the promotion of double-sided cells. It first verified its feasibility with a yield of 12.7% obtained on a surface of 4 Cm2. He has also worked for many years with his group in Spain in this area. While working in Australia, he wrote a historical summary in 2005. It included many types of bifacial solar cells. In this section, several paragraphs will be taken from this article, as well as recent publications. In 1977, the first publications on bifacial solar cells appeared at the first European Solar Photovoltaic Conference. The devices have a 7% yield and it has been presented by two groups from Mexico and Spain looking for. Bifacial solar cells can be classified according to the number of their junctions (eg double junction bifacial cells).

Mori (Mori, H., Radiation energy transducing device, in US Patent US 3278811, 1966.), a Japanese researcher proposed in 1960 a two-sided solar cell with a pn junction collector on each surface of a silicon wafer, thus forming a + p + np of the structure, as shown in Figure 11a. His idea was to increase the conversion efficiency of solar cells into silicon, limited at the time by the diffusion length of minority carriers. In this case, the second pn junction at the rear would improve the collection efficiency of the long wavelength photons (Figure 11b). According to Cuevas, "Mori's patent describes the possibility of producing double-sided lighting by means of a vertical and a horizontal mirror, in a dihedral arrangement.At the same time, measurements of solar cells with a pn junction on the two sides of a low resistivity silicon wafer have been reported in Russia.Many researchers have been working since transistor like solar cells, in most cases with a n + pn + structure .In a craft display In 2000, Hitachi researchers produced cells with a transistor structure with a 21.3% front and 19.8% backward efficiency.If the rear junction is left in open circuit, the device then operates as a back surface field (also called the Back Surface Field or BSF) of the solar cell, at the floating junction helping to reduce recombination at the surface Bifacial solar cells on the surface ground Back: They have a homopolar pp + nn + junction or on the opposite surface at the point where the hetero polar pole junction is located (see Figure 1 lb).

In 1970, Iles published for the first time that a drift field produced by a heavily doped region reduced recombination to the rear surface and improved Voc. Also in 1970, in Russia, the first cell of BSF was in fact a biface cell, which was patented by Bordin et al. Later, the first experimental results were published with a theoretical explanation of the role of BSF in suppressing surface recombination. Two-sided BSF solar cells: For this type of device, a combination of boron and phosphorus diffusions had been used to make BSF cells. Later, in 1978, the importance of surface passivation was demonstrated by Fossum and Burges, which greatly increases efficiency. Bifacial cells with dielectric passivation (11c): A conventional solar cell is composed of an n type and a p type region. If the rear full metal is replaced by a grid and the intermetallic space is passivated with a dielectric, it is possible to make a cell two-sided, as shown in Figure 11c. This simple structure of n + p was proposed in 1977 by the knight and Chambouleyron. Single Junction Bifacial Cell: The innovation of the device is that the metal at the back in direct contact with the p-type substrate on a restricted area, while most of the back surface has been passive, which is the innovation essential attributed to the well-known PERC (passivation of rear contacts) solar cell. With the development of PECVD silicon nitride passivation it was possible in 1987 to manufacture bifacial solar cells with 15% and 13.2% yields under the front and back lighting, respectively. In a new two diffusion approach, p and n were made using phosphorus and boron containing pastes. Other approaches are related to co-diffusions, in which one of the broadcasts was fused to the other to have a single step at high temperature.

This work has been developed primarily on P-type substrates, but in some cases, examples of N-type substrates will be presented. Super solar cell with high efficiency using a device for trapping light. Sun conversion into electricity is not difficult, but doing so efficiently and on a large scale is one of the reasons why researchers continue to develop innovative solutions to increase the efficiency rate. The 3D solar cell technology is still in development and should take a few more years. Patented by the company Solar3D, (Santa Barbara, CA. Patent Application filed on Feb.20 under Application No. PCT / US 2013/026914 and published on August 29.), the technology announced to make photovoltaic cells much more efficient and profitable than the traditional methods used until now. 3D solar cells are typically designed to absorb almost all solar radiation "falling" on micro-photovoltaic structures. Once the cell has absorbed the radiation, it is trapped inside the structure so that the trapped photons are used to produce electricity. Concretely, photons bounce around these structures to be fully converted into electrons. This new generation of solar cells promises to be more efficient, lowering cost-per-watt and making solar energy a more affordable source of energy for our planet with an increase in the efficiency of more solar cells. 50%. In addition to lowering the cost of installation, the size and weight of the solar modules would also be reduced. But the disadvantage of its systems is the mechanical part used to catch and trap the light that seems to be knives. This invention attempts to further exploit the full potential of nano structures in solar cells. The invention defines a means of creating large nano-textured sheets, creating a micro-cellular structure that offers the characteristic of simple and lightweight manufacture of solar cells, more efficient, flexible and easy to mass produce. [00107] Recovery of kinetic and thermal energy from solar radiation from photovoltaic cells using piezonanil and hybridization of solar cells. The state of the art identifies what is considered to be the top three categories of solar cells in terms of solar conversion efficiency and cost per unit area. Figure 8 shows the cost ratio per standard m2 identifying what are considered to be the top three categories of solar cells in terms of solar conversion efficiency and the cost per unit area in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell being the subject of the present invention.

CIGS cells in thin PV layers are classified as type II solar cells. They are single junction solar cells and, as such, have a fundamental ultimate photon-to-electron conversion ratio limited to a maximum of about 33.7% by what is known as the Schockley-Queisser boundary (William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of Pn Junction Solar Cells", Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 32 (March 1961), pp. 510-519, doi: 10.1063 / 1.1736034). The "loss" of energy is mainly converted into lattic vibrations / phonons / heating. (Type III) advanced solar cell concepts seek to challenge the Schockley-Queisser limit by using tandem or multiple-junction approaches and other technologies such as hot support conversion and thermophotonics (through, for example, coupling with approaches recovery of thermal energy, such as redox cells with liquid electrolyte). In general, however, such approaches are complex, bulky, difficult to manufacture and expensive. Thin film batteries integrated into the substrate (also called On-board Batteries); Between 1990 and 1995, mainly driven by Japanese manufacturers of portable equipment (camcorders, computers, nascent mobile telephony ...), two new electricity storage channels emerged, breaking with traditional technologies.

The development of nickel-metal hydride accumulators at first, then the development of lithium batteries completely upset the original situation, and surprised most traditional manufacturers (Accumulators, batteries and batteries offer performance that is constantly improving). The evolution of these technologies, and essentially the latter, has also benefited in the mid-nineties from the sudden and considerable expansion of the mobile telephony market (+ 1% per month in 2000, 70 % of penetration rate in Europe in 2003 compared to a few percent in 1996). Highly demanding high mass density of energy (D = dE / dm) J / kg under a small footprint. For example, the lithium battery market exceeded 4.5 billion euros in 2000 and the Japanese (Sony, Sanyo, Matsushita) and Korean (LG, Samsung) manufacturers share the lion's share (70%). a market now dominated more than 95% by Asian manufacturers (Japan, Korea and China), to the detriment of Europeans but also Americans, virtually absent from the main market that represents the power supply of portable equipment. Some European initiatives nevertheless see the light of day, which aims to develop specific sectors of lithium batteries, offering particular advantages over the lithium-ion sector currently developed in Japan and more generally in Asia. The work carried out at CEA / Grenoble is done in partnership with manufacturers such as SAFT, Batscap (Bolloré Group), Tadiran, and academics including LEPMI, ICMCB and current Lithium Ion batteries, based on a technology of cobalt / graphite type, are those which have the best performance in terms of densities mass and volume of energy, respectively 150 to 170 Wh / kg and more than 400 Wh / kg (Figure 9a illustrates the principle of a charge cycle) and discharge in a solid electrolyte battery). Load: <H> + Li + + e - <HLi> <MLi> <M> + Li + e Discharge: <HLi> -3 <H> + + e <M> + Li + + e <MLi> In progress use, therefore during the discharge of the accumulator, the lithium released by charge / discharge the negative electrode (recipient intercalation material <H>) in ionic form Li + migrates through the ionic conductive electrolyte and is interposed in the crystal lattice of the (Li +) solv (Li +) solv active material of the positive electrode (metal oxide type lithium insertion compound). The passage of each Li + ion in the internal circuit of the accumulator is exactly compensated by the passage of an electron in the external circuit, thereby generating an electric current. Other types of batteries are nano electrodes. Figure (9b) a thin layer illustration of the energy storage stage with Anode and Cathode on Flexible Thin Film Diffusion Interface (also called Thin Film), Composite and Flexible Batteries. Since 2007, 3D coating and process modeling developments including the following: ^ Nanoscale electrodes (eg capacitance, power, reliability) ^ Inorganic electrolyte Synthesis & characterization ^ Optimization of the interface of the state solid ^ Composite material synthesis and characterization Gave greater insight into the fundamentals of the diffusion interface of thin film (thin film) batteries and flexible. Generally, in micro lithium batteries, the capacity of the thin layers will be related to their mass (mass capacity expressed in mA.hg-1) or to their volume (volumic capacity expressed in p, Ahcm-2.μm-1) for the study of electrode materials and at their surface (surface capacity in, t, Ahcm-2) for the characterization of complete systems. The capacity of an electrochemical generator corresponds to the quantity of electricity supplied and its usual unit is A.h. It is given by the following relation: td Q = 1 (t) dt 055 e- (where I (A) is the current flowing through the generator, t (h) is the time of the passage of the current and ta (h) the duration From the previous equation, it is possible to calculate the number of moles of electrons x exchanged per form unit in the host material (often equated with the number of inserted Li + ions per mole of active material): where m (g) is the mass of the active material, x is the number of electrons exchanged per mole of active material, F is the Faraday constant (9.64853399 C * mo1-1) and M (g * mo1-1) is the molar mass of the active material The energy of a lithium generator expressed in W * h is given by the following relation: td W = f U (01 (0dt Where U ( V) is the potential of the generator with respect to the potential of the Li / Li + couple.Following the manuscript, the notation V / Li will be used I (A) is the current flowing through the generator, t (h) is the time s of the current flow and td (h) the duration of the discharge.

Power is the ability of the generator to provide energy quickly. It depends on the kinetics of the insertion reaction, hence the electronic conductivity and the mobility of the lithium ions in the structure. The average power during the discharge time, that is to say in the interval: [tdo, td, is defined as the energy supplied per unit of time and is expressed by the following relation: 1ta, P = U (t) dt (tdo - td1) f td. Cycle life: From the point of view of applications, the life cycle number (cycling) of an electrochemical generator is an important quantity. This is the number of discharge / charge cycles for which the capacity is greater than half of its initial value. This duration is related to the degree of reversibility of oxidation-reduction reactions. Recent developments have made it possible to consider other types of lithium titanate or lithium nanotitanate batteries. Figure (9c) is a schematic illustration of Lithium nano titanate micro batteries without solid electrolyte interface. For example, the Super Charge Ion Battery (SCiB) is a battery developed largely by Toshiba is close to "standard" lithium-ion batteries for portable computing devices (telephones, computers, etc.) with however advantages: - Lifetime: 10 years - Number of charge / discharge cycles: 6,000 (10 times more than for "standard" batteries) - Speed recharging: nine times faster than a lithium-ion battery (this is its main asset) - More security than lithium-ion batteries - Less difficulty to electronically control (load, support, ability to debit the current) But with a major disadvantage of Three times less capacity at equal weight than a lithium-ion battery. As an indication the History and characteristics of SCiB are: 2005: Toshiba publishes the principle of the SCiB, 2008: entry into service of a first production plant (150 000 units / month), 2009: Toshiba plans a new factory for 2011 (expected production: 500,000 units per month). Major technical features are: ^ Anode: Lithium-Titanium Oxide ^ Cathode: Negative electrode material ^ Thermal stability (little heat) ^ High flash point (little short circuit) [00109] State of the art of materials used in electric vehicle batteries To efficiently and properly use renewable energies, the use of various energy-generating devices (including solar cells) together with storage battery systems, and also electric or hybrid vehicles, are beginning to develop in the market. Batteries used in battery storage systems and in electric vehicles generally use lithium-ion batteries, but require further improvements. Other Japanese manufacturers such as Sekisui Chemical has developed a material that can triple the capacity of lithium ion batteries, allowing electric vehicles to have a range of around 600km. The company has also developed a new material to conduct electricity in the battery. It estimates that this new material can reduce the cost of producing batteries to about 30,000 yen (217 euros) per kilowatt hour, which would lower the total cost of electric vehicles and approach the cost of a gasoline car.

Normally solidification of the liquid electrolyte leads to drastic reduction of the lithium-ion conductivity. We considered the use of a lithium-ion high-conductivity gel electrolyte (about ten times compared to other products), printable on substrate R2R to achieve high productivity with a coating process instead of standard vacuum infusion process.

By adding the advantage of this newly developed, high-capacity original material technology for the realization of negative electrode in this process, we can provide lithium-ion batteries of the type 'high-capacity, flexible, thin film and on a large surface. They make unprecedented savings in terms of space (one-third the size of previous products) and can be installed in any form whatsoever, giving rise to a large number of applications in automobiles, homes and various portable devices. [00110] Storage of hydrogen. Aluminum, third element of the earth's crust The storage of hydrogen in gaseous or liquid form presents many problems. In particular, it requires enormous pressures and a temperature of up to - 250 ° C to liquefy the gas. The storage of hydrogen can be optimally in the form of hydrides. Hydrides are interesting because they are solids and they are not intrinsically dangerous. However, they also have limitations: for example, magnesium hydride can contain only 7% hydrogen by weight (which is the maximum for this type of hydride). In addition, it is necessary to heat the ore to 300 ° C to release the gas. In contrast, the hydride of a lanthanum-nickel alloy (LaNi5H6) stores less hydrogen per unit mass, but can release the gas at room temperature. There are also more reactive hydrides (alkali metal borohydrides, alkali hydrides, lithium tetrahydruroaluminate) that react with water to release hydrogen. The most common is sodium borohydride, inexpensive and soluble in water, but the hydrogen / mass ratio is not interesting. In addition, it is necessary to include catalysts to efficiently extract the gas from the solid. The question of using aluminum to store hydrogen is therefore interesting to look at the abundance of aluminum. In order to circumvent the limits posed by hydrides, the group of Professor Alon Gany du Technion is working on the use of aluminum as a means of storing hydrogen. Aluminum metal does not contain hydrogen, but it can react quickly with water to release the desired hydrogen. Theoretically, the hydrogen / mass ratio is 11%, which is very interesting. However, aluminum is known to spontaneously form in the presence of water or air a passive, non-reactive layer. Professor Gany's team has developed the use of lithium-based additives to solve this problem. This allowed them to develop energy cells based on the reaction between water and aluminum. Indeed, there are many hydrogen-based fuel cell technologies: hydrogen and gaseous oxygen react at a semi-porous membrane to provide electricity with only a secondary product. the water. With a medium fuel cell, with an efficiency of 50%, it is possible to obtain 19.8 kWh from a single kilogram of hydrogen, which amounts, with current methods, to 2.2 kWh per kilogram of electricity. 'aluminum. All you need is water, air and aluminum to generate that electricity. For comparison, a French family consumes about 20 kWh per day. All in all, this system seems to be very interesting for emergency electrical systems. 10 It is reasonable then to think that aluminum can be a metal of the future for energy. Professor Gany is also studying the use of aluminum as propellant (a source of propulsion in a rocket engine). Hopefully this work will further improve the efficiency of these aluminum-fuel cell systems. Unfortunately, there are today major problems: aluminum, although very common and used since antiquity in the form of aluminate salts, is not as easily accessible as other common metals such as aluminum. iron, silver or lead. It was not until the end of the 19th century that science could extract aluminum from bauxite, the main ore containing it. To do this, two processes are necessary: first the Bayer process to isolate aluminum oxide (alumina), then the Hall-Héroult process (electrochemical treatment) to transform it into pure aluminum. Although we all have aluminum rolls here, obtaining pure metallic aluminum is therefore an energy-intensive process. In addition, it should be noted that this system is interesting for single-use backup batteries. It is not possible to regenerate aluminum other than industrially. [00111] Principle of the sponge (ADSORPTION): Adsorption is the phenomenon by which a solid retains molecules on its surface. Storing hydrogen in solid form thus relies on the ability of certain materials to adsorb the hydrogen on themselves. Only the hydrides forming metal bonds act thus, in true "hydrogen sponge". Among them, magnesium hydride (of formula MgH2) reduced to very fine powder is the most interesting to use because of its large storage capacity, but also and especially its speed of return to the need of gas. Magnesium hydride, which comes in the form of a white powder in tanks, is light in weight, stable, recyclable and has no impact on the planet. use. The inventor proposes to use the hydrogen desorption release in a hydrogen adsorption based system to compensate for the constant time during current draws as described in the ROUSTAEI et al, BOPI 2 application patent. 931 844, DDB 08 03019, filed on 02/06/2008 and are integrated in the present application in its entirety by referencing. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Preliminary remark on the high-efficiency cell: The understanding of this innovation is simplified by the description of the key steps in the production of hybrid organic and inorganic cells on the one hand and hybridization at optimal costs. existing solutions made possible by the solutions developed and described in the present invention around the solutions based on CIGS / CZTS (also called high efficiency / low costs) or TiO 2-CIS namely the deposition of the absorbent layer whose peculiarity is the complexity of its molecular structure such as tetraped structure, tetrahedral structure or tetrahedron (crystalline structure). The implementation of ALD techniques seems to respond perfectly to this type of problem (that is, complex structure 50). Note on built-in storage. Peak production peaks and troughs from wind and farm power or solar panels require energy storage systems to smooth out intermittent production and reduce the maximum rate of change for medium and large power plants. The high-energy battery solutions integrated into the substrate or embedded in the photovoltaic cell make it possible to stabilize the power level and better distribute the energy obtained, while strengthening the production capacity. The invention makes renewable energies, a predictable component of the bouquet (also called the MIX) energy network operators. The technology described in the present invention also provides the ideal combination of power and power produced to compensate for dynamic charge / discharge behavior at varying discharge levels. [00112] The ALD process, sALD; Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a technique for the chemical vapor deposition of ultrathin layers in the order of nm based on the self-termination of sequential gas-solid reactions.

