EP3347921A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif à jonction électronique et dispositif associé - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif à jonction électronique et dispositif associéInfo
- Publication number
- EP3347921A1 EP3347921A1 EP16775803.6A EP16775803A EP3347921A1 EP 3347921 A1 EP3347921 A1 EP 3347921A1 EP 16775803 A EP16775803 A EP 16775803A EP 3347921 A1 EP3347921 A1 EP 3347921A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- passivation structure
- surface passivation
- irradiation
- ions
- silicon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 26
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 130
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 104
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 101
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021424 microcrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical class [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical class [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical class N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021483 silicon-carbon alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010849 ion bombardment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 112
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 49
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 22
- -1 phosphorus ions Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101100225046 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) ecl2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101150058725 ecl1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N methamphetamine Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102100038374 Pinin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710173952 Pinin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMDDXIMCDZRSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Si] Chemical compound [C].[Si] HMDDXIMCDZRSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001423 beryllium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007425 progressive decline Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FSLGCYNKXXIWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon(1+) Chemical compound [Si+] FSLGCYNKXXIWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/0745—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells
- H01L31/0747—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells comprising a heterojunction of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1864—Annealing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1868—Passivation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the field of the manufacture of electronic junction devices on a crystalline substrate, used in particular in photovoltaic cells or in microelectronic devices.
- Crystalline silicon in particular mono- or polycrystalline silicon, is the most widely used material for the fabrication of microelectronic integrated circuits, optoelectronic devices or high efficiency solar cells.
- the surface passivation of crystalline silicon is intended to reduce the density of surface defects.
- a first passivation method consists of forming a thermal oxide layer at the surface of the c-Si.
- the thermal oxide provides excellent surface passivation but requires a high temperature of about 1000 ° C.
- Other low temperature ( ⁇ 500 ° C) passivation methods have been developed.
- an effective method of surface passivation is to deposit by plasma (PECVD for Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) at a temperature of about 200 ° C a stack of two layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (or a-Si: H) formed of a first layer of intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H (i)) and a second layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon doped n-type or p-type.
- PECVD Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
- the deposition parameters of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) by the PECVD technique have been optimized to obtain a good passivation. It was first shown that it was necessary to avoid an epitaxial relationship between the deposited layer and the crystalline substrate (H. Fujiwara and M. Kondo, "Impact of epitaxial growth at the heterointerface of a-Si: H / c-Si solar cells, Appl., Phys., Lett., 90, 013503, 2007; UK Das et al., Surface passivation and heterojunction cells on Si (100) and (11) wafers using DC and RF plasma deposited Si: H Thin Films ", Appl Phys Lett, 92, 63504, 2008).
- Oxygen can also be introduced into the hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer to avoid epitaxy (Fujiwara et al., Application of hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide layers to c-Si heterojunction solar cells, Appl. 91, 133508, 2007). Hydrogen plasma treatment of amorphous silicon layers during film deposition or a posteriori may also allow an improvement in passivation.
- the realization of the contact electrodes is carried out after the surface passivation of the crystalline silicon.
- the production of such a contact electrode is based on a deposition of a metal layer, for example by screen printing, possibly preceded by a deposit of a transparent conductive layer, for example a layer of an indium oxide and a tin (ITO, for Indium Tin Oxide) or a layer of zinc oxide (ZnO).
- This step is generally performed at a temperature of at least 200 to 400 ° C, or followed by an annealing step at comparable temperatures, to reduce the resistivity of the deposited metal and / or transparent conductive layer (s) and to reduce corresponding contact resistances.
- This degradation of the passivation appears from annealing temperatures between 255 ° C and 300 ° C for a passivation structure consisting of a single layer of intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (i) or a stack consisting of a layer of doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (n) deposited on an intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (i) on a doped crystalline silicon substrate (n).
- the degradation of the passivation occurs at an annealing temperature of 150 ° C. in the case of a heterojunction comprising a doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (p) deposited on an intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (i) on a crystalline silicon substrate. doped (n).
- ion implantation is used to implant doping ions, such as for example boron or phosphorus ions, under the surface of a crystalline silicon substrate.
