EP4441799A1 - Procede de passivation - Google Patents
Procede de passivationInfo
- Publication number
- EP4441799A1 EP4441799A1 EP22821485.4A EP22821485A EP4441799A1 EP 4441799 A1 EP4441799 A1 EP 4441799A1 EP 22821485 A EP22821485 A EP 22821485A EP 4441799 A1 EP4441799 A1 EP 4441799A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- oxide
- oxide films
- layers
- polysilicon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 13
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004518 low pressure chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006388 chemical passivation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UJMWVICAENGCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen difluoride Chemical compound FOF UJMWVICAENGCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H01L31/02167—
-
- H01L31/0745—
-
- H01L31/1864—
Definitions
- the invention relates to the technical field of surface passivation of a substrate based on crystalline silicon.
- the invention finds its application in particular in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells, and in particular of silicon-based photovoltaic cells.
- Surface passivation is a major issue in the photovoltaic sector. It makes it possible to limit the recombinations between the minority and majority carriers, and therefore to increase the number of carriers collected, which results in a significant improvement in efficiency.
- first and second layers of polysilicon formed respectively on the first and second oxide films, and respectively comprising phosphorus atoms and boron atoms.
- the “polysilicon layer on oxide film” stacking makes it possible to obtain good passivation of the surfaces of the substrate. Indeed, the oxide films make it possible to fill the dangling bonds on the surfaces of the substrate, which makes it possible to obtain a chemical passivation of the surfaces. The oxide films also act as a barrier against the diffusion of phosphorus atoms and boron atoms from the corresponding polysilicon layer towards the substrate. The oxide films therefore make it possible to maintain sufficient doping of the polysilicon layers with phosphorus and boron atoms in order to obtain a good quality electrical contact.
- the optimum electrical activation temperature of the boron atoms is strictly higher than the electrical activation temperature of the phosphorus atoms.
- the optimum electrical activation temperature of the boron atoms can be of the order of 950° C.
- the temperature electrical activation of the phosphorus atoms can be of the order of 875°C when the polysilicon layers have a thickness of 15 nm, the oxide films have a thickness of 1.5 nm and the boron/phosphorus atoms are implanted using a plasma immersion ion implantation technique.
- the subject of the invention is a passivation process, comprising the successive steps: a) providing a structure comprising:
- composition closer to the stoichiometric compound c) forming first and second layers of polysilicon, respectively on the first and second oxide films, and respectively comprising phosphorus atoms and boron atoms having respectively first and second electrical activation temperatures, the second temperature d the electrical activation being strictly greater than the first electrical activation temperature; d) applying a heat treatment to the assembly comprising the structure and the first and second layers of polysilicon, the heat treatment being applied at a temperature greater than or equal to the second electrical activation temperature so as to electrically activate the phosphorus atoms and boron atoms concomitantly.
- step b) makes it possible, thanks to step b), to electrically activate the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms simultaneously during step d), while preventing an excessive diffusion of the atoms of phosphorus out of the first layer of polysilicon during step d).
- the UV-ozone treatment applied during stage b) allows, by increasing the thickness and/or modifying the composition (closer to a stoichiometric composition compared to the composition of stage a)) of the first oxide film, to improve the blocking of the diffusion of phosphorus atoms from the first layer of polysilicon towards the substrate during step d).
- the method according to the invention may comprise one or more of the following characteristics.
- step a) comprises the steps: ai) providing a substrate based on crystalline silicon, having first and second opposite surfaces; a 2 ) chemically treating the first and second surfaces of the substrate using an oxidizing agent so as to form the first and second oxide films.
- an advantage obtained is to take advantage of a chemical treatment (for example for cleaning the first and second surfaces) to form the first and second oxide films.
- step a) comprises the steps: ar) providing a substrate based on crystalline silicon, having first and second opposite surfaces; a 2 >) heat treating the first and second surfaces of the substrate so as to form the first and second oxide films of the thermal oxide type.