This is a variation of the CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) technique used in the semiconductor industry for the manufacture of thin films. In the general process, the substrate is exposed to one or more precursors that react together or decompose on the surface of the substrate to produce the desired deposit. Unlike CVD, the ALD technique benefits from the so-called surface saturation phenomenon.

A uniform and homogeneous distribution of the reactive chemical elements forms on the surface of the substrate, thus ensuring a perfect control of the thickness (which generally depends on the number of reaction or deposit cycles). ALD is a cyclic and repetitive process based on the following principles: precursors are introduced alternately allowing sequential gas-solid reactions on the surface of the substrate. the continuity of the gas-solid reactions until the saturation of the surface of the substrate. From a temporal point of view, each reaction cycle can take from 0.5 seconds to a few seconds for a thickness film deposition between 0.1 and 3 A °.

ALD cycles; Since the ALD process is a cyclic process, we will give the details of the time course of a cycle of this cycle: A and B being two precursors in this process TcycleALD = tA + tpurge tB tpurge Phase i: Introduction of the precursor A This is adsorbed by chemisorption up to saturations tA. Phase II: Purge with inert gas to remove non adsorbed A molecules. Phase III: Introduction of 2nd precursor B, reaction with A to at saturation tB Phase iv: The same as phase ii but for the precursor B tpurge A kinetic model for the diffusion of reagents: The temporal parameter plays a crucial role in the atomic deposition process, it is the speed with which the molecules of the precursors deliver their atoms into the film, even if a sufficient number of stoichiometric atoms enter the reactor chamber. For too short a time there would be a risk of recovery of the precursors, however a too long time would be a waste of the cycle time with possible thermal desorption of the adsorbed precursor. We must therefore find a compromise (tradoff) for these temporal parameters. A minimum time will therefore be necessary before these atoms are deposited on the entire surface of the substrate. It follows that a kinetic study at the atomic level is indispensable. The kinetic theory provides valuable information for this temporal optimization study: - Pulse time given by: t = S SV2 Trm kT = where I = (the density of atomic flux: their 1 passing number of part and of other of the substrate per unit of time) P is the partial pressure of the precursors whose product over time provides a very useful measure of the surface area of the substrate exposed to the precursors: Pt = SninkT tpurge - Purge time: C (t) = Coe T Let tpurge = T ln c (tco) with m: the mass, k: Boltzman constant let kT (the scale of the energy) = 23 * 10-3eV = 26 meV and P the partial pressure L ALD has been used for about forty years for the manufacture of thin layers of inorganic materials with a thickness generally not exceeding a few tens of nanometers. The ALD layer growth process has the capability of producing extremely complex layers with uniform, high quality material deposition and unique ability among thin film deposition techniques. Despite the many successful applications of material growth by ALD, many physicochemical processes that control growth are not yet sufficiently understood.

In order to increase the understanding of ALD processes, multiple knowledge is needed not only at the level of existing ALD processes and their applications, but also those of the surface chemistry of ALD-specific processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of specific ALD processes by examining available experimental data on the surface chemistry of the methyl-aluminum / water sorting process. This process is generally known as a rather ideal process for ALD, and a lot of information is available on surface chemistry. This summary is also intended to provide insight into the current state of our need for ALD surface chemistry, typically process optimization.

Knowing that the basic concepts related to surface chemistry of ALD are described from a generic point of view applicable to all ALD processes based on compound reagents, we seek to optimize our processes. Our application requires physicochemical skills of self-terminating reactions, kinetics of reaction, typical mechanisms chemisorption, factors causing saturation, reasons for growth of less than one monolayer per cycle, the effect of temperature , the number of cycles on cycle growth (GPC), and the growth mode (Figure 12a illustrates the principle of the ALD process). Principle of ALD-CIGS: The realization of the absorbent layer (3D engineering) particularly recommends the use of smooth, dense and homogeneous CuInGa precursors which lead to a better crystalline quality of the absorbent layer compared to raw precursors and more granular.

The crucial point in the formation of the absorbent layer is the first stage of selenization. This will be easier to control with smooth, dense and homogeneous precursors (Ternary alloyed). Principle of ALD-CIGS-R2R: Our modeling in terms of performance and QE1 photovoltaic cells based on CuInGaSe2 (prepared from precursors low cost) based on a mathematical model, simulation and analysis of transformation phases of thin multilayer films to better model the absorbent layer CIGS: The transition from CuInGa to CuInGaSe2 uses the Differential Scanning Calorimetry technique, and no (X-ray diffraction - XRD).

Thin multilayer films of Cu-In, Cu-Ga, and Cu-In-Ga were analyzed to understand the phase transformations of the layers used for the production of Cu (In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) photovoltaic solar cells. With the N 2 cooling technique, it is possible to have a precursor concentration gradient, for example a higher Ga content of precursor on the film surface, which can also contribute to higher yields. The technology of the present invention lies in engineering the structure of the CIGS cell with the control of the growth of the molecule during its formation. Uniformity and quality are factors considered very favorable for the purpose of the present invention for a highly efficient and economical solar cell. Figure 12b illustrates the parameters to be taken into account in an ALD process FF Form Factor (or A / R Aspect Ratio) FF = h: w Compliance (or compliance) or surface coverage = minimum thickness (b) / maximum thickness (a) (the target value b / a is generally = b / a = 100%) 1 Quantum Efficiency: Quantum Efficiency [00115] Modeling and Numerical Simulation: In spite of their simple appearance as a point of From the perspective of operation, the modeling and design of photovoltaic systems are difficult steps to frank; this is due in large part to the multidisciplinary engineering of these systems requiring skills in several specialties, and in particular: - The physics of solids and semiconductors at the theoretical and technological level. - Design and analysis of electronic systems. The main difficulty concerns the components of the systems to be modeled because the partial derivative type equations which describe and govern their operation are non-linear in nature; it follows that the exact and analytical solution is not within the grasp of the modeling engineer. Therefore, the passage through numerical methods and in particular those of finite differences and / or finite elements is mandatory. Another aspect of these systems is related to the characteristics of solar cells which depend in particular on the intensity of solar radiation. The latter is a function of time. The quality of a model is based on several criteria, especially the number of parameters introduced, but the most important is the ability to accurately reproduce the data resulting from measurements made by the Metrology team. From a computer point of view, a model can be likened to an Expert System.

We use finite element methods or finite element analysis in this project, which adapt well to complex geometries and are more flexible from this point of view. The approach of the engineer in Scientific Computation: Although all the engineers use a certain methodology in the design of the complex systems, which is common to them, the engineer in Scientific Computation differs from his homologues by his versatility which confers him capacities to lead and carry out an industrial project that requires skills in various fields of applied sciences: mechanics, physics and analog and digital electronics. Modeling and mathematical processing: Any mathematical modeling of a phenomenon to be studied relies on a certain number of physical properties as well as the parameters that describe it. Since the phenomenon to be studied is a semiconductor structure, it is necessary to take into account its physical specificities such as: D the properties of the medium where the phenomenon occurs D the relative permittivity,> the electrical potential and> the concentration of the loads. The model can be described by the fish equation, indeed any space charge (in 3D) p (x, y, z) is accompanied by an electric field given by the law of fish: divE = V. E = px , y, z) E Where E is the dielectric constant of the semiconductor, the electric field itself being connected to the potential by the equation: E = -grad 4i = -V = -11 ', 1 (in tensor notation)' -EiâX en It follows that: thi = AtIJ = p (x, y, z) - Ei 021 £ ôx1 The space charge p (x, y, z) is calculated taking into account all the loads existing in a point of the semiconductor, that is to say on the one hand mobile charges (electrons and holes) and secondly fixed charges can be located on ionized donors and acceptors. In the absence of ionized deep centers this space charge is given by: p = e (N-dE-N1 + p-n) at room temperature all donors and acceptors are ionized so that the spatial charge is written as follows: p = e (Nd -Na + p - n) V (Erej = q (p - n + Nd - Na) go = 4Ir * 10-7: the permittivity of the vacuum and Er: the relative constant The equations that govern the behavior of the medium are: 3,, i, = q (p - n + Nd - Na) G and R generation rate and recombination (Ere0) eJn = -q (G - Rn) Vip = + q (G - Rp) Jn = q (genV lk + DeV'n) Ip = q (p.ppV Ill - DpVp) Jn and are the current densities respectively of the electrons and the holes De and Dp: the constants of diffusion of electrons and holes respectively The numerical resolution of the equation The study and the numerical resolution of the fish equation / Laplace homogeneous in 2D: .92 tij & IR ax2 ay2 = 0 By choosing a suitable numerical scheme (Euler expli cite for example) the discretized resolution is translated by a system of matrix equations which is solved by the classical methods specific to the systems of linear equations. We replace the partial derivatives of the 2nd order by their discretized equivalents by carrying out Taylor's development: Ax and Ay being the discretization step given by: LH Ax = -m and Ay = -n L and H are the length and the height respectively of the rectangle used as the discretization domain (see Figure 12c illustrating the discretized rectangular domain). xi = (i - 1) 3, x for i = 1, ..., m + 1 yi = - 1) 3, y for j = 1, n + 1 1-1-1, xx = (Ax) 2 -21Pu + 114, j + 1 tijYY = (toY) 2 We deduce the expression of 1P 114-1 + 11Ji + i, j + P2 (41i, ji + 14, j + i) I, J = 2 (1 + 132) Ax f3 = (-Ay) The iterative method and the criterion of the convergence: being an approximation of the real solution of the Poisson / Laplace equation, in practice it is necessary to continue an iterative procedure in order to improve the quality of the solutions in terms of their convergence towards the real solution; it is the reason (k) for which we replace by: k indicates the current iteration, so we compute the iterative solution of the problem posed by:) (k + i) (k) +11,. (k + n2 ( 11, (k) 2 (1 + 132) The convergence is reached after a sufficient number of iterations at each point of the discretized domain considered, the convergence criterion is given by: Sup (k + 1) Li This procedure is called iteration of the relaxation method since the value in each solution domain node is slowly relaxed towards the solution The convergence rate could be further improved by applying the so-called Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) method. consists in assigning weights w and (1-co) respectively to the iteration at steps (k) and (k + 1), where w is called the relaxation parameter, which gives: (k + 1) ,, , çk + 9 _L n2 h 11, (k + 1) (k) f `FM = W. + 'ri, j 2 (1 + p2) 1-1, i The approach described above can be extended to 3D without diff major iculty except that in the latter case it requires a discretization at 3 levels. Numerical simulation of the model: We have developed in the previous part of the presentation the mathematical model defining the behavior of the physical phenomenon which describes the photovoltaic effect. The Poisson / Laplace equation being discretized, it lends itself to numerical calculations and simulations; we will therefore perform numerical simulations on the model thus discretized. The computer coding of the problem will be done either in Matlab or in Scilab (its free version or Open Source) The computer program is provided in appendix, we present here the results of simulations of the numerical simulations. Numerical simulation results by the relaxation method k. (K) +. '(K1, j + 02 (., (K), q. (, K + 1) ii - 2 (1+ (32) Figure 12d illustrates "The contour of the function of Potential v" Figure 12e illustrates "The surface of the function Potential yr" The results of numerical simulation by the method of relaxation: tijr-1) = (1 ote 2 (1+ p2) [44 -k + 1, P 1Pf + ki, i P2 ei- + 11) 1, i1 (+) Figure (12f) is an illustration of the boundary conditions and (12g) an illustration of the pace and profile of the function electric potential w (x, y) by the relaxation and relaxation methods, respectively, in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with storage integrated in the substrate that is the subject of the present invention [00117] Conclusion and comments on the simulations carried out: We proceeded to the numerical resolution of the homogeneous Poisson / Laplace equation: in this modeling approach, we opted for an explicit numerical scheme ite by discretizing the equation of departure. This digitization led us to a resolution of the matrix systems whose precision and the convergence criterion are determined by the increase of the standard of the error vector while respecting a certain degree of tolerance given by the value of E. We have then performed a simulation of this model with a maximum number of iterations of 1000. t 1 3016240 The quality of digital solution can be improved by adopting a resolution methodology based on that of relaxation. The latter gives a better speed of convergence towards the desired solution. The results of simulations show that for a value of (3 fixed at 2 (ix = 1 and Ey = 0.5), the number of iterations decreases for a value of co E [1.5, 1.6]. The graphical figures illustrate the pace and the profile of the electric potential function w (x, y) by the relaxation and relaxation methods respectively Our approach allows to go beyond the level of a simple diode in parallel with a current generator charging a capacitor ( then a battery) via a leakage resistor We pursue the following aspects in particular: Other points to see: 1) Use a finite element approach 15 2) Solve the problem coupled with 5 fields 3) Examine the influence of the geometry of the cells compared to the load efficiency. In particular I think hexagonal shapes should be interesting but we can also see the influence of anisotropy, etc. [00118] The case of Cadmium; Decrease or even elimination of toxicity of photovoltaic solar cells. Cadmium sulphide (or Cds: Cadmium Sulfide) layer Cds 6-4 (Figure 6b) is not an ideal compound for the buffer layer in CIGS-based solar cells. The Cds is classified as toxic and its weak gap band causes the loss of current in the so-called blue zone because of a strong absorption of the buffer layer. The major challenge currently in the development of thin-film photovoltaic films is to find other alternative compounds in the structure of CIGS-based solar cells. These compounds must meet a certain number of criteria for optimum performance in terms of electrical energy production, in particular these new chemical components must be: transparent for solar radiation, non-toxic with an optimum gap band. Recent research in this direction has led to a family of ZnO-based components. The following comparative table summarizes the properties of the latter according to different characteristics of the layer or the buffer zone of a solar cell. Buffer layer Te (in mV) Jsc (in Acm-2) FF2 (in%) Efficiency (in%) Zni_. S. Oy 684 35.2 74.9 18.0 Zni_. Mg. 0 668 35.7 75.7 18.1 ZnOi_. S. 689 35.5 75.8 18.5 CdS 717 33.7 77.3 18.7 Table 1: Chemical components used for the buffer zone of a CIGS-based solar cell HYBRID High-Yield Cells This is to hybridize the cell to produce SOLAR SUPER CELLS with more than 30% energy efficiency (patent number 08 04598, filed on, 14 August 2008 ROUSTAEI and 40 al, and patent number 09 00921 filed on, 02 March 2009 - BOPI no. BOPI-2,932,010 and BOPI-2,932,002) are to be considered as being "inserted" in the present application in their entirety by referencing and as being part of this invention but separately joined in photocopy so as not to burden the application. . Figures 13a, 13b and 13c show respectively; (13a) schematic illustration of organic high layer modeling of a solar cell and (13b) hybrid cell modeling illustration with CIGS absorbent layer and (13c) a flexible schematic illustration. Structure assembled in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage substrate that is the subject of the present invention. 2 Form Factor - 20 The scope of research on the innovative aspects of the invention is divided on the following points: 1) The interface of ALD and s-ALD (physico-chemical interdependencies): Conduct a study on the kinetics of the particles at the ALD and s-ALD interface, in particular their physico-chemical impact as a function of the temperature and pressure parameters. Modeling of parameters related to the reaction chamber and reactants. 2) The definition of specifications of MSDS: Determine the specifications and the rules relating to the materials listed in the MSDS, especially with regard to the precursors CIGS and Mo. 3) Up & down-Converters (L ') influence of the use of up and down converters): Study of Erbium-type boost converters, for example, their properties and especially their use influences on the conductive and transparent layer (molybdenum).