- doping ions such as for example boron or phosphorus ions
- the thermal diffusion of dopants is the standard doping technique used in the photovoltaic field.
- Argon ion implantation has been used to create defects, either by atomic displacement or by creating gaps, at low concentration below the surface or at different interfaces in a heterojunction solar cell in order to improve understanding of the mechanisms of degradation of a solar cell (Defresne et al., "Interface defects in a-Si: H / c-Si heterojunction solar cells", Nucl., Instr Meth., B, 2015, http: / /dx.doi.orq/10.1 016 / i.nimb.2015.04.009).
- the implantation of argon ions having an energy of 1 keV or 10 keV generates localized defects in the doped amorphous silicon layer (n or p) and / or extending in the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. .
- the defect profile that is to say here the manner in which the defect concentration varies as a function of the distance to the irradiated surface, is determined by the implantation energy of these ions. For some values of this implantation energy, these defects are generated in the amorphous layers without reaching the interface between the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) and the crystalline silicon (c-Si).
- a-Si: H hydrogenated amorphous silicon
- c-Si crystalline silicon
- the ion implantation of argon ions is therefore considered to be very harmful to the passivation of the ⁇ -Si: H / c-Si interface.
- the present invention proposes a method of manufacturing an electronic junction device, the electronic junction device comprising a surface passivation structure in a thin layer on a surface.
- a silicon substrate crystalline, in particular mono- or polycrystalline the surface passivation structure having a determined thickness and comprising at least one thin layer of an amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon.
- ion irradiation of the surface passivation structure by an ion beam having an energy in a range of 100 eV to 50 keV and a fluence in a range of 10 10 to 10 20 ions / cm 2 , energy and fluence of said ion beam being adapted according to the thickness of the surface passivation structure so as to generate a defect profile having a determined concentration and limited in depth to said surface passivation structure and / or at the interface between the crystalline substrate and said surface passivation structure, while avoiding generating defects in the crystalline substrate; and
- step b) following step a) ion irradiation, thermal annealing of the crystalline substrate and the surface passivation structure, at a temperature ranging from 175 ° C to 530 ° C, step b ) of thermal annealing being carried out in ambient air, under vacuum or in a gaseous atmosphere, and the duration of the thermal annealing step b) being between a few minutes and a few hours.
- this method makes it possible to increase the robustness, in the face of subsequent heat treatments, of the surface passivation of the crystalline silicon by a thin film passivation structure comprising an amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon layer.
- the passivation properties can be maintained after a thermal annealing step at a temperature up to 400 ° C and for a thermal annealing time of about 30 minutes.
- the process can be carried out in situ in the deposition reactor of the thin film passivation structure.
- the electronic junction device may have a lifetime of the minority carriers after irradiation and thermal annealing greater than for an electronic junction device analogue without ion irradiation or thermal annealing or with only thermal annealing without ion irradiation.
- the ion beam is formed of ions of a noble gas, preferably chosen from argon, neon, krypton, and xenon.
- a noble gas preferably chosen from argon, neon, krypton, and xenon.
- the ion beam is formed of ions of a non-doping chemical element for the passivation structure in a thin layer and adapted to modify the gap of said at least one thin layer of an amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon when implanted in this layer, this chemical element being preferably selected from germanium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen;
- the ion beam is formed of ions of a doping chemical element for the passivation structure in a thin layer, this chemical element being preferably chosen from boron, phosphorus, arsenic and gallium;
- the ionic irradiation step a) comprises ion implantation by a beam scanning ion implanter, ion implantation by ion gun, or exposure to an ion bombardment plasma, or ion implantation. plasma immersion ions;
- step a) of ionic irradiation is carried out at a temperature of less than or equal to 400 ° C .;
- said at least one thin layer of an amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon comprises a thin layer of an intrinsic amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon, a thin layer of an amorphous hydrogenated or microcrystalline silicon doped with -n or -p type, thin layer of a hydrogenated silicon nitride, a hydrogenated silicon oxide, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloy, a hydrogenated silicon-germanium alloy, a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon and / or an alloy hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon or any one of a plurality of such thin layers;
- the thermal annealing step b) is carried out in the presence of a mixture of gaseous dihydrogen and at least one neutral gas, or in ambient air;
- the duration of the thermal annealing step b) is between 5 minutes and 1 hour; the thermal annealing step b) comprises several thermal annealing cycles.
