EP4025549A1 - Verfahren zur aufbereitung eines gasförmigen stoffgemisches - Google Patents
Verfahren zur aufbereitung eines gasförmigen stoffgemischesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4025549A1 EP4025549A1 EP20726729.5A EP20726729A EP4025549A1 EP 4025549 A1 EP4025549 A1 EP 4025549A1 EP 20726729 A EP20726729 A EP 20726729A EP 4025549 A1 EP4025549 A1 EP 4025549A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alcohols
- alkenes
- distillation
- mixture
- optionally
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C27/00—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds
- C07C27/04—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds by reduction of oxygen-containing compounds
- C07C27/06—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds by reduction of oxygen-containing compounds by hydrogenation of oxides of carbon
- C07C27/08—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds by reduction of oxygen-containing compounds by hydrogenation of oxides of carbon with moving catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C27/00—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds
- C07C27/04—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds by reduction of oxygen-containing compounds
- C07C27/06—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds by reduction of oxygen-containing compounds by hydrogenation of oxides of carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
- B01D3/143—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column by two or more of a fractionation, separation or rectification step
- B01D3/145—One step being separation by permeation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
- B01D3/36—Azeotropic distillation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
- B01D3/40—Extractive distillation
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- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/1418—Recovery of products
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- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/1425—Regeneration of liquid absorbents
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- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/1487—Removing organic compounds
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- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
- B01D53/229—Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
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- B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
- B01D61/362—Pervaporation
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
- C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C07C1/0425—Catalysts; their physical properties
- C07C1/043—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition
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- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
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- C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C07C1/0485—Set-up of reactors or accessories; Multi-step processes
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/03—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by addition of hydroxy groups to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. with the aid of H2O2
- C07C29/04—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by addition of hydroxy groups to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. with the aid of H2O2 by hydration of carbon-to-carbon double bonds
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- C07C29/15—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively
- C07C29/151—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
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- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/74—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
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- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/005—Processes comprising at least two steps in series
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- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/04—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation
- C07C7/05—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation with the aid of auxiliary compounds
- C07C7/06—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation with the aid of auxiliary compounds by azeotropic distillation
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- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/04—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation
- C07C7/05—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation with the aid of auxiliary compounds
- C07C7/08—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation with the aid of auxiliary compounds by extractive distillation
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- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/144—Purification; Separation; Use of additives using membranes, e.g. selective permeation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
- C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
- C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
- C10G53/08—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one sorption step
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- B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
- B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
- B01D2252/205—Other organic compounds not covered by B01D2252/00 - B01D2252/20494
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- B01D2256/24—Hydrocarbons
- B01D2256/245—Methane
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/18—Carbon
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
- C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- C07C2523/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
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- C07C2523/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36
- C07C2523/56—Platinum group metals
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- C07C2523/72—Copper
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- C07C2523/74—Iron group metals
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- C07C2523/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- C07C2523/889—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for processing a gaseous mixture of substances obtained by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas, this mixture of substances containing at least alkenes, optionally alcohols and optionally alkanes, and optionally nitrogen as the inert gas and unconverted components of the synthesis gas, including hydrogen, Carbon monoxide and / or carbon dioxide, with at least one step being provided after the catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas in which the product mixture obtained in this reaction is separated into a gas phase and a liquid phase.
- WO 2015/086154 A1 describes a method for operating a system network for steel production, such a system network including a blast furnace for pig iron production and a converter steelworks for crude steel production.
- the products of the reduction reactions are CO, C0 2 , hydrogen and water vapor
- the blast furnace top gas withdrawn from the blast furnace process also having a high content of nitrogen in addition to the aforementioned components.
- a furnace top gas contains, for example, 35 to 60% by volume of nitrogen, 20 to 30% by volume of carbon monoxide, 20 to 30% by volume of carbon dioxide and 2 to 15% by volume of hydrogen.
- Pig iron is converted into crude steel in a converter steelworks downstream of the blast furnace process. By blowing oxygen onto liquid pig iron, disruptive impurities such as carbon, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus are removed.
- a converter gas which has a high content of carbon monoxide and also contains nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide is withdrawn from the steel converter.
- a typical converter gas composition has 50 to 70% by volume of carbon monoxide, 10 to 20% by volume of nitrogen, about 15% by volume of carbon dioxide and about 2% by volume of hydrogen.
- a coking plant in which coal is converted into coke by a coking process.
- a coke oven gas is produced which has a high hydrogen content and considerable amounts of methane.
- coke oven gas contains 55 to 70 volume percent hydrogen, 20 to 30 volume percent methane, 5 to 10 volume percent nitrogen and 5 to 10 volume percent carbon monoxide.
- blast furnace top gas, converter gas and coke oven gas which are also referred to as smelting gas in their entirety, for the production of chemical compounds is described, with the raw gases being processed individually or in combination as mixed gas and then as synthesis gas Chemical plant can be fed.
- Possible chemical compounds that can be produced from such a synthesis gas obtained from steel mill gases are specifically methanol or, in general and unspecifically, “other hydrocarbon compounds”. Furthermore, a biochemical use of the synthesis gas for the production of ethanol or butanol via fermentation is mentioned. However, the production of higher alcohols from the synthesis gas is not dealt with in detail in this publication.
- gas cleaning is usually carried out to remove disruptive ingredients, in particular tar, sulfur, sulfur compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons and high-boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons.
- gas conditioning usually takes place in which the proportion of the components carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen within the pipe gas is changed.
- the project of using steel mill gases for the production of chemical products described above is also known as the Carbon2Chem® process.
- EP 0 021 241 B1 discloses a process for the production of mixtures of acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethanol and alkenes with two to four carbon atoms by converting synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas phase over supported catalysts, the catalysts being rhodium and 0.1 contain up to 5.0% by weight of sodium or potassium.
- the oxygen-containing compounds and the alkenes are formed in a molar ratio of 1: 1 to 2.5: 1.
- the selectivity of the catalysts used for the alcohols is comparatively poor.
