ES2250398T3 - Valvula de corazon minimamente invasiva. - Google Patents
Valvula de corazon minimamente invasiva.Info
- Publication number
- ES2250398T3 ES2250398T3 ES01930449T ES01930449T ES2250398T3 ES 2250398 T3 ES2250398 T3 ES 2250398T3 ES 01930449 T ES01930449 T ES 01930449T ES 01930449 T ES01930449 T ES 01930449T ES 2250398 T3 ES2250398 T3 ES 2250398T3
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- base
- section
- valve
- tubular
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
- A61F2/243—Deployment by mechanical expansion
- A61F2/2433—Deployment by mechanical expansion using balloon catheter
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
- A61F2/2418—Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
- A61F2/2436—Deployment by retracting a sheath
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2469—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with resilient valve members, e.g. conical spiral
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0008—Fixation appliances for connecting prostheses to the body
- A61F2220/0016—Fixation appliances for connecting prostheses to the body with sharp anchoring protrusions, e.g. barbs, pins, spikes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0075—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements sutured, ligatured or stitched, retained or tied with a rope, string, thread, wire or cable
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/90—Stent for heart valve
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
Abstract
Una válvula (20) de corazón protésica, que comprende: un "stent" (24) de soporte que incluye una base tubular (40) junto con un extremo de entrada y una pluralidad de postes (42) de comisura que se extienden generalmente de modo axial dispuestos uniformemente alrededor de la base tubular sobre un extremo de salida de la misma, en el que la base (40) puede expandirse desde un primer tamaño destinado a un suministro mínimamente invasivo, a un segundo tamaño funcional que se monta dentro de un anillo de válvula de corazón; y un miembro tubular flexible (22) que tiene una sección (32) protésica fijada a los postes de comisura para definir una pluralidad de hojas de válvula protésicas entre los postes; caracterizada porque el miembro tubular (22) comprende además una sección (34) de tela conectada a la base tubular (40) y solamente la sección (34) de tela contacta la base tubular (40).
Description
Válvula de corazón mínimamente invasiva.
La presente invención se refiere en general a
dispositivos médicos y particularmente a prótesis de válvulas de
corazón que pueden ser expandidas para ser usadas especialmente en
cirugías mínimamente invasivas.
Las válvulas de corazón protésicas se usan para
sustituir válvulas de corazón dañadas o enfermas. En los animales
vertebrados, el corazón es un órgano muscular hueco que tiene cuatro
cámaras de bombeo: las aurículas izquierda y derecha y los
ventrículos izquierdo y derecho, proporcionados cada uno con su
propia válvula unidireccional. Las válvulas de corazón naturales se
identifican como aórtica, mitral (o bicúspide), tricúspide y
válvulas pulmonares. Las válvulas de corazón protésicas pueden ser
usadas para sustituir cualquiera de estas válvulas que existen
naturalmente, aunque la reparación o sustitución de las válvulas
aórtica y mitral son las más comunes porque residen en el lado
izquierdo del corazón en el que las presiones son las mayores.
Donde la sustitución de una válvula de corazón
está indicada, la válvula disfuncional es típicamente recortada y
sustituida con una válvula mecánica, o una válvula de tejido. Las
válvulas de tejido se prefieren a menudo sobre las válvulas
mecánicas porque típicamente no requieren tratamiento a largo plazo
con anticoagulantes. Las válvulas de tejido más comunes se
construyen con válvulas porcinas (cerdo) completas, o con hojas
separadas cortadas de pericardio bovino (vaca). Aunque se dispone de
válvulas denominadas sin "stent", que comprenden una sección de
aorta porcina junto con la válvula, las válvulas más usadas incluyen
alguna forma de "stent" o soporte de hoja sintético.
Típicamente, una forma de alambre que tenga cúspides arqueadas y
comisuras erectas que se alternan soporta las hojas dentro de la
válvula, en combinación con un "stent" anular y un anillo de
cosido. Las cúspides y las comisuras que se alternan imitan el
contorno natural de fijación de la hoja. Es importante que la forma
de alambre proporcione soporte continuo a cada hoja a lo largo de la
región de cúspide para simular mejor la estructura de soporte
natural.
Una cirugía de sustitución de una válvula de
corazón convencional implica el acceso al corazón en la cavidad
torácica del paciente por medio de una incisión longitudinal en el
pecho. Por ejemplo, una esternotomía central requiere cortar a
través del esternón y forzar las dos mitades opuestas de la caja
torácica para separarlas, permitiendo el acceso a la cavidad
torácica y corazón interior. Al paciente se le coloca entonces una
derivación cardiopulmonar que implica detener el corazón para
permitir el acceso a las cámaras internas. Tal cirugía de corazón
abierto es particularmente invasiva y requiere un periodo de
recuperación largo y difícil.
El documento WO 91/17720 describe una válvula de
corazón protésica de acuerdo con la primera parte de la
reivindicación 1. En este dispositivo, el material protésico que
define la pluralidad de hojas de válvula protésicas está
directamente acoplado a la base.
Recientemente, se ha investigado mucho la
reducción del trauma y el riesgo asociados con la cirugía abierta
convencional de sustitución de las válvulas de corazón. En
particular, el campo de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva (MIS) ha
explorado desde el inicio hasta mediados del decenio, iniciado en
1990, con dispositivos, de los que ahora se dispone, que permiten
sustituir válvulas sin abrir la cavidad torácica. La cirugía de
sustitución de válvulas de corazón todavía requiere derivaciones,
pero la escisión de la válvula nativa y la implantación de la
válvula protésica se efectúan mediante tubos alargados o cánulas,
con la ayuda del endoscopio y otras de tales técnicas de
visualización.
Algunos ejemplos de válvulas de corazón MIS se
muestran en la Patente de EE.UU. Nº 5.980.570, de Simpson, Patente
de EE.UU. Nº 5.984.959, de Robertson y otros, y la Publicación de
PCT Nº WO 99/334142, de Vesley. Aunque estos y otros de tales
dispositivos proporcionan diversos modos de aplastamiento,
suministro, y luego expansión de una "válvula de corazón", de
por sí, ninguno de ellos describe una estructura óptima para las
válvulas de tejido. Por ejemplo, la publicación de Vesely muestra
una estructura de hojas de tejido de la técnica anterior en la
figura 1, y un bastidor interior que puede ser expandido de la
invención que tiene postes de "stent" en las figuras
3A-3C. Las hojas están "montadas en los postes 22
de "stent" de una manera similar a la mostrada en la figura
1". Esa descripción general se detiene poco en la explicación de
cómo construir una válvula óptima. En particular, los medios de
fijación de las hojas al "stent" MIS son críticos para
garantizar la integridad y durabilidad de la válvula una vez
implantada. Todas las válvulas MIS de la técnica anterior se
detienen poco a este respecto.
