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EP3570310B1 - Device for generating accelerated electrons - Google Patents

Device for generating accelerated electrons Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3570310B1
EP3570310B1 EP19174559.5A EP19174559A EP3570310B1 EP 3570310 B1 EP3570310 B1 EP 3570310B1 EP 19174559 A EP19174559 A EP 19174559A EP 3570310 B1 EP3570310 B1 EP 3570310B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cylindrical
cathode
shaped
exit window
electron exit
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EP19174559.5A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3570310A1 (en
Inventor
André Weidauer
Frank-Holm Rögner
Gösta Dr. Mattausch
Ralf Blüthner
Ignacio Gabriel VICENTE GABAS
Jörg KUBUSCH
Volker Kirchhoff
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J33/00Discharge tubes with provision for emergence of electrons or ions from the vessel; Lenard tubes
    • H01J33/02Details
    • H01J33/04Windows
    • GPHYSICS
    • G21NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21KTECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K5/00Irradiation devices
    • G21K5/02Irradiation devices having no beam-forming means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for generating accelerated electrons.
  • a device according to the invention inner walls of hollow bodies as well as bulk material and fluids can be exposed to accelerated electrons.
  • Electron beam technology has been used on an industrial scale for the chemical modification of materials and for the disinfection and / or sterilization of surfaces for several decades.
  • the treatment of products can be carried out economically at atmospheric pressure, for which the electrons first have to be released in a vacuum, then accelerated and finally coupled out into the treatment zone through a beam exit window, usually a thin metal foil.
  • Acceleration voltages> 80 kV are typically required to penetrate sufficiently robust electron exit windows that can be used on a large scale and also to ensure sufficient treatment depth in the product.
  • Electron beam sources based on thermionic emitters are also mechanically complex, difficult to scale and require complex high-voltage supplies and high-vacuum systems. In the event of damage to the beam exit window, it will also come from it The resulting breakdown of the vacuum leads to irreversible damage to the cathode system and thus to high repair costs.
  • Such an electron beam source with a thermionic cathode is off, for example US 2005/0225224 A1 known.
  • the thermionic cathode is rod-shaped along the cylinder axis of a cylindrical electron exit window. Electrons are emitted from the surface of the rod-shaped cathode and these are released to the environment through the cylindrical electron window so that accelerated electrons can be applied to objects that are arranged around the cylindrical electron window.
  • the aforementioned disadvantages of electron beam sources with a thermionic cathode are also inherent in this configuration.
  • DE 10 2006 012 666 A1 Another solution is in DE 10 2006 012 666 A1 indicated, which includes three axial emitters with associated deflection control and three also associated electron exit windows.
  • the three electron exit windows are arranged in such a way that they completely enclose a triangular free space. If a substrate is passed through this free space, accelerated electrons can be applied to the full circumference of its cross section in one treatment pass. However, if the substrate does not have the same triangular cross section as the free space enclosed by the three electron exit windows, the dose distribution of the application of accelerated electrons on the surface of the substrate will be inhomogeneous.
  • the outlay on equipment in this embodiment is also very high, which means that this solution is also very expensive.
  • WO 2007/107331 A1 a device is known in which only two surface jet generators are required, between which a molded part moves through for the purpose of sterilizing its surface and while doing so with accelerated electrons can be applied.
  • This device also has a plurality of reflectors made of gold, with which marginal rays emitted by the surface jet generators are reflected onto surface areas of the molded part which are not in the immediate area of action of the surface jet generators. Since the reflectors known from this document are made of pure gold, such devices are also very expensive and thus impair their economic efficiency. Since reflected electrons have a lower energy than non-reflected electrons, only an inhomogeneous energy input into a substrate is also possible with this device.
  • a ring-shaped device for generating accelerated electrons is in DE 10 2013 111 650 B3 and DE 10 2013 113 668 B3 discloses, in which all essential components, such as cathode, anode and electron exit window, are designed in a ring shape, so that a ring-shaped electron beam can be formed by means of such a device, in which the accelerated electrons move towards the inside of the ring.
  • a ring-shaped electron beam can be formed by means of such a device, in which the accelerated electrons move towards the inside of the ring.
  • US 2008/0267354 A1 also describes ring-shaped devices with which a high dose of X-rays and also electron beams can be generated. Because of the generation of a high dose of X-rays, such devices are not suitable for irradiating products which enter the food chain of humans or farm animals.
  • the invention is therefore based on the technical problem of creating a device for generating accelerated electrons by means of which the disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome.
  • a device with a compact design is to be created with which, for example, hollow bodies but also bulk material can be exposed to accelerated electrons from the inside.
  • FIG. 1 a cross section of a device 1 according to the invention is shown schematically.
  • Device 1 initially comprises an electron exit window 2 in the form of a hollow cylinder.
  • the cylindrical electron exit window 2 is part of a housing which has the shape of the lateral surfaces of a cylinder and which is therefore also cylindrical like the electron exit window 2.
  • the cylindrical housing encloses an evacuable space 3.
  • the cylindrical electron exit window of a device according to the invention also comprises a mechanical support grid to which a metal foil is attached.
  • the electron exit window 2 comprises an in Fig. 1 Mechanical support grid, not shown, made of copper, to which a titanium foil is attached.
  • At least one electrode extends along the cylinder axis of the cylinder-shaped electron exit window, which electrode has the shape of a rod or a hollow cylinder and which is thus rod-shaped or cylindrical.
  • a rod-shaped electrode 4 extends along the cylinder axis of the cylindrical electron exit window 2.
  • Wire-shaped electrodes 5 are arranged equidistantly from one another on a circular path around the cylinder axis of the cylindrical electron exit window 2.
  • the wire-shaped electrodes 5 extend along the cylinder length of the cylinder-shaped electron exit window completely or partially through the evacuable space 3 and are connected as an anode.
  • the device 1 has a total of eight wire-shaped electrodes 5.
  • the number of wire-shaped electrodes of a device according to the invention is not fixed at eight, but can alternatively also be smaller or larger than eight in other exemplary embodiments.
  • the wire-shaped electrodes of a device according to the invention connected as an anode preferably have a slightly positive voltage potential in the range of +0.25 kV to 5 kV with respect to the electrical ground of the device 1, whereas the cylindrical housing of a device according to the invention, including the cylindrical electron exit window and the support grid , preferably have the electronic ground potential.
  • a glow discharge plasma is formed in the evacuable space 3.
  • an electrical voltage of 1 kV is used to ignite the glow discharge between the wire-shaped electrodes 5 and the housing of the device 1 functioning as the first cathode, which voltage drops to 0.3 kV after the glow discharge is ignited to maintain the glow discharge.
  • an electrical voltage in a range from -60 kV to -300 kV can be applied to the central, rod-shaped or cylindrical electrode 4 of a device according to the invention.
  • An electrical voltage in the range from -80 kV to -200 kV is preferably applied to the electrode 4.
  • the electrode 4 thus functions as a second cathode of a device according to the invention.
  • a device further comprises a first lattice-shaped electrode 6 in the form of a hollow cylinder, which encloses the at least one second cathode 4, the first lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 being spaced a smaller amount from the second cathode 4 than the wire-shaped electrodes 5
  • the first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 also has the electrical ground potential of the device 1, shields the second cathode 4 from the plasma, and thus limits the space for the glow discharge plasma to spread to the volume between the first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 and the electron exit window 2 This volume in which the glow discharge plasma spreads is also referred to as plasma space 7 below.
  • the surface perpendiculars of the surface area of the cathode from which electrons can be emitted are aligned with the cylindrical electron exit window. Electrons which penetrate the electron exit window of a device according to the invention are thus emitted to the external environment of a device according to the invention. With regard to the cross section of a device according to the invention, electrons can therefore be radiated outwards to the full extent, starting from the centrally arranged second cathode functioning as an emitter.
  • the cylinder axis of a cylinder-shaped device according to the invention can be aligned vertically, for example, and an annular curtain of bulk material can be passed in free fall around the cylinder cross-section.
  • the disadvantage here is that the bulk material cannot be fully exposed to accelerated electrons in one pass. This deficit can, however, be compensated for with a multiple run and represents an economical procedure for applying accelerated electrons to bulk material, especially with small quantities of bulk material.
  • a cylindrical electron reflector is also arranged around a cylindrical device according to the invention, which delimits an annular free space between the device according to the invention and the cylindrical electron reflector.
  • a ring-shaped curtain of bulk material can be guided in free fall past the electron exit window of the device according to the invention, with the electrons reflected on the electron reflector being able to at least partially impact the bulk material curtain with accelerated electrons from the rear.
  • the glow discharge plasma within the device 1 borders on the electron exit window 2, which is accompanied by ion bombardment of the electron exit window 2.
  • the resulting sputtering effects can damage the electron exit window 2 over time and the As a result, make device 1 inoperable. It is therefore advantageous to keep the plasma ions away from the electron exit window.
  • Fig. 2 a cross section of an embodiment of a device 8 according to the invention is shown schematically.
  • Device 8 initially comprises all components of device 1 Fig. 1 with the same functionality.
  • device 8 has a second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9 which surrounds the at least one second cathode 4, the second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9 being spaced from the second cathode 4 to a greater extent than the wire-shaped electrodes 5.
  • the second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9 preferably has an electrical voltage in the range from electrical ground potential to +500 V.
  • the plasma region 7 of the device 8 is limited to a volume between the first lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 and the second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9, through which the wire-shaped electrodes 5 extend partially or completely.
  • the electron exit window 2 of the device 8 is thus shielded from the glow discharge plasma, which extends the service life of the electron exit window 2.
  • the electrical voltage at the wire-shaped electrodes 5 is pulsed.
  • the glow discharge plasma of a device according to the invention can be maintained at lower pressures in the evacuable space.
  • the at least one electrode 4 functioning as a second cathode can also have at least one channel through which a coolant flows or flows.
  • the rod-shaped second cathode 4 from the Fig. 1 and 2 therefore has an in Fig. 1 and 2 Central through hole, not shown, through which a coolant flows.
  • a device according to the invention can be manufactured inexpensively and compactly due to its technically relatively simple and uncomplicated structure. Due to the compact structure with a relatively small vacuum volume, the evacuable space of a device according to the invention is evacuated in a further embodiment only during the manufacturing process, a working gas in the Introduced evacuable space and then vacuum-sealed the evacuable space.
  • a device according to the invention can also have first means for evacuating the evacuable space and second means for feeding a working gas into the evacuable space.
  • the evacuation of the evacuable space and the supply of the working gas can take place continuously or with a time interruption.
  • the accesses for the first and second means to the evacuable space 3 of a device according to the invention are preferably attached to the cylinder base and / or to the cylinder top of a cylindrical device according to the invention.
  • the cross-sections of all components designated as cylindrical, ring-shaped and rod-shaped are circular.
  • the cross-sections of the components designated as cylindrical, ring-shaped or rod-shaped can also have any geometric shape that deviates from circular.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen beschleunigter Elektronen. Insbesondere können mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung Innenwandungen von Hohlkörpern sowie Schüttgut und Fluide mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden.The invention relates to a device for generating accelerated electrons. In particular, with a device according to the invention, inner walls of hollow bodies as well as bulk material and fluids can be exposed to accelerated electrons.