- an advantage obtained is to be able to form the first and second thermal oxide films in the same industrial frame as that for forming the first and second layers of polysilicon, the industrial frame being for example suitable for chemical vapor deposition at low pressure (LPCVD for "Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition" in English).
- step a) comprises the steps: a1») providing a substrate based on crystalline silicon, having first and second opposite surfaces; a?') chemically treating the first and second surfaces of the substrate with an oxidizing agent so as to form a first part of the first and second oxide films; as”) heat treating the first and second oxidized surfaces of the substrate so as to form a second part of the first and second oxide films.
- the industrial frame being for example suitable for low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD for “Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition” in English).
- LPCVD low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
- step a) is carried out so that the first and second oxide films are of the tunnel oxide type.
- an advantage obtained is to ensure a role of diffusion barrier to the phosphorus atoms and to the boron atoms, while allowing the circulation of an electric current within it advantageously by tunnel effect.
- the invention also relates to a passivation process, comprising the successive steps: a′) providing a substrate based on crystalline silicon, having first and second opposite surfaces; b) applying ultraviolet radiation to the substrate, under an ozone atmosphere, so as to form first and second oxide films, respectively on the first and second surfaces of the substrate; the first oxide film having: - a thickness strictly greater than that of the second oxide film, and/or
- first and second layers of polysilicon respectively on the first and second oxide films, and respectively comprising phosphorus atoms and boron atoms having respectively first and second electrical activation temperatures, the second temperature d the electrical activation being strictly greater than the first electrical activation temperature; d) applying a heat treatment to the assembly comprising the substrate, the first and second oxide films, and the first and second layers of polysilicon, the heat treatment being applied at a temperature greater than or equal to the second activation temperature electric so as to electrically activate the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms concomitantly.
- step b) makes it possible, thanks to step b), to electrically activate the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms simultaneously during step d), while preventing an excessive diffusion of the atoms of phosphorus out of the first layer of polysilicon during step d).
- the UV-ozone treatment applied during state b) makes it possible to form a first oxide film:
- Such a UV-ozone treatment thereby makes it possible to improve the blocking of the diffusion of phosphorus atoms from the first layer of polysilicon towards the substrate during step d).
- the thickness obtained from the first oxide film (greater than that of the second oxide film) and/or the composition obtained from the first oxide film (tending towards the stoichiometric compound) improve its quality as a barrier of diffusion for the phosphorus atoms, this diffusion barrier then being able to withstand a temperature greater than or equal to the electrical activation temperature of the boron atoms.
- step b) is performed so that the first and second oxide films are of the tunnel oxide type.
- an advantage obtained is to ensure a role of diffusion barrier to the phosphorus atoms and to the boron atoms, while allowing the circulation of an electric current within it advantageously by tunnel effect.
- the ultraviolet radiation applied during step b), under the ozone atmosphere is adapted so that the thickness and/or the composition of the first oxide film obtained at the end of step b) limit the diffusion of phosphorus atoms in the substrate during step d).
- an advantage obtained is to improve the performance of the photovoltaic cell.
- the ultraviolet radiation is applied during step b), under the ozone atmosphere, according to a surface power density of between 28 W/cm 2 and 32 W/cm 2 .
- ultraviolet radiation is applied during step b), under the ozone atmosphere, at a wavelength comprised in the absorption band of ozone, preferably comprised between 250 nm and 255 nm.
- an advantage obtained is to improve the effectiveness of the UV-ozone treatment.
- the temperature at which the heat treatment is applied during step d) is between 950°C and 1050°C.
- an advantage obtained is to be able to electrically activate the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms simultaneously.
- step c) comprises the steps: ci) forming the first and second layers of polysilicon, respectively on the first and second oxide films;
- step c) is carried out so that the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms have a volume density greater than 10 20 at./cm 3 at the end of step d). .
- an advantage obtained is to create a strong field effect conducive to good passivation of the surfaces of the substrate, as well as to form an electrical contact zone of good quality.