Means and possibilities of implementing Up & Down-Conversion mechanisms for high efficiency solar cells. 4) Absorbent layer CIGS and improvement materials Efficiences 5) Quantifiable chemical influence of the use of elements like Na and K in the CIGS3 structure, as well as its physicochemical modeling and quantification, with a yield greater than 20 %. 6) Study of the behavior of a given type of substrate at high temperature during the treatment process. The objective of this study is to determine if the efficiency can be increased to a level exceeding 21% by replacing a glass substrate with another type of flexible substrate such as stainless steel or kaptan. 7) Definition and confirmation of the modeling parameters during the different stages: a) Temperature, Pressure, Electromagnetic, Thermodynamics, Radiation, Electric Field, Thermal Conduction, Electromechanical, Material Reflectance, etc. b) change of treatment unit c) change of environment and equipment d) handling and transport e) short and long term storage 8) Contamination and risk parameters: Definition of the different steps (Inter equipment, materials, Processes , Transfer, Etc.) 9) MLD-ALD and MLD-sALD considerations: Organic-inorganic hybrid films grown according to Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD), realization of inter-layer interfaces, realization of solar layers Hybrids a) Transparent substrate hybrid films 10) Hybrid Organic / Inorganic and Tandem PV with efficiency> 26.8% i) Inorganic Tandem Cell: 6% ii) Upper Cell Organic b) Eg 1.7-2.0 eV c) Voc> 1 V -) 1.2V d) <$ 10 / m2 e) Printable 3 Details published in "Advanced Online Publications" 50 f) Low process temperature g) If or CIGS h) Proven technology -> 0.6V i) Eg 7-- 1.1 eV , VOC <0.7 V j) Ineffective in blue [00120] Intrinsic and extrinsic failure 10 k) Photochemical reactions. 1) Inadequate thermal expansion between the different layers. m) Disturbance of morphology at normal operating temperatures. n) Partial Packaging / Encapsulation Failure 15 [00121] Energy Capture in Hybrid Cell / Quantum Dot / Valence Curve Mode: Energy Capture by Photovoltaic Cell is a global demand whose need in energy mix exceeds today 15 TW / year. The vast majority of this demand is satisfied by the consumption of fossil fuels in the form of oil (5.3 TW), coal (4.2 TW) and 20 natural gas (3.5 TW). Currently, the solar provides only 0.004 TW and yet the earth receives more than 120,000 TW of sun power each day, which means that land power demands could be achieved by covering 0.125% of the Earth's surface with solar cells with a yield of only 10%. As the demand for energy grows more and more, it is imperative that new forms of low cost solar energy are available. To meet this demand and to reduce the high rate of energy and the high cost of vapor deposition, which is currently used in the production of 30 solar cells, we have used its expertise in the synthesis of nano-crystals or quantum dots (QD) to develop a range of novel copper, indium, gallium, and selenium (CIS, CIGS, and CGS) containing quantum dots of varying composition that can be used to manufacture low-cost solar cells with good Savings: 35> Advanced quantum dot PV research of the invention are being developed so that they are able to form printable inks in a variety of solvents, opening the way for low cost, a roll to the production of new solar cell technologies. The advanced PV-QD embodiments include an organic proprietary "styling agent" or "ligand", which facilitates printing using a variety of printing techniques. organic material is removed by heating to provide an inorganic photoactive layer of the desired phase 45 a) Figures 14a, 14b and 14c respectively represent (14a) The principle of photo generation in the valence band as a function of doping and (14b) the quantum dot curve of CuInSe2 PV-quantum dots (also called QDs) - and (14c) quantum efficiency spectral response of the CIGS absorbent cell in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell which is the subject of the present invention. ) CIGS nanoparticles are available c) Manufacture of current thin-film solar cell technology involves costly evaporation techniques, which hinder their adoption by the mass market. At the request of new and other solar technologies, we have developed a range of (copper indium gallium diselenides, copper indium diselenides) nano crystals or 55 quantum dots (QD) CIGS for use in the next generation of fine i) 5 layered solar cells that can be manufactured using conventional printing techniques. d) CIGS and PV-quantum dots are unique among nanomaterials developed for photovoltaic applications in that they are synthesized from the "ground", which provides materials with the desired elemental ratios or stoichiometry, which can be adjusted for meet needs. Our PV-quantum dots are highly crystalline, (5.0 nm) mono-dispersed particles, which absorb light at 800 nm and our PV-quantum dots are unique in that they are capped at an organic "capping agent" or "ligand". e) Because of the unique way in which PV-quantum dots of invention are synthesized, they can be printed on a substrate using a wide range of well-understood printing techniques, even in roll-to-roll processes. Once printed, the quantum PV boxes are heated to remove the organic styling agent, which destroys the quantum confinement associated with the quantum dots, and provides a p-type semiconductor film that has the desired crystal structure. The characteristic parameters of the high performance hybrid cell The most important parameter of a solar cell is its efficiency, expressed in% of incident solar energy flux.

This efficiency can be expressed in terms of the following efficiency categories: i. Reflectance: the percentage (%) of the incident electromagnetic power. ii. Thermodynamics: the absolute maximum theoretically possible of conversion of solar radiation into electricity. This limit is determined by that of Carnot iii. Separation of charge carriers: it is subdivided into 2 main modes in a solar cell: - Drift: under the effect of the electric field created at the level of the thin absorbing layer. - Diffusion: due to thermal movements (agitations) of these particles. iv. Conduction: This is thermal conduction as one of the modes of heat transfer.

Total efficiency is the product of these four categories of efficiency. Since direct measurement is directly difficult, in practice other parameters are used, these include: a) Quantum Efficiency (QE): which provides a measure of loss due to reflectance. These efficiency losses due to the reflectance affect the "External Quantum Yield" b) Vco open-circuit potential difference: the losses due to the recombination of the charge carriers are measured by the EQ, V, 0 and the form (FF). c) Form Factor or FF Applications related to high performance hybrid cells The applications of solar cells are diverse and very varied. One of their uses is energy storage. The following figures illustrate some of its many applications. These panels consist of bifacial (double-sided) solar cells that absorb light from two sides, therefore they are more efficient than their single-sided counterparts. The Theory of Underlying Physics The engineering of photovoltaic systems is based on the physical theory of solar cells. This theory describes the physical process of converting light into electric current when a semiconductor device is exposed to this light. Theoretical studies have a great interest in practical and industrial applications, since they give very useful information on the theoretical limits of efficiencies, as well as the various factors which are at the origin of losses of this efficiency. The solar frequency spectrum provides an approximation of the black body spectrum at a temperature of 5800k. The black body is the idealized physical model for a body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation regardless of incident frequency and angle.

At thermodynamic equilibrium, this black body emits radiation according to Planck's law, and consequently its spectrum is determined by its temperature only: - Z w, T) = n (v), T) wn, T) hh: average energy per mode (of vibration) ekT-1 Figure (8b) illustrates the Black body spectrum as a function of temperature The various curves correspond to the law of displacement of Wien, this one gives the distribution of the thermal radiations. Thus the maximum wavelength of the emitted radiation energy varies inversely proportional with the temperature, so that there is the relation: IXmax * T = cte The other physical bodies emit the energy radiations which are function of their emissivities e which is a fraction of that of a black body for which £ =. 1.

The solar radiation that reaches the earth has composed of photons whose energy is much higher than the gap band of the semiconductive absorbing layer. This large energy gap is at the origin of efficiency loss of the solar cells, since a large part of these solar (electromagnetic) radiations is converted into heat by the vibration of Lattice, also called Phonon or quantum of vibration energy. .

A Lattice or Lattice is a physical model used in the field of condensed matter physics. In this context, atoms of a crystalline structure are formed. In a crystalline solid, for a mode of vibration of frequency y, the exchanges of energies are discretized and are carried out by energy packets quantified by hv. Phonons can be described in the context of Quantum Mechanics, by the elementary vibratory motion in which a lattice of atoms or molecules vibrates uniformly in normal mode, that is to say according to a single frequency. Figure (8c) illustrates the structure of a lattice The challenge of efficiency As previously mentioned, the characteristic and principal parameter of a solar cell and in general of a photovoltaic system is its efficiency.

This is a factor that gives the maximum capacity for converting incident solar or electromagnetic radiation into electrical current. The theory of solar cells, which has been outlined in the preceding parts of the paper, gives very useful indications of the technological limitations of this efficiency and the factors which give rise to it.

In the following, we will recall these various factors of loss of efficiency: The Shockley-Queisser limit: calculated by William Shockley and Hans Queisser in 1961 at Shockley Semiconductor, this limit refers to the theoretical maximum threshold of efficiency. a solar cell using a pn junction at the absorbing layer. It is set at 33.7%. This is the most fundamental and important factor of efficiency loss in the field of solar energy production. Figure (8d) shows the representative Shockley-Queisser boundary curve. The thermodynamic limit: this efficiency threshold, also called the Carnot limit, is set at 86%. It is due to the entropy of photons emitted by the sun's surface. ^ Quantum Efficiency: this is the rate of conversion of photons incident to the electric current. These various factors of loss of efficiency have led researchers to find ways of optimizing the yields of solar ones. The energy conversion process and the photo generation of the charge carriers When the energy photons E = hv strike the semiconductor layer of a photovoltaic structure, the following three phenomena occur: a ) the low energy photons pass through this device b) They are reflected c) They are absorbed In the latter case, the electrons charge e = 1.6 * 10-19 C, are torn off their atoms and move inside semiconductor material, leaving vacant an empty place or hole, photons are said to create a pair of electron-hole. This transition of the electrons of the valence band to that of conduction is explained by the fact that the energy of the solar radiation is greater than the gap band of the semiconductor layer, which is largely sufficient to excite the electrons . Figure (14a) illustrates the principle of photo generation in the valence band as a function of doping. [00126] The solar spectrum, the black body and the consideration of quantum aspects: The solar frequency spectrum provides an approximation of the spectrum of the black body at a temperature of 5800K.

The solar radiation that reaches the earth has composed of photons whose energy is much higher than the gap band of the semiconductive absorbing layer. This large energy gap is at the origin of efficiency loss of the solar cells, since a large part of these solar (electromagnetic) radiations is converted into heat by the vibration of Lattice, also called Phonon or quantum of vibration energy. .

In a crystalline solid, for a vibration mode of given frequency v, the exchanges of energies are discretized and are carried out by the energy packets quantity hv. Example of QD is given in Figure 14b: The Quantum Point Curve of CuInSe2 PV-quantum dots (also called QDs) [00127] Substrates; we noted that the substrate has a major importance in the realization of solar cells. In particular, Cu (In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) solar cells on aluminum foils offer the advantage of being flexible, light and, because of the low cost substrate, which can be used for several applications, especially in buildings, where aluminum is already commonly used. There are reports of a-Si solar cells on aluminum foil, but the development of CIGS solar cells on Alu leaves have not been reported. We developed CIGS solar cells on Alu-foil coated samples. When using Alu as a substrate, CIGS layers of suitable structural and optoelectronic properties must be grown at low (<450 ° C) deposition temperatures, due to the difference in the thermo physical properties of the layers and substrates . We have grown layers of CIGS by evaporation of elemental Cu, In, Ga and Se at different substrate temperatures and studied the properties of these CIGS layers by different methods. The photovoltaic property of solar cells in small regions are characterized by IV and quantum efficiency measurements. A yield of 6.6% was achieved, which is the highest efficiency reported to date for CIGS solar cells on Alu foils. We also observed that some Alu from the sheet dissolves during Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) of the CDS. The presence of Alu in the bath appears, in one case, to be beneficial for the electrical properties of CIGS solar cells. Thinner and more homogeneous CDS-layers are obtained. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ADER) and SILVIS measurements have shown incorporation of Alu into CdS (D. Brémaud, D. Rudmann, M. Kaelin, G. Bilger, H. Zogg, Tiwari AN, flexible and light Cu ( In, Ga) Se2 solar cells on aluminum foils, Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, pp. 152-155, 2005.) As an example, the present application hereinafter CIGS solar cell properties on SS substrates with or without ZnO scattering barriers Eff (%) Voc (V) Jsc (mA / cm2) FF (%) Without ZnO 6.63 0.46 28.68 0.51 With Zn0 (1mm) 9.94 0.51 31.76 0.61 With ZnO (2mm) 10.0 40.5 131.80 0.62 With ZnO (3mm) 10.0 40.5 031.16 0.64 10 The incorporation of Na can result in an improvement in the efficiency and reliability of CIGS solar cells. Improvements in cell performance are expected by incorporation of Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na). [00128] CIGS thin film film rear surface passivation using nano-sized spot contacts. World solar cell efficiency record for thin film and silicon (Si) solar cells are respectively 19.6% and 25.0%, where the best thin-film technologies perform best are based on the CIGS absorbent layers. It should be said that much of this gap in the world record in the cell between Si and CIGS technology on the effectiveness of the latter stems directly from their difference in the complexity of the design of the cell. In the silicon-based photovoltaic industry Si, a more advanced passivation of the transmitter and the back of the cell (called PERC) or the pacified transmitter diffused at the back locally (called PERL) and analog cells are introduced and put in place to achieve high yields with finer wafers. The best results are obtained by the use of - passivation layers on the front and back, - and locally - spot contacts scattered on the back. The backside of these advanced Si cell designs is enhanced by a combination of a sufficient back surface passivation series and local micron sized spot contacts. Figure 15 is an illustration of the path traveled by light in a rear passivation layer (back dielectric passivation with SiO 2, Al 2 O 3 / SiN x and low-n) as an internal reflector in a high efficiency solar cell subject of the invention. present invention. As described in section [00124], according to the underlying physics theory. The solar spectrum, the black body and the taking into account of the quantum aspects leads us to look more closely at the solar frequency spectrum providing an approximation of the black body spectrum at a temperature of 5800K. The other physical bodies emit radiations of energy which are a function of their emissivities E which is a fraction of that of a black body for which s = 1. Adsorption is the phenomenon by which a solid retains molecules on its surface. Storing hydrogen in solid form thus relies on the ability of certain materials to adsorb the hydrogen on themselves. Multiple variants are currently being developed to allow a means of storing energy with hydrogen. Only hydrides forming metal bonds thus act as true "hydrogen sponges". Among them, magnesium hydride (formula MgH2) reduced in very fine powder is the most interesting to use because of its large storage capacity, but also and especially its speed of return to the need of gas. From magnesium hydride in the form of a white powder in the reservoirs, 55 is light, stable, recyclable, and has no impact on the planet. its use. The reaction is exothermic which produces a release of heat upon hydrogen adsorption. Conversely, the desorption, by which the gas is released, is endothermic, requiring external heat input to reach the 300 ° C required for the operation. This is why we will privilege the use of hydrogen in a combustion engine whose operating heat will benefit the desorption. This method would make it possible to overcome the main disadvantages encountered during compression or liquefaction of the gas. But it will be necessary to wait a long time before seeing it generalize. Other techniques are still envisaged for storing hydrogen in solid form, requiring, again and again, relatively long research.