En vista de lo anterior, es evidente que un
anillo de cosido mejorado que resuelva las evidentes deficiencias en
las válvulas de corazón existentes que pueden ser expandidas es
necesario y conveniente.
La invención proporciona una válvula de corazón
protésica, que comprende:
un "stent" de soporte que incluye una base
tubular a lo largo de un extremo de circulación de entrada y una
pluralidad de postes de comisura que se extienden en general de modo
axial dispuestos uniformemente alrededor de la base tubular sobre un
extremo de salida de la misma, en el que la base se puede expandir
desde un primer tamaño destinado a un suministro mínimamente
invasivo, hasta un segundo tamaño funcional que se monta dentro de
un anillo de válvula de corazón; y un miembro tubular flexible que
tiene una sección protésica fijada a los postes de comisura para
definir una pluralidad de hojas de válvula protésicas entre los
postes; caracterizado porque el miembro tubular comprende además una
sección de tela conectada a la base y solamente la sección de tela
contacta la base.
La sección protésica y la sección de tela son
adecuadamente ambas generalmente tubulares y están unidas juntas por
una costura, en donde la costura está espaciada del extremo de
salida de la base tubular de modo que solamente la sección de tela
del miembro tubular flexible contacta la base tubular. Los postes de
comisura pueden tener cada uno una ranura axial, en los que el
miembro tubular está básicamente situado dentro de los postes a
excepción de una pluralidad de bucles que se extiende hacia fuera a
través de cada ranura en cada poste. Puede ser proporcionada una
pluralidad de inserciones de mayor tamaño que las ranuras, estando
capturada cada una de tales inserciones dentro de un bucle que se
extiende hacia fuera a través de cada ranura para retener el bucle
por medio de la ranura. En una realización preferida, los postes de
comisura están configurados de modo enterizo con la base, estando
configurados inicialmente la base y los postes de comisura a partir
de una sección plana de material, en la que los postes de comisura
se extienden inicialmente desde el extremo de circulación de entrada
de la base y están curvados 180º para extenderse a lo largo de la
base y sobresalir más allá de la basa en el extremo de salida de la
misma.
Una válvula de corazón protésica que proporciona
una realización de la presente invención tiene un "stent" de
soporte que incluye una base tubular junto a un extremo de
circulación de entrada. Una pluralidad de postes de comisura que en
general se extienden axialmente tienen cada uno una ranura axial que
está dispuesta uniformemente alrededor de la base tubular sobre un
extremo de salida de la misma. Un miembro tubular flexible que tiene
un borde de salida está básicamente situado dentro de los postes a
excepción de una pluralidad de bucles que se extienden hacia fuera a
través de cada ranura en cada poste. Además, se proporciona una
pluralidad de inserciones dimensionadas de mayor tamaño que las
ranuras, cada una de cuyas inserciones está capturada dentro de un
bucle que se extiende hacia fuera a través de cada ranura para
retener el bucle por medio de la ranura, definiendo el borde de
salida del miembro tubular una pluralidad de hojas de válvula. La
base tubular puede expandirse plásticamente desde un primer tamaño
destinado a un suministro mínimamente invasivo, a un segundo tamaño
funcional que se monta dentro de un anillo de válvula de
corazón.
Se describe también un método quirúrgico de
sustitución de una válvula corazón en un paciente, mínimamente
invasivo. El método incluye las operaciones de:
proporcionar una base de aplicación de tejido
anular, pudiendo ser la base expandida desde un estado aplastado
proporcionar un submontaje en forma de alambres,
elástico, generalmente anular, que tiene una pluralidad de hojas
protésicas conectadas al mismo, teniendo el subconjunto de alambres
elásticos un tamaño expandido, relajado y un tamaño reducido cuando
está comprimido;
conectar la forma de alambres y las hojas a la
base para formar una válvula de corazón;
suministrar la válvula de corazón con la base
conectada en su estado aplastado y el submontaje de la forma de
alambres en su estado reducido a un anillo de la válvula de corazón
de paciente que se sustituye; y
expandir la base en su estado expandido en
contacto con el anillo.
La operación de suministrar la válvula de corazón
a un anillo puede ser efectuada haciendo pasar la válvula a través
del sistema vascular del paciente o a través de un puerto
mínimamente invasivo en el tórax del paciente. La base de aplicación
al tejido puede ser expandida plásticamente desde su estado
aplastado a su estado expandido, y la operación de expandir la base
que puede ser expandida plásticamente comprende inflar un globo
dentro de la base anular.
Una mayor comprensión de la naturaleza y ventajas
de la invención será evidente con referencia a las porciones
restantes de la memoria y dibujos.
La figura 1 es una vista en perspectiva en
despiece ordenado de una primera realización de una válvula de
corazón que puede expandirse de la presente invención, que incluye
un "stent" de soporte y un miembro tubular flexible;
la figura 2 es una vista en perspectiva
ensamblada de la válvula de corazón que se puede expandir de la
figura 1;
la figura 3 es una vista en sección transversal
longitudinal tomada a lo largo de la línea 3-3, a
través de una comisura de la válvula de corazón que se puede
expandir de la figura 2;
la figura 4 es una vista en sección transversal
transversa tomada a lo largo de la línea 4-4 a
través de la comisura de la válvula de corazón que se puede expandir
de la figura 2;
la figura 5 es una vista en planta desde arriba
de la válvula de corazón que se puede expandir de la figura 2;
la figura 6 es una vista en perspectiva en
despiece ordenado de una segunda realización de una válvula de
corazón que se puede expandir de la presente invención que tiene dos
componentes desprendibles diseñados para ser ensamblados después del
almacenamiento, que incluyen una base de aplicación de tejido y un
submontaje de hojas soportado por una forma de alambre;
la figura 7 es una vista en perspectiva
ensamblada de la válvula de corazón que se puede expandir de la
figura 6, con una falda de tela retirada para ilustrar detalles de
un sistema de conexión entre la base y el submontaje de hojas;
la figura 8 es una vista en planta de una
inserción usada para fijar las hojas individuales a las comisuras de
la forma de alambre y conectar las comisuras del submontaje de hojas
a la base de aplicación de tejido de la válvula de corazón que se
puede expandir de la figura 6;
la figura 9 es una vista en planta de una hoja
individual para ser usada en la válvula de corazón que se puede
expandir de la figura 6;
la figura 10 es una vista en sección transversal
longitudinal tomada a lo largo de la línea 10-10 de
la figura 7;
la figura 11 es una vista en sección transversal
transversa tomada lo largo de la línea 11-11 de la
figura 7;
la figura 12 es una vista en sección transversal
longitudinal tomada a lo largo de la línea 12-12 de
la figura 7;
la figura 13 es una vista en planta desde arriba
de la válvula de corazón que se puede expandir tomada a lo largo de
la línea 13-13 de la figura 7;
la figura 14 es una vista en perspectiva ampliada
de una región de comisura de la válvula de corazón que se puede
expandir tomada dentro del círculo 14 de la figura 7;
la figura 15 es una vista en planta ampliada de
la región de comisura de la válvula de corazón que se puede expandir
tomada dentro del círculo 15 de la figura 13; y
la figura 16A-C ilustra un
corazón en sección y varias operaciones en un procedimiento de
suministro e implantación de una válvula que se puede expandir de la
presente invención.
