EP2888815A1 - Dispositif d'amplification analogique destine notamment a un anemometre laser - Google Patents
Dispositif d'amplification analogique destine notamment a un anemometre laserInfo
- Publication number
- EP2888815A1 EP2888815A1 EP13773285.5A EP13773285A EP2888815A1 EP 2888815 A1 EP2888815 A1 EP 2888815A1 EP 13773285 A EP13773285 A EP 13773285A EP 2888815 A1 EP2888815 A1 EP 2888815A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stage
- transistor
- amplification device
- amplifier
- hand
- Prior art date
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- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/04—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/08—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements with semiconductor devices only controlled by light
- H03F3/087—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements with semiconductor devices only controlled by light with IC amplifier blocks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/26—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the direct influence of the streaming fluid on the properties of a detecting optical wave
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/56—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/45—Differential amplifiers
- H03F3/45071—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/45—Differential amplifiers
- H03F3/45071—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/45076—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only characterised by the way of implementation of the active amplifying circuit in the differential amplifier
- H03F3/45475—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only characterised by the way of implementation of the active amplifying circuit in the differential amplifier using IC blocks as the active amplifying circuit
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/50—Amplifiers in which input is applied to, or output is derived from, an impedance common to input and output circuits of the amplifying element, e.g. cathode follower
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/285—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the level shifting stage between two amplifying stages being realised by an emitter follower
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/405—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the output amplifying stage of an amplifier comprising more than three power stages
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/42—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the input to the amplifier being made by capacitive coupling means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/54—Two or more capacitor coupled amplifier stages in cascade
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/555—A voltage generating circuit being realised for biasing different circuit elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/69—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier stage being a common drain coupled MOSFET, i.e. source follower
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/72—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier stage being a common gate configuration MOSFET
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F3/00
- H03F2203/45—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers
- H03F2203/45051—Two or more differential amplifiers cascade coupled
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F3/00
- H03F2203/45—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers
- H03F2203/45112—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers the biasing of the differential amplifier being controlled from the input or the output signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F3/00
- H03F2203/45—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers
- H03F2203/45528—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers the FBC comprising one or more passive resistors and being coupled between the LC and the IC
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F3/00
- H03F2203/45—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers
- H03F2203/45544—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers the IC comprising one or more capacitors, e.g. coupling capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F3/00
- H03F2203/45—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers
- H03F2203/45594—Indexing scheme relating to differential amplifiers the IC comprising one or more resistors, which are not biasing resistor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F3/00
- H03F2203/50—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers in which input being applied to, or output being derived from, an impedance common to input and output circuits of the amplifying element, e.g. cathode follower
- H03F2203/5036—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers in which input being applied to, or output being derived from, an impedance common to input and output circuits of the amplifying element, e.g. cathode follower the source follower has a resistor in its source circuit
Definitions
- Analog amplification device intended in particular for a
- the present invention relates to an analog amplification device intended in particular for a laser anemometer such as for example a laser anemometer by optical feedback injection.
- the present invention is thus in the field of electronic devices and more particularly of amplification devices. It is conventional to have a sensor for measuring a physical quantity. This sensor then provides an electrical signal representative of the measured physical quantity. Some sensors provide directly usable electrical signals. For other sensors the supplied signal must be amplified before it can be operated.
- amplification devices that have both a high gain, a large bandwidth and low noise. These amplification devices are intended to process signals having a very low modulation index. This means that the signal variations are very small compared to the average value of the signal. As a result, the signal is embedded in the noise inherent in any measurement.
- the wind speed is measured using a laser beam and a sensor that determines the wind speed by analyzing beams reflected by particles suspended in the air. The measurement is made by comparing the frequency of a reflected light signal with that of the corresponding incident signal. The frequency variation between the two signals depends on the speed of the particles and is known as the "Doppler effect".
- a photodiode In a laser anemometer, a photodiode is used as a measurement sensor. It receives the incident beam and the reflected beam and emits a corresponding signal. The signal corresponding to the reflected beam is very small compared to the signal corresponding to the incident beam. It is appropriate in such an anemometer to detect the part corresponding to the reflected beam in the signal supplied.
- a laser anemometer is for example disclosed in WO-201 1/042678.