Elektronenstrahltechnologie wird seit etlichen Jahrzehnten im Industriemaßstab zur chemischen Materialmodifikation sowie zur Desinfektion bzw. Sterilisierung von Oberflächen eingesetzt. Die Behandlung von Produkten kann wirtschaftlich vorteilhaft bei atmosphärischem Druck erfolgen, wozu die Elektronen zunächst im Vakuum freigesetzt, anschließend beschleunigt und schließlich durch ein Strahlaustrittsfenster, zumeist eine dünne Metallfolie, in die Behandlungszone ausgekoppelt werden müssen. Zum Durchdringen großtechnisch einsetzbarer, genügend robuster Elektronenaustrittsfenster sowie auch zum Sichern einer ausreichenden Behandlungstiefe im Produkt sind typischerweise Beschleunigungsspannungen >80 kV erforderlich.Electron beam technology has been used on an industrial scale for the chemical modification of materials and for the disinfection and / or sterilization of surfaces for several decades. The treatment of products can be carried out economically at atmospheric pressure, for which the electrons first have to be released in a vacuum, then accelerated and finally coupled out into the treatment zone through a beam exit window, usually a thin metal foil. Acceleration voltages> 80 kV are typically required to penetrate sufficiently robust electron exit windows that can be used on a large scale and also to ensure sufficient treatment depth in the product.