- the method of manufacturing an electronic junction device further comprises, after step a), an additional step of forming a contact electrode on the surface passivation structure at a temperature greater than or equal to about 150 ° C.
- This additional step can be performed before or after step b) of thermal annealing.
- this additional step is carried out after the thermal annealing step b)
- the formation of this electrode can be carried out at elevated temperature, for example between 200 ° C. and 600 ° C., and this in order to deteriorate the surface passivation of the substrate of the substrate.
- crystalline silicon thanks to steps a) and b) above.
- the additional step of forming a contact electrode is performed before step b) of thermal annealing.
- the contact resistance of this electrode and the resistivity of the material which composes it are then reduced during the thermal annealing step b), without damaging the surface passivation of the crystalline silicon.
- the invention also provides an electronic junction device obtained according to the method of the present disclosure comprising:
- a thin film surface passivation structure comprising at least one thin layer of an amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon on a surface of the crystalline silicon substrate; the electronic joining device being thermally annealed, in a temperature range of 175 ° C to 530 ° C, after ionic irradiation of the surface passivation structure at an energy in the range of 100 eV to 50 keV and at a temperature of fluence in a range between 10 10 and 10 20 ions / cm 2, the energy and fluence are adapted according to a thickness and a doping said surface passivation structure, the electronic device having a junction lifetime of the minority carriers after irradiation and increasing thermal annealing as a function of the annealing temperature in a range of annealing temperature ranging from 200 ° C to 300 ° C or 350 ° C.
- This electronic junction device has a service life of minority carriers larger than for a similar electronic junction device without ion irradiation.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically a sectional view of a device for electronic junction having two passivated surfaces and subjected to surface irradiation;
- FIG. 2 diagrammatically represents an exemplary embodiment of exposure of a sample to an irradiation beam emitted by an ionic implanter
- FIG. 3 represents defect concentration profile curves normalized by the fluence of the ion beam as a function of the depth for different energies of the ion beam;
- FIG. 4 represents photoconductance measurements as a function of the density of carriers injected for the same sample respectively before irradiation (disks), after irradiation (diamonds), and after thermal annealing (triangles);
- FIG. 5 represents measurements of the effective lifetime of minority carriers as a function of the thermal annealing temperature for various crystalline silicon devices irradiated with an argon ion beam having an energy of 10 keV and a fluence of 10 14 ions / cm 2 ;
- FIG. 6 represents measurements of the effective lifetime of minority carriers as a function of the thermal annealing temperature for various crystalline silicon devices irradiated by an argon ion beam having an energy of 17 keV and a fluence of 10 12 ions / cm 2 ;
- FIG. 7 shows measurements of the effective lifetime of minority carriers as a function of the thermal annealing temperature for various devices based on crystalline silicon irradiated by an argon ion beam having an energy of 30 keV and a fluence of 10 12 ions / cm 2 .
- FIG. 1 shows a sectional view of a device for electronic junction comprising a crystalline silicon substrate 4 having a first surface 1 and a second surface 2.
- the substrate 4 is an n-doped monocrystalline silicon substrate, previously cleaned in a hydrofluoric acid bath diluted to 5%.
- the first surface 1 comprises a first passivation structure
- a thin layer comprising here a stack of an intrinsic amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer 1 1 in thickness and a doped amorphous siliconized silicon layer 12 of thickness ei 2 having n-type or p-doping.
- the second surface 2 comprises a second thin film passivation structure 20 comprising here a stack of an intrinsic amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer 21 of thickness e 2 A and of a doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer 22 of thickness e 22. having n-type or p-type doping.
- the substrate 4 has a thickness e of 280 micrometers, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 1 1, respectively 21, a thickness of, respectively e 2 i of 20 nanometers, the doped amorphous silicon layer 12 a thickness ei 2 of 25 nanometers and the doped amorphous silicon layer 22 having a thickness e 22 of 25 nanometers.