La presente invención describe dos válvulas de
corazón que se pueden expandir diferentes para su implantación en un
anillo anfitrión, o tejido anfitrión adyacente al anillo. Las
válvulas pueden ser implantadas en cualquiera de las cuatro
posiciones de válvula dentro del corazón, pero es más probable que
reemplacen la válvula aórtica debido a la forma circular del
anillo.
Se ha de tener en cuenta que los detalles
constructivos concretos, que incluyen materiales y formas, pueden
ser distintos a los mostrados. Por ejemplo, se usa una base tubular
que se puede expandir en ambas realizaciones de las válvulas, y se
describe como siendo una estructura que puede expandirse
plásticamente y se expande radialmente en contacto con el tejido
anular. Alternativamente, la base tubular puede expandirse
elásticamente o autoexpandirse, o puede expandirse al ser aplicado
calor (es decir, utilizando material de memoria de forma). Además,
se conocen varios medios para expandir plástica o elásticamente
estructuras en contacto con pasajes anatómicos, y aunque la presente
invención ilustra y describe solamente una de tales estructuras,
pueden usarse otras para poner en práctica la invención. Por
ejemplo, cualquier estructura que pueda ser expandida plástica o
elásticamente puede ser modificada para que tenga un diámetro
adecuado para las válvulas de corazón y usada para poner en práctica
la presente invención. En adición, pueden ser añadidas barbas,
bridas, grapas, y similares a la base tubular con el propósito de
conseguir una mayor fijación al tejido anfitrión. Brevemente, la
presente invención no debe ser considerada limitada a las
estructuras y materiales particulares descritos, el alcance de la
invención es definido exclusivamente por las reivindicaciones
adjuntas.
Con referencia a las figuras 1 a 5, se muestra y
describe una primera realización de una válvula 20 de corazón
protésica que se puede expandir. La válvula 20 de corazón protésica
se ensambla antes del almacenamiento. En una segunda realización,
mostrada en las figuras 6 a 15, se muestra y describe una segunda
realización de una válvula de corazón que se puede expandir. Los
componentes desprendibles de la válvula de corazón que se puede
expandir en la segunda realización se almacenan separadamente, y
ensamblan justamente antes de la inserción y suministro al anillo
anfitrión, lo cual proporciona ciertas ventajas que se
describirán.
La figura 1 ilustra la primera realización de la
válvula 20 de corazón que puede expandirse, en despiece ordenado,
con un miembro tubular flexible 22 separado de un "stent" 24 de
soporte a lo largo de un eje central 26. La figura 2 ilustra el
miembro tubular flexible 22 fijado al "stent" 24 de soporte
para formar la válvula 20 de corazón ensamblada. La válvula 20 de
corazón tiene un extremo 28 de circulación de entrada (el extremo
inferior en la figura) y un extremo 30 de salida (el extremo
superior en la figura).
El miembro tubular flexible 22 comprende una
sección 32 de hojas conectada a una sección 34 de tela en una
costura 36. Como se ilustra, la sección 32 de hojas y la sección 34
de tela están configuradas convenientemente como tubos, de modo que
la costura 36 define un círculo entre ambas. Alternativamente, la
costura 36 puede ser distinta a la circular si áreas de la sección
32 de hojas o de la sección 34 de tela necesitan expandirse
alrededor de su junta circunferencial. Por ejemplo, la sección 34
puede necesitar ser incrementada en la región de la comisura de la
válvula 20, como se indica mediante la línea discontinua 38 en la
figura 1. Cualquiera que sea la configuración, la sección 34 de tela
tiene una altura mínima axial indicada en A.
Convenientemente, la sección 32 de hojas está
compuesta de tejido pericardial, tal como pericardio bovino o
equino, tratado adecuadamente para hacerlo biocompatible. Por
supuesto, puede ser usado cualquier material de hoja adecuado,
incluyendo materiales sintéticos. La sección 34 de tela es
convenientemente un poliéster tejido, tal como un
poli(tereftalato de etileno). Alternativamente, la sección 34
de tela puede ser de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE), u otro material
de hoja biocompatible adecuado. Todavía más, la sección 32 de hoja
se puede extender en toda la altura axial del miembro tubular
flexible 22, estando la sección 34 de tela envuelta alrededor y
fijada en el extremo de circulación de entrada.
Como se ve en la figura 1, es "stent" 24 de
soporte comprende una base tubular 40 y una pluralidad de postes 42
de comisura erectos distribuidos ordenadamente alrededor de la
periferia de esta. Es decir, la base tubular 40 está provista en el
extremo 28 de circulación de entrada del "stent" 24 de soporte,
con los postes 42 de comisura que se extienden en la dirección de
salida. Convenientemente, hay tres de tales postes 42 de comisura
dispuestos a intervalos de 120º alrededor de la circunferencia del
"stent" 24. La base tubular 40 tiene una altura axial indicada
en B, cuya altura es menor que la altura axial A de la sección 34 de
tela del miembro tubular flexible 22. Extendiéndose los postes 42 de
comisura hacia arriba una distancia suficiente para que la totalidad
de la dimensión axial del "stent" 24 de soporte sea ligeramente
mayor que la dimensión axial del miembro tubular flexible 22, como
se indica en la vista ensamblada de la figura 2.
La base tubular 40 comprende un material que se
puede expandir plásticamente, que se puede expandir en la
configuración mostrada en las figuras a partir de una configuración
comprimida radialmente (no mostrada). A este respecto, la base
tubular 40 ilustrada comprende esencialmente un "stent" que no
puede autoexpandirse, que puede ser expandido desde su estado
comprimido usando un globo inflado desde dentro de la base, por
ejemplo. Numerosas configuraciones de tales tubos que pueden
expandirse plásticamente eran disponibles en la técnica anterior, y
como se ha mencionado anteriormente, la presente invención no deberá
ser considerada limitada a cualquier configuración. Además, en otras
configuraciones la base 40 puede ser autoexpandida o expandida por
calor.
Con referencia a la figura 1, cada poste 42 de
comisura se fija a, o se extiende desde, un reborde 44 de entrada de
la base tubular 40, continuado sobre el lado exterior de la base
tubular hacia el extremo de salida en una sección inferior 46 que se
extiende axialmente alargada, y que termina en una sección superior
48 que se extiende axialmente. La sección superior 48 comienza a una
distancia predeterminada por encima de un reborde 50 de salida de la
base tubular 40 y está escalonado radialmente hacia el interior
desde la sección inferior 46 en una región 52 de transición. Una
ranura axial 54 se proporciona en la sección superior 48 y en la
sección 52 de transición. La anchura de la ranura axial 54 es
convenientemente constante en la sección superior 48, pero aumenta
en una región 56 de compensación en la región 52 de transición.