- the method comprises a step e) consisting in forming first and second layers of transparent conductive oxide, respectively on the first and second layers of polysilicon, step e) being carried out after step d).
- a step e) consisting in forming first and second layers of transparent conductive oxide, respectively on the first and second layers of polysilicon, step e) being carried out after step d).
- the method comprises a step f) consisting in forming electrodes on the first and second layers of conductive transparent oxide.
- passivation is meant the neutralization of electrically active defects on the surfaces of the substrate.
- a surface of a crystalline silicon substrate has a density of defects (e.g. dangling bonds, impurities, discontinuity of the crystal, etc.) which can lead to significant losses related to surface recombination of carriers in the case of a photovoltaic application.
- substrate we mean the mechanical support, self-supporting, intended for the manufacture of a photovoltaic cell.
- the substrate can be a wafer cut from a crystalline silicon ingot.
- Crystalstalline means the multicrystalline form or the monocrystalline form of silicon, thus excluding amorphous silicon.
- crystalline silicon is the main and majority material making up the substrate.
- the ultraviolet radiation can be applied to all or part of the structure, i.e.: either on one side of the structure only (the side defined by the first surface of the substrate), the side defined by the second surface of the substrate not being exposed to ultraviolet radiation; either successively on both sides of the structure.
- Thickness means the dimension extending along the normal to the first surface (or to the second surface) of the substrate.
- composition we mean the atomic composition of an oxide film.
- stoichiometric compound is meant a compound having an atomic composition having stoichiometric proportions.
- silicon dioxide SiO 2 is a stoichiometric compound, having an atomic composition presenting proportions stoichiometric
- silicon oxide SiCh x is a non-stoichiometric compound, having an atomic composition exhibiting non-stoichiometric proportions, “x” being the deviation from stoichiometry with x>0 or x ⁇ 0.
- atomic proportions of the oxide film obtained at the end of step b) are closer to the stoichiometric proportions of the stoichiometric compound with regard to the initial atomic proportions of the oxide film provided during step a).
- the atomic proportions of the oxide film obtained at the end of step b) can tend towards the stoichiometric proportions of the stoichiometric compound.
- sending towards or “tending towards”, it is meant that the atomic proportions of the oxide film obtained at the end of step b) are sufficiently close to the stoichiometric proportions of the stoichiometric compound (i.e. reduction in the absolute value of the deviation “x” from the stoichiometry) to consider that the oxide film behaves like a stoichiometric oxide film.
- polysilicon also designates polycrystalline silicon.
- tunnel oxide film an oxide film thin enough to allow the circulation of an electric current within it, advantageously by tunnel effect.
- transparent conductive oxide TCO for "Transparent Conductive Oxide” in English
- transparent conductive oxide an oxide transparent in all or part of the solar spectrum, and electrically conductive.
- the conductive transparent oxide may have a transmittance greater than or equal to 60% (preferably greater than or equal to 80%) on the spectrum [300 nm, 900 nm],
- electrical activation we mean a supply of energy of a thermal nature to cause the migration of dopants (phosphorus/boron atoms) to substitutional sites in which they are likely to generate carriers.
- Figure 3 are schematic sectional views, illustrating steps of a third embodiment of a method according to the invention.
- Figure 4 (4a to 4f) are schematic sectional views, illustrating steps of a fourth mode of implementation of a method according to the invention.
- Figure 5 are schematic sectional views, illustrating steps of a fifth embodiment of a method according to the invention.
- the first and second oxide films will bear the references “2" and “3” respectively before step b).
- the first and second oxide films will bear the references “2'” and “3'” respectively if the corresponding oxide film has been modified or created by UV-ozone treatment at the end of step b).