- 6,982,355 B2 describes an integrated Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for the production of linear and branched alcohols and alkenes, in which a light fraction and a heavy fraction are first separated from one another and the light fraction is contacted with a dehydration catalyst to obtain a light fraction , which contains alkenes and alkanes, this is then further divided into fractions containing C5 - C9 and C10 - C13 alkenes and alkanes, which are then partially converted with synthesis gas to the aldehydes with the corresponding chain lengths. From the aldehydes contained in the alkane fraction, the corresponding alcohols, which are still contained in the alkane fraction, are then produced by reaction with hydrogen.
- these alcohols are separated from the alkanes and in a further distillation the individual alcohols are obtained from the C5 - C9 fraction and the C10 - C13 fraction.
- the alkanes of the appropriate fractions can be dehydrogenated to the alkenes.
- the catalysts used in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are cobalt, iron, ruthenium or other transition metals from group VIIIB, optionally on an oxidic carrier such as silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide or titanium oxide.
- CN108067235A describes catalysts for the production of alkenes from synthesis gas which contain cobalt and cobalt carbide as the active component, lithium as an additive and one or more other metals selected from manganese, zinc, chromium and gallium.
- higher alcohols are also formed during the conversion.
- the selectivity for a mixture of alkene should be up to 40% and that for a mixture of alcohols should be 30%.
- Straight-chain alkenes with 2 to 30 carbon atoms and primary alcohols with corresponding chain lengths are obtained.
- the product mixture mainly contains alkanes and alkenes and, depending on the catalyst, about 20% to 25% alcohols, with methanol, alcohols with 2 to 5 carbon atoms and higher alcohols with 6 or more carbon atoms being formed, the latter group of alcohols being formed make up the majority and are usually more than 50% formed.
- the publication does not contain any details on the separation of the various products contained in the mixture.
- CN108014816A describes catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide with hydrogen to produce mixed primary alcohols and alkenes.
- Catalysts based on cobalt, in particular dicobalt carbide and manganese on an activated carbon carrier, are used, which can contain additions of cerium, copper, zinc or lanthanum.
- Primary alcohols and alkenes with 2 to 30 carbon atoms are formed.
- the catalysts used here are said to have a high selectivity for alkenes, it being mentioned that alkenes formed can be further converted to alcohols by hydroformylation.
- the catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas about 23 to 28 wt .-% alkanes, about 36 to 41 wt .-% alkenes and about 20 to 21 wt .-% higher alcohols, with about 8 wt .-% methane and about 2 to 5 %
- carbon dioxide and about 1 to 2% by weight of methanol are formed.
- No. 8,129,436 B2 describes a method for producing an alcohol mixture from synthesis gas, a mixture of alcohols and oxygen-containing compounds being obtained. It is proposed to strip the product mixture with a methanol-containing stream in order to remove a portion of the carbon dioxide and inert gases contained in the product stream. In addition, dehydration can take place downstream in order to convert some of the ethanol formed and, if appropriate, propanol into the corresponding alkenes. Potassium-modified molybdenum sulfide catalysts are used to convert the synthesis gas.
- US 2010/0005709 A1 describes alternative fuel compositions which contain ethanol, isopropanol and butanols, with synthesis gas first being converted into a C2-C4 alkene stream by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and then these alkenes being hydrated.
- the alcohols obtained can be mixed with gasoline to obtain fuel compositions.
- the synthesis gas described in this document only about 39% hydrocarbons with 2 to 4 carbon atoms are obtained, while about 40% higher hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds with C5 to C20 are formed, as they are usually contained in gasoline or diesel.
- US Pat. No. 5,237,104 A describes a process for the hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream using a cobalt-containing catalyst.
- hydroformylation the aim is to produce higher alcohols and aldehydes by chain extension, in which case the hydrocarbon-containing feed stream is reacted with a synthesis gas.
- the aim is to separate the cobalt compounds from the mixture in the course of the preparation of the product mixture.
- the volatile cobalt compounds are brought into contact with an olefinic absorbent which has a higher molecular weight and comprises, for example, a chain with 10 to 14 carbon atoms.
- US Pat. No. 4,510,267 A describes a process for the production of alkenes from synthesis gas, in which ruthenium catalysts on a cerium oxide support are used.
- the catalyst is reported to be selective for the production of alkenes with a low methane content.
- a low molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas is recommended.
- C2-C6 alkenes and, in smaller quantities, C2-C6 alkanes are formed. Separation processes for the separation of the product mixture are not described in this document. Alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are only formed in very small quantities.
- US 2014/0142206 A1 describes a method for producing a catalyst comprising cobalt and molybdenum on a carbon support.
- the catalyst is used for the production of alcohols from synthesis gas, an increased yield of C2 and C3 alcohols being described.
- the conversion takes place under the conditions of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Separation processes for obtaining individual product groups or individual compounds from the product mixture obtained after the reaction are not described in this document.
- a gaseous mixture which contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and water as well as various alkanes, in particular ethane, propane, butane, pentane, the corresponding alkenes, in particular Ethylene, propylene, 1-butylene, 1-pentylene and alcohols, in particular methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and possible isomers of these alcohols, in particular 2-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, 2-butanol, where the latter are not explicitly considered here, since their behavior essentially corresponds to that of 1-propanol or 1-butanol.
- Only a few percent of the gaseous product stream are valuable materials, especially the alcohols and the alkenes. For example, up to 90% or more are light gases that noticeably hinder the condensation of the product mixture.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for processing a gaseous mixture of substances obtained by the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas, in which the light gases are largely separated and then the product mixture is further processed in such a way that the Valuables contained in this, in particular the alcohols and alkenes, can be recovered as completely as possible.
- the preparation of the gaseous substance mixture comprises at least the following steps:
- Absorption medium preferably by decanting
- a synthesis gas obtained from steel mill gases within the scope of the present invention, one can proceed as follows, for example. If necessary, blast furnace top gas and converter gas are cleaned, for example in these gases to remove contained solids and / or catalyst poisons. If coke oven gas is also used, cleaning it using pressure swing adsorption (PSA), for example, is advantageous, so that primarily hydrogen is obtained from the coke oven gas. If necessary, the hydrogen content of the synthesis gas can be increased by adding hydrogen generated by electrolysis using electricity from renewable energies. The carbon dioxide content of the synthesis gas can optionally be reduced by a reverse water gas shift reaction, in which the carbon dioxide is converted into carbon monoxide.