Verschiedene Verfahren und Strahlquellen sind für eine Randschichtbehandlung flacher Produkte, wie Platten und Bänder, wohletabliert, während das allseitige Behandeln von Formkörpern, Schüttgütern und Fluiden nach wie vor Probleme bereitet. So ist ein allseitiges gleichmäßiges Beaufschlagen gekrümmter Oberflächen mit Elektronen geometrisch problematisch aufgrund von Abschattungseffekten, variabler Absorption von Elektronenenergie auf der Gasstrecke sowie Dosis-Inhomogenitäten wegen unterschiedlicher Projektionsverhältnisse.Various methods and beam sources are well established for the surface treatment of flat products, such as plates and strips, while the all-round treatment of moldings, bulk goods and fluids continues to cause problems. For example, uniformly loading curved surfaces with electrons on all sides is geometrically problematic due to shadowing effects, variable absorption of electron energy in the gas path and dose inhomogeneities due to different projection ratios.

Mit den bereits existierenden Quellensystemen, wie beispielsweise Axialstrahlern mit einer schnellen Ablenkeinheit oder Bandstrahlern mit einer langgestreckten Kathode, von denen beide Ausführungsformen mit einer geheizten thermionischen Kathode betrieben werden, ist eine allseitige Produktbehandlung nur umständlich, unter Nutzung zusätzlicher Einrichtungen oder mit einem hohen apparativen und/oder technologischen Aufwand möglich. Elektronenstrahlquellen auf Basis thermionischer Emitter sind außerdem mechanisch kompliziert, schwierig zu skalieren und erfordern aufwändige Hochspannungsversorgungen und Hochvakuumsysteme. Bei einer Beschädigung des Strahlaustrittsfensters mit daraus resultierendem Zusammenbruch des Vakuums kommt es zur irreversiblen Schädigung des Kathodensystems und somit zu einem hohen Reparaturaufwand.With the already existing source systems, such as axial radiators with a fast deflection unit or ribbon radiators with an elongated cathode, both embodiments of which are operated with a heated thermionic cathode, all-round product treatment is only cumbersome, using additional facilities or with a high level of apparatus and / or technological effort possible. Electron beam sources based on thermionic emitters are also mechanically complex, difficult to scale and require complex high-voltage supplies and high-vacuum systems. In the event of damage to the beam exit window, it will also come from it The resulting breakdown of the vacuum leads to irreversible damage to the cathode system and thus to high repair costs.

Eine solche Elektronenstrahlquelle mit thermionischer Kathode ist zum Beispiel aus US 2005/0225224 A1 bekannt. Hierbei ist die thermionische Kathode stabförmig entlang der Zylinderachse eines zylindrischen Elektronenaustrittsfensters ausgebildet. Von der Oberfläche der stabförmigen Kathode werden Elektronen emittiert und diese durch das zylinderförmige Elektronenfenster an die Umgebung abgegeben, so dass Gegenstände, welche um das zylinderförmige Elektronenfenster angeordnet sind, mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden können. Auch dieser Konfiguration sind jedoch die zuvor benannten Nachteile von Elektronenstrahlquellen mit thermionischer Kathode immanent.Such an electron beam source with a thermionic cathode is off, for example US 2005/0225224 A1 known. Here, the thermionic cathode is rod-shaped along the cylinder axis of a cylindrical electron exit window. Electrons are emitted from the surface of the rod-shaped cathode and these are released to the environment through the cylindrical electron window so that accelerated electrons can be applied to objects that are arranged around the cylindrical electron window. However, the aforementioned disadvantages of electron beam sources with a thermionic cathode are also inherent in this configuration.

In DE 199 42 142 A1 ist eine Vorrichtung offenbart, bei der Schüttgut im mehrfachen freien Fall an einer Elektronenstrahleinrichtung vorbeigeführt und mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt wird. Aufgrund des Mehrfachdurchlaufs, verbunden mit einer zwischenzeitlichen Durchmischung des Schüttguts, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit bei dieser Ausführungsform sehr hoch, dass die Partikel des Schüttgutes allseitig mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden. Der Mehrfachdurchlauf erfordert allerdings einen hohen Zeitaufwand bei der Durchführung des Behandlungsprozesses. Nachteilig ist hierbei außerdem, dass die Vorrichtung für die Behandlung größerer Formteile ungeeignet ist.In DE 199 42 142 A1 a device is disclosed in which bulk material is guided past an electron beam device in multiple free falls and charged with accelerated electrons. Due to the multiple passage, combined with an interim mixing of the bulk material, the probability in this embodiment is very high that the particles of the bulk material are exposed to accelerated electrons on all sides. The multiple pass, however, requires a lot of time to carry out the treatment process. Another disadvantage here is that the device is unsuitable for treating larger molded parts.