En una realización preferida, los postes 42 de
comisura están compuestos de un material elástico biocompatible,
preferiblemente metálico. Por ejemplo, cada poste 42 de comisura
puede ser de acero inoxidable, titanio, o Elgiloy. Alternativamente,
los postes 42 de comisura pueden ser de un polímero biocompatible,
tal como Delrin o poliacetilo.
En una realización preferida, el "stent" 24
de soporte se forma a partir de una sola pieza de material plano.
Concretamente, la base tubular 40 comprende inicialmente una tira
estrecha, plana, de material de anchura uniforma con los postes 42
de comisura que se extienden desde un lado largo de la misma. Usando
medios convencionales, la tira estrecha de material se enrolla
entonces en la forma tubular mostrada en las figuras, y los extremos
estrechos yuxtapuestos se unen mediante, por ejemplo, por
embutición. Cada uno de los postes 42 de comisura se dobla entonces
180º hacia fuera para que sobresalga en la dirección opuesta a su
dirección original. La figura 1 ilustra ese tipo de configuración en
la que un doblez 60 de 180º une cada poste 42 de comisura con el
reborde 44 de entrada. El radio del doblez 60 es tal que se define
un espacio estrecho 62 entre la sección inferior 46 de cada poste 42
de comisura y el exterior de la base tubular 40.
El miembro tubular flexible 22 une el
"stent" 24 de soporte como se ve en la figura 2, con la sección
32 de hoja conectada a los postes 42 de comisura, y la sección 34 de
tela conectada a la base tubular 40. Más concretamente, la sección
34 de tela rodea la base tubular 40 y se extiende hacia el reborde
44 de entrada en los espacios 62 creados hacia el interior de cada
poste 42 de comisura. Aunque no se muestra, la sección 34 de tela
puede estar fijada al exterior de la base de la base tubular 40, tal
como mediante suturas pasadas a través de la tela y a través de
aberturas en la base tubular. Debido a que la dimensión axial A de
la sección 34 de la tela es mayor que la dimensión axial B de la
base tubular 40, la costura 36 está dispuesta por encima del reborde
50 de salida (figura 1) de la base. Esto se muestra con mayor
claridad en la sección transversal de la figura 3.
La sección 32 hoja se dispone sustancialmente
entre los postes 42 de comisura, a excepción de un cierto número de
bucles 70 enrollados hacia fuera a través de las ranuras axiales 54.
Como se ve en las figuras 2-3, los bucles 70
comprenden regiones de la sección de hoja tubular estrechadas y
ensartadas a través de las ranuras axiales 54. Una pluralidad de
inserciones 72 se usa para asegurar los bucles 70 al exterior de los
postes 42 de comisura. Es decir, como se ve en la figura 4, las
inserciones 72 tienen una anchura W, cada una, que es mayor que la
anchura circunferencial de las ranuras axiales 54. Puesto que las
inserciones 72 se disponen dentro de los bucles 70, impiden que los
bucles tiren hacia el interior de nuevo a través de la ranura axial
54. Una pluralidad de puntadas 74 se proporcionan preferiblemente,
para asegurar la sección 32 de hoja a las inserciones 72. En
adición, como se ve en la figura 3, la costura 76 pasa a través de
una abertura 78 en cada inserción 72, y a través de una abertura 80
proporcionada en el extremo de salida de cada poste 42 de comisura.
De esta manera, cada inserción 72 se asegura con respecto al
"stent" 24 de soporte.
Con referencia a las figuras 2 y 5, una
pluralidad de hojas 82 está definida entre los "stents" 24 de
soporte por la sección 32 de hoja. Concretamente, donde hay tres
postes 24 de "stent", una disposición generalmente triangular
de hojas 82 permanece sin ligaduras en la porción media de la
válvula 20 y abre y cierra dependiendo de las fuerzas de circulación
de la sangre. Además, el miembro tubular flexible continuo 22
proporciona un canal de circulación para la sangre a través de la
válvula 20. Cuando la presión diferencial es tal que la sangre entra
por el extremo 28 de entrada de la válvula 20, las hojas 82 se
separan entre sí y la válvula se abre. Inversamente, cuando la
presión diferencial se invierte, las hojas 82 se juntan, o
colaboran, para cerrar la válvula 20.
Cuando las presiones son tales que la válvula
cierra, se imponen fuerzas radialmente hacia el interior en el
extremo libre de la sección 32 de hoja, que pueden tender a volar
los "stents" 24 de soporte hacia el interior una pequeña
cantidad. Las tensiones localizadas en la sección 32 de las hojas se
reducen en la conexión con los soportes 24 de "stent", no
obstante, debido a la utilización de inserciones 72 dentro de los
bucles 70. Es decir, como se ve mejor en la figura 4, fuerzas
dirigidas radialmente hacia el interior en las hojas 82, como se
indica mediante la flecha 84, tiran de las inserciones 72 hacia el
interior de modo que el material de hoja es asegurado entre cada
inserción y el poste 42 de comisura respectivo. Aunque se
proporciona la costura 74 a través de la sección 32 de hojas, cada
costura no está sometida a esfuerzos tensores directos, y por tanto
es menos probable que se desgarre a través el tejido de la hoja.
Ciertas características de la válvula 20 reducen
el desgaste típicamente asociado con el contacto dinámico de la hoja
de "stent". En primer lugar, porque la dimensión axial A de la
sección 34 de tela es mayor que la dimensión B de la base tubular
40, cualquier contacto entre el miembro tubular flexible 22 y la
base tubular 40 (en el reborde 50 de salida) tiene lugar entre la
tela y la base. Es decir, la sección 32 de hoja no está colocada en
contacto con la base 40, incrementando por tanto la vida de la
válvula. Adicionalmente, la región 56 de alivio ensanchada de la
ranura 54 en la región 52 de transición ayuda a reducir el
rozamiento que de otra manera podría producirse entre los postes 42
de comisura y las hojas 80. Es decir, la sección 32 de hoja continúa
dirigida de modo sustancial axialmente hacia debajo de los bucles
70, como se ve en la figura 3, y la región 56 de alivio proporciona
una pequeña separación en la región 52 de transición entre el tejido
de hoja y los lados de la ranura 54 para ayudar a impedir el
rozamiento entre ambos.
En uso, la válvula 20 de corazón ensamblada, como
se ve en la figura 2, se proporciona inicialmente en una
configuración (no mostrada) radialmente compactada. Preferiblemente,
la válvula 20 se carga alrededor de un catéter de globo y dentro de
una cánula de suministro. El catéter de globo con la válvula 20
cargada en el mismo se hacen pasar a través del sistema vascular del
paciente (o a través de un puerto de acceso en el pecho) a la
proximidad del anillo anfitrión. Alternativamente, cuando se abre el
pecho del paciente, la válvula 20 de tamaño reducido se introduce en
posición usando un retenedor.