- the processed synthesis gas obtained from steel mill gases in this way comprises carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen as its main components.
- this synthesis gas is then used to carry out a catalytic conversion into higher alcohols, which is also referred to in the specialist literature as “mixed alcohol synthesis” (see, for example, WO 2008/048364 A2).
- this catalytic synthesis of the higher alcohols from synthesis gas can be carried out, for example, at reaction temperatures from 200 ° C to 360 ° C, preferably at temperatures from 220 ° C to 340 ° C, more preferably at 240 ° C to 320 ° C, in particular at 260 ° C to 300 ° C, for example at about 280 ° C.
- this reaction can be carried out, for example, at a reaction pressure of 10 bar to 110 bar, in particular at 30 bar to 90 bar, preferably at 50 bar to 70 bar, for example at about 60 bar.
- a product stream is obtained which is present at a temperature, for example, in the aforementioned range and at a high pressure in the order of magnitude mentioned, so that this product stream is preferably first converted into a manageable form, for example by expansion in a turbine.
- a pressure reduction to a pressure of, for example, 5 bar to 15 bar, in particular to about 10 bar electrical energy is obtained that can be used to cover a major part of the electricity requirement of the process.
- the composition of the product mixture obtained in this catalytic synthesis of higher alcohols can vary widely.
- the product mixture contains in particular alcohols, alkenes, alkanes, carbon monoxide and hydrogen from unconverted synthesis gas, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane.
- the composition of the product phase depends on the composition of the synthesis gas used, in particular its inert gas content (nitrogen content) and the degree of conversion in the catalytic reaction, which results in the remaining carbon monoxide and hydrogen and possibly carbon dioxide and the ratio of the products to the residual gas.
- the selectivity of the catalyst used determines the distribution of the desired products, the means the alcohols, alkenes, the proportion of alkanes as well as the proportion of gaseous by-products that arise during the reaction, in particular methane and carbon dioxide.
- the synthesis gas not converted in the reaction is preferably returned to the step before the conversion, so that proportions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide contained in this gas can be used in a renewed conversion.
- the synthesis gas used contains, for example, a proportion of 30% by volume of nitrogen, which is inert in relation to the desired conversion, less recirculation of unconverted synthesis gas is necessary than if the synthesis gas used, for example, has a proportion of 50% by volume. % contains nitrogen. If the nitrogen content in the synthesis gas is lower and is only 10% by volume, for example, nitrogen can be separated using an additional membrane before the actual separation process.
- the amount of absorption medium that is used in the first separation step depends on the degree of conversion and thus the resulting product composition. If a larger amount of absorption medium is used, more alkenes and alkanes are separated from the product mixture, although it should also be taken into account that more undesirable gases, in particular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are also absorbed at the same time.
- the first separation step which can also be referred to as a gas-liquid separation
- a separation of the predominant part of the gases in particular nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane, is achieved in the process according to the invention, since these gases hardly ever are absorbed in the absorption medium, the high-boiling hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture.
- the separated gases can be returned to the previous process step of the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas.
- Two liquid phases are formed, namely an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising the absorption medium.
- Short-chain alcohols in particular methanol and ethanol, mainly go into the aqueous phase.
- the aqueous phase is separated from the organic phase of the absorption medium, preferably by decanting. Then alcohols, alkenes and optionally alkanes are desorbed from the absorption medium.
- the mixture obtained after the desorption comprises alkenes, optionally alkanes and optionally alcohols are then separated by a first distillation into a fraction predominantly containing the hydrocarbons and a fraction predominantly containing the alcohols.
- This distillation is preferably carried out at an elevated pressure, which is preferably in a pressure range from about 10 bar to about 40 bar.
- the hydrocarbons separated off in the first distillation are then separated from the alcohol and water residues contained in the hydrocarbons in an extractive distillation with water.
- This extractive distillation is also referred to as a second distillation in the present application for the purpose of differentiation.
- This second distillation serves to further purify the previously separated hydrocarbons.
- the hydrocarbons are obtained at the top of the column, while some of the water is also obtained in the bottom of the column, alcohols generally still being dissolved in this water.
- the product mixture from the bottom of the column is preferably recycled in order to recover the alcohols contained in the water.
- alcohols which are contained in the aqueous phase after the separation of the aqueous phase from the organic phase, preferably after decanting, are removed by distillation, the alcohols being obtained as an azeotrope with water at the top Water separated.
- This distillation which is used to obtain further alcohols from the aqueous phase, is also referred to as the third distillation in the present application for better differentiation from the other separation steps.
- the alcohols separated off from the water in this third distillation are preferably fed to the mixture obtained after the desorption and separated from the hydrocarbons with this mixture by the first distillation. In this way, a higher alcohol content can be obtained in the first distillation, which is used to separate the alcohols from the hydrocarbons, since those alcohols are also obtained that have gone into the aqueous phase during decanting without the need for a separate distillation device .
- the alcohol fraction obtained in the first distillation, in which the alcohols are separated from the hydrocarbons is then preferably dehydrated by means of a molecular sieve.
- the alcohol fraction can for example, have a water content of the order of about 10% or less after the first distillation.
- dewater the alcohol fraction alternative possibilities to the dehydration mentioned here by means of a molecular sieve will be mentioned later.
- an alcohol mixture is obtained which contains in particular methanol, ethanol, propanols and butanols.
- this alcohol mixture obtained after the first distillation can then be separated into alcohol fractions, each with a different number of carbon atoms, for example by one or more further distillation steps, in particular into a C1 fraction, a C2 fraction, a C3 Fraction and a C4 fraction.
- a possible variant of the process according to the invention provides that alkenes contained in the hydrocarbon mixture obtained after the first distillation are converted to alcohols, if appropriate after further work-up by hydration. This measure allows the overall yield of alcohols obtained in the process to be increased. There is also the advantage that alcohols can be separated more easily from alkanes, while alkanes and alkenes are difficult to separate because of their chemical similarity.