- the device described in this document comprises means for emitting a laser beam, called an emitted beam, means for focusing the beam emitted at a predetermined focusing distance, means for receiving the beam emitted after reflection by a particle present in the air, called the reflected beam, and means for transmitting the interference signal occurring between the emitted beam and the reflected beam to signal processing means to deduce the velocity of the particle.
- the transmitting means comprise a laser diode and the receiving means are associated with the laser diode by self-mixing.
- Such an anemometer is also called an optical laser anemometer by optical feedback.
- DE-26 43 892 discloses an amplifier circuit having, on the one hand, a transistor stage with a common base arrangement as an output stage and, on the other hand, a transistorized driver stage with a common collector arrangement, the driver stage and the output stage being connected by a matching circuit having an input impedance greater than its output impedance.
- the circuits proposed in this document have a significant input impedance. If such an impedance is coupled to a junction capacitance of a photodiode, the bandwidth of the system will be severely limited.
- An object of the present invention is then to obtain a lower noise level (for example with a transimpedance amplifier comprising an operational amplifier) while keeping a gain, a bandwidth, satisfactory input / output impedances and advantageously a stable behavior without risk of oscillations.
- the present invention therefore aims to provide an amplification device having excellent performance and can be used in particular for an optoelectronic module for detecting a laser anemometer by optical feedback injection.
- An amplification device according to the present invention may however also be used in other applications where a weak signal is superimposed on a larger signal.
- the device according to the present invention will preferably have a large bandwidth.
- the noise of the amplification device defined by its noise power spectral density, shall be limited.
- the gain provided by the amplification device will be important.
- the amplification device will be provided with a power supply that does not disturb the good performance of the amplification device with which it is associated.
- the amplification device receives a modulated current from a photodiode which constitutes the sensor of the laser anemometer.
- the noise of the amplification device input input must then be greater than the noise of the photodiode.
- the gain of the amplification device must be such that the noise at the output thereof is much greater than the noise of the analog / digital converter used in the detection module associated with the anemometer.
- the specification required both having a transimpedance gain v or t / ii n (that is to say the ratio between the output voltage of the circuit and the input intensity) greater than 50 k, to have a low input impedance in front of the impedance of the source (that is to say less than 100 ⁇ ), to have an equivalent noise brought back to lower input) 9.10 "23 A 2 / Hz, to have a bandwidth greater than 100 MHz and to have an output impedance of 50 ⁇ .
- the present invention provides an analog amplification device comprising four cascade stages, an input for receiving a modulated current and a voltage output, said device comprising a ground and a supply voltage.
- such a device is such that:
- the first stage comprises a common base or gate transistor receiving the modulated input current via a capacitance on its emitter or its source, and the output signal of this first stage corresponds to the collector signal or drain,
- the second stage is formed by a follower amplifier comprising a collector or common drain transistor whose base or gate receives the output signal of the first stage, whose collector or drain is connected to the supply voltage and whose emitter or source is connected to ground via a resistor and provides the output signal of the second stage,
- the third stage comprises a common emitter or common source transistor with decoupling of the emitter or source resistance, the base or gate receiving the output signal of the second stage via a capacitor and the output signal corresponding to the signal of the collector or drain, and
- the fourth stage is an amplifier stage with means for performing, on the one hand, an amplification and, on the other hand, an impedance matching.
- This multi-stage structure makes it possible to have a significant gain and the use of the transistors as mentioned makes it possible to obtain performances that can not be obtained by using amplification devices with operational amplifiers.
- the new structure proposed here makes it possible to substantially increase the performance for wind speed measurements made.
- the present invention can also be implemented with "conventional" transistors which then comprise a base, an emitter and a collector with field effect transistors which comprise in turn a gate, a source and a drain.
- the emitter or the source
- the emitter in the first stage is also connected to ground via a resistor, in that the base is connected to ground by a capacitance, in that the potential of the base is maintained at a potential close to ground, and in that the collector is connected via a resistor to the supply voltage .
- An advantageous form of the invention provides that in the third stage the base or gate is biased to a voltage close to the ground voltage, in that the transmitter or the source is connected by an RC circuit to the mass, and in that the collector or drain is connected to the supply voltage by a resistor.