Eine andere Lösung ist in DE 10 2006 012 666 A1 angegeben, welche drei Axialstrahler mit zugehöriger Ablenksteuerung und drei ebenfalls zugehörige Elektronenaustrittsfenster umfasst. Die drei Elektronenaustrittsfenster sind derart angeordnet, dass sie einen dreieckigen Freiraum vollumfänglich umschließen. Wird ein Substrat durch diesen Freiraum geführt, kann dieses in einem Behandlungsdurchgang in seinem Querschnitt vollumfänglich mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden. Hat das Substrat jedoch nicht den gleichen dreieckigen Querschnitt wie der von den drei Elektronenaustrittsfenstern umschlossene Freiraum, wird die Dosisverteilung der Beaufschlagung mit beschleunigten Elektronen auf der Oberfläche des Substrates inhomogen ausfallen. Der apparative Aufwand bei dieser Ausführungsform ist außerdem sehr hoch, wodurch diese Lösung auch sehr preisintensiv ist.Another solution is in DE 10 2006 012 666 A1 indicated, which includes three axial emitters with associated deflection control and three also associated electron exit windows. The three electron exit windows are arranged in such a way that they completely enclose a triangular free space. If a substrate is passed through this free space, accelerated electrons can be applied to the full circumference of its cross section in one treatment pass. However, if the substrate does not have the same triangular cross section as the free space enclosed by the three electron exit windows, the dose distribution of the application of accelerated electrons on the surface of the substrate will be inhomogeneous. The outlay on equipment in this embodiment is also very high, which means that this solution is also very expensive.

Aus WO 2007/107331 A1 ist eine Vorrichtung bekannt, bei der lediglich zwei Flächenstrahlerzeuger benötigt werden, zwischen denen ein Formteil zum Zwecke des Sterilisierens seiner Oberfläche hindurch bewegt und währenddessen mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden kann. Diese Vorrichtung weist außerdem mehrere Reflektoren aus Gold auf, mit denen von den Flächenstrahlerzeugern abgegebene Randstrahlen auf Oberflächenbereiche des Formteils reflektiert werden, die nicht im unmittelbaren Einwirkbereich der Flächenstrahlerzeuger liegen. Da die aus dieser Schrift bekannten Reflektoren aus reinem Gold bestehen, sind derartige Vorrichtungen ebenfalls sehr preisintensiv und beeinträchtigen somit deren Wirtschaftlichkeit. Da reflektierte Elektronen eine geringere Energie aufweisen als nicht reflektierte Elektronen, ist auch mit dieser Vorrichtung nur ein inhomogener Energieeintrag in ein Substrat möglich.Out WO 2007/107331 A1 a device is known in which only two surface jet generators are required, between which a molded part moves through for the purpose of sterilizing its surface and while doing so with accelerated electrons can be applied. This device also has a plurality of reflectors made of gold, with which marginal rays emitted by the surface jet generators are reflected onto surface areas of the molded part which are not in the immediate area of action of the surface jet generators. Since the reflectors known from this document are made of pure gold, such devices are also very expensive and thus impair their economic efficiency. Since reflected electrons have a lower energy than non-reflected electrons, only an inhomogeneous energy input into a substrate is also possible with this device.

Eine ringförmige Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen beschleunigter Elektronen ist in
DE 10 2013 111 650 B3 und DE 10 2013 113 668 B3 offenbart, bei welcher alle wesentlichen Komponenten, wie beispielsweise Kathode, Anode und Elektronenaustrittsfenster, ringförmig ausgebildet sind, so dass mittels einer solchen Vorrichtung ein ringförmiger Elektronenstrahl ausgebildet werden kann, bei welchem sich die beschleunigten Elektronen zum Ringinneren hin bewegen. Mittels einer solchen Vorrichtung können beispielsweise strangförmige Substrate, die durch die Ringöffnung der Vorrichtung hindurchbewegt werden, bezüglich des Substratquerschnittes vollumfänglich mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden. Nachteilig hierbei ist, dass derartige Vorrichtungen in ihrer Bauweise großvolumig sind und eine Elektronenbehandlung von Substraten lediglich im relativ geringen Volumen des Ringinneren vollzogen werden kann.
A ring-shaped device for generating accelerated electrons is in
DE 10 2013 111 650 B3 and DE 10 2013 113 668 B3 discloses, in which all essential components, such as cathode, anode and electron exit window, are designed in a ring shape, so that a ring-shaped electron beam can be formed by means of such a device, in which the accelerated electrons move towards the inside of the ring. By means of such a device, for example, strand-like substrates which are moved through the ring opening of the device can be fully exposed to accelerated electrons with respect to the substrate cross section. The disadvantage here is that such devices have a large volume in their construction and an electron treatment of substrates can only be carried out in the relatively small volume of the ring interior.

US 2008/0267354 A1 beschreibt ebenfalls ringförmige Vorrichtungen, mit denen eine hohe Dosis an Röntgenstrahlen und nebenher auch Elektronenstrahlen erzeugt werden können. Aufgrund des Erzeugens einer hohen Dosis an Röntgenstrahlen sind derartige Vorrichtungen nicht geeignet zum Bestrahlen von Produkten, welche in die Nahrungskette von Menschen oder Nutztieren eingehen. US 2008/0267354 A1 also describes ring-shaped devices with which a high dose of X-rays and also electron beams can be generated. Because of the generation of a high dose of X-rays, such devices are not suitable for irradiating products which enter the food chain of humans or farm animals.