- the hydration of alkenes to the corresponding alcohols is a known reaction for the preparation of alcohols and is used industrially, for example for the production of isopropanol from propene. With the exception of ethene, the hydration of the linear alkenes predominantly leads to the formation of secondary alcohols. Isobutene is hydrated to tertiary butanol, a tertiary alcohol.
- the alkene In direct hydration, the alkene is reacted with water over an acidic catalyst to form the respective alcohol.
- the hydration of the alkenes to alcohols is an equilibrium reaction. High pressures and low temperatures shift the equilibrium of the exothermic reaction on the product side in favor of the alcohols.
- the indirect hydration of the alkene takes place in a two-stage reaction. The alkene is first reacted with sulfuric acid to form mono- and dialkyl sulfates and then hydrolyzed to form alcohol.
- ethanol is mainly produced by fermenting carbohydrates, for example sugars from corn, sugar beet, grain or wheat.
- Synthetic ethanol can be produced from ethene via direct hydration.
- the direct hydration of ethene takes place in the gas phase on “solid” phosphoric acid (SPA catalysts), for example at 250-300 ° C and 50-80 bar.
- SPA catalysts solid phosphoric acid
- the hydration of ethene is an equilibrium reaction, with high pressures and low temperatures favoring the exothermic formation of the ethanol. Indirect hydration of ethene is no longer carried out industrially.
- 2-Butanol (secondary butyl alcohol) can be produced from butene or the MTBE raffinate by means of direct hydration or indirect hydration. 2-Butanol is used to manufacture methyl ethyl ketone (MEK).
- MEK methyl ethyl ketone
- the use of a catalyst with a high selectivity for alcohols and alkenes is preferred, since the focus is on obtaining these product classes as valuable materials, while the formation of alkanes and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, etc. , which are often obtained in higher proportions when using Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, is not desired in the process according to the invention.
- the subsequent separation processes in the preparation of the product mixture after the synthesis gas has been converted the more complex the product mixture is. When converting synthesis gas using Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, this is less of a problem, since the product mixtures are often not separated into individual compound classes, but rather the mixture as such is used as an additive in fuels.
- the synthesis of the higher alcohols usually gives a mixture of primary alcohols. By including hydration in the process, secondary alcohols can be formed selectively and thus the product range can be expanded. A more uniform product is created from the complex product mixture, which leads to advantages in the purification process and in marketing logistics.
- steel mill gases not only steel mill gases but also any other suitable synthesis gas sources come into consideration for the process according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention has the advantage that a high proportion of nitrogen often contained in the steel mill gases can be easily separated off by the separation step of absorption in a higher-boiling hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture. Nitrogen, which is the inert gas in the present process, must be separated off, since a high proportion of nitrogen would make the subsequent processing of the product mixture more difficult.
- the alkanes and alkenes are first separated from the alcohols from the first mixture of alkanes, alkenes and alcohols obtained after the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas and preferably after separation of the unconverted synthesis gas and only then are the alkenes in hydrated this second mixture.
- the alcohols can be separated from the alkenes and alkanes with little effort.
- the alkenes can only be separated from the alkanes with considerable effort.
- the Consecutive hydration of the alkenes to alcohols thus facilitates the separation process of alkenes and alkanes.
- the separation of the alkene / alkane mixture into the individual Cx cuts or alkenes may also be advantageous, since this enables the individual alkenes to be hydrated separately.
- Alkenes, the respective hydration products of which are particularly suitable for the fuel market, or alkenes which can be hydrated under mild reaction conditions or inexpensively, can be converted selectively to the respective alcohols.
- Alkenes for which there is a corresponding alkene market can be separated from the respective C-cut and marketed.
- the reaction conditions for the hydration of the individual Cx cuts or alkenes can be selected independently of one another.
- hydration of the C2 cut or of the ethene could be dispensed with and the ethene could instead be used for other applications in the chemical industry.
- a relatively pure alkane stream can be obtained in this way, which can be used for the generation of synthesis gas or energy.
- a separate system for hydrating the alkenes is required for each C cut, or the various fractions must be hydrated in batches.
- the second mixture comprising the alkanes and alkenes contains a mixture of C2-C4 or a mixture of C2-C5 alkenes, which is then hydrated as a mixture to give the corresponding alcohols.
- the hydration of an alkane / alkene mixture thus takes place without a previous separation of this mixture into different fractions with different numbers of carbon atoms being provided.
- reaction conditions for the hydration of such an alkene / alkane mixture it must be taken into account that the conventional industrial processes are optimized for the conversion of the individual alkenes and differ from one another in the choice of the catalyst and the reaction conditions.
- this step of hydrating the alkene / alkane mixture in this variant of the invention it is therefore preferable to use process conditions which enable the conversion of all alkenes or promote the conversion of the preferred alkenes to the respective alcohols.
- the hydration of the alkene mixture offers the advantage that only one system is required for hydration or intermittent hydration of the various fractions can be dispensed with.
- the alkanes are separated from the alcohols formed. The alkane stream remaining after the alcohols have been separated off can then be used, for example, to generate synthesis gas or energy.
- the conditions for the hydration of the alkane / alkene mixture with regard to the selection of the catalyst and the reaction conditions, in particular the temperature and the pressure at which the hydration reaction takes place, are chosen so that the hydration of propene and / or 1-butene is favored over that of ethene. It was found that with the catalysts which were used in the context of the present invention in the production of higher alcohols by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas, propene is predominantly formed as alkene. The CO selectivity of the conversion of the synthesis gas to the alkenes generally decreases in the order 1-propene> 1-butene> ethene.
- the direct hydration is carried out at elevated temperatures and at elevated pressure.
- elevated temperatures and at elevated pressure In principle, wide temperature ranges and wide pressure ranges are possible here, depending on which other conditions are selected.
- the hydration takes place in the presence of an acid which acts as a catalyst.