- the fourth stage may comprise an operational amplifier receiving the output signal of the third stage on its non-inverting input via a capacitor, the output of the amplifier corresponding to the output of the device amplification.
- the inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground via a resistor and a capacitance in series, the output being connected to the input inverter by means of a resistor, and that the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is biased at a voltage corresponding substantially to half of the supply voltage.
- the fourth stage is composed, on the one hand, of a transistor amplification circuit and, on the other hand, of a follower circuit, possibly also transistor.
- the amplification circuit then has for example a common transmitter (or source) assembly (e) and the follower assembly may be of the type of the proposed assembly for the second stage.
- the operational amplifier used here is preferably a current feedback amplifier which has better dynamic performance than a voltage feedback operational amplifier.
- the fourth stage a combination of an assembly with a transistor with a mounting with operational amplifier.
- the different architectures proposed here for the fourth stage make it possible to carry out both amplification and impedance matching.
- the transistor used in the first stage is advantageously an NPN type transistor because such a transistor has a higher transition frequency than a PNP transistor.
- the transistor of the second stage preferably has the same characteristics as the transistor of the first stage. Thus, its added charge capacity is close to its collector base capacitance, which causes the cutoff frequency to fall by a factor of 2.
- the transistor of the third stage has the same characteristics as the transistor of the first stage.
- the present invention also relates to an assembly formed by an analog amplification device and a power supply system of said analog amplification device, characterized in that the analog amplification device is a device as described above, and in that that the power system comprises, on the one hand, an input filter and, on the other hand, a filter module for performing both low-frequency isolation and decoupling, and an insulation and a high frequency decoupling between the input filter and each stage of the amplification device.
- the analog amplification device is a device as described above
- the power system comprises, on the one hand, an input filter and, on the other hand, a filter module for performing both low-frequency isolation and decoupling, and an insulation and a high frequency decoupling between the input filter and each stage of the amplification device.
- Each filter module comprises for example a feed track on which advantageously, on the one hand, a linear regulator and, on the other hand, a ferrite. This structure ensures good insulation and good decoupling.
- the present invention also relates to an optical feedback laser Doppler laser anemometer comprising a laser diode intended to emit a laser beam, an optical device intended to focus, on the one hand, a beam emitted by the laser diode and, on the other hand, on the other hand, a reflected beam by a particle in a volume, said measurement volume, said reflected beam corresponding to a beam emitted by the laser diode, a photodiode for receiving said reflected beam after it has passed through the laser diode, amplification means a signal provided by the photodiode and means for processing the amplified signal.
- Such an anemometer according to the invention is characterized in that the amplification means comprise an analog amplification device as described above.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the principle of laser anemometer by optical retro-injection
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a chain of acquisition of such a laser anemometer
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating an amplification device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an exemplary embodiment of a first stage of an amplification device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of an example of a second stage of an amplification device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of an example of a third stage of an amplification device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of an example of a fourth stage of an amplification device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a supply device that can be associated with an amplification device according to the present invention
- FIG. 9 schematically shows an input filter of the feed device of FIG. 8, and
- Figure 10 shows a filter of the feeder of Figure 8 to be associated with a stage of the amplification device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a laser anemometer by Doppler effect by retro- optical injection.
- Such an anemometer uses a signal backscattered by a particle carried by the wind to calculate the value of the wind speed.
- FIG. 1 shows a laser diode 2 intended to emit a laser beam.
- This laser diode 2 comprises an optical cavity within which the beam is generated.
- the beam emitted by the laser diode 2 is focused by an optical system 4 to a measurement region 6.
- a particle in the measurement region 6 will reflect the incident beam that will be redirected by the optical system 4 to the laser diode 2
- the reflected beam passes through the laser diode 2 and interferes with the laser wave inside the optical cavity of the laser diode 2.
- the forward-emitting laser diode 2 i.e.
- the photodiode 8 receives a laser beam corresponding to the interference mixture of the laser wave and the reflected wave, or backscattered by a particle in the measurement region 6. It will be readily understood that the power of the beam reflected or backscattered by a particle in the measurement region 6 is much less than the power of the beam emitted by the laser diode 2.
- V is the velocity vector of the particle considered as the wind speed vector.