In US 4 751 429 werden schließlich Vorrichtungen zum Erzeugen von Mikrowellen offenbart, bei welchen auch Elektronen von der Innenseite einer zylinderförmigen Kathode emittiert werden, welche sich nachfolgend im Inneren der zylinderförmigen Kathode bewegen. Da der Innenraum der zylinderförmigen Kathode einer solche Vorrichtung für zum Beispiel Schüttgut oder Fluide nicht zugängliche ist, ist eine solche nicht zum Beaufschlagen von zum Beispiel Schüttgut mit beschleunigten Elektronen geeignet.In U.S. 4,751,429 Finally, devices for generating microwaves are disclosed in which electrons are also emitted from the inside of a cylindrical cathode, which subsequently move inside the cylindrical cathode. Since the interior of the cylindrical cathode of such a device is not accessible to bulk material or fluids, for example, such a device is not suitable for applying accelerated electrons to bulk material, for example.

Der Erfindung liegt daher das technische Problem zugrunde, eine Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen beschleunigter Elektronen zu schaffen, mittels der die Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwunden werden können. Insbesondere soll eine Vorrichtung mit kompakter Bauform geschaffen werden, mit welcher beispielsweise Hohlkörper von innen aber auch Schüttgut mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden können.The invention is therefore based on the technical problem of creating a device for generating accelerated electrons by means of which the disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome. In particular, a device with a compact design is to be created with which, for example, hollow bodies but also bulk material can be exposed to accelerated electrons from the inside.

Die Lösung des technischen Problems ergibt sich durch Gegenstände mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Patentansprüchen.The solution to the technical problem results from objects with the features of patent claim 1. Further advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the dependent patent claims.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher beschrieben. Die Figuren zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine schematische Querschnittsdarstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung
Fig. 2
eine schematische Querschnittsdarstellung einer Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung
The invention is described in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments. The figures show:
Fig. 1
a schematic cross-sectional representation of a device according to the invention
Fig. 2
a schematic cross-sectional representation of an embodiment of a device according to the invention

In Fig. 1 ist ein Querschnitt einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung 1 schematisch dargestellt. Vorrichtung 1 umfasst zunächst ein Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2 in Form eines Hohlzylinders. Das zylinderförmige Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2 ist Bestandteil eines Gehäuses, welches die Form der Mantelflächen eines Zylinders aufweist und welches somit ebenfalls zylinderförmig ausgebildet ist wie das Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2. Das zylinderförmige Gehäuse umschließt einen evakuierbaren Raum 3.In Fig. 1 a cross section of a device 1 according to the invention is shown schematically. Device 1 initially comprises an electron exit window 2 in the form of a hollow cylinder. The cylindrical electron exit window 2 is part of a housing which has the shape of the lateral surfaces of a cylinder and which is therefore also cylindrical like the electron exit window 2. The cylindrical housing encloses an evacuable space 3.

Wie es aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt ist, umfasst auch das zylinderförmige Elektronenaustrittsfenster einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung ein mechanisches Stützgitter, an welchem eine Metallfolie befestigt ist. Im Ausführungsbeispiel von Fig. 1 umfasst das Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2 ein in Fig. 1 nicht dargestelltes mechanisches Stützgitter aus Kupfer, an welchem eine Titanfolie befestigt ist.As is known from the prior art, the cylindrical electron exit window of a device according to the invention also comprises a mechanical support grid to which a metal foil is attached. In the embodiment of Fig. 1 the electron exit window 2 comprises an in Fig. 1 Mechanical support grid, not shown, made of copper, to which a titanium foil is attached.

Entlang der Zylinderachse des zylinderförmigen Elektronenaustrittsfensters erstreckt sich als zentraler Bestandteil einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung mindestens eine Elektrode, welche die Form eines Stabes oder eines Hohlzylinders aufweist und welche somit stabförmig oder zylinderförmig ausgebildet ist. Im Ausführungsbeispiel von Fig. 1 erstreckt sich entlang der Zylinderachse des zylinderförmigen Elektronenaustrittsfensters 2 eine stabförmige Elektrode 4. Auf einer Kreisbahn um die Zylinderachse des zylinderförmigen Elektronenaustrittsfensters 2 herum, sind drahtförmige Elektroden 5 mit gleichem Abstand zueinander angeordnet. Die drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 erstecken sich entlang der Zylinderlänge des zylinderförmigen Elektronenaustrittsfensters vollständig oder teilweise durch den evakuierbaren Raum 3 und sind als Anode geschaltet. Im Ausführungsbeispiel weist die Vorrichtung 1 insgesamt acht drahtförmige Elektroden 5 auf.As a central component of a device according to the invention, at least one electrode extends along the cylinder axis of the cylinder-shaped electron exit window, which electrode has the shape of a rod or a hollow cylinder and which is thus rod-shaped or cylindrical. In the embodiment of Fig. 1 A rod-shaped electrode 4 extends along the cylinder axis of the cylindrical electron exit window 2. Wire-shaped electrodes 5 are arranged equidistantly from one another on a circular path around the cylinder axis of the cylindrical electron exit window 2. The wire-shaped electrodes 5 extend along the cylinder length of the cylinder-shaped electron exit window completely or partially through the evacuable space 3 and are connected as an anode. In the exemplary embodiment, the device 1 has a total of eight wire-shaped electrodes 5.

Die Anzahl der drahtförmigen Elektroden einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung ist aber nicht auf acht festgelegt, sondern kann in anderen Ausführungsbeispielen alternativ auch kleiner oder größer als acht sein.However, the number of wire-shaped electrodes of a device according to the invention is not fixed at eight, but can alternatively also be smaller or larger than eight in other exemplary embodiments.