- an object of the invention is a passivation process, comprising the successive steps: a) providing a structure comprising:
- step a) applying ultraviolet radiation to the structure, under an ozone atmosphere, so that the first oxide film 2' has:
- step b) a composition closer to the stoichiometric compound;
- step b) the situation at the end of step b) is illustrated in FIGS. 1d, 2d, 3c, 4c;
- c) forming first and second layers of polysilicon 4, 5, respectively on the first and second oxide films 2', 3; 2', 3', and respectively comprising phosphorus atoms and boron atoms respectively having first and second electrical activation temperatures, the second electrical activation temperature being strictly greater than the first electrical activation temperature;
- the situation at the end of step c) is illustrated in Figures 1c, 2e, 3d, 4d, 5d;
- the substrate 1 of the structure provided during step a) is advantageously n-type doped.
- the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 may be intended to be exposed to light radiation so as to form a bifacial architecture.
- Step a) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 are textured in order to reduce the reflection coefficient and the optical losses in the photovoltaic cell.
- the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 preferably comprise inverted pyramid patterns, arranged to create a surface roughness. Texturing is preferably carried out by a chemical attack based on potassium hydroxide KOH.
- the substrate 1 can have a thickness of the order of 150
- Step a) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second oxide films 2, 3 are of tunnel oxide type.
- Step a) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second tunnel oxide films 2, 3 have a thickness less than or equal to 3 nm, preferably less than or equal to 2 nm.
- the first and second oxide films 2, 3 are advantageously silicon oxides.
- silicon oxide is meant a compound of formula SiCLx.
- step a) comprises the steps: ai) providing a substrate 1 based on crystalline silicon, having first and second surfaces 10, 11 opposite each other; step ai) is illustrated in Figures 2a and 3a; a 2 ) chemically treating the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 using an oxidizing agent so as to form the first and second oxide films 2, 3; step a 2 ) is illustrated in FIGS. 2b and 3b.
- Step a 2 can include the steps: a2o) applying a solution of hydrofluoric acid HF to the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 in order to deoxidize them; a 2 i) rinsing the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 with deionized water to reoxidize them.
- step a) comprises the steps: a r ) providing a substrate 1 based on crystalline silicon, having first and second surfaces 10, 11 opposite each other; step ar) is illustrated in FIG. 4a; a?) heat treating the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 so as to form the first and second oxide films 2, 3 of the thermal oxide type; step a?) is illustrated in Figure 4b.
- step a?) can be carried out at a temperature of 580°C.
- step a) comprises the steps: a1») providing a substrate 1 based on crystalline silicon, having first and second surfaces 10, 11 opposite each other; step ai”) is illustrated in FIG. a 2 ”) chemically treating the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 with an oxidizing agent so as to form a first part 2a, 3a of the first and second oxide films 2, 3; step a 2 ”) is shown in Figure 1b; a 3 ”) heat treating the first and second oxidized surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 so as to form a second part 2b, 3b of the first and second oxide films 2, 3; step a 3 ”) is shown in figure le.
- Step a 2 can comprise the steps: a 2 o”) applying a solution of hydrofluoric acid HF to the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 in order to deoxidize them; a 2 i”) rinse the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 with deionized water to reoxidize them.
- step a 3 can be performed at a temperature of 580°C.
- step b) consists in applying ultraviolet radiation, under the ozone atmosphere, to a single side of the structure, in this case the side defined by the first surface 10 of the substrate 1 where the phosphorus atoms will be present during step c).
- the first oxide film 2 obtained at the end of step b) is referenced "2'".
- the ultraviolet radiation is applied under the ozone atmosphere, so that the first oxide film 2' has, at the end of step b):
- step b) comprises the steps: bi) applying a first ultraviolet radiation, under the ozone atmosphere, on the side of the structure defined by the second surface 11 of the substrate 1, so as to increase the thickness and/or modify the composition of the second oxide film 3; step bi) is illustrated in Figure 2c; the second oxide film 3 obtained at the end of step bi) is referenced "3'"; b2) applying a second ultraviolet radiation, under the ozone atmosphere, on the side of the structure defined by the first surface 10 of the substrate 1, so as to increase the thickness and/or modify the composition of the first oxide film 2; step b2) is illustrated in Figure 2d; the first oxide film 2 obtained at the end of step bi) is referenced "2'".