- the alkenes can be hydrated at temperatures above 80.degree. C., in particular above 100.degree. C., for example at temperatures in the range from 100.degree. C. to 180.degree. C., preferably at 120 to 150.degree. C. and / or at a Pressure from 5 bar to 150 bar, in particular at a pressure from 10 bar to 100 bar, preferably at a pressure from 50 bar to 100 bar, for example at a pressure from 70 bar to 80 bar.
- the hydration of propene and 1-butene proceed under similar reaction conditions, for example at the aforementioned temperatures and pressures. In the industrial direct hydration of propene, conversions of, for example, up to about 75% per pass are achieved.
- the invention therefore proposes that the hydration reaction conditions for propene and 1-butene be based.
- a third possible preferred variant of the process according to the invention provides that the alkenes are hydrated with the mixture of alkanes, alkenes and alcohols without the alcohols having to be separated off from this mixture beforehand.
- the hydration of the alkenes in the mixture of alcohols, alkenes and alkanes obtained in the reaction of the synthesis gas, without prior separation of the alcohols contained in this mixture can, for example, offer the advantage that the reaction mixture is already at a comparatively high pressure of, for example, about 60 bar is present and therefore only needs to be preheated to the reaction temperature.
- hydration of the alkenes to give the alcohols is thermodynamically preferred.
- Tests in the context of the synthesis of the higher alcohols with specific catalysts and subsequent hydration and calculations for an equilibrium reactor clearly show that when the hydration is carried out at an elevated temperature (for example up to 150 ° C.) and an elevated pressure of, for example, 2 bar to 100 bar a conversion of the alkenes and the primary C 3+ alcohols to the secondary alcohols takes place.
- an elevated temperature for example up to 150 ° C.
- an elevated pressure for example, 2 bar to 100 bar
- propene and 1-butanol are mainly converted to isopropanol and 2-butanol.
- Ethene is hydrated to ethanol.
- the alkanes are separated off from the product mixture obtained after hydration and the remaining mixture of alcohols is optionally purified and / or separated into individual fractions of alcohols or individual alcohols.
- the step is preferably provided in which the product mixture obtained in this reaction is separated into a gas phase and a liquid phase, the liquid phase for the subsequent hydration of the alkenes to the alcohols is used.
- the gas phase separated off at this point can contain, for example, unconverted CO and H 2 and also contain C0 2 , CH 4 and N 2.
- the gas phase obtained in this separation process which generally contains the unconverted gases mentioned, can be at least partially returned to the step of catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas, in order in this way to reactivate the recycled reactant gases to higher alcohols to increase the yield of the entire process.
- the alkenes can in principle also be hydrated before the product mixture obtained after the reaction of the synthesis gas is separated into a gas phase and a liquid phase.
- the hydration takes place, for example, directly in a reactor downstream of the synthesis of higher alcohols and without prior separation of the product mixture.
- Propene and butene can be hydrated, for example, at about 150 ° C., while higher temperatures of, for example, about 230 ° C. to 260 ° C. are advantageous for the hydration of ethene.
- the hydration can take place at a lower temperature than the previous reaction of the synthesis gas, it being possible to choose temperatures of, for example, 120 ° C. to 150 ° C. for the hydration. It can therefore be advantageous to cool the product mixture for the hydration to temperatures of this order of magnitude.
- hydration of the alkenes to give the alcohols is thermodynamically preferred.
- Tests in the context of the synthesis of the higher alcohols with specific catalysts and calculations or simulations of the subsequent hydration for an equilibrium reactor clearly show that when the hydration is carried out at, for example, about 50 ° C and a pressure of about 60 bar, a conversion of the alkenes and the primary Alcohols to the secondary alcohols takes place.
- propene and 1-butanol are predominantly converted to isopropanol and 2-butanol.
- Ethene is hydrated to ethanol.
- one of the above-mentioned variants is to be preferred, in which the separation into a gas phase and a liquid phase initially takes place after the synthesis of higher alcohols, the product mixture being cooled after the synthesis of higher alcohols from the synthesis gas.
- the method preferably comprises the steps:
- the method preferably comprises the steps: Production of higher alcohols (with at least two carbon atoms) and of alkenes by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas;
- the method preferably comprises the steps:
- a fourth variant of the process is possible in which the alkenes are hydrated after the synthesis gas has been converted and before the product mixture obtained is separated into a gas phase and a liquid phase.
- the method preferably comprises the steps:
- the composition of the product mixture initially obtained by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas of higher alcohols (with at least two carbon atoms) and alkenes can be shifted by process variant 4 and, after separation of the product mixture then obtained, into a Gas phase and a liquid phase, the alkenes contained in the liquid phase are hydrated to the corresponding alcohols, for example by means of one of the process variants 1, 2 or 3.
- the combination of the two process variants can, for example, promote the isomerization of the primary alcohols to secondary alcohols.
- the isomerization of the primary alcohols to the secondary alcohols proceeds via the dehydration of the primary alcohols to the corresponding alkenes as intermediates.
- the dehydration proceeds preferably at higher temperatures than the hydration.
- the provision of the synthesis gas for the inventive catalytic conversion to alcohols can include not only the preparation of the synthesis gas but also the purification and conditioning of the synthesis gas.
- the hydrogen is preferably produced in a sustainable manner by means of renewable energies and / or low C0 2 emissions, for example by means of water electrolysis or methane pyrolysis.
- the electricity for the operation of the hydrogen generation is preferably generated by means of renewable energies.
- the liquid phase contains predominantly the alcohols, alkenes and optionally alkanes formed.
- the alkenes and Alkanes are evaporated and separated from the product mixture.
- Other methods known to the person skilled in the art for separating the alkenes and alkanes from the alcohols are, however, likewise suitable here.
- the alkanes can also be dehydrated to the corresponding alkenes and then likewise hydrated in order to increase the yield of alcohols.
- the alcohols remain in the liquid phase and, after the water formed as a by-product has been separated off, are marketed as a product mixture, e.g. as a fuel additive, or separated into the individual alcohols in a distillation.
- the various options for integrating the consecutive conversion of the alkenes to alcohols in the process concept for the synthesis of the higher alcohols differ in the composition of the reaction mixture and the prevailing process conditions, such as temperature and pressure, as well as in the type and time of the separation of the alcohols, alkenes and alkanes from the synthesis gas.