- the layers of intrinsic amorphous silicon 1 1, 21 and doped amorphous silicon 12, 22 are deposited by PECVD.
- the passivation structure 10, respectively 20 comprises a thin layer of silicon carbon having a thickness of about 2 nm at the interface between the crystalline silicon substrate 4 and the silicon layer 1 1, respectively 21 intrinsic amorphous.
- This thin carbon-based silicon layer makes it possible to avoid epitaxial growth during the deposition of the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 1 1, respectively 21, on the crystalline silicon substrate 4.
- the crystalline silicon substrate 4 is maintained at a temperature of about 200 ° C.
- the method then has two main steps.
- the ions used are preferably ions of a noble gas, chosen, for example, from argon, helium, krypton, or xenon, or possibly silicon ions.
- the ions used can also be ions of a non-chemical element dopant for the passivation structure in a thin layer, and adapted to modify the gap of the amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon thin layer once implanted in this layer, for example germanium, carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen.
- the ion beam is formed of ions of a doping chemical element for the thin film passivation structure, this chemical element being preferably chosen from boron, phosphorus, arsenic and gallium.
- the first step implements an ion implanter to implant ions of one or more of the aforementioned chemical elements.
- the ion implanter controls the energy range and fluence range of the implanted ions.
- the first step implements an ion gun, having a diameter greater than the sample, which therefore does not require beam scanning.
- the first step implements a plasma treatment of one or more of the aforementioned chemical elements, in energy and fluence ranges of argon ions equivalent to those used in an ion implanter.
- the plasma may be chosen from a pulsed microwave plasma or a radio frequency plasma. Plasma treatment can have excellent uniformity over a surface that can be very large, up to 5 m 2 .
- the first step implements a plasma immersion ion beam system (IBS).
- IBS plasma immersion ion beam system
- Such an IBS system is generally used for implantation doping, but can here be used for implantation of non-doping ions.
- the first step is generally carried out at room temperature, and in any case below 400 ° C.
- thermal annealing of the substrate and thin film passivation structures is carried out at a temperature T between about 175 ° C. and 530 ° C. (ie between about 450 to 800 Kelvin), and preferably between 250 and 350 ° C or 400 ° C.
- the second step is carried out netten ⁇ nt below the recrystallization temperature of the amorphous thin film passivation structure. In the case of amorphous silicon, the recrystallization temperature is about 600 ° C.
- the thermal annealing is carried out for example under a gaseous mixture of nitrogen (N 2 ) diluted to 10% in dihydrogen (H 2 ). This thermal annealing can also be carried out in ambient air, or under vacuum. The duration of the thermal annealing is generally between 30 and 360 minutes. Thermal annealing can be applied in several cycles.
- a surprising effect of this combination of ion irradiation and thermal annealing is to improve or recover passivation at least as good as the starting point (before irradiation with argon ions) for an annealing temperature. of the order of 300 ° C.
- This method makes it possible to maintain a good surface passivation of the crystalline silicon for temperatures up to 400 ° C. for annealing times of 30 minutes.
- a solar cell precursor for example of the HiT type, is manufactured by depositing, on each of the two thin film passivation structures 10, 20 of this solar cell precursor, a layer of an oxide transparent conductor.
- the conductive transparent oxide is preferably selected from zinc oxide or indium tin oxide (ITO).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a layer of ITO having a thickness of 80 nanometers is sputtered onto each thin-film passivation structure 10, 20 by sputtering.
- the rear face of the device is metallized by depositing a uniform layer of silver. about 1 micrometer thick on one of the ITO layers.
- a contact grid is deposited on the front face of the device, by depositing contact strips on the other layer of ITO.
- the electrical contacts are thus formed at a temperature of 200 to 600 ° C. for a time of between 5 minutes and 1 hour. This gives an operational solar cell.