Die als Anode geschalteten drahtförmigen Elektroden einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung weisen bevorzugt ein leicht positives Spannungspotenzial im Bereich von +0,25 kV bis 5 kV bezüglich der elektrischen Masse der Vorrichtung 1 auf, wohingegen das zylinderförmige Gehäuse einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung, einschließlich des zylinderförmigen Elektronenaustrittsfensters und des Stützgitters, bevorzugt das elektronische Massepotenzial aufweisen.The wire-shaped electrodes of a device according to the invention connected as an anode preferably have a slightly positive voltage potential in the range of +0.25 kV to 5 kV with respect to the electrical ground of the device 1, whereas the cylindrical housing of a device according to the invention, including the cylindrical electron exit window and the support grid , preferably have the electronic ground potential.

Aufgrund der Spannungsdifferenz zwischen den als Anode geschalteten drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 und dem als erste Kathode fungierendem Gehäuse der Vorrichtung 1 wird ein Glimmentladungsplasma im evakuierbaren Raum 3 ausgebildet. Im Ausführungsbeispiel wird zum Zünden der Glimmentladung zwischen den drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 und dem als erste Kathode fungierendem Gehäuse der Vorrichtung 1 eine elektrische Spannung von 1 kV verwendet, welche nach dem Zünden der Glimmentladung zum Aufrechterhalten der Glimmentladung auf 0,3 kV absinkt.Due to the voltage difference between the wire-shaped electrodes 5 connected as anode and the housing of the device 1 functioning as the first cathode, a glow discharge plasma is formed in the evacuable space 3. In the exemplary embodiment, an electrical voltage of 1 kV is used to ignite the glow discharge between the wire-shaped electrodes 5 and the housing of the device 1 functioning as the first cathode, which voltage drops to 0.3 kV after the glow discharge is ignited to maintain the glow discharge.

An die zentrale, stabförmige oder zylinderförmige Elektrode 4 einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung kann beispielsweise eine elektrische Spannung in einem Bereich von -60 kV bis -300 kV angelegt sein. Bevorzugt ist an der Elektrode 4 eine elektrische Spannung im Bereich von -80 kV bis -200 kV angelegt. Die Elektrode 4 fungiert somit als zweite Kathode einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung.For example, an electrical voltage in a range from -60 kV to -300 kV can be applied to the central, rod-shaped or cylindrical electrode 4 of a device according to the invention. An electrical voltage in the range from -80 kV to -200 kV is preferably applied to the electrode 4. The electrode 4 thus functions as a second cathode of a device according to the invention.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung umfasst ferner eine erste gitterförmige Elektrode 6 in Form eines Hohlzylinders, welche die mindestens eine zweite Kathode 4 umschließt, wobei die erste gitterförmige und zylinderförmige Elektrode 6 mit einem kleineren Maß von der zweiten Kathode 4 beabstandet ist als die drahtförmigen Elektroden 5. Die erste gitterförmige und zylinderförmige Elektrode 6 weist ebenfalls das elektrische Massepotenzial der Vorrichtung 1 auf, schirmt die zweite Kathode 4 gegenüber dem Plasma ab und begrenzt somit den Raum für das Ausbreiten des Glimmentladungsplasmas auf das Volumen zwischen der ersten gitterförmigen und zylinderförmigen Elektrode 6 und dem Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2. Dieses Volumen, in welchem sich das Glimmentladungsplasma ausbreitet, wird nachfolgend auch als Plasmaraum 7 bezeichnet.A device according to the invention further comprises a first lattice-shaped electrode 6 in the form of a hollow cylinder, which encloses the at least one second cathode 4, the first lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 being spaced a smaller amount from the second cathode 4 than the wire-shaped electrodes 5 The first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 also has the electrical ground potential of the device 1, shields the second cathode 4 from the plasma, and thus limits the space for the glow discharge plasma to spread to the volume between the first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 and the electron exit window 2 This volume in which the glow discharge plasma spreads is also referred to as plasma space 7 below.

Aufgrund der Spannungsdifferenz zwischen der zweiten Kathode 4 und den als Anode fungierenden drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 werden Ionen aus dem Glimmentladungsplasma in Richtung Kathode 4 beschleunigt, welche beim Auftreffen auf der Oberfläche der zweiten Kathode 4 Sekundärelektronen aus der zweiten Kathode 4 herauslösen. Die Sekundärelektronen werden wiederum entlang der Feldlinien des elektrischen Feldes senkrecht von der Oberfläche der zweiten Kathode 4 in Richtung der ersten gitterförmigen und zylinderförmigen drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 und schließlich zum Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2 beschleunigt.Due to the voltage difference between the second cathode 4 and the wire-shaped electrodes 5 functioning as anode, ions from the glow discharge plasma are accelerated in the direction of the cathode 4, which release secondary electrons from the second cathode 4 when they strike the surface of the second cathode 4. The secondary electrons are in turn accelerated along the field lines of the electric field perpendicularly from the surface of the second cathode 4 in the direction of the first grid-shaped and cylindrical wire-shaped electrodes 5 and finally to the electron exit window 2.