- step b2) Ultraviolet radiation is applied during step b2) under the ozone atmosphere, so that the first oxide film 2' has, at the end of step b2):
- those skilled in the art may in particular increase the duration of exposure to ultraviolet radiation during step b2) compared to step bi), for a given surface power density of ultraviolet radiation.
- Steps bi) and b2) are not concomitant but successive. It should be noted that steps bi) and b2) can be reversed.
- an object of the invention is a passivation process, comprising the successive steps: a′) providing a substrate 1 based on crystalline silicon, having first and second surfaces 10, 11 opposite each other; step a′) is illustrated in FIG. 5a; b) applying ultraviolet radiation to the substrate 1, under an ozone atmosphere, so as to form first and second oxide films 2', 3', respectively on the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1; the first oxide film 2' having:
- step b) is illustrated in Figures 5b and 5c; c) forming first and second layers of polysilicon 4, 5, respectively on the first and second oxide films 2', 3', and comprising respectively phosphorus atoms and boron atoms having respectively first and second temperatures d electrical activation, the second electrical activation temperature being strictly greater than the first electrical activation temperature; the situation at the end of step c) is illustrated in Figure 5d; d) applying a heat treatment to the assembly comprising the substrate 1, the first and second oxide films 2', 3', and the first and second polysilicon layers 4, 5, the heat treatment being applied at a higher temperature or equal to the second electrical activation temperature so as to electrically activate the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms concomitantly.
- the substrate 1 provided during step a′) is advantageously n-type doped.
- the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 may be intended to be exposed to light radiation so as to form a bifacial architecture.
- Step a′) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 are textured in order to reduce the reflection coefficient and the optical losses in the photovoltaic cell.
- the first and second surfaces 10, 11 of the substrate 1 preferably comprise inverted pyramid patterns, arranged to create a surface roughness. Texturing is preferably carried out by a chemical attack based on potassium hydroxide KOH.
- the substrate 1 can have a thickness of the order of 150
- Step b) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second oxide films 2', 3' are of tunnel oxide type.
- Step b) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second oxide films 2', 3' tunnel have a thickness less than or equal to 3 nm, preferably less than or equal to 2 nm.
- the first and second oxide films 2', 3' are advantageously silicon oxides.
- silicon oxide is meant a compound of formula SiO 2-x .
- Step b) may include the steps: bi) applying a first ultraviolet radiation, under the ozone atmosphere, on the side of the second surface 11 of the substrate 1, so as to form the second oxide film 3'; step bi) is illustrated in Figure 5b; b 2 ) applying a second ultraviolet radiation, under the ozone atmosphere, on the side of the first surface 10 of the substrate 1, so as to form the first oxide film 2'; step b 2 ) is illustrated in FIG. 5c.
- step b 2 Ultraviolet radiation is applied during step b 2 ) under the ozone atmosphere, so that the first oxide film 2' has, at the end of step b 2 ):
- Steps bi) and b 2 ) are not concomitant but successive. It should be noted that steps bi) and b 2 ) can be reversed.
- the ultraviolet radiation applied during step b), under the ozone atmosphere is advantageously adapted so that the thickness and/or the composition of the first oxide film 2' obtained at the end of step b) limit the diffusion of phosphorus atoms in the substrate during step d).
- the ultraviolet radiation is advantageously applied during step b), under the ozone atmosphere, according to a surface power density of between 28 W/cm 2 and 32 W/cm 2 .
- Ultraviolet radiation is advantageously applied during step b), under the ozone atmosphere, at a wavelength comprised in the ozone absorption band, preferably comprised between 250 nm and 255 nm.
- Step c) advantageously comprises the steps: ci) forming the first and second polysilicon layers 4, 5, respectively on the first and second oxide films 2', 3; 2', 3'; c 2 ) implanting the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms, respectively in the first and second layers of polysilicon 4, 5, preferably by an ion implantation technique by plasma immersion.