Una vez en posición dentro del anillo de la
válvula que se sustituye, el globo (u otro medio de expansión)
origina que la base tubular 40 se expanda en contacto con el anillo.
Realmente, debido a los postes 42 de comisura y a la sección 34 de
tela que rodea la base tubular 40, estos elementos son comprimidos
contra el anillo anfitrión. Puesto que la base tubular 40 puede
expandirse plásticamente, esta retiene sustancialmente su forma
expandida. Una ligera sobre expansión de la base tubular 40 puede
ser requerida para compensar cualquier carácter de retroceso
elástico del material usado. De nuevo, pueden ser también utilizadas
barbas y grapas para asegurar mejor la válvula en su lugar.
Finalmente, el catéter de globo es desinflado y retirado del
interior de la válvula 20.
Las figuras 6 a 15 ilustran una válvula 100 de
corazón protésica que puede expandirse que incluye, como mejor se
muestra en la figura 6, un submontaje 102 de hojas destinado a ser
conectado a una base 104 de aplicación de tejido. Los dos
componentes se muestran ambos en la figura 6 en sus configuraciones
radialmente expandidas, aunque ambos están diseñados para ser
comprimidos radialmente y suministrados por medio de un catéter o
cánula, por ejemplo. En contraste con la primera realización, no
obstante, los dos componentes se almacenan separadamente, y se
conectan justamente antes de ser introducidos en el cuerpo del
paciente. En general, los dos componentes proporcionan un anillo de
aplicación de tejido y un miembro de válvula relativamente más
flexible que tiene superficies que ocluyen fluidos. Se ha de
entender que configuraciones de estos dos componentes que pueden ser
conectados, distintas a las mostradas concretamente, pueden estar
comprendidas por las reivindicaciones adjuntas.
Como se ve en la figura 6, el submontaje 102 de
hojas comprende una forma elástica 106 que soporta una pluralidad de
hojas protésicas 108, y una falda 110 de tela. La forma 106 de
alambre comprende un modelo ondulado continuo de comisuras 112 y
cúspides 114 que se alternan. Preferiblemente, la válvula 100 es un
tipo de tres hojas, de modo que la forma 106 de alambre tiene tres
comisuras 112 y tres cúspides 114, con tres hojas 108 soportadas de
este modo. En particular, cada hoja 108 se fija convenientemente en
comisuras adyacentes 112, y a lo largo de toda la cúspide 114
arqueada entre ambas. Como se describirá con más detalle más
adelante, las hojas 108 están fijadas cada una a una cubierta 116 de
tela alrededor de las cúspides 114 de la forma de alambre. En una
realización preferida, la forma 106 de alambre elástica se compone
de un material elástico biocompatible, preferiblemente metálico. Por
ejemplo, la forma 106 de alambre elástica puede ser de acero
inoxidable, titanio o Elgiloy. Alternativamente, la forma 106 de
alambre elástica puede ser de un polímero biocompatible, tal como
Delrin o poliacetilo. En este sentido, por lo tanto, el término
"alambre" en la forma de alambre no debe ser considerado como
limitativo del material a uno metálico.
La figura 7 ilustra una válvula 100 ensamblada
con la falda 110 de tela mostrada en la figura 6 retirada por
razones de claridad. Es decir, la falda 110 de tela está
dimensionada para ser envuelta exteriormente y rodear la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido, pero está retirada en la figura 7 para mostrar
los detalles de conexión entre la base y el submontaje 102 de hojas.
La válvula 100 define un extremo 120 de entrada y un extremo 122 de
salida.
La figura 9 ilustra una hoja 108 a modo de
ejemplo que tiene un borde 124 de cúspide arqueado opuesto a un
borde 126 que actúa conjuntamente. El borde 124 de cúspide es
generalmente semicircular, y termina en las porciones 128 de
comisura. Un par de lengüetas 130 dirigidas opuestamente se
extienden hacia fuera desde ambos extremos del borde 126 que actúa
conjuntamente, y se ven en la figura 6 antes de la fijación a la
forma 106 de alambre. Es decir, las lengüetas 130 de hojas 108
adyacentes se unen juntas y pasan a través de las comisuras 112 en
forma de U invertidas de la forma 106 de alambre elástica. En una
realización preferida, cada hoja 108 se forma a partir de tejido
pericardial, tal como pericardio bovino o equino, o de un material
sintético, que haya sido tratado adecuadamente para hacerlo
biocompatible.
Con referencia de nuevo a la figura 6, el borde
124 de cúspide de cada hoja 108 está configurado para que siga una
cúspide 114 de la forma 106 de alambre elástica. La falda 110 de
tela se extiende hasta un borde 132 de entrada de cada una de las
cúspides 114, y cuando la falda está ensamblada en la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido, al borde de entrada se extiende
sustancialmente hasta el borde 120 de entrada (figura 7) de la
válvula. La falda 110 de tela termina además en bordes 134 de salida
entre alambres adyacentes de las comisuras 112 de forma de alambre,
debajo de las lengüetas 130 de las hojas que se extienden a través
de la misma. La falda 110 puede ser de una tela biocompatible tal
como poliéster, o de otro material de hoja biocompatible
adecuado.
El submontaje 102 de hojas fija la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido en lugares discretos, acoplando firmemente cada
una de las comisuras 112 y cúspides 114 de la forma 106 de alambre
elástica a la base. Como se ve mejor en la figura 6, la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido comprende un miembro 140 que puede expandirse
plásticamente, tubular, que tiene un reborde 142 de entrada y un
reborde 144 de salida. Una pluralidad de postes 146 de comisura está
fijada rígidamente, o acoplada firmemente, al miembro tubular 140 de
modo que los postes se extienden de modo general, axialmente, más
allá del reborde 144 de salida en la dirección de salida. Asimismo,
una pluralidad de postes 148 de cúspide está fijada rígidamente, o
acoplada firmemente, al miembro tubular 140 de modo que los postes
se extienden más allá del reborde 144 de salida. Puesto que los
postes 146 de comisura acoplan a las comisuras 112 de la forma de
alambre, estos son más largos que los postes 148 de cúspide que
acoplan a las cúspides 114 de forma de alambre.