- a solar cell precursor based on a passivated crystalline silicon substrate with a thin film passivation structure without irradiation or annealing treatment. thermal; another solar cell precursor based on a passivated crystalline silicon substrate in an analogous manner, with irradiation treatment and without thermal annealing; yet another solar cell precursor based on an analogously passivated crystalline silicon substrate, with irradiation treatment and with thermal annealing.
- FIG. 2 shows a first embodiment of the irradiation step based on the implementation of an ionic implanter 5.
- an implanter was used IRMA available at CSNSM (J. Chaumont, F. Lalu, M. Salome, AM Lamoise, and H. Bernas, Nuclear Inst, Meth Phys Res 189, 193 (1981)).
- the ion implanter 5 comprises an ion source 15, an extraction electrode 16, a sorting magnet 17, an ion focusing triplet 18 and deflection plates 19 for scanning the ion beam 30 on a surface sample 3 following two transverse directions.
- the ion implantation allows a precise control on the one hand of the energy E of the ions and on the other hand of the fluence of irradiation F.
- the ions are accelerated to an energy E adapted to the thickness of the passivation structure 10 in thin layer (s) of amorphous silicon.
- the diameter of the ion beam is of the order of a few millimeters.
- the surface of the substrate is for example about 5 ⁇ 5 cm 2 .
- the ion beam 30 is scanned over the entire outer surface of the thin film passivation structure 10 to produce a laterally uniform irradiation of the passivation structure.
- the energy E of the argon ions is between 1 keV and 30 keV so as to obtain a fault profile located mainly in the thin film passivation structure.
- the useful range of energy E depends on the thickness of the thin film passivation structure 10.
- the SRIM software makes it possible to simulate the concentration profile of the lacunar defects induced by irradiation as a function of the energy and the fluence of the ions.
- FIG. 3 represents fluence normalized lacunae defect profile simulations as a function of the depth P measured from the surface of the layer 12 exposed to the ion beam 30.
- FIG. vertices the limit of the layer 12 of thickness ei 2 , corresponding to a depth P between 0 and about 20 nm, and the limit of the layer 1 1 of thickness in, corresponding to a depth P of between about 20 nm and 45 nm, and the interface between the thin film passivation structure and the crystalline silicon substrate 4 corresponding to a depth P greater than about 45 nm.
- Figure 3 illustrates different gap profiles simulated for an energy E respectively of 1 keV (dashed line curve), 5 keV (dashed line curve spaced by two points), 10 keV (dashed curve), 17 keV (dashed line curve spaced by one point) and 30 keV (dashed line curve).
- the fluence F used is respectively 7 ⁇ 10 13 ions / cm 2 at 1 keV, 10 15 ions / cm 2 at 5 keV, 10 14 ions / cm 2 at 10 keV, 10 12 ions / cm 2 at 17 keV and 30 keV.
- Ion implantation generates a lacunar defect profile located mainly in the thin film passivation structure with a maximum located, according to the energy E, in the doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer 12 or in the intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer.
- the lacunar defect profile extends into the crystalline silicon substrate 4 in the case of irradiations at an energy of 10 to 30 keV, more and more depending on the energy E of the ions.
- the irradiation at an energy E of 10 keV and a fluence F of 10 14 ions / cm 2 results in a defect profile having a maximum at a depth P of 17 nm of the outer surface of the doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer 12.
- This irradiation produces the displacement of one atom out of five and the implantation of atoms of argon in atomic proportion of the order of 1/1000, that is to say that of the order of 1 argon atom is implanted per 1000 silicon atoms.
- irradiation at an energy E of between 10 keV and 30 keV also causes the introduction of defects in a very small proportion (1/10000 to 17 keV and 10 12 ions / cm 2 for example) at the interface between the crystalline silicon substrate and amorphous thin film passivation structure.
- the photoconductance of a photovoltaic cell precursor was measured as a function of the fluence, for a fluence F respectively of 10 10 ions / cm 2 , 10 11 ions / cm 2 , 10 12 ions / cm 2 , 10 13 ions / cm 2 and 7.10 13 ions / cm 2 .
- the lacunary defect profile remains limited to the doped amorphous silicon layer 12 with a maximum of defects at a depth P of approximately 10 nm, without degrading the interface between the crystalline silicon substrate 4 and the thin film passivation structure. amorphous 10.