Table 3 is a table comparing the storage solutions of 112 Storage of hydrogen by state Advantages Disadvantages Compression Form The most used, Well controlled - The least expensive to date Pressure not large enough to store large volumes - Risk of explosion if too much gas pressure Liquefaction Liquid form - Important mechanical constraints because of risks of leakage - Energy spent important Well mastered Stores larger volumes Safer form, Capacity Adsorption In the course of research - Complex and expensive solid storage modular Beside the storage under solid form on other materials, it can also contain hydrogen by compression or in the liquid state. In a synthetic way, the advantages and the disadvantages of the storage of the hydrogen according to its state in Table 3. The inventor proposes to use the liberation of hydrogen by desorption in a system based on adsorption of hydrogen to pay the constant of time during current calls as described in the patent application ROUSTAEI et al, BOPI 2 931 844, DDB 08 03019, filed on, 02/06/2008, and integrated in the present application of patent application in its entirety by referencing. ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION The main outstanding advantages of the present invention are: 1) To provide an industrial solution by treating a maximum area with an optimized R2R architecture and a considerable improvement in cycle times, by simultaneous increase of surface treated in SÅLD. 2) Decrease of the volumes of the gases in the reaction chamber to be treated during the loading of the precursors, the reactants and the purge by mixing the ALD and MLD processes. 3) Decrease in cycle time and deposition time per treated area. 4) Layout of the heating system as close as possible to the surfaces of the substrate to be treated. 5) A large plurality of reel treatments by simultaneous deposition of several layers. 6) One of the major advantages of the present invention is the simultaneous deposition of different materials and this by the individual parameterization of the arrival nozzles of the precursor and reactant gases (made possible by small gap / distances between the heads and the substrate). 7) Another advantage of the present invention is the increase in the energy efficiency of multi spectral photovoltaic cells by the structuring of the molecule during construction by successive molecular organic and inorganic deposition. Another advantage of the present invention is the reduction in preparation time and / or pretreatment of the support or substrate. 9) One of the major economic advantages of the invention is the use of high availability materials and inexpensive. Another advantage of the present invention is a high throughput production in the form of "rollers" with batch processes 3016240 (sequentially programmed). 11) Another advantage of the present invention is a reduction in the handling of the substrate and coils. Another advantage of the present invention is the possibility of producing H2 instantaneously to overcome the constant time associated with the reaction of the nanotech electrolyser at startup for immediate access to H2 in the phase of the current draw by desorption. following an intermediate Adsorption stage avoiding the storage of H2 in the case of energy on demand PPE (see patent of invention DDI3 08 03019, filed 02/06/2008 and integrated in the present application in its entirety by referencing). Another advantage of the present invention is to have a storage stage integrated with the support of the solar cell providing a possibility of producing electricity instantaneously to overcome the intermittent nature of the reaction of the electrolyser. nanotechnology in the passage of clouds or lack of sunshine or day / night serving as the storage buffer of electricity. 14) Another advantage of the present invention is the use of the entire area of the solar cell for a storage of electricity integrated in the substrate providing autonomy in consumption of the energy produced by the cell itself on demand One of the advantages of the present invention is that depending on the field of application, the solar cells can be fabricated on flexible plastic films or on rigid glass substrates. The invention provides full printability of solar cells, and the removal of the use of indium tin oxide (ITO) as the electrode material. In the case of cells with flexible substrates, the inventors use transparent conductive films in place of the ITO. For those with glass substrates, they use a transparent electrode deposit based on metal microstructures and conductive buffer layers. In addition, the inventors are dedicated to the study of solar cells and semi-transparent and highly efficient mini-modules based on organic semiconductors. 16) Large capacity of the production tool of photovoltaic cells and / or organic thin film and / or ETA and organic light-emitting diode (OLED or generally film thin film on substrate in the form of flexible films Or rigid 17) Adaptability of the innovation to non-coil or flexible substrates (eg rigid substrates in the form of rectangular or square plates). Another advantage of the present invention is a plurality of parallel coil processing. Another advantage of the present invention is the possibility of hybridization of processes on the same production line and at the same time (both) on moving moving substrate. Another advantage of the present invention is the parallel processing of one or more coils of the flexible film, providing a considerable reduction in handling when making capacitors 40 of the coils of photovoltaic cells or film coils for the production of screens. OLED during manufacturing processes. Another advantage of the present invention is the Atomic Construction of complex molecules as well as the hybrid cells of porous titanium oxide (TiOx) grafted with copper, indium and selenium (CIS) atoms, with a stoichiometry of materials and a spatial arrangement that only the present invention can achieve on a large scale. Another advantage of the present invention is the molecular construction of MLD layers a. Hybridization of the interface layers b. Modeling of nanotic textures c. Another advantage of the present invention is the optimization of realization of the tandem cells by making the interlayer layers in the form of a transparent film. Another advantage of the present invention is the use of the converters layers. Another advantage of the present invention is the use of heat transfer layers by the use of piezano-elements. Another advantage of the present invention is the storage of the energy integrated in the substrate (also called Another advantage of the present invention is, of course, the use of the hybridization technique for substantially increasing the solar yields by: a. ALD and sALD atomic deposition for the construction of molecules according to 3D engineering by: 5 b. Increase of the gap band, or even its doubling, and address the case of quasipartic particles, notably the so-called "vibration packets" of the phonons. c. Another advantage of the present invention is of course the use of MLD to enable the realization of: a. Organic and inorganic layers on the same substrate b. Growth of structures and complex textures of capture and trap photons c. Realization of interfaces between low-cost layers (low-cost) d. [0009] Another advantage of the present invention is the use of MLD in a Piezonanil (Piezonanotubes) interface layer. Another advantage of the present invention is that of the present invention. Another advantage of the present invention is the storage integrated into the substrate by: a. Use of nano titanate to increase the lifetime with MLD in thin layer on solar cell substrate b. Use of electrolyte-semi gel printing for batteries integrated into substrates c. In general, the advantage of the present invention is to provide an industrial solution by treating a maximum surface with a 3D volumetric architecture (for example spiral) and optimized in time. process cycle, increasing the surfaces of the substrates to be treated in a particular spiral shape, by arranging the heating sources as close to the substrates to be treated on the one hand, and by reducing the volumes of the gases in the reaction chambers, on the other hand. [00131] The advantageous approach of the design of the present invention This particular arrangement of treatment by the ALD technique or sALD (spatial half reaction) has the advantage of treating large areas in a reduced time. This performance is made possible by the very architecture of the device (shape / layout of the heating sources and arrival nozzles of the precursor gases, reactants and their purge). We summarize below the various steps implemented in the design and manufacturing process specific to the present invention: A) The target process: the development of a system (a set) of selenium-based solutions which contains precursors for CIGS formation with s-ALD to rapidly produce high performance / wide surface cells. The peculiarity and strength of the present invention lies in its s-ALD processes, thanks to this type of process the production of thin-film solar cells is optimized especially in terms of efficiency and manufacturing time: i. 16% efficiency ii. A time of 20 minutes for a complete cycle of manufacture, producing a maximum power density of 150Wc ni2 (in Wc nr2: Watt-peak per square meter). B) A process summary: the deposition of an absorbent layer up to 100nm on a P Er film with excellent uniformity as well as a manufacturing speed of more than 100nm / min in the invented R2R s-ALD5 process and designed by the present invention. C) Production capacity in output: orders of magnitude: I. 500kW / day, with the following validated test results: Polyethylene terephthalate: Polyethylene terephthalate: Cio H8 04 5 Roll to Roll Spatial-ALD 3016240 II. 600rpm6 and 100nm thick A / 203 in 60sec. D) Spatial separation in the process: The concept of ALD of the present invention is based on the spatial separation of the half-reactions: the reactor is provided with separate zones which expose the precursors one by one on the substrate which is located under the reactor. A gas bearing device between these two zones eliminates the cross-diffusion of the gases, therefore the purge steps are necessary. The time scale for a half-reaction is of the order of 10 ms, this allows very high rate deposits for a better quality of the ALD films. 10 E) the transitional kinetic interface: a project under the name: R2R s-ALDTF / CIGS is progressing with the promising and satisfactory results in the process of validation and obtaining the patents F) the variation of the Buffer layer of ALD is contained by the ZnO buffer layer. The various thicknesses of this component have been deposited by the ALD process on similar substrates like TCO / PS. G) As an example, we can note some target absorbents: / CIGS 1000nm / CZTS 500nm / ZnO / CdSe 80 / 150nm 20 / ZnO / TiO2 / CuSCN / CdSe 30nm [00132] Summaries of some of the most common applications of the process ALD in which we have indicated the chemical components used: 1) Oxides: Al 2 O 3, TiO 2, SnO 2, ZnO, HfO 2 a. Anticorrosion layer (nano laminates) b. Diffusion barriers c. Gas sensors 30 d. Integrated circuits e. Thin films: Optics 2) Metals: Cu, Ru, Ir, Pt a. Electric conductors 35 b. metallization used in the integrated circuit industry c. Adhesion and nucleation layers 3) Nitrite of metals: TiN, NbN, AlTiN, TaN and TiA1N a. Diffusion barriers 40 b. Superconductors c. Biomedical Materials [00133] Today's technological challenge in the field of renewable energies is to optimize the processes of the design and manufacture of photovoltaic modules in order to increase their efficiency. The main technical advantages and manufacturing methodologies of the thin film photovoltaic films or TFPVs of the present invention are: the nano-ALD and CIGS breaking technology associated with the R2R process. The use of the atomic layer deposition technique ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) 50 is much more advantageous than other deposition techniques such as CVD. the realization of the absorbing layer by CIGS precursors. ^ engineering the structure of the CIGS cell with the control of the growth of the molecule during its formation. Uniformity and quality are factors considered very favorable by the inventor for a highly efficient and economical solar cell. Revolution or RPM: 1/60 Hz [00134] One of the advantages of the present invention is its implementation on hybrid and biface solar cells. Indeed ; the converter (boost converter) manages to use infrared light when the sun's rays arrive on the cell. This absorbs visible light and the near infrared. The majority of the infrared component, however, is not absorbed and passes through the cell. On the back, this component arrives on the high-power converter (boost converter) - essentially a microcrystalline powder of sodium fluoride and integrated yttrium / embedded in a polymer.

When the light arrives on this converter, it excites the erbium ions and places them in a state of higher energy. The return to lower energy levels is accompanied by light emission, which the solar cell is able to "see" and use. One of the advantages of the present invention is the creation of transparent flexible films for use in glazing, on decorated surfaces, vehicles, appliances, materials and various equipment and varied. To use such a converter (elevator) at high power, we had to optimize the solar cells. These are usually vaporized on the back side with metal so that the current can come out of the solar cells - so no light can pass through. In our case, part of the yttrium has been replaced by the optically active erbium element, which is ultimately responsible for the conversion. We also used a transparent substrate and coated the solar cells with metal grids on both sides, so that the infrared light passes through the solar cell. Yield enhancement by upconverters or Up Convertors. About solar cell (up-conversion) converter, we need to cite the example of materials that could be used for the scaling process. The best result obtained to date is a 20% improvement in quantum efficiency of a conversion process for lighting of 5 W / cm 2 at 50% of the intensity of the sun was confirmed by the inventor. This improvement of course implies that if the transmittance of the absorbing layer is sufficient for the upconverters of the light particles to react. It should be noted, however, that high-power step-up converters could theoretically allow about 30% of the sunlight they receive in electricity with a maximum potential of this part at 40%. Efficiency improvement by absorption of light (Plasmonic). this is the diffusion to metal nanoparticles at the front of the solar cell resulting in an increase in effective path length effective path of light). Figures 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d and 16e respectively; (16a) A schematic illustration of the improvement of light absorption (Plasmonic) and (16b) an illustration of Separation of semiconductor Ag particles by thin passivation layer (eg A1203) improves electrical performance. a) Metallic nanoparticles embedded in semiconductors -> excitation of near-field transporters b) Corrugated semiconductor back surface / metal -> Increase in effective light path length more efficient c) Separation of semiconductor Ag particles by passivation thin layer (eg Al2 03) improves the electrical performance of the cell [00137] Performance improvement by biface cells. In addition, the light can thus be used from both sides; it is then referred to as a two-sided cell, which can be used in high-efficiency solar transparent films.The front and back of the solar cell have been equipped with special anti-reflective coatings which reduce the reflection of the light and ensure that the cell absorbs as much light as possible, we have also optimized the antireflection layers of the back of the solar cell, which increases the efficiency of the modules and their energy production.

There are two double-sided techniques as shown in Figures 11a to 11c. Figure 11d gives an example of additional efficiency compared to a single-sided cell.

D Cell efficiency in the sun 18.5% D Back-to-the-sun cell efficiency 5% ^ Total efficiency: 23.5% D Sun-facing cell power 250W D Back-to-the-sun cell power 50W ^ Total cell power: 300W L The invention provides an additional yield resulting from the conversion of thermal radiation received by the cell by about 6% + [[00138] Performance Improvement by Anti-Glare Layer / Plasmonic Structures To the question of "How to manage an indirect semiconductor? Theoretical efficiency absorption limit of light increase absorption of light: ^ Classical approaches Internal pyramids reflection layers increase in light absorption: o new concepts o plasmonic structures o diffractive optics o Full range utilization o Up-conversion Figure (16c) is an illustration of "self-organized opaline structures, hexagonal photonic structures by deposition of ALD A1203 (surface passivation) spin-on surface coating (Spin coating) of spherical nanoparticles (SiO2). Increased increasing light absorption by diffraction of back surfaces.

Realization by opaline self-organized structures, hexagonal photonic structures by ALD Al2 03 deposition (surface passivation) Spin coating (spherical surface coating) of spherical nanoparticles (SiO2). Structure filled using ALD of TiO2 (SolGel variant). Nanoparticles are therefore essential ingredients for making solar cells super efficient and low costs but they must not degrade the surface of the cell electrically [00139] Elevator solar cell converter device. Performance improvement by Up Conversion (UC). A nano-crystalline La203: Er3 + / Yb3 + fluorescent substance sample was synthesized by the combustion route of the solution using urea as a reducing agent. Thermal, structural and optical characterizations were conducted to explore several of its properties. By thermal analysis we conclude to the presence of moisture and phase hydroxide [La (OH) 3 and LaOH] of lanthanum in the sample as synthesized, which other modifications to the La 2 O 3 phase greater than 600 ° C. temperature. Upconversion (UC) study shows intense emission bands in the UV, blue, green and red regions. This document also indicates the first observation of UC emission bands extending up to the UV region (240 nm) on excitation 976 nm wavelength. The heat treatment of the samples shows a change in the crystallite phase along with the growth of the crystallites and the UC luminescence intensities. The dependence of the input pump power indicates the involvement of up to four photons. As an example, we describe below the operation of an Er3 + / Yb3 + based elevator converter. The most efficient energy transfer process of CPU up converter (also called ETU or Energy Transfer Upconverter), after absorption of photons (GSA, ESA) UC luminescence due to spontaneous emission (SPE) generates multi-phonon relaxation (MPR). Excerpted from F. Auzel, Chemicals Studies 104, 139-73 (2004) KW Kramer, et al., Chemistry of Materials 16 (7), 1244-1251 (2004).

Figure (16d) is an illustration of the short-circuit current density. Indeed ; The short-circuit current density is reported to be 1.79% at 1000W / m 2 (0.179 cm 2 / W) in Monochromatic Laser excitation with a Broadband excitation excitation of 0.77% at 1.063 W / m 2 ( 0.072 cm 2 / W), 2.2mA / cm 2 sun at 78%; Compared to the Solar Concentrator; the value is 13.3 mA / cm 2 under 207 suns. Efficiency increase of 0.19% and (16e) an illustration of simulated values of current densities in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with storage integrated into the substrate making the l object of the present invention.

Solar Cell Frequency Converters Specification Solar Cell Dual-Sided Solar Cell with: ^ Large photon sub-band transmission ^ Large EQE of UC photons from the rear Upconverter (Elevator Converter) provides high absorbency and Large quantum efficiency upward conversion (also called UCQY or quantum yield pconversion) over a wide absorption range. An Er 3 + boost converter improves the Shockley-Queisser limit by 30% to 40% * [* Extract from T. Trupke, et al., Sol. EnergyMater. Ground. Cells 30 © Fraunhofer ISE, SWGlunz, September 2013, 3327 (2006)]. [00140] Performance Improvement by Improving Diffraction Back Surfaces for More Light Absorption and Optimization Using Rigid Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA1) Simulation 1 = Cell Surface 10 = Cell Thickness [ m] 100 = Simulated photo of current densities Figures 6d and 16e respectively represent; (16d) an illustration of the short-circuit current density at different light concentrations and (16e) an illustration of simulated values of current densities in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with or without substrate-integrated storage of the present invention. The legend of the values of the curves correspond respectively: 16-11 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve AM1.5G (280-1200nm) 16-12 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve ---- before: plane (not ARC) - back: mirror 16-13 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve ---- before: plane (DARC) - back: mirror 16-14 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve before: flat (not ARC) - rear: perfect 16-15 (Fig. 16e) is the diffuser front reference curve: plane (DARC) -back with a perfect diffuser 16-16 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve * forward: inverted pyramids with SARC - rear: mirror 16-17 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve * front: plane (DARC) - rear: sphere grids [00141] One of the advantages of the present invention is its implementation on cells by molecular deposition of layers (MLD). EG is one of many organic diols that can be used in conjunction with TMA for Alucone growth films. A diol difficulty is that they are homobifunctional precursors and can react twice with surface A1CH3 * species. These "double" reactions lead to a loss of surface reactive sites and could produce lower growth per cycle over MLD. The problem of double reactions can be minimized by using polyols to ensure that a hydroxyl group will be available for subsequent TMA exposure. This strategy will be discussed below for the MLD of Alucone based on TMA and glycerol. Alternatively, a heterobifunctional precursor, such as ethanolamine, HO-CH2-CH2-NH2 (EA) can be used that shows the preferential reactivity between its hydroxyl group and the surface species of AlCH3 *. This preference leaves an amine (-NH 2) group available for subsequent surface reaction. Likewise, ring-opening reactions can be employed that will react and express a new functional group when the ring is open. The ring opening reaction also has the advantage of containing the functional group in a masked form. The hidden feature leads to higher vapor pressures and shorter purge times compared to precursors that have the same functionality exposed. A three-step MLD process A, B, and C (Figure 17a) that can be accomplished without using homobifunctional precursors is based on: (1) TMA, a homomultifunctional mineral precursor, (2) ethanolamine (EA) , an organic reagent hetero and (3) maleic anhydride (MA) an organic reagent by ring opening (also called ring-opening).