Como se ilustra, tanto los postes 146 de comisura
como los postes 148 de cúspide se extienden a través de manguitos
150a, 150b, proporcionados respectivamente en el exterior del
miembro tubular 140 y están asegurados convenientemente de modo
axial en el mismo. Se ha de tener en cuenta que este es solamente
uno de los numerosos modos posibles de acoplar rígidamente postes
erectos a un miembro tubular que puede expandirse plásticamente. No
obstante, los postes 146, 148 están convenientemente situados en el
exterior del miembro tubular 140 de modo que no interfieren con un
globo que expanda el miembro tubular desde el interior, ni tampoco
interfieren con la circulación de sangre a través de la válvula. Se
ha de tener en cuenta también que en una configuración inversa, los
postes 146, 148 pueden ser fijados inicialmente a las comisuras 112
y 114 de la forma de alambre, respectivamente, como parte del
submontaje 102 de hojas y posteriormente conectados a estructuras
(no mostradas) que casen, proporcionadas sobre la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido.
Una pluralidad de conectadores se proporciona
para fijar la forma 106 de alambre elástica a los postes 146, 148 de
la base 104 de aplicación de tejido. En particular, como se ve en la
figura 6, cada poste 146 de comisura proporciona un conectador 160
de comisura inferior sobre el mismo. Asimismo, cada uno de los
postes 148 de cúspide proporciona un conectador 162 de cúspide
inferior. En la realización ilustrada el extremo de salida de cada
uno de los postes 146, 148 está curvado 90º para enfrentarse
radialmente hacia el interior, y una ranura formada en el mismo
define los conectadores 160, 162 respectivos.
Las figuras 9 a 11 ilustran la configuración de
la conexión entre el submontaje 102 de hojas y la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido en las comisuras de la válvula. Con referencia
concreta a la figura 10, el conectador 160 de comisura inferior del
poste 146 de comisura casa con el conectador 164 de comisura
superior de una inserción 166 (aislada en la figura 8) asegurada a
la comisura 112 de la forma de alambre. Como se ve en la figura 11,
las hojas 130 adyacentes se extienden radialmente hacia fuera entre
alambres espaciados de la forma 106 de alambre y se envuelven
alrededor de la inserción 166 para ser conectadas en un lado
exterior de la misma con una pluralidad de puntadas 168. La figura 8
ilustra una forma de la inserción 166 en la que el conectador 164 de
la comisura superior comprende un círculo parcial de abertura
dirigida hacia abajo que casa con la ranura del conectador 160 de
comisura inferior, como se ve en la figura 10. De esta manera, las
comisuras 112 se aseguran firmemente con respecto a la base 104 de
aplicación de tejido en virtud de la interacción entre el conectador
160 de comisura inferior y el conectador 164 de comisura
superior.
Con referencia de nuevo a las figuras 6 y 7, una
pluralidad de conectadores 170 de cúspide superiores fija a los
puntos medios aproximados de cada una de las cúspides 114 de la
forma 106 de alambre. Cada uno de los conectadores 170 de cúspide
superiores está configurado y posicionado para que case con el
conectador 162 de cúspide inferior formado en cada uno de los postes
140 de cúspide. De nuevo, el conectador 170 de cúspide superior
puede estar provisto de un círculo parcial de abertura descendente
que case con la ranura del conectador 162 de cúspide inferior.
Con referencia concreta a la figura 12, en ella
se ilustran mejor ciertos detalles constructivos de las cúspides de
válvula. La cubierta 116 de tela de la forma 106 de alambre se
muestra como un tubo que tiene una prolongación 180 de tela superior
y una prolongación 182 de tela inferior emparedadas alrededor de una
porción radial 184 del conectador 170 de cúspide superior. El
conectador 170 de cúspide superior se extiende hacia fuera y está
curvado 90º hacia abajo para que case con el conectador 162 de
cúspide inferior. La prolongación 180 de tela superior continúa
hacia fuera y hacia abajo en la falda 110 de tela. La prolongación
182 de tela inferior se curva 180º por debajo del borde 124 de
cúspide de la respectiva hoja 108. Las puntadas 186 aseguran las
capas combinadas de la prolongación superior 180, la porción radial
184, la primera parte de la prolongación inferior 182, la cúspide
124 de la hoja, y la porción envuelta alrededor de la prolongación
inferior 182.
Convenientemente, tanto la inserción 166 como el
conectador 170 de cúspide superior son de un material permeable de
sutura que tiene suficiente resistencia para mantener las conexiones
entre el submontaje 102 de hojas y la base 104 de aplicación de
tejido. Por ejemplo, la inserción 166 y el conectador 170 pueden ser
de Delrin, u otro polímero adecuado. Como se ilustra, cada uno de
los conectadores 164 y 170 son círculos parciales que se montan
alrededor de ranuras tubulares en los postes respectivos 146, 148.
Por supuesto, son posibles otras disposiciones, y la presente
invención no debe ser considerada limitada por los conectadores
ilustrados.
Como con la realización anterior, la válvula 100
utiliza una conexión de baja tensión entre las hojas 108 y la forma
106 de alambre elástica. En particular, como se ve en la figura 11,
la provisión de la inserción 166 proporciona una fuerza de fijación
durante la diástole entre la inserción y la forma 106 de alambre
contra la porción de las hojas 108 entre ambas. La costura 168 no
está sometida a esfuerzos de tensión directos, y por tanto hay menos
probabilidad de desgarre.
El submontaje 102 de hojas se almacena
convenientemente en su estado expandido, como se ve en la figura 6
(que, como se menciona, no ilustra la estructura de fijación de las
comisuras). Es decir, la forma 106 de alambre y las hojas 108 pueden
ser almacenadas sumergidas en un preservativo tal como el
glutaraldehido en un recipiente estéril hasta que sean necesarias. A
este respecto, las hojas protésicas 108 permanecen en su forma
funcional durante el almacenamiento. Esto evita grandemente un
arrugamiento adverso u otro daño permanente o semipermanente de las
hojas en el transcurso del tiempo, y mejora la calidad de la válvula
100. Al mismo tiempo, la base 104, convenientemente, no incluye
componente alguno bioprotésico o que sea perecedero de otra manera,
y por tanto puede ser almacenada en un recipiente estéril seco
separado. Este método permite también la combinación de diferentes
bases con cualquier submontaje 102 de hojas, o viceversa. Por
ejemplo, el tipo de mecanismo de fijación (es decir, grapas, barbas,
suturas, etc.) de la base 104 al anillo puede ser seleccionado por
el cirujano, siendo fijadas diferentes bases de diferentes maneras,
y todas pueden ser combinadas con un submontaje 102 de hojas
particular. Asimismo, el tipo de base puede ser seleccionado
basándose en indicaciones del paciente; siendo preferida una base
autoexpansiva en algunas situaciones y una base expandida por un
globo en otras.