- S is the unit vector corresponding to the optical axis or the propagation axis of the laser beam.
- ⁇ ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ is the wavelength of the laser.
- m is the frequency modulation index created by the interference
- the modulation index m of the signal depends on parameters related, on the one hand, to the detection configuration and, on the other hand, to the laser diode.
- a laser diode known to those skilled in the art under the name of Fabry-Perot laser diode, for a beam with a wavelength of 785 nm and an optical power of 100 mW, with moreover a focal optics of 20 mm and a diameter of 20 mm for a focusing distance of 1 m, there is then for example a modulation index m of 1.5 ⁇ 10 -4 .
- the photodiode 8 then has the function of transforming the modulated optical power (P 2 ) into a modulated current.
- the current is then amplified to obtain a voltage.
- the modulation index being low, the signal is embedded in the noise even after amplification.
- the signal-to-noise ratio may be sufficient and the spectrum of the signal may contain a peak above the noise level, corresponding to the Doppler frequency, if the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficient. It is therefore possible to find the Doppler frequency corresponding to the peak by applying a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and thus deduce the wind speed.
- DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
- Figure 2 illustrates an acquisition chain for a laser anemometer, but similar devices are found on other electronic devices, including measurement devices.
- an analog card 10 On the left of FIG. 2, there is an analog card 10 on which the laser diode 2 and the photodiode 8 are located. This analog card 10 also supports an amplification device, hereinafter referred to as amplifier 12, which will be described in more detail. detail below.
- the amplifier 12 is intended to provide an electrical signal that can be operated by a digital card 14 for processing the amplified signal.
- Figure 2 gives an example of a digital map which is illustrated here very schematically.
- a digital card 14 At the input of this card, there is for example a low-pass filter 16. Downstream of this filter is an analog / digital converter, also called CAN 18 followed by a programmable gate network also known by the acronym FPGA 20 (for Field Programmable Gate Array).
- FPGA 20 Field Programmable Gate Array
- Within this FPGA 20 are several modules for performing various calculations such as for example to perform a Fourier transform, exploit the results of this transformation, etc. .
- a communication module 22 puts the results in a standardized format so that they can be operated by a data logger or a computer 24, for example a personal computer.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the amplifier 12.
- This figure also shows a current generator 26 which supplies a current i (t) to the amplifier 12.
- the latter comprises a first stage 28, a second stage 30, a third stage 32 and a fourth stage 34.
- V1 (t) At the output of the first stage 28, there is a voltage V1 (t), at the output of the second stage there is a voltage V2 (t), at the exit of the third stage we have a voltage V3 (t) and at the output of the amplifier 12 we have a voltage Vs (t).
- This amplifier 12 firstly performs a current-voltage conversion within the first stage 28.
- the second stage 30 performs an impedance matching which is necessary so as not to reduce the gain obtained in the first stage 28.
- second stage 30 serves as an interface between the first stage 28 and the third stage 32 which is an additional amplification stage.
- the fourth stage 34 proposed here is intended to further increase the gain of the overall chain and to allow impedance matching before sampling the signal in the digital map 14.
- FIG. 4 An example of a first stage is illustrated in FIG. 4.
- This first stage 28 receives as input the current i (t).
- This first stage 28 is formed around a transistor 36 in a common base type assembly.
- Such an arrangement provides both a good bandwidth and a large gain.
- it offers considerable stability compared for example with the use of an operational amplifier (used in the prior art).
- the transistor 36 used here is a conventional transistor having a base, an emitter and a collector. However, it could also be a field effect transistor (just as for the other transistors of the amplification device described here).
- the emitter of transistor 36 is also connected to the mass by a first resistor R1.
- This resistor serves to fix the current in the emitter of the transistor 36. This current is for example fixed at 0.25 mA in order to limit the deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio.
- the collector of the transistor 36 is connected to a supply voltage Vcc via a second resistor R2. This resistor serves to fix the gain of the first stage 28.
- the base of transistor 36 is maintained at a constant potential by means of resistors R3 and R4.
- the resistor R3 is connected between the base of the transistor 36 and the ground while the resistor 34 is connected between the base of the transistor 36 and the supply voltage Vcc.
- This capacitor C2 is connected between the base of the transistor 36 and the ground.