The surface reactions proposed during the ABC growth are: (A) S-COOH + Al (CH 3) 3 [17-1 (FIG. 17 a)] -> S-000-Al (CH 3) 2 + CH 4 [17-2 (Fig. 17a)] (B) S-AlCH3 + HO (CH2) 2 -NH2 [17-3 (Fig. 17a)] S-Al-O (CH2) 2NH2 + CH4 [17-4 ( Fig. 17a)] (C) S-NH 2 + C 4 H 2 O 3 (MA) [17-5 (Fig. 17a)] S-NH-C (O) CHCHCOOH * [17-6 (Fig. 17a)] The surface-creation mechanism is also illustrated in Figure 17a. In this reaction sequence ABC, TMA reacts with the carboxylic groups in the reaction given by equation "S-000-Al (CH3) 2 + C114", to form the species A1CH3 *. Subsequently, the A1CH3 * species preferably react with the end of the EA reactive hydroxyl to form surface species Al-OCH2CH2NH2 * in reaction (B) given by the equation "S-Al15 O (CH2) 2NH2 * + CH4" . MA then reacts with amine-terminated surface to reform carboxylic groups by a proposed ring-opening reaction (C) given by equation) S-NHC (0) CHCHCOOH * The reaction sequence in three ABC steps is repeated by exposure to TMA, EA and MA to grow the MLD film to the desired thickness. A series of studies characterized the MLD ABC process. FTIR difference spectra were consistent with the reaction mechanism shown in Figure 17a. The MLD linear growth ABC displayed as evidenced by the QCM measurements. However, large gains in mass of 2500ng / cm 2 by ABC cycle were observed at 90 ° C. This large gain in mass may indicate the diffusion of a substantial amount of TMA into the ABC MLD film. After the TMA exposure, there was also a subsequent mass loss that was consistent with the diffusion of TMA on the MLD ABC film. The diffusion of the TMA in and out of the ABC film was measured experimentally and then adjusted using a digital model based on Fick's Law. The importance of TMA diffusion to and from the ABC film was verified by observing that the mass gain per cycle was dependent on the TMA purge time. In addition to TMA, other inorganic ALD precursors can be paired with various organic precursors to define other classes of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Thus, diethylzinc (DEZ) can react with diols to produce a "Zincone" film in MLD. Zincone MLD has been demonstrated using DEZ and EG. The growth and film characteristics of Zincone MLD were similar to Alucone MLD. The growth rates were linear observed for Zincone MLD function of the number of MLD cycles. However, the growth rates were lower than the higher growth temperatures and the EG precursor was observed to react two to four times almost exclusively at the highest growth temperatures. FIGS. 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 17e and 17f represent respectively; (17a) A schematic illustration of the growth of an MLD layer during ABC growth that can be accomplished without using homobifunctional precursors is based on: TMA, a homomultifunctional precursor mineral, ethanolamine (EA), a hetero and maleic anhydride organic reagent (MA) an organic ring opening reagent; and (17b) an illustration of MLD in two steps A and B for Glycerol-TMA and TMA-glycerol. The spectra are shifted for clarity in presentation and (17c) a difference illustration of the FTIR spectrum after TMA and GL exposure hang AB Alucone MLD at 150 ° C and (17d) an illustration of the four reaction sequence steps ABCD for a MLD layer growth process 50 of an Alumina-siloxane film using trimethylaluminum (TMA), H2O, dimethylmethoxychlorosilane (DMMCS) and H2O and (17e) a schematic illustration of two-step reaction sequence for growth by MLD at AB plot of a Lewis film using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and triethylenediamine (TED) and (17f) an illustration of the density of A1203 and AB Alucone using TMA and EG from XRR analysis in a hybrid cell 55 solar high efficiency with integrated storage substrate which is the subject of the present invention. One of the advantages of the present invention is a novel way of producing organic-inorganic hybrid film in MLD. A. Use of homotrifunctional precursors for the promotion of crosslinking. The MLD alucone AB system using TMA and EG displayed effective reactions. However, this MLD system has suffered double reactions because EG is a homobifunctional precursor. This MLD system also showed some contraction of the film on the first few days after this film was exposed to the air. In addition, tensile strain measurements of MLD films grown using TMA and EG with a thickness of 100 nm have a low critical tensile stress of 0.69%. This critical low voltage strain may result from the small amount of crosslinking in the MLD film. These problems with the TMA + EG MLD system has led to the recent exploration of the TMA + glycerol system. Glycerol provides an additional hydroxyl group for the reaction and must increase the crosslinking between the chains in the deposited film. The TMA reaction sequence and glycerol (GL) project is shown in Figure 17b. In fact, Figure 17b depicting schematic two-stage growth MLD, AB alucone using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and glycerol (GL).

Studies on surface species using Fourier transform (FTIR) difference spectra after TMA and GL exposures revealed that surface reactions are effective and proceed to completion. Figure 17c shows the difference of the FTIR spectra for Glycerol-TMA and TMA-glycerol. Spectra are moved for clarity in presentation. The added surface species appear as positive absorbance characteristics and the removed surface species appear as negative absorbance characteristics. The FTIR spectra show the "flipping" of OH stretching vibrations at higher frequencies with each TMA and GL exposure. This reversal between the positive absorbance for a reagent, then a negative absorbance mirror image for the second reagent is consistent with repetitive self-limiting reactions. There is also a reversal of the strong A1CH3 deformation mode at lower frequencies that is consistent with the addition and subtraction of the AlCH3 species surface. The TMA + GL reaction can also be characterized by QCM studies. The QCM analysis revealed a linear MLD growth with an average weight gain of 41.5 ng / cm 2 / cycle at 150 ° C. This weight gain of 41.5 ng / cm / cycle is equivalent to a growth rate of 2.5 A / cycle. Figure 17d displays the QCM results for two TMA + GL cycles at 150 ° C. The QCM shows that a gain in mass is observed during the TMA exposure. Likewise, a small mass loss is observed after the TMA exposure. This behavior suggests that some TMAs may be broadcast on the MLD movie after the TMA exposure. A similar mass gain is observed during the GL exposure. The light weight loss after the GL exposure may also indicate that some GL is diffusing out of the MLD film. The TMA + GL system also shows a growth rate that is much less temperature-dependent at the growth rate for TMA + EG17e. XRR analysis was used to study the film thickness after different numbers of MLD cycles at temperatures of 150, 170 and 190 ° C. These XRR results are shown in Figure 17f. The film thicknesses are similar for the three temperatures and are compatible with a growth rate of 2.0 to 2.3 Å per cycle. The growth rate of 2.3 A per cycle at 150 ° C is in reasonable agreement with the QCM measurement of 2.5 A / cycle at 150 ° C under similar reaction conditions. This is more constant growth rates depending on the temperature compared to TMA + EG suggests that TMA diffusion may be a less important factor due to the greater crosslinking between the growing chains. XRR analysis of the TMA + GL MLD films indicated that the film thickness was almost constant as a function of time after exposure to ambient temperature. MLD films grown using TMA + GL were not observed to contract as MLD films grown using TMA + EG Figure 17e. This stability of the top film may indicate that there is more crosslinking which increases the stability of the MLD film. Recent mechanical testing has also revealed that MLD films grown using TMA + GL have a higher tensile stress critical for cracking than MLD films grown using TMA + EG. (PDMS) is one of the most important organic-inorganic polymers and contains [-Si (CH3) 2 -O] n chains. The strength and flexibility of Si-0 bonds and bond angles give PDMS desirable thermal and mechanical properties. 3-5 PDMS MLD would be extremely useful for thin and compliant thin film growth. However, the first attempts at PDMS MLD revealed that the growth rate became negligible after about 15 MLD cycles. These attempts were made using the homobifunctional sequence of (dimethylamino) dimethylsilane and dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane or heterobifunctional or silane molecules such as dimethylmethoxychlorosilane (DMMCS). The lack of growth after about 15 MLD cycles was attributed to the desorption competition of cyclic siloxanes such as hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) or decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) from the PDMS film. To avoid the desorption of cyclic siloxanes, a new approach was pursued where DMMCS and H2O were used with TMA in an ABCD process defined by MA / H2O / DMMCS / H2O. A schematic representation of this sequence of reactions is given in Figure 9 [31]. This sequence of reactions introduces the -Si (CH 3) 2 -binding group into the growing film. The addition of TMA adds -Al- O -units in the growing chain and prevents the ompeting desorption of cyclic siloxanes. The TMA can be introduced during each reaction cycle. The TMA may also be introduced less frequently to lengthen [-Si (CH3) 2 -n chains before inserting the-A1-0-subunit (see Figure 17d). Early work explored the ABCD process to demonstrate the growth of siloxane alumina hybrid organic-inorganic films. MCQ experiments revealed that the MLD growth was linear with a mass gain of -21 ng / cm 2 / cycle at 200 ° C. Film growth at 200 ° C was also examined using XRR analysis. Measurements of linear XRR linear growth at 200 ° C with a growth rate of 0.9 Â / cycle. Using the density of 2.3 g / cm3 for the MLD film of the alumina-siloxane, the weight gain of about 21 ng / cm / cycle yield of a growth rate of 0.9 A / cycle. FTIR analysis of surface reactions was also consistent with the mechanism reaction shown in Figure 17e. However, a low atomic concentration of silicon in the MLD Film measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the reaction of the chlorosilane with the hydroxylated surface was not very effective.

The Outlook for MLD in making organic-inorganic hybrid films, the use of various organic and inorganic precursors offers an almost limitless set of combinations for the MLD of organic-inorganic hybrid films. Many of these combinations can be used to make films with specific functional properties. An example of a functional organic-inorganic hybrid film is a film developed using MLD TMA and triethylenediamine (TED). TMA is a Lewis acid and TED is a Lewis base. Sequence exposure of TMA and TED can be used to develop an MLD film with unreacted A1CH3 species remaining in the film. A schematic representation of this sequence of reactions is given in Figure 17e. These A1CH3 species can react with H2O and serve as H2O getter. The H2O getters may be useful as interlayers in multilayer gas diffusion barrier films. Conductive organic-inorganic hybrid films may also be useful for screens and interlayers or buffer layers or flexible films.

ZnO ALD films are known to have a low resistivity of about 1 x 1011 cm. ZnO ALD films are grown using diethylzinc (DEZ) and H2O. MLD organic-inorganic hybrid films can be grown using DEZ and EG as mentioned previously and are called "zincones".

Although the DEZ and EG based MLD Zincone film does not display any conductivity, recent results have shown that Zincone films based on DEZ and hydroquinone (HQ) displayed some conductivity when combined with ZnO ALD films. The scheme showing surface chemistry for Zincone MLD using DEZ and HQ is given in Figure 17g. While these MLD alloy conductive films exhibit sufficient toughness because of their organic constituents, they may be useful for flexible screens and may be candidates for replacing indium tin oxide (ITO). Figure 17g illustrates the two-step reaction sequence for MLD growth of AB Zincone using diethylzinc (DEZ) and hydroquinone (HQ). Organic-inorganic hybrid MLD films have a low density that approximates the low densities of organic polymers. In contrast, inorganic ALD films have a much higher density. Mixtures of organic-inorganic MLD hybrid layers with ALD layers can be used to obtain films with a density that ranges from the low density of the pure MLD film to the high density of the inorganic ALD film [36]. As an example, the density of A1203 ALD: AB Alucone MLD films are shown in Figure 17f. A1203 ALD was grown using TMA and H2O. AB Alucone MLD was grown using TMA and EG [13]. The density was varied by changing the relative number of ALD and MLD cycles during the growth of the alloy. Figure 17e shows the Density of A1203 and AB Alucone alloys using TMA and EG of XRR analysis. The alloys were prepared using different numbers of TMA / H20 and TMA / EG cycles. For example, the 3: 1 ratio sample was prepared using repetitive sequences of three cycles of TMA / H. Figure 17f indicates that the density may vary widely from the evolution of organic matter. One of the advantages of the present invention is a new composition of interlayer films or inter-organic layers. Other properties that depend on the density will also change accordingly. For example, mechanical properties such as modulus and elastic stiffness must be tunable. The optical and electrical properties such as the refractive index and the dielectric constant must also vary according to the composition of the alloy film. In general, films with a variety of tunable properties should be possible by modifying the ratio of the ALD and MLD cycles used to grow the alloy film.

Most of the MLD comment systems in this chapter have been based on AB, ABC or ABCD Process using TMA. Other organometallic and organic precursors are also possible. As previously mentioned, organic-inorganic zinc-based hybrid films are possible using DEZ. Other organic-inorganic hybrid systems based on zirconium and titanium are possible using Zr (Ot -Bu) 4 and TiC14, respectively. Many other organometallic precursors can also be used to define other MLD hybrid organic-inorganic polymers. For example, magnesium metal (Mg) and manganese (Mn) alkyls are available in Mg (PCIE) 2 and Mn (PC1E) 2. These alkylmetals are expected to react with diols or carboxylic acids to define new ones. MLD systems.

The possibilities for the MLD of organic-inorganic hybrid films are virtually limitless considering all the metals in the periodic table and the organic compounds available from organic chemistry. The challenge of the next few years will be to determine the organic hybrid inorganic films that can be grown easily and that can exhibit useful properties. The tunable or even adjustable mechanical, optical, dielectric, conductive and chemical properties of hybrid organic-inorganic films should be useful for a wide range of applications. One of the advantages of the present invention is its implementation on the high yield flexible film production system for inorganic / organic hybrid photovoltaic cells as well as PV tandem cells. For starters, the efficiency of the cell increases with the absorption rate of the constituent materials. Figure 18 is an illustration of the optimal response curve achieved by NREL in a high efficiency solar cell. Fourteen new results are presented in the current version of these tables. The first new result in Table I is an all-time record for solar conversion by a single junction photovoltaic device. An efficiency of 27.6% was measured at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for a 1 cm2 thin-film GaAs device manufactured by Alta Devices, Inc. Alta Devices is a Santa Clara-based "start-up" company seeking to develop low cost, 30% effective solar modules. The second new result in Table I is an improvement in efficiency to 19.6% for a single 1 cm2 copper-indium-gallium- (CIGS) cell junction manufactured by and measured with NREL.

Modeling of the organic cells: Similarly, Figures 13a, 13b and 13c respectively represent; (13a) A schematic illustration of organic high layer modeling of a solar cell and (13b) a hybrid cell modeling illustration with CIGS absorbent layer and (13c) a flexible schematic illustration. Structure assembled in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage substrate that is the subject of the present invention. Another advantage of the present invention is its implementation on the structure integrated into the substrate (also called ON BOARD) piezoanofils. There are several forms of piezoelectric materials: monocrystalline: this is the natural form of piezoelectric materials. Used initially, they were used to develop piezoelectric ceramics. ^ Ceramics: These are special ceramics whose grains are all oriented in a predefined direction in order to equip them with piezoelectric capacity. Composites: These are grains of piezoelectric materials trapped in a non-piezoelectric resin (also called matrix). This form is mainly used in the field of acoustics. Thin layers: 0.5 to 5 micron thick, these thin layers of piezoelectric materials are used to power MEMS (Micro Electronical Mecanical Systems) such as micro-valves, micromotors ...

Piezoelectricity is generally used at different levels to produce free energy without pollution, and without major constraints. Figures 19a and 19b show respectively; (19a) the principle of operation of the piezonano elements (piezonanil / piezonanotubes) of a cell and (19b) the structure of the layer on a multilayer substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. The piezonanofile function is to recycle the heat of the surrounding systems with electrical current through its piezo component. The piezo material (PZT) is covered with a film of carbon nanotubes (CNF). In appearance, it looks like a chewing gum, even over-cooked modeling clay, but it's actually a real revolution: It's a component that can recover and recycle the energy that's been spent by people. electronic systems. Designed in part by the Long Que team, a researcher in electrical engineering from Louisiana Tech University (2010), State of Louisiana), the device consists of a lever made of piezoelectric material capable of converting mechanical tension into electrical voltage; PZT in Figure (19a) covered with a film of carbon nanotubes (CNF in the diagram). The heat absorption by the film forces the lever to twist cyclically ... and thus to emit current. Which is recovered by nickel electrodes and reinvested in the electronic device emitting heat. And so on ... What violates the principles of thermodynamics, which prohibit in practice the perpetual cycles? Long That certainly does not pretend. But it offers at least something to limit energy consumption, thus extending the autonomy. Better: the piezo sensor can also capture and convert light. It extracts energy from the environment. It is an advantage of the present invention to consider a generation of electric current by capturing heat on the back of solar substrate to translate it into electric current. In addition, the inventor proposes to compensate for the loss of the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell caused by the heat of the solar radiation by the transformation of thermal radiation into electric current and even to increase the conversion efficiency (called efficiency of the cell) by the use of the piezonanil or piezonotube at the do (reverse side) of the solar cell substrate. Progress beyond the state of the art: ZnO exhibits one of the largest piezoelectric coefficients of any semiconductor and has the most thermoelectric-based of all transparent conductive oxides. This has led to recent work in which it is considered for use in kinetic energy recovery via piezogenerators and thermal energy recovery via thermoelectric effects.

Table 4 gives an estimate in 2001 of the power density generation potential of various energy collection and conversion techniques. However, since that date, both piezoelectric and thermoelectric approaches have independently shown a considerable improvement in the potential for the generation of solar energy. This is the case with the Piezoelectric Powertrain and the Piezoelectric 3301. energy recovery by nano structuration. For piezo-generation, this is related to increasing the range of motion and elasticity plus the resonances presented by nanostructures, which can amplify the power density of more than harvest in order to magnitude xv. For thermoelectric, this is related to a 50-fold decrease in thermal conductivity with respect to the substrate. A ZnO nanowire growth and piezoelectric energy recovery experiment allows a new combined approach of kinetic and thermal energy harvesting coupled with CIGS solar cells. Figure 19b illustrates a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showing two surfaces facing the silicon wafers coated with vertically oriented self-forming arrays, ZnO nanowires grated by laser ablation.