Wegen der zentralen Anordnung der zylinderförmigen oder stabförmigen zweiten Kathode im zylinderförmigen Gehäuse einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung, welches das zylinderförmige Elektronenaustrittsfenster umfasst, sind die Oberflächensenkrechten des Oberflächenbereichs der Kathode, aus dem Elektronen emittierbar sind, zum zylinderförmigen Elektronenaustrittsfenster hin ausgerichtet. Elektronen, welche das Elektronenaustrittsfenster einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung durchdringen, werden somit an die äußere Umgebung einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung abgestrahlt. Bezüglich des Querschnitts einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung können daher Elektronen, ausgehend von der zentral angeordneten und als Emitter fungierenden zweiten Kathode, vollumfänglich nach außen abgestrahlt werden. Damit ist eine kompakte und relativ preiswerte Bauform geschaffen, mit welcher beispielsweise Schüttgut, Fluide oder Hohlrauminnenwandungen von Substraten mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden können. Hierzu kann die Zylinderachse einer zylinderförmigen erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung beispielsweise senkrecht ausgerichtet sein und um den Zylinderquerschnitt herum ein ringförmiger Vorhang aus Schüttgut im freien Fall vorbeigeführt werden. Nachteilig wirkt sich hierbei aus, dass das Schüttgut nicht in einem Durchlauf vollumfänglich mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden kann. Dieses Defizit ist aber mit einem Mehrfachdurchlauf ausgleichbar und stellt insbesondere bei geringen Schüttgutmengen eine wirtschaftliche Vorgehensweise zum Beaufschlagen von Schüttgut mit beschleunigten Elektronen dar.Because of the central arrangement of the cylindrical or rod-shaped second cathode in the cylindrical housing of a device according to the invention, which includes the cylindrical electron exit window, the surface perpendiculars of the surface area of the cathode from which electrons can be emitted are aligned with the cylindrical electron exit window. Electrons which penetrate the electron exit window of a device according to the invention are thus emitted to the external environment of a device according to the invention. With regard to the cross section of a device according to the invention, electrons can therefore be radiated outwards to the full extent, starting from the centrally arranged second cathode functioning as an emitter. This creates a compact and relatively inexpensive design with which, for example, bulk material, fluids or inner cavity walls of substrates can be exposed to accelerated electrons. For this purpose, the cylinder axis of a cylinder-shaped device according to the invention can be aligned vertically, for example, and an annular curtain of bulk material can be passed in free fall around the cylinder cross-section. The disadvantage here is that the bulk material cannot be fully exposed to accelerated electrons in one pass. This deficit can, however, be compensated for with a multiple run and represents an economical procedure for applying accelerated electrons to bulk material, especially with small quantities of bulk material.

Bei einer Ausführungsform ist um eine zylinderförmige erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung herum noch ein zylinderförmiger Elektronenreflektor angeordnet, welcher einen ringförmigen Freiraum zwischen erfindungsgemäßer Vorrichtung und zylinderförmigen Elektronenreflektor begrenzt. Durch diesen ringförmigen Freiraum kann beispielsweise ein ringförmiger Vorhang von Schüttgut am Elektronenaustrittsfenster der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung im freien Fall vorbeigeführt werden, wobei mit den am Elektronenreflektor reflektierten Elektronen der Schüttgutvorhang zumindest teilweise auch noch von der Rückseite her mit beschleunigten Elektronen beaufschlagt werden kann.In one embodiment, a cylindrical electron reflector is also arranged around a cylindrical device according to the invention, which delimits an annular free space between the device according to the invention and the cylindrical electron reflector. Through this ring-shaped free space, for example, a ring-shaped curtain of bulk material can be guided in free fall past the electron exit window of the device according to the invention, with the electrons reflected on the electron reflector being able to at least partially impact the bulk material curtain with accelerated electrons from the rear.

Wie zuvor beschrieben, grenzt das Glimmentladungsplasma innerhalb der Vorrichtung 1 an das Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2, was mit einen Ionenbombardement des Elektronenaustrittsfensters 2 einhergeht. Die dadurch auftretenden Sputtereffekte können mit der Zeit eine Beschädigung des Elektronenaustrittsfensters 2 hervorrufen und die Vorrichtung 1 dadurch funktionsuntüchtig machen. Die Plasmaionen vom Elektronenaustrittsfenster fernzuhalten, ist daher vorteilhaft.As described above, the glow discharge plasma within the device 1 borders on the electron exit window 2, which is accompanied by ion bombardment of the electron exit window 2. The resulting sputtering effects can damage the electron exit window 2 over time and the As a result, make device 1 inoperable. It is therefore advantageous to keep the plasma ions away from the electron exit window.

In Fig. 2 ist ein Querschnitt einer Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung 8 schematisch dargestellt. Vorrichtung 8 umfasst zunächst einmal alle Bauelemente der Vorrichtung 1 aus Fig. 1 mit gleicher Funktionsweise. Zusätzlich weist Vorrichtung 8 eine zweite gitterförmige und zylinderförmige Elektrode 9 auf, welche die mindestens eine zweite Kathode 4 umschließt, wobei die zweite gitterförmige und zylinderförmige Elektrode 9 mit einem größeren Maß von der zweiten Kathode 4 beabstandet ist als die drahtförmigen Elektroden 5. Die zweite gitterförmige und zylinderförmige Elektrode 9 weist vorzugsweise eine elektrische Spannung im Bereich vom elektrischen Massepotenzial bis +500 V auf. Dadurch wird der Plasmabereich 7 der Vorrichtung 8 auf ein Volumen zwischen der ersten gitterförmigen und zylinderförmigen Elektrode 6 und der zweiten gitterförmigen und zylinderförmigen Elektrode 9 begrenzt, durch welches sich die drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 teilweise oder vollständig erstrecken. Das Elektronenaustrittsfenster 2 der Vorrichtung 8 ist somit vom Glimmentladungsplasma abgeschirmt, was die Lebensdauer des Elektronenaustrittsfensters 2 verlängert.In Fig. 2 a cross section of an embodiment of a device 8 according to the invention is shown schematically. Device 8 initially comprises all components of device 1 Fig. 1 with the same functionality. In addition, device 8 has a second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9 which surrounds the at least one second cathode 4, the second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9 being spaced from the second cathode 4 to a greater extent than the wire-shaped electrodes 5. The second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9 preferably has an electrical voltage in the range from electrical ground potential to +500 V. As a result, the plasma region 7 of the device 8 is limited to a volume between the first lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 6 and the second lattice-shaped and cylindrical electrode 9, through which the wire-shaped electrodes 5 extend partially or completely. The electron exit window 2 of the device 8 is thus shielded from the glow discharge plasma, which extends the service life of the electron exit window 2.