- the output impedance of this edit is R2. Thanks to the decoupling capacitor C2, the direct current is suppressed. Thus, the polarization of the assembly is not a function of the polarization of the photodiode 8.
- the transistor 36 is preferably an NPN transistor because its transition frequency is greater than that of a PNP transistor.
- FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the second stage 30.
- This second stage realizes an impedance matching so as not to reduce the gain of the first stage 28 when it is connected to the third stage 32.
- stage 30 comprises a transistor 38, which is preferably identical to the transistor 36 of the first stage. However, the assembly is different since it is here a common collector assembly.
- the current is fixed by the polarization of the first stage 28 and by the value of a resistor R5 mounted between the emitter of the transistor 38 and the ground because this stage has no connecting capacity.
- the follower arrangement shown in Fig. 5 adds a first stage load capacitance 28 which lowers the cutoff frequency of this first stage. To suppress this phenomenon, it is decided to reduce the gain of the first stage 28 to increase the bandwidth.
- the transistor 38 Since the transistor 38 has the same characteristics as the transistor 36, its added charge capacity of this transistor 38 is close to the collector base capacitance. This results in a fall of the cut-off frequency by a factor of 2. In order to compensate for this loss, the gain is also reduced in the same proportion. We lose 6 dB on the gain of the stage.
- the third stage 32 is shown in FIG. 6. This stage is an additional amplification stage for increasing the overall gain of the amplifier 12. It is proposed here to have a third stage 32 comprising a transistor 40 in a transmitter assembly. common with decoupling of the transmitter resistance. Since the input voltage of this second stage 32 is only a few mV, it is not necessary here to integrate a feedback into the arrangement in order to limit the amplitude distortion. Transistor 40 also has, preferably, the same dynamic characteristics as transistor 36 of the first stage. Thus, thanks to its transition frequency and low junction capacity, the transistor 40 can ensure a significant gain and a wide bandwidth.
- a bias network with resistors R6 and R7 sets a voltage of the base as close as possible to the mass in order to minimize the transition capacitance of the base junction. manifold.
- the resistor R6 is mounted between the base of the transistor 40 and the power source Vcc while the resistor R7 is mounted between the base of the transistor 40 and the ground.
- the resistance R7 will be very small compared to the resistance R6.
- a capacitor C3 makes it possible to dissociate the polarization points of the two stages and thus to make the settings of the parameters of the third stage 32 without taking into account the parameters of the second stage 30.
- a resistor R8 mounted between the emitter and the ground makes it possible to fix the current that will flow in the transistor 40. For example, the value of this current will be fixed at 1 mA.
- the resistance R8 is decoupled.
- a resistor R9 mounted between the collector of the transistor 40 and the supply voltage Vcc makes it possible to fix the gain of the stage amplifier.
- This resistor R9 also gives the output impedance of this third stage 32.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a proposed arrangement for producing the fourth stage 34.
- the latter is made around an operational amplifier 42.
- the signal coming from the third stage 32 arrives at the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 42 after having passed by a capacitor C4 for removing the DC component of this signal.
- the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 42 can thus be polarized by means of a resistor network R10 and R1 1.
- the resistor R10 is connected between the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 42 and the supply voltage Vcc while the resistor R1 1 is connected between the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 42 and the ground.
- the output of the operational amplifier is connected to its inverting input by a resistor R13.
- the inverting input of the operational amplifier 42 is also connected to ground via a resistor R12 and a capacitor C5.
- the addition of this capacity avoids the amplification of the DC voltages and thus makes it possible to ignore the offset voltage of the operational amplifier.
- the resistors R12 and R13 make it possible to fix the gain of the fourth stage 34.
- An operational amplifier 42 with current feedback is preferably used here to have better dynamic performance compared to a conventional operational amplifier with voltage feedback.
- Such an operational amplifier 42 also has the advantage of not having a high impedance inverting input, which makes it possible to avoid coupling by electric fields on this input.
- the fourth stage provides an amplification function and an impedance matching function.
- the amplifier 12 is then obtained. For example, it is possible to obtain a gain of 53 dB at the level of the first stage 28.
- the third stage 32 may, for its part, exhibit a gain of 28 dB.