En uso, el submontaje 102 de hojas es comprimido
desde su configuración expandida a un tamaño correspondiente al de
la base 104 de aplicación de tejido en su estado comprimido (no
mostrado). Si la base 104 de aplicación de tejido puede deformarse
plásticamente entonces esta se suministra inicialmente en su estado
comprimido. Alternativamente, una base 104 que puede autoexpandirse
tendrá que ser comprimida antes o después de la conexión al
submontaje 102 de hojas configurado de modo similar. La compresión
del submontaje 102 de hojas (y la base si es necesario) puede ser
efectuada usando un mandril cónico a través del cual se hace pasar
el submontaje o con un ceñidor u otro medio de apriete directo. Los
dos componentes se conectan entonces juntos, justamente antes de la
inserción en el cuerpo de paciente, y la válvula 100 es suministrada
simultáneamente en el lugar del anillo anfitrión. Para conectar los
dos componentes, la falda 110 de tela se hace pasar alrededor del
exterior de los postes 146 de comisura y alrededor del miembro
tubular 140. Cada uno de los conectadores superiores 164 y 170 es
obligado a casar con uno de los conectadores inferiores 160, 162. En
la realización ilustrada, esa operación de enchufar simplemente
requiere forzar cada uno de los círculos parciales que definen los
conectadores superiores sobre las ranuras que definen los
conectadores inferiores. Los círculos parciales se abren
ligeramente, pero luego saltan elásticamente hacia el interior
cuando los conectadores saltan juntos y la ranura asienta
completamente.
Hay cierto número de modos de suministrar la
válvula 100 al anillo aórtico. En uno, el miembro tubular 140 puede
estar montado alrededor de un catéter de globo y ser insertado por
medio de un introductor u otra cánula en el sistema vascular del
paciente y en la aorta. Alternativamente, puede ser utilizado un
procedimiento de corazón abierto o de puerto menos invasivo, siendo
administrada la base 104 de aplicación de tejido al anillo anfitrión
usando un retenedor u otro medio similar.
La figura 16A representa una vista en sección de
un corazón 200 que tiene una cámara 202 de ventrículo izquierdo que
se abre a una aorta ascendente 204 a través de un anillo aórtico
206. La aorta ascendente 204 continúa sobre un arco aórtico 208 y
deriva varias arterias 210 de cuerpo superiores antes de descender a
la aorta abdominal (no mostrada). Como se ha mencionado
anteriormente, las válvulas que pueden expandirse de la presente
invención pueden ser suministradas en la proximidad del anillo
aórtico 206 de varias maneras, que incluyen a través del sistema
vascular del paciente como se muestra.
En particular, en la porción recortada de la
aorta ascendente 204 se muestra un catéter 212 de suministro de
válvula, que ha sido introducido a lo largo de la dirección de la
flecha 214 de modo que un extremo distal del mismo se extiende
adyacente al anillo aórtico 206. El catéter 212 puede ser
introducido percutáneamente en el sistema arterial del paciente (por
ejemplo, en una arteria periférica tal como la arteria femoral) y
hecho avanzar hasta la aorta ascendente 204. El mango de catéter
tiene preferiblemente una longitud de al menos alrededor de 80 cm,
usualmente de alrededor de 90 a 100 cm, para que permita el
posicionamiento transluminal del mango desde las arterias femoral e
ilíaca en la aorta ascendente. Alternativamente, la longitud del
mango puede ser menor, por ejemplo, de 20 a 60 cm, para la
introducción a través de la arteria ilíaca, a través de la arteria
humeral, a través de las arterias carótida o subclavia, o por medio
de una penetración en la propia aorta. En la solución femoral el
catéter es bastante largo y suficientemente flexible para seguir la
trayectoria a través de la arteria femoral, arteria ilíaca, aorta
descendente y arco aórtico. Al mismo tiempo, el catéter ha de poder
ser empujado para que avance hasta la aorta ascendente empujando el
extremo proximal, y ha de tener suficiente rigidez axial, a la
flexión y torsión para permitir que el médico controle la posición
del extremo distal, incluso cuando el catéter esté en una estructura
vascular tortuosa. Alternativamente, el catéter 212 puede hacerse
pasar a través de un puerto abierto entre las costillas en el tórax
del paciente por encima del corazón y a través de una incisión en el
arco aórtico 208, en un procedimiento denominado mínimamente
invasivo.
Las técnicas para introducir catéteres en el
sistema vascular del cuerpo humano son bien conocidas, y típicamente
implican la introducción de un primer alambre 216 de guía, seguido
por un obturador o dilatador (no mostrado) dentro de una funda 218
en el sistema vascular. El dilatador facilita la introducción del
catéter 218 en el sistema vascular, y luego es retirado, aunque el
alambre 216 de guía típicamente permanece en el lugar.
Posteriormente, una válvula de la presente invención, tal como la
válvula 100 vista en las figuras 6 a 15, es suministrada sobre el
alambre 216 de guía y hasta el extremo distal de la funda 218. De
acuerdo con un aspecto de la presente invención, la válvula 100
incluye una porción que puede expandirse de globo y por tanto se
monta sobre un globo 222 de expansión. Para facilitar el paso de la
válvula 100 a través de la funda 218, se puede usar un empujador
224.
La figura 16B ilustra una segunda operación en el
procedimiento de suministro de la válvula, a modo de ejemplo, en el
que la funda 218 se retira en la dirección proximal como se indica
mediante la flecha 226. La retirada de la funda 218 expone la
válvula 100, que está posicionada dentro del anillo 206 aórtico con
la ayuda de marcadores fluoroscópicos y opacos a la radio,
ultrasónicos, de imágenes, o similares. Si la válvula 100 incluye
componentes de autoexpansión, la retirada de la funda 218 libera la
restricción exterior en la válvula y permite que se expanda en
contacto con el anillo 206. En la realización ilustrada, sin
embargo, el miembro tubular 140 de la base 104 de aplicación de
tejido es plásticamente deformable y mantiene su configuración
restringida radialmente después de la retirada de la funda 218.
Debido a las conexiones rígidas entre el submontaje 102 de hojas y
la base 104, el submontaje permanece también en su configuración
contraída.
Finalmente, en la figura 16C, el globo 222 se
infla para originar que la base 104 de aplicación de tejido se
expanda radialmente en contacto con el anillo aórtico 206, como se
indica mediante las flechas 230. Simultáneamente, el submontaje 102
de hojas se expande radialmente en virtud de la conexión rígida con
la base 104, y en virtud de su carga elástica. Un catéter 232 de
inflado de globo se ve sobresaliendo del empujador 224 y a través
del submontaje 102 de hojas. Con referencia de nuevo a la figura 6,
la falda 110 de tela es capturada entre el miembro tubular 140 y el
tejido que la rodea, y está en contacto directo con esta. Por lo
tanto, en virtud de la conexión continua entre los bordes superiores
124 de las hojas 108 y la falda 110 de tela, la falda forma un canal
de circulación para la sangre que entra por el extremo 120 de
entrada de la válvula 100. De nuevo, el miembro tubular 140 que
puede expandirse plásticamente puede ser ligeramente sobreexpandido
para tener en cuenta cualquier retroceso en el material. Además,
como se ha mencionado anteriormente, el miembro tubular 140 puede
incluir grapas o barbas u otra de tales estructuras de fijación para
situar precisamente la válvula 100 dentro del anillo 206.