Bei einer weiteren Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung ist die elektrische Spannung an den drahtförmigen Elektroden 5 gepulst ausgebildet. Dadurch kann das Glimmentladungsplasma einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung bei geringeren Drücken im evakuierbaren Raum aufrechterhalten werden.In a further embodiment of a device according to the invention, the electrical voltage at the wire-shaped electrodes 5 is pulsed. As a result, the glow discharge plasma of a device according to the invention can be maintained at lower pressures in the evacuable space.

Zum Kühlen einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung kann auch die mindestens eine, als zweite Kathode fungierende Elektrode 4 mit mindestens einem Kanal durchzogen sein, durch welchen ein Kühlmittel fließt bzw. strömt. Die stabförmige zweite Kathode 4 aus den Fig. 1 und 2 weist deshalb eine in Fig. 1 und 2 nicht dargestellte zentrale durchgehende Bohrung auf, durch welche eine Kühlmittel fließt.To cool a device according to the invention, the at least one electrode 4 functioning as a second cathode can also have at least one channel through which a coolant flows or flows. The rod-shaped second cathode 4 from the Fig. 1 and 2 therefore has an in Fig. 1 and 2 Central through hole, not shown, through which a coolant flows.

Wie zuvor schon beschrieben wurde, kann eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung aufgrund ihres technisch relativ einfachen und unkomplizierten Aufbaus preiswert und kompakt hergestellt werden. Aufgrund des kompakten Aufbaus mit relativ kleinem Vakuumvolumen wird der evakuierbare Raum einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung bei einer weiteren Ausführungsform lediglich beim Herstellungsprozess evakuiert, ein Arbeitsgas in den evakuierbaren Raum eingebracht und der evakuierbare Raum anschließend vakuumversiegelt.As has already been described above, a device according to the invention can be manufactured inexpensively and compactly due to its technically relatively simple and uncomplicated structure. Due to the compact structure with a relatively small vacuum volume, the evacuable space of a device according to the invention is evacuated in a further embodiment only during the manufacturing process, a working gas in the Introduced evacuable space and then vacuum-sealed the evacuable space.

Bei einer alternativen Ausführungsform kann eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung aber auch erste Mittel zum Evakuieren des evakuierbaren Raums und zweite Mittel zum Zuführen eines Arbeitsgases in den evakuierbaren Raum aufweisen. Dabei können das Evakuieren des evakuierbaren Raums und das Zuführen des Arbeitsgases kontinuierlich oder mit zeitlicher Unterbrechung erfolgen. Die Zugänge für die ersten und zweiten Mittel zum evakuierbaren Raum 3 einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung werden vorzugsweise am Zylinderboden und/oder an der Zylinderdecke einer zylinderförmigen erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung angebracht.In an alternative embodiment, however, a device according to the invention can also have first means for evacuating the evacuable space and second means for feeding a working gas into the evacuable space. The evacuation of the evacuable space and the supply of the working gas can take place continuously or with a time interruption. The accesses for the first and second means to the evacuable space 3 of a device according to the invention are preferably attached to the cylinder base and / or to the cylinder top of a cylindrical device according to the invention.

Die vorhergehenden Beschreibungen von erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtungen bezieht sich auf eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform, bei welcher die Querschnitte aller als zylinder-, ring- und stabförmig bezeichneten Bauelemente kreisrund ausgebildet sind. Alternativ können die Querschnitte der als zylinder-, ring- oder stabförmig bezeichneten Bauelemente bei einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung auch eine beliebige, von kreisrund abweichende, geometrische Form aufweisen.The preceding descriptions of devices according to the invention relates to a preferred embodiment in which the cross-sections of all components designated as cylindrical, ring-shaped and rod-shaped are circular. Alternatively, in a device according to the invention, the cross-sections of the components designated as cylindrical, ring-shaped or rod-shaped can also have any geometric shape that deviates from circular.

Claims (7)

  1. Device for generating accelerated electrons, comprising a cylindrical electron exit window (2) as part of a cylindrical housing enclosing a evacuable space (3); at least one first cathode and an anode, by means of which a glow-discharge plasma is generatable in the evacuable space (3), wherein ions from the glow-discharge plasma are acceleratable onto the surface of at least one second cathode (4) and electrons emittable by the at least one second cathode (4) are acceleratable in the direction of the electron exit window (2), characterized in that
    a) the at least one second cathode (4) is embodied in a cylindrical or rod-shaped fashion as a central component along the cylinder axis of the cylindrical electron exit window (2),
    b) the cylindrical housing is embodied as the first cathode;
    c) the anode is embodied as a number of wire-type electrodes (5), wherein the wire-type electrodes (5) are arranged around the second cathode (4) and extend along the cylinder length of the cylindrical electron exit window (2) partly or completely through the evacuable space (3);
    d) a first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode (6) encloses the at least one second cathode (4) wherein the first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode (6) is spaced apart from the second cathode (4) with a smaller dimension than the wire-type electrodes (5).
  2. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that a second grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode (9) encloses the at least one second cathode (4), wherein the second grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode (9) is spaced apart from the second cathode (4) with a larger dimension than the wire-type electrodes (5).
  3. Device according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cross sections of the cylindrical housing, of the cylindrical electron exit window (2) of the cylindrical or rod-shaped second electrode (4), of the first grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode (6) and of the second grid-shaped and cylindrical electrode (7) are circular and the cylinder centre axes thereof are identical.
  4. Device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cylindrical or rod-shaped cathode (4) is pervaded by at least one channel.
  5. Device according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the evacuable space (3) is vacuum-sealed and has a working gas.
  6. Device according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterized by first means for evacuating the evacuable space and second means for feeding a working gas into the evacuable space (3).
  7. Device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wire-type electrodes (5) are arranged on a circular path around the cylinder axis of the cylindrical electron exit window (2) and at an identical distance from one another.
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