- step c 2 When step c 2 ) is performed by an ion implantation technique by plasma immersion, the implantation of the phosphorus atoms is preferably carried out under an atmosphere comprising phosphine PH 3 , while the implantation of the boron atoms is preferably carried out under an atmosphere comprising diborane B 2 H 6 .
- Step c) is advantageously carried out so that the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms, respectively implanted in the first and second polysilicon layers 4, 5, have a volume density greater than 10 20 at./cm 3 at the at the end of step d), that is to say after electrical activation.
- Step c) is advantageously carried out so that the first and second layers of polysilicon 4, 5 have a thickness comprised between 10 nm and 200 nm, preferably comprised between 10 nm and 15 nm.
- Step c) can be performed by depositing first and second layers of amorphous silicon, respectively on the first and second oxide films 2′, 3; 3′, for example by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD for “Eow Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition” in English), or by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD for Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition” in English).
- LPCVD low-pressure chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- step d) the phosphorus atoms and the boron atoms can be implanted respectively in the first and second layers of amorphous silicon, for example by an ion implantation technique by plasma immersion.
- the heat treatment of step d) is suitable for crystallizing the first and second layers of amorphous silicon so as to obtain first and second layers of polysilicon 4.5.
- thermal annealing we mean a heat treatment comprising: - a phase of gradual rise in temperature (rise ramp) until reaching a temperature called the annealing temperature,
- the temperature (annealing temperature) at which the heat treatment is applied during step d) is advantageously between 950°C and 1050°C.
- the annealing time may be of the order of 30 minutes.
- the thermal annealing applied during step d) is global thermal annealing in the sense that it is applied to the assembly comprising the substrate 1, the first and second oxide films 2, 3; 3', the first and second layers of polysilicon 4, 5. It is therefore not a matter of localized thermal annealing applied to part of said assembly, for example using a laser.
- Step d) is preferably carried out in an oven.
- Step d) can be carried out under an oxidizing atmosphere or under a neutral atmosphere.
- the oxidizing atmosphere may comprise a mixture of oxygen and an inert gas chosen from argon and nitrogen.
- the method advantageously comprises a step e) consisting in forming first and second layers of transparent conductive oxide 6, 7, respectively on the first and second layers of polysilicon 4, 5, step e) being performed after step d).
- the first and second layers of transparent conductive oxide 6, 7 are advantageously made of a material chosen from CuO, NiO, TiO, a fluorine oxide doped with tin, indium-tin oxide, oxide of tin SnO 2 , zinc oxide ZnO; SnO 2 and ZnO preferably being doped with fluorine and aluminum respectively.
- the method advantageously comprises a step f) consisting in forming electrodes E on the first and second layers of transparent conductive oxide 6, 7. More precisely, step f ) can consist of forming at least one electrode E on the first transparent conductive oxide layer 6, and at least one electrode E on the second transparent conductive oxide layer 7.
- Step f) advantageously comprises a metallization step, preferably executed by serigraphy.
- Each electrode E is preferably made of silver and/or aluminum. The invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. A person skilled in the art is able to consider their technically effective combinations, and to substitute equivalents for them.
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR2112689A FR3129769B1 (fr) | 2021-11-29 | 2021-11-29 | Procédé de passivation |
PCT/EP2022/082868 WO2023094403A1 (fr) | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-22 | Procede de passivation |
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EP4441799A1 true EP4441799A1 (fr) | 2024-10-09 |
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EP4350782A3 (fr) * | 2009-04-21 | 2024-07-10 | Tetrasun, Inc. | Structures de cellules solaires à haut rendement et procédés de fabrication |
NL2021449B1 (en) * | 2018-08-09 | 2019-06-26 | Tempress Ip B V | A method of manufacturing a passivated solar cell and resulting passivated solar cell |
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WO2023094403A1 (fr) | 2023-06-01 |
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