- the fourth floor can have a gain of 23 dB.
- the bandwidth of this amplifier is for example 125 MHz while its spectral power density of noise is for example 8.10 "23 A 2 / Hz.
- the network supplying the amplifier should preferably be such that its impedance, as seen by the active components, between a supply rail of said network and its mass is as low as possible.
- the impedance of the rail The power supply between two active components must be as large as possible in order to minimize the influence of one stage of the amplifier on another stage of the amplifier.
- the network supplying the amplifier will preferably be such that all the external disturbances are filtered as soon as they are input to the analog card.
- Each stage of the amplifier here requires the same supply voltage.
- a solution of the prior art would then be to supply all the stages of the amplifier by the same track or the same power plane, by adding decoupling capacitors to each stage.
- This track or this power plan would then be pre-filtered from the outside by a single regulator and possibly a single ferrite.
- such an architecture is not efficient enough for the different stages of the amplifier described above because, on the one hand, the different stages of the amplifier are not sufficiently isolated from each other and, on the other hand, on the other hand, his gain is too great. These two factors combined induce undesirable oscillatory behavior of the amplifier.
- Figure 8 schematically illustrates an original power supply for the amplifier described above. It is chosen here to independently power each stage of the amplifier with the objective of maximizing the impedance between each stage which is then fed through a dedicated regulator and ferrite. The regulator then aims to isolate the stages between them at low frequencies (for example ⁇ 1 MHz) while the ferrite can isolate the stages together at high frequencies (for example> 1 MHz).
- the network shown in FIG. 8 firstly comprises a power connector 44 which connects the supply network to a power source.
- the power supply network comprises at the input an input filter 46 which is shown in more detail in FIG. 9. After the input filter, there is a power supply unit for each stage of the input. the amplifier.
- Figure 8 shows two of the four power supplies required for amplifier 12.
- Figure 10 illustrates an example of a power supply.
- Each power supply unit supplying a stage of amplifier 12 comprises a first module 48 providing low isolation frequency and a low frequency decoupling, a second module 50 providing a high frequency insulation and a third module 52 performing a high frequency decoupling.
- the input filter 46 shown in FIG. 9 is sized to operate optimally in the bandwidth of the amplifier 12. It is placed at the input of the assembly in order to immunize the entire circuit against external disturbances conducted at the input of the amplifier. These disturbances can be, for example, a division of the upstream power supply, a coupling of the emissions conducted and radiated by the digital part of the system, a coupling of external waves (of which for example radio transmissions), etc. . This input filter 46 is then made to maximize losses for a spurious signal flowing through the power supplies:
- the power supply connector 44 provides potentials Vcc_d and GND_d which are then found at the input of the input filter 46, on the left in FIG. 9.
- a potential 54 sometimes called SHIELD, symbolizes the mechanical mass (and the shielding ) of the system.
- Capacities C6 and C7, in conjunction with a filter L1 make it possible to filter the common mode of the power supplies of the stages of the amplifier relative to the mechanical mass.
- capacitors C8 and C9, in conjunction with the filter L1 allow them to filter the differential mode.
- the input filter 46 thus produced must operate efficiently in the bandwidth of the amplifier 12.
- the input filter will have to operate efficiently over a frequency range from 100 kHz to at least 150 MHz.
- the impedance of the capacitances C6, C7, C8 and C9 must therefore be as low as possible on this frequency band (less than 1 ⁇ ), and the impedance of the filter L1 must be as strong as possible (greater than 1 k ⁇ ). ); and this as well in common mode as in differential mode.
- this input filter 46 then provides potentials Vcc and GND, which are therefore "cleaned” parasites potentially led by the power supplies Vcc_d and GND_d.
- a block power supply is provided for each of the stages of the amplifier. Such a power supply is illustrated in FIG.
- a linear regulator U1, with associated decoupling capacitors C1 and C12.
- This regulator is designed to support the current consumed by the corresponding stage (typically less than 50 mA).
- a regulator known as the Low DropOut (LDO) regulator for low voltage drop will be preferred in order to lose as little power as possible.
- Regulators generally allow insulation greater than 30 dB up to megahertz frequencies (the exact values depend on the chosen controller): the isolation between two stages will then be 60 dB up to frequencies of megahertz order.