- Primary alcohols are preferably formed in the catalytic synthesis of the higher alcohols from synthesis gas.
- the formation of the secondary alcohols is hardly observed.
- the hydration of the linear alkenes preferentially leads to the formation of secondary alcohols such as isopropanol and 2-butanol (with the exception of ethanol).
- the synthesis of higher alcohols and the consecutive hydration of the alkenes thus differ in their product range.
- the alcohols can be separated off from the hydrocarbon mixture (alkenes, alkanes), that is to say process variants 1 and 2 mentioned above are preferred for the hydration.
- the alcohols can be separated from the alkenes and alkanes with little effort.
- the alkenes can only be separated from the alkanes with considerable effort. The consecutive hydration of the alkenes to alcohols thus facilitates the separation process of alkenes and alkanes.
- the hydrocarbon mixture obtained after the first distillation is separated into fractions each having the same number of carbon atoms, in particular into a C3 fraction, a C4 fraction and a C5 fraction.
- the alcohol fraction can be dehydrated by separating the lower alcohols methanol and ethanol from the alcohol fraction obtained in the first distillation in a column with a little water and the remaining alcohol mixture with a higher one Hydrocarbon is added and separated into an organic phase and an aqueous phase in a decanter.
- it can be advantageous to use a comparatively large amount of the higher hydrocarbon as the absorption medium so that most of the alcohols go into the organic phase.
- the aqueous phase can be sent back to the aforementioned decanter for work-up.
- the alcohols are preferably stripped out of the organic phase in a further column and the remaining water contained in the alcohols is then removed by means of a molecular sieve.
- the lower alcohols, methanol and ethanol are separated from the higher alcohols from the alcohol fraction obtained in the first distillation in an extractive distillation with a hydrophilic substance, in particular with ethylene glycol, and the higher alcohols are then separated from the higher alcohols in a further distillation column the hydrophilic substance is separated and water contained in the higher alcohols is then optionally removed as an azeotrope.
- a hydrophilic substance in particular with ethylene glycol
- the water can also be selectively removed from the alcohol fraction obtained in the first distillation, for example by pervaporation through a membrane, and drawn off in vapor form as permeate.
- the water can also be removed from the alcohol fraction obtained in the first distillation, for example by azeotropic distillation with a selective additive, in particular with a higher hydrocarbon, preferably with butane or pentane.
- the aim is preferably that at least the alcohols methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol as well as the C4 olefins and C5 olefins and optionally C3 olefins and C2 olefins are obtained from the mixture of substances obtained after the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas.
- the high-boiling hydrocarbon or the hydrocarbon mixture used as the absorption medium preferably comprises a diesel oil or an alkane, in particular a dodecane with a viscosity of less than 10 mPas at room temperature and / or a boiling point of more than 200 ° C.
- the subsequent desorption of the alkenes, optionally alcohols and optionally alkanes, from the absorption medium is preferably carried out in a distillation column, preferably at a pressure of 1 bar to 5 bar.
- the absorption medium is returned to the absorption separation step after heat exchange.
- the gas phase of the gases not absorbed in the absorption medium, which is separated from the product mixture after the catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas, preferably comprises at least the gases nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane.
- alkenes contained in the hydrocarbon mixture obtained after the first distillation can be converted to alcohols by hydration according to an optional variant of the process according to the invention, optionally after further work-up, in order to increase the proportion of alcohols in the product mixture increase and simplify the separation of the product classes.
- a hydration of the reaction mixture consisting of alcohols, alkenes and alkanes can be carried out at a temperature of about 150.degree.
- the mixture of alkenes and primary alcohols is almost completely converted into secondary alcohols under these reaction conditions.
- the isomerization of the primary alcohols into the secondary alcohols presumably takes place via the formation of the alkenes as intermediates.
- the hydration of the product mixture in the synthesis of higher alcohols from alcohols and alkenes thus offers the possibility of shifting the product spectrum in the direction of secondary alcohols.
- the industrial hydration of propene and 1-butene takes place at reaction temperatures of 120 to 150 ° C., for example.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematically simplified representation of an exemplary separation process for processing and separating a gaseous mixture of substances which was obtained by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas.
- a possible method for separating a product mixture obtained in the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas is described below by way of example with reference to the simplified reaction scheme according to FIG. 1.
- the exemplary method for separation described below describes the separation of the mixture of alcohols, alkenes and alkanes obtained by the reaction of the synthesis gas from the gas phase and its subsequent separation into a mixture of alcohols and a mixture of hydrocarbons.
- the individual steps of this process for separating the product mixture can be varied and adapted to the product mixture obtained after the conversion.
- a product stream is present at a temperature of 280 ° C. and a pressure of 60 bar. This is first expanded in a turbine (not shown in FIG. 1) to a pressure of 5 to 20 bar, preferably to about 10 bar, whereby electrical energy is obtained that can be used for the power requirement of the process.
- the subsequent gas-liquid separation serves in particular to separate the inert gases (nitrogen) and unconverted components of the synthesis gas (hydrogen, carbon monoxide and optionally carbon dioxide and the by-products carbon dioxide and methane) and is carried out by introducing the raw product gas stream 10 into an absorption device 11, in which the product stream is absorbed in a diesel oil (reference component dodecane) or alternatively in an alkane or a hydrocarbon mixture with a comparatively low viscosity of, for example, less than 10 mPas at room temperature and preferably with a comparatively high boiling point of in particular more than 200 ° C.
- the water will not do this absorbed, but largely condensed as a second liquid phase.
- the above-mentioned gaseous components which have been separated off can be returned to the catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas (not shown here) via line 12 and converted there again.
- the two liquid phases (organic phase and aqueous phase) occurring during this absorption process which can take place at a pressure of, for example, about 10-20 bar, can then be separated in a decanter 13 go aqueous phase.
- the separation of the two liquid phases in the decanter 13 can, for example, also take place at the aforementioned pressure of approximately 10-20 bar.