The main advantages of the set of works have been developed with the following characteristics: 1) a ZnO based kinetic energy recovery of 5mW / cm3 2) a basic thermoelectric ZnO realization of 0.4. [00146] One of the advantages of the present invention is its implementation on the batteries integrated in the substrate (called on-board batteries) on or on the back of the solar cell substrate. For photovoltaic applications, lead accumulators are the systems used for the most part because of their low cost (<150 E / kWh), placing them far ahead of other technologies (NiCd, NiMH and Li-ion). However, their electrical performance does not allow them to have the lifetime of the associated solar panels (> 10 years). The Miniature Energy Sources Laboratory (LSEM) proposes to use the new LiFePO4 / graphite technology with a short-term target cost of less than 300 E / kWh, which has four advantages over lead technology 35 1) duration higher life, 2) very low self-discharge, 3) 5 to 6 times lighter system and 4) no maintenance. 40 The material cost of a Li-ion accumulator (approximately 80% of the cost of the battery) is assigned to 25% by the cost of cobalt and 25% by the safety devices made particularly necessary by the high reactivity at high temperature. of this compound. It is a cost reduction of more than 30% that can be achieved in the new generations of accumulators thanks to the use of iron phosphate, partly because of its objective cost (1/3 of that of cobalt ), on the other hand the removal of 45 safety devices because of its high chemical and electrochemical stability. The main lock on this family of compounds is the low electronic conductivity, making it difficult to use in battery. By optimizing its composition and the manufacturing process, CEA / Grenoble succeeded in stabilizing the performance of iron phosphate at room temperature (165 mAh / g at 23 ° C). In this sector "high capacity, low cost", a significant advance is the achievement of high voltage materials spinel type LiNiO, 5Mn 1, 504 having stabilized performance on already more than 50 cycles and which will exceed 240 Wh / kg . But these materials still require R & D efforts to be integrated into commercial batteries capable of holding 500 cycles. tr3`i Thin films and nanostructures of silicon as anodes in the context of lithium batteries (collaboration with T. Gacoin, PMC Solid Chemistry Group). Magnetic nanostructures and electrochemistry at the atomic scale: Influence of surface chemistry and electric field on the magnetic properties (anisotropy and domain wall propagation) of electro deposited layers. Local Atomic Order in Alloys: Continued studies of the growth of surface alloys to correlate microstructure. Figures 20a, 20b, 20c and 20d show respectively; (20a) a schematic illustration of application domains of the thin storage layers integrated in the solar cell substrate and (20b, 20c and 20d) a comparison of the conventional lithium ion solution with the nano titanate structures on a flexible substrate in a solar hybrid cell high efficiency subject of the present invention. The different important aspects of thin-film batteries including Inorganic Nanoscale Electrodes, electrolyte and composite layers, require solid state interface optimization for increased capacity, power and reliability. The synthesis of composite materials and its characterization, the development of new materials for the electrode of the batteries with emphasis on the control of the interface and the 3D engineering of the electrolyte thin film have been other important aspects of the work of the present invention. In particular, the fundamental understanding of the diffusion interface of Thin Film Batteries composite and flexible. Development of coating and process modeling in 3D compatible with materials for 3D micro-battery TF based on micro-processing techniques have been an important part of the research. Another aspect of the present invention is the scaling of processes on metal sheets (roll-to-roll), the development of low-cost and abundant solutions and materials compatible with the production of hybrid solar cells [00148] One of the advantages of the present invention is the use of Nano-titanate lithium batteries. The Super Charge Ion Battery, or SCiB, is a battery developed largely by Toshiba. The SCiB is close to lithium-ion batteries "standard" portable computing tools (telephones, computers etc.) with however assets: ^ Lifespan: 10 yearsl ^ Number of cycles of charge / discharge: 6 000 (or 10 times more than for "standard" batteries) ^ Charging speed: nine times faster than a lithium-ion battery (its main asset) ^ More security than lithium-ion batteries ^ Less trouble controlling electronically (charge, support, ability to charge current) ^ But with one disadvantage: ^ Three times less capacity at equal weight than a lithium-ion battery The birth history of SCiB batteries can be summarized as follows: ^ 2005 : Toshiba publishes SCiB principle ^ 2008: first production plant commissioned (150,000 units / month) ^ 2009: Toshiba plans a new plant for 2011 (expected production: 500,000 units per month) Characteristics The most outstanding techniques of SCiB batteries are: ^ Anode: Lithium-Titanium Oxide ^ Cathode: Negative electrode material ^ Thermal stability (little heating) 3 ^ High flash point (few short circuits) ^ Internal structure resistant to short circuits Low risk of combustion / rupture ^ 10% loss of capacity obtained after 3000 cycles discharge / rapid charge. ^ Life cycle> 6000 charges / discharges (life cycle = loss of capacity less than 20%) ^ Very fast charge (90% achieved in 5-10 min) ^ Operating temperature range of -40 ° C to 60 ° C ^ Voltage of a SCiB cell: 2.4 V ^ Density: 1.48 ^ Energy density: approx. 50 Wh / kg ^ Power density: approx. 3 kW / kg ^ Use of reduced pollutants ^ Fast charging Fast charging is not a direct characteristic of the battery. These are all elements of robustness (thermal stability, high flash point, internal structure resistant to short circuits) that allow the use of stronger currents than for lithium-ion batteries without risk of explosion. It can thus save up to 90% of the charging time compared to the latter. In our studies: Lithium titanate technology is very unique because it does not contain solid electrolyte interface (SEI). The SEI is a "film" on the anode that is an internal resistance limiting the power output and generates heat accumulated in a standard lithium-ion battery. Therefore, the absence of an SEI allows the lithium-titanate battery to work effectively at extreme temperatures and reduces the risk of thermal runaway significantly. In short, by removing the highly reactive graphite from the system design, and instead using lithium titanate nanostructured materials as the negative electrode material, no significant interaction takes place with the electrolyte. The temperature range of the Nano-titanate lithium battery is also wider than other technologies: -40 ° C to 55 ° C (-40 ° F to 131 ° F). This capability virtually eliminates the need for additional heating when the cell is used in low temperature environments and reduces or eliminates cooling requirements for high temperature operation. Conventional lithium-ion batteries can typically go through the charge / discharge cycle about 1000 times before they are considered more useful. In laboratory tests, storage systems and Altairnano, lithium titanate batteries have reached more than 25,000 charge-discharge cycles and - at rates up to 40 times greater than ordinary batteries, and still conserve up to at 80% of the initial load capacity. Figure 20c-1 illustrates a Nano Lithium Titanate in 3D with more life cycle and without stress during charging and discharging Figure 20c-2 shows a standard Lithium-ion anode slowing the charge rate with the cathode due to its rounded surface Figure 20c-3 shows a Nano Lithium-ion Titanate anode with more than 30 times the exchange surface making a charge and discharge cycle faster. [00149] Other advantages of using new material for storage batteries for solar cells And / or electric vehicles. One of the advantages of the present invention is to propose a material that can triple the capacity of lithium ion batteries, thus enabling electric vehicles to have a range around 600km. The company has also developed a new material to conduct electricity in the battery.

Figures 21a and 21b show respectively; (21a) a solar cell illustration with thin film storage battery integrated into the solar cell substrate and (2 lb) an illustration of the steps of the multilayer nano titanate solution on a flexible substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell making object of the present invention. (Note * 1: Gel-type electrolytes: electrolytes of a jelly-like substance.) Part of the results of this research and development (process technology) ) was carried out with the support of the Research Project on Advanced Technologies for the Application and Commercial Use of Lithium-Ion Batteries being managed by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

In the future, we will look at the mass production of these lithium-ion type film batteries, the purpose of quickly producing products for a variety of uses, including electric vehicles. The achievements of this research will be announced at Eco-Products 2013 to be held at Tokyo Big Sight from December 12-14 this year.

The research process of Sekisui Chemical, which aims to be a premier company contributing to the environment, has used its well-honed high-performance film as an instrument to create an innovative environmental product. In particular, the company has focused its efforts on energy materials and devices, stimulating R & D on battery materials and lithium-ion battery production processes to find solutions to the current problems of weight, space, security and capacity. Since 2012, he has been involved in accelerating this research with the support of the Advanced Technology Research Project for the Application and Commercial Use of Lithium-Ion Batteries being managed by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

The company has made aggressive efforts in the development of high conductivity materials and processes allowing the manufacture of large / long battery cells that can only be achieved with the existing revolutionary lithium-ion processes. The Li-nano Titanate technology described in the present invention also provides the ideal combination of power and power produced to compensate for dynamic charge / discharge behavior at varying discharge levels. One of the advantages of the present invention is a large scale integration of renewable energies (photovoltaics) on an optimized surface of the installation Lithium-ion batteries are a type of non-aqueous electrolyte of the rechargeable battery when the lithium-ion battery inside electrolytes provides electrical conductivity. Standard models have lithium metal oxides at the positive electrode and a carbonaceous material such as graphite at the negative electrode, and typically use an electrolytic solution. Thanks to the electrolytic solution is a barrier to ensure the safety of the lithium-ion battery, and many research institutes aiming to solidify the electrolytic solution, but from the point of view of performance and productivity, the electrolytic solution remains the substance the norm. Sekisui Chemical, with a strong focus on the use of gel for electrolytes, has recently used new organic polymer electrolyte materials such as electrolyte gel type of high ionic conductivity (about ten times other Sekisui Chemical products) to obtain the prospect of continued high-speed production of battery cells (at ten times compared to other products of Sekisui Chemical) and improving safety by using a continuous coating process rather than a vacuum infusion process. In addition, it has developed high-capacity negative electrode silicon materials to make optimal use of this performance, achieving a high capacity (900Wh / L) battery cell.

The development of high-capacity lithium-ion battery type film working practice while being flexible, thin long and covers a large area, has massively improved freedom in the design of the shape of the final products, leading to anticipation from their use in automobiles, homes, electrical appliances and so on while acquiring unprecedented lightness, improved design to be able to be installed in any form of shape * 3 save space ( one third of the size of the previous products). Note * 3: The values provided by these lithium-ion batteries in film form [1] Light weight As they weigh one third of the previous products, they are (Lightweight): able to reduce the input movement by touch of the battery power itself. [00150] Double-sided solar cells (also called bifacial) and hybrid cells. At this point, to complete the solar cell process, the edge isolation must be done in order to avoid the short circuit between the transmitter and the back contact of the cell. In a mono-facial process this step can be carried out immediately after the emitter diffusion and, in this case, the wet chemical treatment is used. One of the most successful edge isolation processes is laser tracing. It is perfectly suited to online processing and the wafer remains intact, which is an important requirement for the handling of thin wafers. Other possible techniques for performing edge isolation are: wet chemical etching, plasma etching, saw cutting or sandpaper. A detailed report, including most of the relevant techniques for insulating the edges is presented by Hauser et al.

Here we presented the last step to make bifacial solar cells. The schematic structure is shown in Figure 11a, with respect to the standard mono-facial solar cell. Figures 22a, 22b and 22c show respectively; (22a) an illustration of a double-sided solar cell with its metallization (22b) and its response curve as well as the spectral responses of the cell (22c) in a high-efficiency solar hybrid cell forming the subject of the present invention. Figure 22a of the present invention shows a screen printed Al-back surface field (Al-BSF) is widely used to passivate the back surface of silicon solar cells. In order to increase the cost-effectiveness of solar cells, there is a strong tendency to further reduce the wafer thickness down to at least 200 μm. Thus, the rear surface recombination rate (Sb) begins to strongly influence solar cell performance when approaches to minority carrier diffusion length or exceeds the thickness of the device. Al-BSF that can decrease Sb becomes much larger. Previously, most researchers used internal quantum cell quantum efficiency (IQE) at Al-BSF quality analysis. But this method is not able to characterize Al-BSF directly because of other factors. In Figure 22a, the back-surface fields are formed using screen-printed Al Cz P-silicon type film directly followed by band-oven sintering and we measure the life of the minority carriers after firing. When these cells are based on a substrate instead of an n-type p-type substrate, the sequence process can be maintained, but in this case, the transmitter (front side) would be the diffused boron surface (p +) and the back surface field would be phosphorus (n +). Several changes in the processing steps were tested e.g., starting with phosphorus diffusion instead of boron scattering, texturing of the back face and the front side etching, among others. The best results were obtained with the method presented in this section. [00151] Results of the solar cell. Before presenting the results of solar cells obtained during this study, it is necessary to introduce the most important parameters that characterize the solar cell. Most relevant parameter are described below. As can be found in the literature on PV [PVE]: standardized tests allows the [2] Space reduced (Spacesaving): [3] Performance in design (Design performance): the thinness and their small size allow to be compactly stored for efficient use of the space saved. Thanks to the strong freedom in the definition of the product allows it to be placed in what was contrary unused space, which makes even more the use of space. Note * 4 on Film-type lithium-ion batteries: The supposed size of lithium-ion-type film batteries is currently 200cm, 30cm wide, and a thickness of 0.3-5mm (however, the size varies depending design capacity) comparison of efficiency and other parameters of the cell manufactured by different companies and laboratories with different technologies. "Standard Test Conditions (STC) are generally: 1.5 air mass spectrum (AM1.5) for terrestrial cells and air masses 0 (AMO) for space cells> Intensity of 100 mW / cm2 (1 kW / m2, a lighting sun) Temperature of cell 25 ° C (not 300 K) Four probe points to eliminate the effect of probe / cell contact resistance.

According to Wikipedia [WIK]: "The mass of air 1.5 (AM1.5G) spectrum corresponds to the illumination and spectrum of incident of sunlight in clear weather on a 37 ° inclined surface of sun facing with the sun at an angle of 41.81 ° above the horizon.The energy conversion efficiency of a solar cell "" is the percentage of incident light energy that actually ends up in energy This is calculated at the point of maximum power, Pm, divided by the radiation density of the input light (E, in W / m2) under DCP and the surface area of the solar cell (Ac in m2 ) ". rI = Pm E - Ac The absolute maximum theoretically possible of the conversion efficiency of sunlight is 93% because of the Carnot limit, given the temperature of the photons emitted by the sun's surface [HEN]. Solar cell can operate over a wide range of voltages (V) and currents (I) by increasing the resistive load on a continuously irradiated cell from zero (short circuit) to a very high value (an open circuit ), it is possible to determine the point of maximum power, to the point that maximizes V x I, that is, the load for which the cell can provide a maximum electrical power (at this level of irradiation). Output power is zero in both short-circuit and open-circuit mode.The maximum power point of a photovoltaic cell varies with incident illumination "[WIK]. As explained by PV education [PVE: "The IV curve of a solar cell is the superposition of the IV curve of the solar cell diode in the dark with the current generated by the light.The light has the effect of shift the IV curve down into the fourth quadrant where the power can be extracted from the diode (see Fig. 12) Enlightening a cell adds normal "dark" currents into the diode so that the right of the diode becomes: Figure 12b illustrates the effect of light on the current-voltage characteristics of a p-junction.The two limiting parameters used to characterize the efficiency of solar cells are short-circuit current (Isc) which is the zero-voltage current, in ideal conditions proportional to sunlight is available) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) which is the maximum voltage at zero current [S & Q] .This value increases logarithmically to an increase sunlight. For each point of curve IV, the product of the voltage and current represents the power output for the operating state. A solar cell can also be characterized by its maximum power point, when the product Vmpp x Je mpp is at its maximum value [WEN]. "Another term defining the overall behavior of a solar cell is the fill factor (FF), which is the ratio of the power available at the point of maximum power (Pm), divided by the circuit voltage. open (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc): 50 FF = H Voc - Isc rj - A - E = c Voc - Isc 55 The fill factor is directly affected by the values of the series of the cell and the shunt resistors "[WIK]. The increase of the shunt resistance (Rsh) and the decrease of the series resistance (Rs) of lead to a higher filling rate, thus resulting in greater efficiency, and bring the power output of the cell close to its theoretical maximum [NEL]. Another important method of characterizing the performance of solar cells is the spectral response. The spectral response is conceptually similar to quantum efficiency [PVE]. "Quantum Efficiency (EQ) is the ratio of the number of charge carriers collected by the solar cell to the number of photons of a given energy shining on the solar cell.This leads to: SR = q- 2. QEh- c QE therefore deals with the response of a solar cell at different wavelengths in the spectrum of bright light on the cell.EQ is given as a function of each wavelength or energy. photons of a certain wavelength are absorbed and we collect the resulting minority carriers, the QE at this particular wavelength has a value of 1. The QE for photons with energy below the bandgap is zero Two types of quantum efficiency of a solar cell are often taken into consideration: - External quantum efficiency (EQE) is the ratio between the number of charge carriers collected by the solar cell to the number of photons of a given energy. who shines r the solar cell from the outside (incident photons). - Internal quantum yield (IQE) is the ratio between the number of charge carriers collected by the solar cell to the number of photons of a given energy that enter the solar cell from outside and are absorbed by the cell. The WQI is always bigger than the European qualifying examination. A low IQE indicates that the active layer of the solar cell is not able to make good use of the photons. To measure the IQE, a first measure the EEQ of the solar device, measurements of its transmission and reflection, and combines these data to deduce the WQI "[WIK]. According to PV education [PVE: "the ideal spectral response is limited to long wavelengths by the semiconductor's inability to absorb photons with energies less than the bandwidth." This limit is the same as that encountered in However, in contrast to the square shape of EQ curves, the spectral response decreases at short wavelengths of photons.At these wavelengths, each photon has a high energy, and therefore the ratio of photons to power is reduced.All the energy above the band gap energy is not used by the solar cell and instead causes the heating of the cell. to make full use of the high-energy incident energy and the inability to absorb low light energies represents a significant loss of power in solar cells consisting of a single pn junction. [00151] Losses in solar cells: The losses in a solar cell will reduce its effectiveness. The main contributions are optical losses due to reflection, loss of recombination, resistive and thermal losses. "Optical losses primarily affect power from a solar cell by lowering the short-circuit current." Optical losses consist of light, which could have generated an electron-hole pair, but that does not work because the light is reflected from the front surface, or because it is not absorbed into the solar cell.For the most common semiconductor solar cells, the entire visible spectrum has enough energy to create electron-hole pairs and therefore all visible light ideally be absorbed [PVE.] When the light is off, the system must return to a state of equilibrium and the electron-hole pairs generated by the light must disappear. external, electrons and holes wander until they meet and recombine.Flatches or impurities inside or on the surface of the semiconductor promote recombinant [WEN]. "Recombination can occur through several mechanisms: - radiative recombination: the opposite of absorption. Electrons in a state of high energy return to a lower energy state, with the output of light energy. - Auger recombination: an electron recombining with a hole gives the extra energy to another electron, which then relaxes to its original energy state, releasing phonons. This recombination is particularly effective in relatively heavily doped material, thus becoming the dominant process when the level of impurity greatly exceeds 1017 cm -3. - Recombination by traps (also called Shockley -Read -Hall recombination): can occur when impurities in the semiconductor or interface traps at the surfaces give rise to permissible energy levels in the band. forbidden energy otherwise. The electrons can thus recombine with the holes in a two-step process, first to relax at the level of the defect energy, then to the valence band.