Una vez que la válvula 100 está completamente
expandida y fijada firmemente al anillo 206, el globo 222 se
desinfla y retira. Esa operación puede incluir alargar el globo 222
en la dirección distal y reducir su dimensión radial mediante
retorcimiento, por ejemplo. Se debe poner cuidado en no dañar las
hojas dentro del submontaje 102 durante la retirada del globo 222 a
través de ellas. Una vez retirado el globo dentro de la funda 218,
el catéter 212 completo se retira del paciente.
La válvula 100 completamente formada tiene un
cierto número de ventajas sobre las válvulas que podían expandirse
de la técnica anterior. Por ejemplo, como se ha mencionado
anteriormente, las hojas protésicas 108 pueden ser almacenadas en la
forma de implantación no comprimida final. Esto contrasta con las
válvulas que podían expandirse anteriores en las que la válvula
completa podía ser inicialmente comprimida de modo que las hojas
eran almacenadas en una forma comprimida. Consecuentemente, las
válvulas de la técnica anterior pueden ser almacenadas durante años
antes de ser utilizadas, y el arrugamiento permanente de las hojas
comprimidas puede ser un problema real.
Además, cada una de las hojas 108 está soportada
sustancialmente de modo completo alrededor de la forma 106 de
alambre ondulada, que ha demostrado proporcionar un comportamiento
óptimo a la válvula. También se usan hojas separadas en oposición a
un tubo continuo, como en la primera realización. Adicionalmente, la
estructura de fijación de baja tensión ventajosa de las lengüetas
130 de hoja, en las comisuras 112 de la forma de alambre, incrementa
más la durabilidad de la válvula.
Aunque la anterior es una descripción completa de
las realizaciones preferidas de la invención, diversas alternativas,
modificaciones y equivalencias pueden ser usadas. Además, será
evidente que otras modificaciones evidentes pueden ser puestas en
práctica dentro del alcance de las reivindicaciones adjuntas.
Claims (6)
1. Una válvula (20) de corazón protésica, que
comprende:
un "stent" (24) de soporte que incluye una
base tubular (40) junto con un extremo de entrada y una pluralidad
de postes (42) de comisura que se extienden generalmente de modo
axial dispuestos uniformemente alrededor de la base tubular sobre un
extremo de salida de la misma, en el que la base (40) puede
expandirse desde un primer tamaño destinado a un suministro
mínimamente invasivo, a un segundo tamaño funcional que se monta
dentro de un anillo de válvula de corazón; y
un miembro tubular flexible (22) que tiene una
sección (32) protésica fijada a los postes de comisura para definir
una pluralidad de hojas de válvula protésicas entre los postes;
caracterizada porque el miembro tubular
(22) comprende además una sección (34) de tela conectada a la base
tubular (40) y solamente la sección (34) de tela contacta la base
tubular (40).
2. La válvula de corazón de la reivindicación 1,
en la que la sección protésica (32) y la sección (34) de tela son
ambas generalmente tubulares y están fijadas juntas en una costura
(36).
3. La válvula de corazón de la reivindicación 2,
en la que la costura (36) está espaciada del extremo de salida de la
base tubular (40) de modo que solamente la sección (34) de tela del
miembro tubular flexible (22) contacta la base tubular.
4. La válvula de corazón de la reivindicación 1,
en la que los postes (42) de comisura tienen cada uno una ranura
axial (54), en la que el miembro tubular (22) se sitúa básicamente
dentro de los postes a excepción de una pluralidad de bucles (70)
que se extienden hacia fuera a través de cada ranura en cada poste,
e incluye además una pluralidad de inserciones (72) dimensionadas de
mayor tamaño que las ranuras, siendo capturada cada una de tales
inserciones dentro de un bucle que se extiende hacia fuera a través
de cada ranura para retener el bucle (70) a través de la ranura
(54).
5. La válvula de corazón de la reivindicación 4,
en la que los postes (42) de comisura están configurados
integralmente con la base (40), siendo la base y los postes de
comisura configurados inicialmente a partir de una sección plana de
material, en la que los postes de comisura se extienden inicialmente
desde el extremo (44) de entrada de la base y están curvados 180º
para que se extiendan a lo largo de la base y sobresalgan más allá
de la base en el extremo (50) de salida de la misma.
6. La válvula de corazón de la reivindicación 4,
en la que cada uno de los postes (42) de comisura comprende:
una primera sección axial (46) que se extiende
desde el extremo (44) de entrada de la base (40) y está espaciada
radialmente de la misma,
una segunda sección axial (48) que define la
extensión de salida del poste y una porción de la ranura axial (54),
estando la segunda sección desplazada interiormente de modo radial
de la primera sección; y
una región (52) de transición entre las secciones
primera y segunda, en la que una porción ensanchada (56) de la
ranura axial está definida en la región de transición.
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US09/549,413 US6454799B1 (en) | 2000-04-06 | 2000-04-06 | Minimally-invasive heart valves and methods of use |
US549413 | 2000-04-06 |
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EP (1) | EP1267753B1 (es) |
AT (1) | ATE306876T1 (es) |
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CA (1) | CA2407062C (es) |
DE (1) | DE60114165T2 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2250398T3 (es) |
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2000
- 2000-04-06 US US09/549,413 patent/US6454799B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2001-04-05 WO PCT/US2001/011201 patent/WO2001076510A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-04-05 EP EP01930449A patent/EP1267753B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-05 DE DE60114165T patent/DE60114165T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-05 AT AT01930449T patent/ATE306876T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-04-05 AU AU5698501A patent/AU5698501A/xx active Pending
- 2001-04-05 ES ES01930449T patent/ES2250398T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
- 2002-06-28 US US10/185,812 patent/US6767362B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2004-01-28 US US10/766,139 patent/US7381218B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2008
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2010
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2013
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US20100211165A1 (en) | 2010-08-19 |
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US20020198594A1 (en) | 2002-12-26 |
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US8709077B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
ATE306876T1 (de) | 2005-11-15 |
WO2001076510A3 (en) | 2002-04-04 |
EP1267753B1 (en) | 2005-10-19 |
US7381218B2 (en) | 2008-06-03 |
DE60114165D1 (de) | 2005-11-24 |
US20130131790A1 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
US10022220B2 (en) | 2018-07-17 |
WO2001076510A2 (en) | 2001-10-18 |
US20140222140A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
WO2001076510A8 (en) | 2002-01-03 |
DE60114165T2 (de) | 2006-07-13 |
US6454799B1 (en) | 2002-09-24 |
EP1267753A2 (en) | 2003-01-02 |
AU5698501A (en) | 2001-10-23 |
CA2407062C (en) | 2009-08-18 |
CA2407062A1 (en) | 2001-10-18 |
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