- the spectral photoluminescence of a solar cell precursor formed from a substrate and surface passivation structures as described in connection with FIG. 1 were measured.
- the solar cell precursor has a pinin structure, the substrate being n-doped, passivated on its two opposite faces by an intrinsic thin layer (i) on which a p-doped layer has been deposited on one side and on the other side a n-doped layer.
- the spectral photoluminescence of a solar cell precursor formed respectively from a passivated substrate without irradiation or annealing, a passivated substrate with irradiation, here on its two faces, without thermal annealing and finally from a passivated substrate with irradiation, again on both sides, and thermally annealed at 300 ° C under the atmosphere of dihydrogen (H 2 ).
- the energy of the ion beam is 5 keV and the fluence is 10 15 ions / cm 2 .
- the thermal annealing is carried out at 300 ° C. for 30 minutes in a gaseous mixture of nitrogen and dihydrogen.
- the spectral photoluminescence of a solar cell with irradiation without thermal annealing is about 30% lower compared to the spectral photoluminescence of a solar cell without irradiation or annealing. thermal. Nevertheless, the spectral photoluminescence of a solar cell precursor with irradiation and with thermal annealing is superior to the spectral photoluminescence of the solar cell with irradiation without thermal annealing.
- the spectral photoluminescence of the solar cell precursor with irradiation and without thermal annealing is only about 10% lower than that of the solar cell without irradiation or thermal annealing.
- the ions are implanted in the amorphous passivation structure and not in the crystalline substrate. This implantation makes the amorphous passivation structure more robust with respect to thermal annealing.
- FIG. 4 represents photoconductance measurements of a solar cell formed respectively from a passivated substrate without irradiation or annealing (ECLO curve), from a passivated substrate with irradiation without thermal annealing (ECL1 curve) and finally from a passivated substrate with irradiation and thermal annealing (ECL2 curve).
- the energy of the ion beam is 5 keV and the fluence is 10 15 ions / cm 2 .
- the thermal annealing is carried out at 300 ° C. More precisely, FIG. 4 represents measurements of the effective lifetime of the excess carriers (ECL for Effective Carrier Lifetime) as a function of the density of the excess charge carriers.
- the lifetime of the minority carriers of a sample is measured after irradiation with argon ions of 5 keV and a fluence of 10 15 cm -2 and an annealing of 30 min at 300 ° C.
- argon ions 5 keV and a fluence of 10 15 cm -2 and an annealing of 30 min at 300 ° C.
- a lifetime of 2.38 ms after irradiation is measured, surprisingly, after a 30 min annealing at 300 ° C., this same sample shows an increased lifetime at
- This result indicates that the low-energy irradiation process with argon ions followed by annealing of the thin layer of amorphous silicon makes it possible to improve both the passivation of the crystalline silicon and its resistance.
- temperature in a temperature range of technological interest. the improvement of the lifetime is obtained under conditions (5 keV and a fluence of 10 15 cm- 2 ) where the implanted ions do not reach the amorphous-crystal interface
- the thermal annealing at a moderate temperature does not allow to recover a lifetime longer than the lifetime before irradiation, probably because of the defects generated by this irradiation in crystalline silicon. In this case, one obtains a life comparable to that which one would have with an annealing alone, without irradiation. There is no benefit from the point of view of temperature robustness.
- an ion energy range of about 5 keV to 17 keV is deduced therefrom.
- a fluence range of ions between 10 12 ions. cm “2 at high energy (17 keV) and 10 15 cm “ 2 at low energy (5 keV).
- the energy range of the ions must be adapted to locate the profile of radiation defects in the amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated thin layer passivation structure.
- the ion energy range then ranges from 100 eV to 50 keV and preferably from a few 100 eV to about 20 keV, depending on the thickness of the hydrogenated thin layer passivation structure.
- the range of fluence to be used to have a significant effect is between 10 10 and 10 20 ions / cm 2 and preferably between 10 10 ions / cm 2 and 10 17 ions / cm 2.