Solar cells usually have a parasitic series and the shunt resistance associated with them, both types acting to reduce the fill factor. The main factors of the series resistance (Rs) is the apparent resistance of the semiconductor material, the metallic contacts and interconnections, carrier transport through the diffuse upper layer, and the contact resistance between the metal contacts and the semiconductor . The shunt resistance (rsh) is due to the non-idealized PN junction and the impurities near the junction, which cause a partial short circuit of the junction, particularly near the edges of the cell "[WEN." The cells solar devices operate as quantum energy conversion devices, and are therefore subject to the "limit of thermodynamic efficiency". Photons with energy less than the forbidden band of the absorbing material can not generate an electron - hole pair, and so their energy is converted into a useful output and does not generate heat when absorbed. For photons of energy greater than the bandgap energy, only a fraction of the energy above the forbidden band can be converted into useful power. When a high energy photon is absorbed, excess energy above the forbidden band is converted into kinetic energy of the carrier assembly. The excess of kinetic energy is converted into heat by phonon interactions as the kinetic energy of the carriers slows the speed to equilibrium [WIK]. Table 6 shows a summary of all these losses, including the parameters affected Table 6: Types of Losses and the Parameter Affected [arameter Loss Mechanism of Visualized Isc Optics Voc Recombination, Resistive Loss Icc FF Losses thermal Voc, FFI "The bars and the fingers are the source of a variety of losses; these include shading losses, resistive losses and contact resistance losses [PVE]. "The first results of IV on a batch of 50 solar cells [00152] Increased yield of solar cells by bifacialization At the beginning of this survey in 2008, we mainly worked on the optimization of the diffusion treatment step This step is the key to creating the rear surface fields (also called BSF), it can be done before or after the formation of the transmitter depending on the sequence of steps chosen .. Once a very small deviation in the homogeneity of boron scattering on platelet surfaces was obtained, the solar cells were made in a sequence similar to that presented by Kopecek, which was the starting point for several optimization steps and adjustments. The treated substrates were about 212 - cm resistivity, 125 x 125 mm 2 p-grabbing Cz-Si with a thickness of about 200 μm. 10%, having a high degree of inhomogeneity in efficiency. Improving cell homogeneity on a defined lot was a primary goal. This goal was achieved after we gained some experience in processing techniques such as substrate cleaning, SiNx deposition, among others. and These first results showed that mainly the back face presents a great possibility for overall improvement, in the short-circuit current. Jsc decreases mainly due to optical losses and recombination. These results indicate another optimization step: the passivation of the surface of + p. For the improvement of the front panel, we were mainly interested in optimizing the contact training. However, during this work most of the processing steps have been improved for the front and back side. The order of the steps has been adjusted to obtain the best results in terms of solar cell results and production (time and consumption) results after sequence and optimization steps.

The maximum efficiencies obtained with this method are 17.3% for the front panel and 15% for rear side lighting under STC. The ratio of forward and backward efficiency is greater than 80% for all solar cells. It is important to consider that for diffusions, a better passivation of the surfaces, and for the contacting of the metal, we suppose that the gains in efficiency should be at least 0.5% in absolute value. N-type substrates have also been included in this batch for processing for solar cells, using the same process. The best cell results were 15.1% for the front panel and 11.9% for the back panel. [00153] Increased cell efficiency by trapping light photons Recently, a team of researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Central Florida at Orlando have been trying to implement systems of trapping of light with 3 μm thick silicon solar cells., The result obtained on energy conversion efficiencies were more than 190% compared to identical cells that do not possess the trapping characteristics from light..

The present invention provides new nano-textures in the form of micro-cellular networks which have the light-trapping characteristic with simple manufacture, light, flexible, more efficient, and easy to mass-produce. Light trapping is a technique used to make the length of the optical path longer than the length (thickness) of the actual solar cell.

The optical path is the path that light puts through the solar cell. By way of example, for a solar cell without a light trapping system, the length of an optical path is equal to the length of the device itself. In a solar cell with light trapping systems, the optical path length may be 40 times or more greater than the length of the device. The invention uses a light trapping system based on a very innovative technique. It uses a light capture and blocking system based on a MLD layer growth or nano-impression / deposition technique where a polymer deposit by MLD mechanically creates the model (nanoscale) at the cell. solar without the use of complex lithographic steps. This approach naturally leads to flexibility, making the design ideal for mass manufacturing. This study demonstrates that the light-trapping regime provides higher electrical efficiency in a flexible and lightweight module. Figure 23 shows a solar cell photon trap illustration for an increase in efficiency in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. [00154] Notes on Increase and Optimization of Cell Efficiency It should be noted that the most important elements in the increase and optimization of energy yields are: 1) The widening of the gap band (14-1 FIG. 14a) The expression of the gap band (in electronvolt): According to the law of quantum mechanics, the minimum energy required for the photon to cross the forbidden energy band = that of electromagnetic propagation of the associated wave hc E = mc2 = hv = -A h = 6,62620 * 10-34 Js Planck constant c = 3 * 108ms-1 the speed of light Therefore: hc 1.24 Eg (ev) = hv = - fitted) 2) the number of electrons created by the photo-generation process: k) I (x) = N (0) e-ax A being the absorption coefficient of the material used in rn-1 3) the refractive index of upper layers n 4) the thickness of the absorbing layer E It emerges that to have a better efficiency it takes a larger .1 (gm) possib therefore a study of the electromagnetic spectrum. An optimal choice of the absorption coefficient has to have more free electrons. It is therefore necessary to have a thorough and complete characterization of the various layers, in particular the CIGS layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The set of FIGS. 1 to 24 show a schematic representation as well as various details of a system that is the subject of the present invention. Figure 1 shows schematically the different layers of a double-sided hybrid solar cell subject of the present invention. Figure 2a shows schematically the different layers of a high efficiency hybrid solar cell with piezonotubes (or piezonanosil) converter which is the subject of the present invention. Figure 2b shows schematically the different layers of a single high efficiency solar cell subject of the present invention. FIG. 2c schematically represents the various layers of a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with storage battery integrated into the substrate of the cell that is the subject of the present invention. Figures 3a and 3b schematize a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with antireflection layers and sun tracking subject of the present invention. Figures 3c and 3d show a high efficiency hybrid solar cell with storage batteries integrated in the cell substrate and antireflection and sun tracking layers subject of the present invention. Figure 4 schematically represents an ideal growth sequence by MLD in "self-limiting reactions" using two homobifunctional reactants in a process having the sequence of chemistry spontaneously used for the growth of an organic polymer, thus allowing mixing 45 of the Organic precursors used for MLD with inorganic ALD precursors to define novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figure 5 illustrates the growth of Alucone (polymer film) in two steps using 50 trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ethylene glycol (EG). TMA is exposed to a hydroxylated surface and produces a surface covered with A1CH3 species, thus allowing the mixing of the inorganic organic base of novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell being subjected to the present invention. Figure 6a shows the graph of the energy absorbing bands (Abs / PL) as a function of wavelength in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell forming the subject of the present invention.

FIG. 6b represents a model of the structure of a hybrid solar cell of the CIGS type, in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell which is the subject of the present invention. Figure 7a shows a schematic illustration of a possible configuration of bifacial solar cell with optical active layer in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figure 7b is a schematic illustration of a possible configuration of solar cell equipped with up converter layer (Up Converter) converting invisible radiation visible radiation of the light spectrum in a hybrid high efficiency solar cell subject of the present invention. Figures 7c and 7d represent respectively; (7c) the quantum efficiency extension curve (EQE) of a hybrid cell as a function of the wavelength and used and molecular materials of a cell and (7d) the structure of the entire light spectrum by wavelength division on a multilayer cell in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell forming the subject of the present invention. Figure (8a) shows the cost ratio per standard m2 identifying what is considered to be the top three categories of solar cells in terms of solar conversion efficiency and the cost per unit area in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell making the object of the present invention. Figure (8b): represents the Black Body Spectrum as a function of temperature in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention.

Figure (8c) shows the structure of a lattice (ordered set), in a hybrid high efficiency solar cell subject of the present invention. Figure (8d) shows the Shockley-Queisser boundary representative curve, in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figures 9a, 9b and 9c show respectively; (9a) a schematic illustration of a charging and discharging cycle in a solid electrolyte battery and (9b) a thin-layer illustration of the energy storage stage with Anode and Cathode on flexible substrate of the thin film (Thin Film) interface, composite and flexible batteries. Coatings development (coating) and modeling of processes in 3D and (9c) a schematic illustration of Lithium nano titanate micro batteries without solid electrolyte interface (also called SEI or Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage to the substrate subject of the present invention.

Figures 10a, 10b and 10c show respectively; (10a) a schematic illustration of a CIGS solar cell with an organic interface layer and (10b) an illustration of n-type CIGS and sulphide (n-sulphide) layers on a pn junction and (10c) a flexible schematic illustration. Coating development and modeling of 3D processes in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage on the substrate of the present invention.

K9 Figures 11a, 11b, 11c and 11d show respectively; (11a) a schematic illustration of a single double-sided solar cell and (11b) a central n layer illustration covered front and rear by p-type layer and n + and (11c) a schematic illustration of a front and rear-sided junction by SnO2-type layer and (11d) a solar panel illustration in a raised-frame environment in a high-efficiency solar hybrid cell with built-in storage on the substrate; object of the present invention. Figures 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f and 12g show respectively; (12a) a schematic illustration of a cyclic growth ALD and (12b) an illustration of layers in formation and (12c) an illustration of the discretized rectangular domain and (12d) an outline illustration of the function of Potential yr and (12e) an illustration of "the surface of the function Potential yr" and (12f) an illustration of the boundary conditions and (12g) an illustration of the pace and the profile of the electric potential function w (x, y) by the methods of relaxation and relaxation respectively in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage substrate that is the subject of the present invention. Figures 13a, 13b and 13c show respectively; (13a) A schematic illustration of organic high layer modeling of a solar cell and (13b) a hybrid cell modeling illustration with CIGS absorbent layer and (13c) a flexible schematic illustration. Structure assembled in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage substrate that is the subject of the present invention. Figures 14a, 14b and 14c respectively represent (14a) the principle of photo generation in the valence band as a function of doping and (14b) the quantum point curve of CuInSe2 PV-quantum dots (also called QDs) 7Et (14c) response spectral quantum efficiency of the CIGS absorbent cell in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. FIG. 15 represents an illustration of the path traveled by the light in a rear passivation layer (rear dielectric passivation with SiO 2, Al 2 O 3 / SiN x and low-n) serving as an internal reflector in a high efficiency solar cell which is the subject of the present invention. invention. Figures 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d and 16e respectively; (16a) a schematic illustration of the improvement of light absorption (Plasmonic) and (16b) an illustration of the separation of semiconductor Ag particles by thin passivation layer (eg A1203) improves performance and (16c) an illustration of "self-organized opaline structures, hexagonal photonic structures by deposition of ALD A1203 (surface passivation) spin-coated surface coating of spherical nanoparticles (SiO2) and (16d) an illustration of the short-circuit current density and (16e) an illustration of simulated values of current densities in a solar hybrid high-efficiency cell with integrated storage on the substrate of the present invention. Figures 17a, 17b, 17c 17d, 17e, 17f and 17g respectively represent; (17a) A schematic illustration of the growth of an MLD layer during ABC growth that can be accomplished without using homobifunctional precursors is based on: TMA, a homomultifunctional precursor mineral, ethanol amine (EA), a hetero and maleic anhydride organic reagent (MA) an organic reagent by ring opening and (17b) an illustration of the difference of the FTIR spectra for Glycerol - TMA and TMA - glycerol. The spectra are shifted for clarity in presentation and (17c) a difference illustration of the FTIR spectrum after TMA and GL exposure hang AB Alucone MLD at 150 ° C and (17d) an illustration of the four reaction sequence steps ABCD for a MLD layer growth process of an Alumina-siloxane film using trimethylaluminum (TMA), H2O, dimethylmethoxychlorosilane (DMMCS) and H2O and (17e) a schematic illustration of two-step reaction sequence for growth by MLD in AB reference of a Lewis film using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and triethylenediamine (TED) and (17f) an illustration of the density of A1203 and AB Alucone using TMA and EG from the analysis of XRR and (17g) is a two-step reaction sequence for MLD growth of AB Zincone) using diethylzinc (DEZ) and hydroquinone (HQ) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with or without built-in substrate storage of the present invention. Figure 18 is an illustration of the optimal response curve achieved by NREL in a high efficiency solar cell. Figures 19a and 19b show respectively; (19a) the principle of operation of the piezonano elements (piezonanil / piezonanotubes) of a cell and (19b) the structure of the layer on a multilayer substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figures 20a, 20b, 20e and 20d show respectively; (20a) a schematic illustration of fields of application of the thin storage layers integrated in the solar cell substrate and (20b, 20e and 20d) a comparison of the conventional lithium ion solution with the nano titanate structures on a flexible substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell which is the subject of the present invention. Figures 21a and 21b show respectively; (21a) an illustration of a solar cell with a thin-film storage battery integrated into the solar cell substrate and (21b) an illustration of the steps of the nano-titanate multilayer solution on a flexible substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell making the object of the present invention. Figures 22a, 22b and 22c show respectively; (22a) a double-sided solar cell illustration with its metallization (22b) and its response curve as well as the spectral responses of the cell (22c) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figures 23 shows a solar cell photon trap illustration for an increase in efficiency in a hybrid high efficiency solar cell subject of the present invention. Figures 24a and 24b respectively show (24a) a flexible solar cell illustration with its substrate integrated energy storage system and (24b) a flexible solar cell illustration with its substrate integrated energy storage system. of the two-sided cell for an increase in efficiency in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION WITH FIGURES For a full understanding of the present invention, we will detail the set of figures describing the different points of the system. According to the invention, and as indicated through FIG. 2b, the base of the inorganic cell consists of a rigid or flexible substrate 2-1 (FIG. 2b or 2a) and a layer of molybdenum 2- 2 (FIG. 2b or 2a), followed by an absorbent layer CIGS 2-3 (FIG. 2b or 2a) by ALD deposition in a device in the form of a spiral or batch roll with a Cds layer (sulphide cadmium). 4 (FIG. 2b or 2a) and a conductive transparent window 2-5 (FIG. 2b or 2a) followed according to the case of single CIGS cell 45 by a metallization 2-5 (FIG. 2b) or a planarization process (smoothing surfaces) 2-7 (Fig.2a). The following table shows the performances obtained on a substrate of 50x30Cm format during a multi-step realization during selenization with different doping of Na in the substrate. ## EQU1 ## P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 144 144 14.04> 12.13% 13.15% 13.77% 11.06% 12.0e 11.38% 13.35> FF 65.45-63.3r4., 6E05% 69.7096 67.62% 69.4245 67.53% 66.87% 70.95% Vet 646.43 633.18 666.95 641.72 680.50 651.44 646.62 637.25 675.14 ol x rilrn C., T, 43300 11b. he 28.09 11.68 27.36 29.75 29.91 28.84 27.62 26.79 27.88 Cu / 111 0 e` »:: 399 on 3 8 ^ 0.90 0.8: 1 0, E C. Gell 0; 311 C: 31; 031 0.31 1.31 _ 0.31, s25 / The substrate may be reels to be treated beforehand and may be either stainless steel, plastic, aluminum, etc. For production CIGS / CZTS cells with a substrate in the form of a coil, beforehand a contact layer of molybdenum (Mo) 2-2 type (FIG. 2b) is generally deposited before being unrolled towards the entrance of the roll line. - to-roller (R2R). For a production of hybrid cells of the organic type, the flexible films may be coated with a transparent solid layer 2-8 (FIG. 2a) followed by an organic deposit 2-9 (FIG. 2a) of photoactive polymer in solvent solution. in the form of a thin layer on an active layer substrate of CIGS 2-3 (FIG. 2b or 2a) by thin-film processes in a liquid route (ultrasonic spray or rotogravure roll-to-roll) followed by deposition of the transparent electrode 2-10 (Fig. 2a), Note that this technique is well suited to complex and uniform processing and structure deposition (OLED, sealing barriers for OLED films and photovoltaic cells sensitive to moisture). The piezonazole layer deposition device 2-11 (Figure 2a or 2c) is in this figure on the back of substrate 2-1 (Figure 2a, 2b or 2c) separated by a spacer layer 2-14 (Figure 2c). and finally followed by the thin-film battery 2-12 (Figure 2c). A protective encapsulant 2-13 (Fig 2c) is usually used as a finish on the back of the cell. Figures 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d represent an exploded form of the cell with different hybridizations subject of the invention. Liquid crystals 3-1 (FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d) are an important part of the increase in efficiency (see patent ROUSTAEI et al., 09 01503 of 27-03-09, P. 26-29). operation of the liquid crystal integrated in the solar cells). Another economic interest is that in this type of arrangement, cell efficiencies are considerably increased for a product that can be integrated into buildings and low-lift roofs. Indeed, the flexible film 3-2 (Fig. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d), provided with its thermal conversion means in electrical current piezoanofils 3-3 (Fig. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d), and its Hybrid or tandem organic layer 3-5 (Figs 3a and 3c) offers a conversion efficiency of solar radiation in excess of 30% with a weight <4kg / m2 in the form of a bankable product (a lifetime greater than 5 , 10 or 20 years depending on its resistance to mildew in an environment of -10 to + 60 ° C). The device also offers a maximum storage area equal to the surface of the solar cells through the storage system (layer defined by 3-6 (Figs 3c and 3d) on the back of the solar cell substrate 3-2 ( Fig. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d) In another particular arrangement of the deposition system and in order to optimize the interconnection, or even the realization of the various organic / inorganic layers, the molecular deposition of the layers (MLD) or the growth The molecular diagrams of the layers are recommended by the present invention, schematically an ideal growth sequence by MLD in "self-limiting reactions" using two homobifunctional reagents 4-1 (FIG 4) and 4-2 (FIG 4) in a process having the sequence of the chemistry spontaneously used for the growth of an organic polymer on substrate / host layer 4-3 (FIG 4) thus allowing the mixture of organic precursors used for MLD with precursors ino Organic ALD 4-4 (Fig. 4) to define novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. The layer of polymeric film 5-1 (Fig. 5) illustrates the growth of Alucone (polymer film) in two steps using trimethylaluminum (TMA) 5-2 (Fig. 5) and ethylene glycol (EG) 5- 3 (Fig. 5). TMA is exposed to a hydroxylated surface and produces a surface covered with A1CH3 species, thus allowing the mixing of the inorganic organic base of novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell being subjected to the present invention.