- the organic phase which is separated off contains the hydrocarbons, at least some of the alcohols, the absorption medium, possibly some of the water and any remaining proportions of inert and unconverted gases, in particular nitrogen and carbon monoxide, and is fed via a line 14 to a desorption device 15 in which the alcohols and hydrocarbons are desorbed from the absorption medium, for example at a lower pressure, for example at a pressure of about 1 bar and a bottom temperature of 216 ° C.
- a column for example, can be used as the desorption device 15.
- a condensation of the low-boiling components can alternatively also come into consideration.
- the absorption medium (dodecane, diesel oil) can be returned to the absorption device 11 via the line 16.
- the organic phase desorbed from the absorption medium in the desorption device 15, which contains the alcohols, hydrocarbons, small amounts of water and, if appropriate, proportions of unreacted and inert gases, is then fed via a line 18 to a first distillation column 17.
- the separation of alcohols and hydrocarbons is carried out by distillation in this first column, preferably at a high pressure of, for example, 10 bar to 40 bar, for example at about 36 bar and a bottom temperature of, for example, 221 ° C., so that the C3 components are also present any residues of inert gas that may be present still remain condensable.
- This separation is preferably carried out in such a way that the hydrocarbons are practically completely removed from the alcohol fraction at the bottom, while lower alcohol contents (in particular methanol) in the hydrocarbons can be tolerated. If necessary, this process can be supported by a solubility-driven membrane become.
- the alcohols obtained in this first distillation which still contain a proportion of water, can be removed from the first distillation column 17 via line 19 from the bottom and dried, as will be explained in more detail below.
- the hydrocarbons obtained at the top in the first distillation column 17 can be fed via a line 20 to a second distillation column 21, in which they are at an elevated pressure of preferably 5 bar to 20 bar, for example at a pressure of about 10 bar and a bottom temperature of 102 ° C can be obtained at the top of the distillation column 21 and can be removed via the product line 22 for further purification and, if necessary, separation into individual C fractions (not shown in FIG. 1).
- the alkanes optionally contained in the product stream 22 of hydrocarbons can be separated from the alkenes by preferably hydrating the alkenes so that they are converted to alcohols which can then be separated from the alkanes comparatively easily, for example by distillation.
- the remaining water and the alcohols dissolved therein are obtained in the bottom of this second distillation column 21.
- This stream is separated off and can be returned to a third distillation column 24 via line 23 for recovery of the alcohols.
- the condenser of the column can, for example, be a partial condenser.
- the outputs of the column are a gas phase made of hydrocarbons and inerts, a liquid phase made of hydrocarbons and an aqueous phase that can return to the column as reflux.
- the third distillation column 24 is fed via line 28 with the aqueous phase separated from the organic phase in the decanter 13, which may contain fractions of the alcohols, since these are at least partially soluble in water, in particular the lower alcohols such as methanol and ethanol.
- the distillation in this third distillation column 24 can take place, for example, at a pressure of about 2 bar and at a temperature in the bottom of, for example, about 120.degree.
- the alcohols contained in this aqueous fraction are obtained at the top of the third column and fed via line 29 to the first distillation column 17 and there combined with the mixture of alcohols and hydrocarbons from the organic phase, so that these alcohols recovered from the aqueous phase in the
- the first distillation column 17 with the remaining alcohols is separated off and then dried over the molecular sieve 25, for example can be.
- the water separated off in this third distillation column can, for example, be discharged from the plant as waste water via line 30.
- the valuable substances alkenes and alcohols can be obtained as separate product groups from the raw gas product mixture 10 by absorption in a high-boiling hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture, subsequent decanting for phase separation and subsequent multiple distillation.
- the alcohol fraction from the first distillation column 17 can have a water content of, for example, about 10%.
- This water can be removed by means of a molecular sieve 25, for example.
- the alcohols are fed via line 19 to molecular sieve 25, by means of which they are dewatered, the water being able to be discharged from the system via line 26.
- the alcohols dried in this way can be discharged via the product line 27 and optionally further separated, for example into individual C fractions (isomeric alcohols each with the same number of carbon atoms) or into individual specific alcohols.
- An alternative method for removing the water from the alcohol fraction is extractive distillation, for example with ethylene glycol, which, however, requires a further separation step, since the water is drawn into the sump from the ethylene glycol, while the alcohols methanol and ethanol are practically anhydrous overhead. About half of the propanol remains and the butanol remains entirely in the bottom and these C3-C4 alcohols must also be removed from the ethylene glycol via the top in a subsequent column.
- the third alternative is pervaporation. Water passes selectively through a membrane and is withdrawn in vapor form as permeate. The energy consumption is even lower than with a molecular sieve.
- Another alternative method would be an azeotropic distillation, e.g. with butane or pentane as a selective additive.
- Example 1 an exemplary product composition is given which was obtained in the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas by the process according to the invention.
- the catalyst used had a high C2-C4 selectivity, with alcohols, alkenes and alkanes being formed.
- a catalyst was used which comprises grains of non-graphitic carbon with cobalt nanoparticles dispersed therein.
- the CO selectivity for the conversion to alcohols is about 28%
- the CO selectivity for the conversion to alkenes is about 32%.
- the exact CO selectivities of the catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas result from the following table 1.
- Table 1 A powdery catalyst was used in this example.
- the catalyst can also be pressed into tablets, for example.
- Table 1 above shows that in the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas according to the invention, a comparatively high proportion of alcohols in addition to the alkenes can be obtained when a suitable catalyst is used. The proportion of alkanes in the product mixture is lower in comparison.
- the alkenes can also be converted to alcohols in the subsequent hydration step, so that, including the subsequent hydration step, the synthesis gas can be converted to alcohols with a CO selectivity of almost 60%, with primary alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1 -Butanol) from the alcohol synthesis and ethanol and secondary alcohols (2-propanol, 2-butanol and optionally 2-pentanol) can be obtained from the hydration step and the methanol content is comparatively low.
- Such an alcohol mixture is suitable, for example, as a fuel additive for admixture with gasoline. Alternatively, separation into the individual alcohols is possible.
- Table 1a above shows that when this catalyst is used, predominantly alcohols are formed, the proportion of methanol being comparatively high, while only a little 1-butanol is formed. C2-C6 hydrocarbons are only formed in small quantities.