- FIGS. 5 to 7 show life-time measurement curves versus annealing temperature for different operating conditions of energy and fluence.
- Each of FIGS. 5 to 7 represents life measurement curves as a function of the annealing temperature for different stacks of surface passivation structures under identical operating conditions of irradiation and annealing, as compared to a non-irradiated sample. The irradiation is carried out at 25 ° C. before annealing.
- the curves marked by a triangle correspond to a ni / c-Si / in type cell architecture, that is to say a crystalline silicon substrate comprising identical surface passivation structures on its two faces comprising a n-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer of 25 nm and an intrinsic amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer of 20 nm at the interface between the substrate and the n-doped layer, the two surface passivation structures being irradiated.
- the curves marked by a square correspond to an i / c-Si / in type cell architecture, that is to say a crystalline silicon substrate comprising a first surface passivation structure consisting of a hydrogenated silicon layer. intrinsically amorphous at 45 nm and, on the other side, a second surface passivation structure comprising a 25 nm n-doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer and an intrinsic amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer of 20 nm at the interface between the substrate and the n-doped layer, the two surface passivation structures being irradiated.
- the curves marked by a disk correspond to a pi / c-Si / in type cell architecture, that is to say a crystalline silicon substrate comprising a first surface passivation structure composed of a hydrogenated silicon layer.
- the curves marked by a diamond correspond to a cell architecture of pi / c-Si / in type, not exposed to an ion beam.
- the irradiation conditions are as follows: implantation of argon ions at an energy of 10 keV and a fluence of 10 14 ions / cm 2 .
- the argon ions are mainly implanted in the surface passivation structure in amorphous thin layer and in the minority at the interface between the intrinsic layer and the crystalline substrate and in the crystalline silicon (FIG. 3).
- the annealing of each sample is carried out for 30 minutes in the presence of a controlled gaseous mixture of dihydrogen diluted to 10% in dinitrogen.
- the density of minority carriers injected is 10 15 cm -3 .
- the non-irradiated sample (diamonds) has a decrease in the ECL lifetime which goes from approximately 1.2 ms before annealing to 0.7 ms after annealing at 350 ° C. It is noted that J.W.A. Schuttauf et al., Mentioned above, shows even more drastic lifetimes from 1 millisecond to 50 microseconds after a series of anneals up to 300 ° C under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- irradiation at 25.degree. C. before annealing, produces a decrease in lifetime for all the irradiated samples.
- the non-irradiated samples are represented by solid symbols (disk, square, triangle, rhombus) and, respectively, the samples after irradiation are represented by empty symbols (disk, square, triangle).
- the lifetime ECL for example passes from about 3.6 ms to about 0.4 ms for the sample ni / c-Si / in in FIG. 5.
- complementary measurements of photoconductance indicate a significant decrease in the lifetime of minority carriers in crystalline silicon.
- the post-irradiation annealing makes it possible, under certain annealing conditions, to increase the lifetime of the minority carriers and thus to recover an excellent passivation for which the lifetime of the minority carriers is greater than 3 milliseconds.
- FIG. 5 shows, for a given type of irradiated sample and under determined irradiation conditions, a progressive increase in the lifetime of the minority carriers (ECL) from an annealing temperature of about 200 ° C to a temperature of about 300 ° C and then gradually decreases between 300 ° C and 400 ° C.
- ECL minority carriers
- the irradiation conditions are as follows: implantation of argon ions at an energy of 17 keV and a fluence of 10 12 ions / cm 2 .
- the argon ions are mainly implanted in the hydrogenated amorphous thin film surface passivation structure while extending significantly at the interface between the crystalline substrate and the hydrogenated amorphous thin film surface passivation structure ( see Figure 3). These conditions therefore produce some defects in the crystalline substrate.
- the thermal annealing of each sample is carried out for 30 minutes in the presence of a controlled gaseous mixture of dihydrogen diluted to 10% in dinitrogen.
- the density of minority carriers injected is 10 15 cm -3 .
- FIG. 6 shows a significant drop in life span from 4-5 ms to less than 0.2 ms when irradiated with argon ions at an energy of 17 keV and a fluence of 10 12 cm -2. This irradiation corresponds to the introduction into the crystalline silicon substrate of a concentration of lacunary defects similar to the concentration of defects induced under the conditions of the figure 5.