As explained above, the principle of hybridization in the present invention is to add the QEQ quantum response efficiencies of the different materials to form a high efficiency solar cell. As illustrated by the diagram of the energy absorption bands of two organic materials 6-1 (Figure 6a) and the additional 6-2 (Figure 6a) inorganic results in a 6-3 response (Fig. 6a and 6b) in an average curve representing the spectral response diagram of the energy absorption bands (Abs / PL) as a function of the wavelength in a hybrid high efficiency solar cell subject of the present invention . FIG. 6b represents a modeling of the structure of a hybrid solar cell of the CIGS type, in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell which is the subject of the present invention. Note that the present invention replaces the Cds 6-4 layer (Figure 6b) with a family of ZnO-based components as described in section [00118]. In another particular arrangement, FIG. 7a is a schematic illustration of a possible bifacial solar cell configuration with an optical active layer 7-1 (FIG. 7a) in a solar hybrid cell 7-2 (FIG. object of the present invention. Figure 7b is a schematic illustration of a possible solar cell configuration equipped with Up Converter converting invisible radiation into visible radiation 7-3 (Fig. 7b) of the light spectrum into a high efficiency solar hybrid cell making the light object of the present invention. Figures 7c and 7d represent respectively; (7c) the quantum efficiency extension curve (EQE) of a hybrid cell as a function of the wavelength and used and molecular materials of a cell and (7d) the structure of the entire light spectrum by wavelength division on a multilayer cell in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell forming the subject of the present invention. Figure (8a) shows the cost ratio per standard m2 identifying what is considered to be the top three categories of low cost solar cells -1 (Fig. 8a) in terms of solar conversion efficiency and cost per unit area in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell which is the subject of the present invention. As described in section [00124], according to the theory of underlying physics, the other physical bodies emit energy radiations which are a function of their emissivities e which is a fraction of that of a black body for which e = 1 . The various figures below explain the reasons for certain limitations in the poor yields of solar cells, namely: Figure (8b): represents the Blackbody Spectrum as a function of temperature in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject to the present invention. Figure 8c shows the structure of a lattice (ordered set) with free electrons 8-2 (Figure 8c), on an ionic metal structure 8-3 (Figure 8c) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell making object of the present invention. Figure 8d represents the representative Shockley-Queisser boundary curve 8-1 (Figure 8d) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Another economic interest is that in this type of cell, the surface of the cell is useful for storing instantaneous / intermittent energy in a storage means close to the production site. The charging cycle 9-1 (Fig. 9a) and discharge 9-2 (Fig. 9a) in a solid electrolyte battery is performed on a thin layer substrate 9-3 (Fig. 9b) of the energy storage consisting of 9-4 cathode (Fig. 9b), electrolyte 9-5 (Fig. 9b), anode 9-6 (Fig. 9b) and the protective layer or encapsulation 9-7 (Fig. 9b) with the particularity Anode and Cathode on a flexible substrate of the thin film diffusion interface (Thin Film). 3D coating and process modeling development: 9-8 (Fig. 9b) and a schematic illustration of Lithium nano titanate micro-batteries without solid electrolyte interface 9-9 (Fig. 9c) (also called SEI or Solid Electrolyte Interface) (SEI) in a high efficiency hybrid solar cell with integrated storage on the substrate of the present invention The hybrid cell is remarkable for its organic interface layer 10-1 (Fig. 10a) and a CIGS absorbent layer 10 -2 (Fig. 10b) and sulphide layer (cadmium sulphide layer) 10-3 (Fig. 10a, 10b) of type n 10-4 (Fig. 10b) on a pn junction and (10c) a schematic illustration Flexible 10-5 coating development (Fig. 10c) and 3D process modeling in a high efficiency hybrid solar cell with integrated storage on the substrate of the present invention. solar cell, Figures (11a) is an illustration schematic representation of a single double-sided solar cell and (11b) a central layer illustration n covered at the front and rear by p-type layer and n + and (11c) a schematic illustration of a covered p-junction SnO2-type and (11d) front and rear layers of a solar panel illustration in a raised-frame environment in a high-efficiency hybrid solar cell with built-in storage on the substrate being the subject of the present invention.

Moreover, the operation of sALD and ALD illustrated in FIGS. 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f and 12g respectively represent; (12a) a schematic illustration of a cyclic growth ALD and (12b) an illustration of layers in formation and (12c) an illustration of the discretized rectangular domain and (12d) an outline illustration of the function of Potential and (12e) a illustration of "the surface of the function Potential 111" and (12f) an illustration of the boundary conditions and (12g) an illustration of the pace and profile of the electric potential function w (x, y) by the relaxation methods and relaxation respectively in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage to the substrate subject of the present invention. The invention is fully described in copending application number 00828 filed on, March 01, 2010, Figures 13a, 13b and 13c respectively; (13a) a schematic illustration of organic high layer modeling Figure 13-1 (Fig. 13a) of a solar cell and (13b) a hybrid cell modeling illustration with CIGS 13-5 absorbent layer (Fig. 13c) and 13 -2 (Fig. 13c) main layer battery layer and 13-3 (Fig. 13c) the assembled structure encapsulant in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with integrated storage on the substrate of the present invention. Figures 14a, 14b and 14c respectively represent (14a) the principle of photo generation in the valence band as a function of doping and (14b) the quantum dot curve of CuInSe2 PV-quantum dots (also called QDs) and (14c) response spectral quantum efficiency of the CIGS absorbing cell alone 14-1 (Figure 14c) and 2-3 (Figure 2b) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figure 15 shows an illustration of the path traveled by light in a rear passivation layer 15-1 (Figure 15) (rear dielectric passivation with SiO2 15-2 (Figure 15), Al2 03 / 15-3 (Figure 15). ) and SiNx 15-3 (Fig. 15) and low-n) serving as an internal photon reflector 15-4 (Fig. 15) in a high efficiency solar cell which is the subject of the present invention. A peculiarity of the present invention consists in the implementation of various simple and inexpensive techniques as described below for increasing the efficiency of the cell: a) the insertion of certain metal nanoparticles 16-1 (FIG 16a) embedded in the semiconductor / absorber layer 16-2 (Fig. 16a) causing an increase in the length of the effective light path 16-3 (Fig. 16a) b) Addition of some metallic 16-4 nanoparticles (Fig. excitation of near-field transporters 16-5 (Fig. 16a) c) Semiconductor rear surface ripple 16-6 (Fig. 16a) creating an increase in the length of the effective path 16-7 (Fig. ) Separation of the semiconductor Ag 16-8 particles (Figure 16b) by a thin passivation layer (for example Al2 03) improves the electrical performance of the cell e) Realization of surface coatings in hexagonal photonic structures 16- 9 (Fig. 16c) by dep. t ALD A1203 structures by self-organized-opaline 16-10 (Fig. 16c) (surface passivation) spin-coated surface coating of spherical nanoparticles (SiO2) For example, the simulated current density values in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell given below encourage Optimization of the cell according to the use of Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (also called Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis or RCWA, of Lalann and Reticolo 2D) correspond respectively: 16-11 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve AM1.5G (280-1200nm) 16-12 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve ---- before: plane (not ARC) - back: mirror 16-13 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve - --- front: flat (DARC) - rear: mirror 15 16-14 (Fig. 16e) is the reference curve before: plane (not ARC) - back: perfect 16-15 (Fig. 16e) is the curve of diffuser front reference: (DARC) -back plane with perfect diffuser 16-16 (Fig. 16e) is the scholar reference curve: inve pyramids with SARC - rear: mirror 16-17 (Fig. 16th) is the scholar reference curve: plane (DARC) - back: sphere grids. A major advantage of the present invention is that it allows for the first time hybridization of organic and inorganic elements with the possibility of growth of the layers that are tunable to organic or inorganic materials. A three-step MLD process A, B, and C is shown in Figure (17a) that can be accomplished without the aid of homobifunctional precursors based on: (1) TMA, a homomultifunctional mineral precursor, (2) ethanolamine (EA), an organic reagent hetero and (3) maleic anhydride (MA) an organic reagent by ring opening (also called ring-opening). The surface reactions proposed during the ABC growth are: (A) S-COOH + Al (CH 3) 3 [17-1 (FIG. 17 a)] S-000-Al (CH 3) 2 + CH 4 2 (Fig. 17a)] (B) S-AlCH3 + HO (CH2) 2-NH2 [17-3 (Fig. 17a)] S-Al-O (CH2) 2NH2 + CH4 [17-4 (Fig. 17a) (C) S-NH 2 + C 4 H 2 O 3 (MA) [17-5 (Fig. 17a)] -> S-NH-C (O) CHCHCOOH * [17-6 (Fig. 17a)] The surface creation mechanism is also illustrated in Figure 17a. In this reaction sequence ABC, TMA reacts with the carboxylic groups in the reaction given by the equation "S-000-Al (CH 3) 2 * + CH 4", to form the species A1CH3 *. Subsequently, the A1CH3 * species preferentially react with the end of the EA reactive hydroxyl to form surface species Al-OCH2CH2NH2 * in reaction (B) given by the equation "S-A1- O (CH2) 2NH2 +" CH4 ". MA then reacts with amine-terminated surface to reform carboxylic groups by a proposed ring-opening reaction (C) given by equation) S-NH40 C (O) CHCHCOOH * The reaction sequence Three steps ABC is repeated by exposure to TMA, EA and MA to grow the MLD film to the desired thickness. Figure (17b) illustrates two-step MLD film growth A and B using TMA and glycerol (GL). MLD films in 2 steps TMA and EG are ideal for crosslinking applications. Fig. (17c) an illustration of the difference of the FTIR spectrum after TMA and GL exposure hang Alucone AB MLD at 150 ° C showing addition of 17-8 (Fig.17c) and subtraction 17-9 (Fig. 17c) of the surface Figure 17d shows a four-step reaction sequence illustration ABCD for a MLD layer growth process of an Alumina-siloxane film using trimethylaluminum (TMA), H2O, dimethylmethoxychlorosilane (DMMCS) and H2O Figure (17e) is a schematic illustration of a two-step reaction sequence for MLD growth at AB of a Lewis film using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and triethylenediamine (TED). Figure (17f) an illustration of density of A1203 and Alucone AB using TMA and EG from XRR analysis. We used different TMA / H20 and TMA / EG cycle numbers (for example the ratio of 3: 1 was used for samples with repetitive sequences of 3 cycles of TMA / H20 and a TMA / EG cycle). Figure (17g) is a two-step reaction sequence A and B for MLD growth of AB Zincone using diethylzinc (DEZ) and hydroquinone (HQ) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell with or without integrated storage. to the substrate which is the object of the present invention. Figure 18 is an illustration of the optimal response curve achieved by NREL in a high efficiency solar cell. Figures 19a and 19b show respectively; (19a) the principle of operation of the piezonano elements (piezonanil / piezonotubes) undergoing a 19-1 flexion (Fig.19a) following exposure caused by a thermal radiation 19-2 (Fig.19a) of a solar cell generating a potential difference Vout (or electrical current) 19-3 (Fig.19a) and (19b) the structure of the layer on a multilayer substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. FIG. 20a is a diagrammatic illustration of application domains of thin-film batteries 20-4 (FIG. 20a) for storage integrated in the solar cell substrate providing a gain in weight and space over linked applications in the transport. 20-3 (Fig.20a), solar cells integrated in the frame 20-2 (Fig.20a) or other portable devices of various use and varied 20-1 (Fig.20a), Figure (20b) compares a battery conventional lithium-ion 20-5 (Fig.20b) undergoing stresses 20-6 (Fig.20b) during charges and discharges in comparison with nano titanate structures 20-7 (Fig.20b) on a flexible substrate in a solar hybrid cell high efficiency subject of the present invention. Figure (20c) illustrates the structure of a 3D nano-titanate 20-8 (Fig.20c) and shows that a standard lithium anode 20-9 (Fig.20c) slows the charge rate due to its surface. Carbon rounds up whereas a battery with lithium nano-titanate 20-10 (Fig.20c) offers more than 30 times more surface with sharper angles bringing a greater number of charge and discharge. Figure (20d) is a comparison of the thin film construction of a conventional lithium-ion battery 20-11 (Fig.20d) with a construction with nano titanate structures 20-12 (Fig.20d) on a flexible substrate in a hybrid high efficiency solar cell which is the subject of the present invention. 40 Figure; (21a) is an illustration of photovoltaic solar cell 21-1 (Fig. 21a) with a thin film storage battery integrated in flexible film solar cell substrate 21-2 (Fig. 21a) 213 (Fig. 21a) with Absorbent layer CIGS 21-4 (Fig. 21a) on substrate face 21-2 (Fig. 21a) with battery 21-5 (Fig. 21a) integrated on the back of the solar cell. And Figure (21b) is an illustration of the steps of the multilayer nano titanate solution on a flexible substrate in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Figures 22a, 22b and 22c show respectively; (22a) A double-sided solar cell illustration with its front contact metallization 22-1 (Fig. 22a) and 22-2 (Fig. 22a) rear contacts compared to a single-sided cell 22-3 (Fig. 22a) and (22b). The response curve as well as the spectral responses of cell 22-8 (Fig. 22c) show the responses for a bifacial cell SiO 2 + SiNx 22-4 (Fig. 22c), bifacial without SiO 2 22-7 (Fig. 22c) Prolonged entrapment 22-6 (Fig. 22c) and back-to-back diffusion 22-4 (Fig. 22c) in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention. Fig. 23 shows a solar cell illustration with MLD 23-1 growth photonic trap (Fig. 23) on a substrate 23-2 (Fig. 23) for increased efficiency in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell of the present invention. Figure (24a) is a double-sided flexible solar cell illustration with a 24-5 first face (Figure 24a) coated with the absorbent layer 24-6 (Figure 24a) and its integrated energy storage system on the back. 24-7 (Fig. 24a) and Fig. 24b is an illustration of a flexible solar cell with its energy storage system 24-5 (Fig. 24b) built into substrate 24-1 (Fig. 24b). ) of the two-sided cell 24-3 (Fig. 24b) for an increase in efficiency in a high efficiency solar hybrid cell subject of the present invention.

This type of solar cells with or without substrate-integrated storage is invented and designed for continuous manufacturing on a high capacity production line and is well suited for deposits in a Roll-to-Roll process as described in the application. Patent 10,00828 filed March 1, 2010 and 09 01503 filed March 27, 2009 (27-03-09) and integrated in the present application in their entirety by referencing.

It is important to note that the present invention is more clearly evidenced by the description of the particular methods and embodiments as described. Nevertheless, the object of the invention is not limited to these methods or to these embodiments described because other methods or other embodiments of the invention are possible and can easily be performed by extrapolation. In particular by manufacturers who manufacture inorganic or organic thin films, semiconductors and / or micro components with or without optical parts.

Claims (10)

CLAIMS1- A system for capturing and converting solar energy into high efficiency electrical energy composed of a substrate and at least one inorganic absorbent layer with another layer juxtaposed for hybridization. 2- A system for capturing and converting solar energy into high-efficiency electrical energy composed of a substrate, an inorganic absorbent layer and at least one organic thin layer juxtaposed. 3- A system for capturing and converting solar energy into high-efficiency electrical energy composed of a substrate, an inorganic thin-film absorbent layer and at least one thin layer of heat-to-electric conversion. A system for capturing and converting solar energy into high-efficiency electrical energy composed of a substrate, a multitude of organic and / or inorganic layers incorporating a sun-tracking device on a crystal-shaped cell. liquids. 5- A system according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, provided with a converter element boosting efficiency increase of the solar cell. 6. A system according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, provided with a rear contact passivation element to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. 7- A system according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, provides an interface MLD (Molecular Layer Deposition) during its hybridization for a reduction in production costs and an increase of efficiency of the solar cell. 8- A system according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, provided with an active optical layer to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. 9- A system for capturing and converting solar energy into high-efficiency electrical energy composed of a substrate and at least one device where the light is trapped by MLD nano-textures for an increase of efficiency of the solar cell. 10- A system according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, provides a second face of capturing and converting energy to increase the efficiency of the solar cell.