- the selectivities (% by weight) stated in US Pat. No. 4,510,267 A and in Table 1b were converted into CO selectivities for comparison with the results in Table 1 and to simulate the separation process. The selectivity to C0 2 was determined based on the difference of 100% and the sum of all products.
- the Cn + alkanes and the Cii + alkenes were assumed to be undecane and undecene, respectively.
- Table 1b above shows that predominantly alkenes are formed here, but also a comparatively high proportion of methane. However, only a small amount of alcohol, namely ethanol, is formed.
- Table 1c Table 1c above shows that a large number of compounds are formed here, namely higher alkanes with up to 20 carbon atoms, higher alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols with up to 19 carbon atoms. The proportion of methane was 8%. A total of 30% compounds with C2-C4 were formed, 36% compounds with C5-C11, 12% compounds with C12-C19, 5% compounds with more than 19 carbon atoms and 5% oxygenates. The selectivity of the formation of CO 2 is not shown.
- the distribution of the compounds of the product mixture formed after the synthesis of higher alcohols is illustrated in the three phases that form after the separation step with the absorbent (in this example dodecane) Catalyst according to Example 1, Table 1 has arisen.
- the catalyst comprised grains of non-graphitic carbon with cobalt nanoparticles dispersed therein.
- the assumed CO conversion was 50%, while in the example according to Table 2b it was 75%.
- Example no.2a Variation of CO conversion catalyst: (see above)
- Example No. 2b Variation of CO conversion catalyst: as in Examples 2 and 2a
- Composition synthesis gas absorbent molar flow mole fraction molar flow
- the proportion of inert gas in the feed gas stream of the synthesis gas which was catalytically converted to higher alcohols, i.e. the nitrogen content varied by 10%, 20% and 30% (Examples 3a, 3b and 3c). It was found that the proportion of the lower alkenes and alkanes absorbed by the liquid organic phase in the step of absorption of the product mixture in the high-boiling hydrocarbon in each case decreases as the proportion of inert gas increases. This applies to ethane, propane, ethene and propene, while the higher alkanes and alkenes from C4 in each case transfer 100% into the liquid organic phase.
- Example no. 3a Variation of the proportion of inert gas catalyst: as in Examples 2, 2a and 2b
- Example no. 3b Variation of the proportion of inert gas
- Example no.3c Variation of the proportion of inert gas catalyst: as in Examples 3a
- the amount of substance of the absorbent used was varied.
- a product gas mixture was subjected to the separation step which was obtained in the catalytic conversion of a synthesis gas mixture with the composition given in Example 1 according to Table 1. 25%, 50%, 100% and 150% of the absorbent were used in four different simulations. The results are given in the tables below for Examples 4a to 4d.
- Example No. 4a Variation of the amount of absorbent catalyst: as in Example 3
- Example 4b Variation of the amount of absorbent catalyst: _ as in example 4a _
- Example No. 4c Variation of the amount of absorbent catalyst: as in Examples 4 a
- Example 4d Variation of the amount of absorbent catalyst: _ as in Examples 4a to 4c _
- the amount of absorbent used was varied in the above examples 4a to 4d at 886 kmol / h, 1767 kmol / h, 3528 kmol / h and 5289 kmol / h, respectively, it being possible to show that the amount of alkenes and alkanes absorbed in the absorbent increases approximately linearly with increasing molar current, the higher alkenes and alkanes (for example propene, propane) being absorbed to a greater extent than the lower alkenes and alkanes (ethene, ethane), as expected.
- the alcohols methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol go partly into the aqueous and partly into the dodecane phase, with methanol and ethanol, as expected, mainly going into the aqueous phase, while butanol already mainly goes into the organic phase, even with a low molar flow .
- the gases H 2 , CO, C0 2 , CH 4 and N 2 remain in the gas phase during this separation step.
- the lower alkenes and alkanes and in some cases also proportions of the higher alkenes (propene, 1-butene) and alkanes (propane, butane) go into the gas phase.
- the catalyst was varied.
- a product gas mixture was subjected to the separation step which was obtained in the catalytic conversion of a synthesis gas mixture with the composition given in Example 1 according to Table 1b.
- the selectivity to CO 2 was determined on the basis of the difference between 100% by weight and the sum of all products.
- the Cn + alkanes and the Cn + alkenes were assumed to be undecane and undecene, respectively.
- Example No. 5 Variation of the catalyst
- results of this exemplary embodiment show that an olefin-rich product gas mixture which contains a small proportion of alcohols can also be subjected to the separation step.
- the alkanes and alkenes ethane, ethene, propane, propene
- the alkanes and alkenes are almost completely absorbed in the liquid phase and are almost completely in the organic liquid phase after the phase separation.
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Abstract
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DE102019213493.9A DE102019213493A1 (de) | 2019-09-05 | 2019-09-05 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkoholen |
PCT/EP2020/062858 WO2021043452A1 (de) | 2019-09-05 | 2020-05-08 | Verfahren zur aufbereitung eines gasförmigen stoffgemisches |
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EP20757309.8A Pending EP4025550A1 (de) | 2019-09-05 | 2020-08-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von alkoholen |
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US (2) | US20220306948A1 (de) |
EP (2) | EP4025549A1 (de) |
CN (2) | CN114364651A (de) |
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EP3789112A1 (de) * | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-10 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Materialien mit kohlenstoffeingebetteten kobaltnanopartikeln, verfahren zu deren herstellung und verwendung als heterogene katalysatoren |
EP4414352A1 (de) * | 2023-02-07 | 2024-08-14 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Verfahren zur herstellung von methanol aus synthesegas mit hohem anteil an inerten gaskomponenten |
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- 2020-05-08 EP EP20726729.5A patent/EP4025549A1/de active Pending
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WO2021043560A1 (de) | 2021-03-11 |
WO2021043452A1 (de) | 2021-03-11 |
EP4025550A1 (de) | 2022-07-13 |
CN114341082A (zh) | 2022-04-12 |
DE102019213493A1 (de) | 2021-03-11 |
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