- a ferrite FB1 which, for the given numerical values, has for example an impedance greater than 100 ⁇ of a few megahertz up to 150 MHz (and if possible more).
- this ferrite FB1 is placed in series on the feed track.
- a capacitor C13 is placed in parallel between the supply track and the ground.
- This capacitance C13 preferably has an impedance of less than 1 ⁇ of a few megahertz up to 150 MHz (for the numerical example above).
- Ferrite FB1 also prevents resonance of capacitance C12 with capacitance C13.
- the power supply network shown here and illustrated in FIGS. 8 to 10 allows, over the entire useful bandwidth of the amplifier 12, to perform the following functions: isolation with respect to external disturbances, isolation of the different stages between them and has a power impedance seen by the active components low enough to ensure their proper operation.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1257945A FR2994776B1 (fr) | 2012-08-23 | 2012-08-23 | Dispositif d'amplification analogique destine notamment a un anemometre laser |
PCT/FR2013/051944 WO2014029942A1 (fr) | 2012-08-23 | 2013-08-14 | Dispositif d'amplification analogique destine notamment a un anemometre laser |
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EP2888815A1 true EP2888815A1 (fr) | 2015-07-01 |
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Family Applications (1)
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EP13773285.5A Withdrawn EP2888815A1 (fr) | 2012-08-23 | 2013-08-14 | Dispositif d'amplification analogique destine notamment a un anemometre laser |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US9702891B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2888815A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN104937840A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2881524C (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2994776B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2014029942A1 (fr) |
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JP6507980B2 (ja) * | 2015-10-07 | 2019-05-08 | 富士通株式会社 | 光受信回路、光トランシーバ、および光受信回路の制御方法 |
US10359450B1 (en) * | 2017-01-10 | 2019-07-23 | Keysight Technologies, Inc. | Current sensing probe incorporating a current-to-voltage conversion circuit |
CN108802425A (zh) * | 2018-07-27 | 2018-11-13 | 成都信息工程大学 | 一种机载风速测量激光雷达系统 |
CN111030699A (zh) * | 2018-10-09 | 2020-04-17 | 西安智盛锐芯半导体科技有限公司 | 一种信号转换器 |
CN112946315B (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2022-09-16 | 复旦大学 | 一种无电磁流量计的流速计 |
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DE2643892C3 (de) * | 1976-09-29 | 1983-11-10 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verstärkerschaltung mit einer Transistorstufe in Basis-Grundschaltung als Endstufe |
US5438305A (en) * | 1991-08-12 | 1995-08-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | High frequency module including a flexible substrate |
JP4255733B2 (ja) * | 2003-04-09 | 2009-04-15 | ソニー株式会社 | コンパレータ、差動増幅器、2段増幅器及びアナログ/ディジタル変換器 |
JP2009100337A (ja) * | 2007-10-18 | 2009-05-07 | Renesas Technology Corp | 可変利得増幅器を内蔵する半導体集積回路 |
FR2951275B1 (fr) | 2009-10-09 | 2012-11-02 | Epsiline | Dispositif de mesure de la vitesse du vent |
KR101071730B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-22 | 2011-10-11 | 서강대학교산학협력단 | 출력채널수가 감소된 다채널 검출기 |
-
2012
- 2012-08-23 FR FR1257945A patent/FR2994776B1/fr active Active
-
2013
- 2013-08-14 US US14/423,402 patent/US9702891B2/en active Active
- 2013-08-14 CN CN201380055269.3A patent/CN104937840A/zh active Pending
- 2013-08-14 CA CA2881524A patent/CA2881524C/fr active Active
- 2013-08-14 WO PCT/FR2013/051944 patent/WO2014029942A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2013-08-14 EP EP13773285.5A patent/EP2888815A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US9702891B2 (en) | 2017-07-11 |
CA2881524A1 (fr) | 2014-02-27 |
CN104937840A (zh) | 2015-09-23 |
FR2994776B1 (fr) | 2016-12-23 |
WO2014029942A1 (fr) | 2014-02-27 |
US20150233961A1 (en) | 2015-08-20 |
FR2994776A1 (fr) | 2014-02-28 |
CA2881524C (fr) | 2021-06-29 |
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