- the post-irradiation annealing at a temperature of between 300 ° C. and 350 ° C. makes it possible to obtain a service life of about 3 ms which is of the same order of magnitude. magnitude than the life before irradiation of about 4 ms.
- the recovery of the lifetime is less important in FIG. 6 for an ion irradiation energy of 17 keV and a fluence of 10 12 ions / cm 2 as in Figure 5, for an ionic irradiation energy of 10 keV and a fluence of 10 14 ions / cm 2 .
- the irradiation conditions are the following: implantation of argon ions at an energy of 30 keV and a fluence of 10 12 ions / cm 2 .
- Argon ions are implanted at high energy not only in the hydrogenated amorphous thin film surface passivation structure but extend to a depth P of 80-100 nm in the crystalline substrate (see FIG. 3).
- These irradiation conditions produce a high concentration of defects in the crystalline substrate of the samples considered.
- Thermal annealing and ECL life measurements are performed in a similar manner as for Figures 5 and 6.
- FIG. 7 shows a drastic decrease in the lifetime of the minority carriers which goes from 1 -5.5 ms to less than 0.05 ms during irradiation with argon ions at an energy of 30 keV and a fluence of 10 12 cm “2 .
- an irradiation at 30 keV seems to produce damage that affects the crystalline silicon to a thickness too great beyond the amorphous-crystal interface, so that the annealing to a moderate temperature (from 300 to 400 ° C) does not make it possible to recover a lifetime comparable to the lifetime before irradiation, contrary to an irradiation with 10keV or 17keV.
- a moderate temperature from 300 to 400 ° C
- degradation of passivation is generally due to damage to crystalline silicon that can not be rectified by annealing at 400 ° C.
- the rate of photoconductance loss induced by irradiation at a given energy is measured, for example, as a function of the flow of ions.
- an irradiation-induced photoconductance loss rate of about 90% is measured for an ion flux of 10 14 ions / cm 2 , of about 25% for a 10-ion ion flux. 12 ions / cm 2 and about 0% for an ion flux of 10 10 ions / cm 2 .
- a radiation-induced photoconductance loss rate of about 98% is measured for an ion flux of 10 12 to 10 13 ions / cm 2 , of about 90% for a flux of ions of 10 11 ions / cm 2 and about 50% for an ion flux of 10 10 ions / cm 2 .
- the method of the present disclosure applies to a surface passivation structure comprising a layer or stack of layers of hydrogenated, doped or undoped amorphous silicon.
- This method also applies to a surface passivation structure comprising a layer of a hydrogenated silicon nitride, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloy, a hydrogenated silicon oxide, a hydrogenated silicon-germanium alloy or a layer of a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon.
- the surface passivation structure comprises a layer or a stack of one or more of these layers of doped or undoped amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon.
- the stabilization of the passivation at a temperature higher than the deposition temperature of the amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated thin layer passivation structure is advantageously compatible with metallization steps, for example by deposition of zinc oxide, at a higher temperature. (about 400 ° C) to form better electrical contact areas.
- the method of the present disclosure further allows, as described above, to improve the performance of this passivation structure.
- the electronic junction device may have a lifetime of minority carriers after irradiation and thermal annealing greater than for a similar electronic junction device without ion irradiation or thermal annealing.
- the method thus makes it possible to increase the efficiency and the thermal stability of an electronic junction device and in particular of a solar cell formed from a crystalline silicon substrate passivated by an amorphous hydrogenated thin layer passivation structure. or microcrystalline, especially a HiT type cell.
- the method also applies to the manufacture of electronic junction devices having applications in microelectronics or optoelectronics, such as detectors.
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J.W.A. SCH?TTAUF ET AL: "Improving the performance of amorphous and crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells by monitoring surface passivation", JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS., vol. 358, no. 17, 1 September 2012 (2012-09-01), NL, pages 2245 - 2248, XP055286492, ISSN: 0022-3093, DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.12.063 * |
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